WOW WideOpenWest Inc

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(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒  No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒  No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐   No ☒

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As of June 30, 2021, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $1,074.1 million based on the closing price of $20.71 reported on the New York Stock Exchange.

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As of February 18, 2022, the number of outstanding shares of common stock was of the registrant was 87,392,743.

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Documents Incorporated By Reference

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Information required by Part III is incorporated by reference from Registrant’s proxy statement to be filed no later than 120 days after the end of the Registrant’s fiscal year ended.

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WIDEOPENWEST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021

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This Annual Report on Form 10-K is for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Any statement contained in a prior periodic report shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this Annual Report to the extent that a statement contained herein modifies or supersedes such statement. The Securities and Exchange Commission allows us to “incorporate by reference” information that we file with them, which means that we can disclose important information by referring you directly to those documents. Information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this Annual Report. References in this Annual Report to “WOW,” “we,” “us,” or “our” are to WideOpenWest, Inc. and its direct and indirect subsidiaries, unless the context specifies or requires otherwise.

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Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this Annual Report contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements represent our goals, beliefs, plans and expectations about our prospects for the future and other future events. These statements identify prospective information and can generally be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “seek,” “will,” “may,” “might,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “predict,” “potential” or similar expressions or the negative of these terms. The foregoing is not an exclusive list of all forward-looking statements we make. Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. Our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. They are neither statements of historical fact nor guarantees or assurances of future performance. The matters referred to in the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report may not in fact occur. We caution you therefore against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include, without limitation, regional, national or global political, economic, business, competitive, market and regulatory conditions and the following:

other factors described from time to time in our reports filed or furnished with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), and in particular those factors set forth in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and other reports subsequently filed with the SEC.

All forward-looking statements are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements. We caution you that the important factors referenced above may not contain all of the factors that are important to you. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will realize the results or developments we expect or anticipate or, even if substantially realized, that they will result in the consequences we anticipate or affect us or our operations in the way we expect.

All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law. If we do update one or more forward-looking statements, there should be no inference that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.

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Corporate Information

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WOW’s principal executive offices are located at 7887 East Belleview Avenue, Suite 1000, Englewood, Colorado 80111. WOW’s telephone number is (720) 479-3500 and our website is accessible at www.wowway.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments thereto, are available on our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been filed. The information posted on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report. These reports are also available on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s website, www.sec.gov.

Our Vision and Commitment to Customer Service

We believe our vision of “connecting people to their world through the WOW experience: reliable, easy and pleasantly surprising, every time” is central to our success. This vision influences how we are organized as a company and informs the way we acquire and retain customers. For example, we use a needs-based selling process to recommend products and services that offer the best value to our customers. We keep our customer response activities closely coordinated with all operational aspects of our business, so resources are appropriately allocated and operating efficiencies are optimized. We believe in offering a convenient customer experience by providing self-installation options for certain services and technician service appointments within a two hour window, seven days a week.

We use targeted marketing modeling to drive profitable growth and minimize risk of non-pay churn. This analysis is performed at the node level in our network so marketing and sales tactics can drive penetration in a highly targeted manner. We also believe the responsibility for winning new customers extends beyond the sales and marketing department to our entire company.

We recognize that customer preferences are continually evolving in response to rapid technological change. We have demonstrated our ability to adapt by delivering a strong customer experience and offering a competitive product portfolio that showcases our robust broadband network. As a result, approximately 90% of our new customers purchase our HSD-only offerings. We will continue to evaluate and evolve our broadband product portfolio based on consumer preferences.

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Our Service Offerings

We offer subscription based HSD, Video and Telephony services in all of our markets. Our service offerings are designed to address the varying needs of customers. The subscription fee is based on the type of services selected and offered to customers either as an individual service or a bundle of services.

Residential Services

High-Speed Data Services

We offer tiered HSD services to residential customers that include high-speed connections to the Internet using cable modems. We offer a connection up to 1 GIG (1000 Mbps) in approximately 99% of our footprint. We will continue to develop features and products that allow our customers to take advantage of our high-speed data offering.

Our data packages generally include the following:

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As of December 31, 2021, approximately 64% of our customer base subscribed only to our HSD service. We expect the portion of our customer base that subscribes only to our HSD service to continue to rise as broadband utilization increases across every facet of our customer’s lives. In addition, we fully anticipate new and existing customers to continue to purchase higher speed tiers to support the evolution of how customers consume entertainment content, and the changing environment of where and how customers work and learn.

Video Services

We offer our customers a full array of video services and programming choices. Customers generally pay initial connection charges and fixed monthly fees for video service.

Our video service offering is comprised of the following:

Our platform enables us to provide an attractive service offering of extensive programming as well as interactive services.

Telephony Services

We provide residential voice services using Voice over Internet Protocol (“VoIP”). Our telephony services include local and long-distance telephone services. We offer telephone packages that include different combinations of the following core services:

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Business Services

Our broadband network also supports services to business customers and we have developed a full suite of products for small, medium and large local enterprises. We offer the traditional bundled product offering and have also developed new products to meet the more complex high-speed data and telephony needs of medium and large local enterprises. We offer fiber based services, which enable our customers to have enhanced telephony services, data speeds of up to 10 gigabit per second on our fiber network, and office-to-office metro Ethernet services that provide a secure and managed connection between customer locations. Our Hosted Voice product offering can replace customers’ aging private branch exchange (“PBX”) products with telephony and data service that offers more flexible features at a lower cost. In addition, we have a Session Initiated Protocol (“SIP”) trunking service. This service is a direct replacement for the traditional telephone service used by large PBX customers and is delivered over our fiber network and terminated via an Ethernet connection at the customer’s premise. We have a complete line of colocation infrastructure services, cloud computing, managed backup and recovery services. We serve our business customers by providing customer service and network support 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

Pricing for Our Products and Services

We employ value based pricing strategies for our subscription HSD, Video and Telephony services. We focus our pricing strategy around our HSD offering and provide the option for HSD customers to purchase Video and Telephony services as part of a bundled service with tiered features and pricing. We believe that our services are priced and featured to meet the demands of a variety of consumers.

We typically charge a one-time installation fee which is sometimes waived or discounted in certain sales or certain promotional periods. Additionally, we charge monthly fees for customer premise equipment utilized in providing the selected service.

Our Interactive Broadband Network

Our broadband network is critical to the implementation of our operating strategy, allowing us to offer HSD, Video, Telephony, metro ethernet, and other enterprise class services to our customers in an efficient manner and with a high level of quality. In addition to providing high capacity and scalability, our network has been specifically engineered to have increased reliability, including features, where available, such as:

Technical Overview

Our interactive broadband network consists primarily of an advanced hybrid fiber-coaxial (“HFC”) cable network. Fiber-optic cable is a communications medium that uses glass fibers to transmit signals over long distances with minimum signal loss or distortion. In most of our network, our system’s owned high capacity fiber-optic cables connect to our technical facilities and multiple nodes throughout our network. These nodes are connected to individual homes and buildings by fiber and coaxial cable and are shared by a number of customers. We have sufficient fiber and cable capacity to subdivide our nodes if growth so dictates. Our HFC network has excellent broadband frequency characteristics and physical durability, which is conducive to providing HSD, Video and Telephony transmission.

Our interactive broadband network is designed using redundant fiber-optic cables. Our fiber rings are “self-healing,” which means they provide for very rapid, automatic redirection of network traffic so our service will continue even if there is a single point of failure on a fiber ring.

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We distribute our services from our technical facilities called head-ends, hub sites, and data centers most of which are equipped with a generator and/or battery backup power source to allow service to continue during a power outage. Additionally, most individual nodes served by the facilities are equipped with backup generators and/or batteries. Our redundant fiber-optic cables and network powering systems allow us to provide telephony services consistent with industry reliability standards for traditional telephone systems.

We monitor our network 24 hours a day, seven days a week from our network operations centers. Technicians in each of our service areas schedule and perform installations and repairs and monitor the performance of our interactive broadband network. We actively maintain the quality of our network to minimize service interruptions and extend the network’s operational life.

High-Speed Data Services

We provide Internet access using high-speed cable modems or Optical Network Terminals that facilitate the connection to the customer home. We provide our customers with a high level of low latency data transfer rates through multiple peering arrangements with tier-one Internet facility providers.

Video Services

Our network is designed for digital two-way interactive transmission with fiber-optic cable carrying signals from the head-end to hubs and to distribution points (nodes) within our customers’ neighborhoods, where the signals are transferred to our coaxial cable network for delivery to our customers.

Telephony Services

We offer telephony service over our broadband network. We install a network interface box outside a customer’s home or an Embedded Multimedia Terminal Adapter in the home to provide dial tone service. Our network interconnects with those of other local phone companies. In addition, we serve our telephony customers using VoIP switching technology. This architecture allows for the same enhanced custom calling services as traditional time division multiplexing switching systems, as well as additional advanced business services such as SIP, hosted PBX services and other services.

Business Services

In addition to the HSD, Video and Telephony services outlined above, we also utilize our network to provide other business services, including SIP, web hosting, metro Ethernet and wireless backhaul services. We also provide advanced colocation and cloud infrastructure services including private cage or cabinet with high availability power, virtual and physical computing, high performance storage, dedicated firewall/load balancers, private virtual local area network segmentation, disaster recovery to the cloud and backup and archive as a service.

Programming

We purchase some of our programming directly from the program networks by entering into affiliation agreements with the programming suppliers. We also benefit from our membership with the National Cable Television Cooperative (“NCTC”), which enables us to take advantage of volume discounts. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 58% of our programming was sourced from the NCTC, which also handles our contracting and billing arrangements for this programming.

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Competition

We operate in a highly competitive and rapidly-changing environment, competing with both existing communications providers and new entrants that provide similar HSD, Video and Telephony services to subscribers within our operating footprint. We have at least one major cable competitor (typically Comcast Corporation (“Comcast”) or Charter Communications Inc. (“Charter”)) in most of our markets and our largest telecommunications competitor is AT&T, Inc. (“AT&T”). We believe the reliability of our advanced broadband network and consistent recognition for our commitment to customer service provides meaningful differentiation versus our competitors.

High Speed Data Services

We primarily face competition from multiple system operators (“MSO”), fiber-to-the-home ("FTTH"), wireless broadband offerings, incumbent local exchange carriers (“ILECs”) that provide dial-up and DSL services, and other Internet access service providers, including fixed wireless and satellite-based broadband services. We offer HSD speeds up to 1 GIG (1000 Mbps) in approximately 99% of our footprint. Several of our competitors, including AT&T and Google, have announced similar offerings in their service areas which overlaps with a portion of our footprint. We face increasing competition from mobile phone companies, such as AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon Communications, Inc. (“Verizon”), which offer fixed or unlimited access to the Internet as a part of mobile service packages. These same mobile phone companies have started offering fifth generation (“5G”) services. Due to rapidly changing technologies, consumers will continue to have a variety of options to obtain access to the Internet.  

Video Services

Cable television systems are operated under non-exclusive franchises granted by local authorities, which may result in more than one cable operator providing video services in a particular market. Our primary competitors are other fiber and HFC providers, including Charter, Comcast and AT&T U-verse, and direct broadcast satellite systems, including DirecTV (a subsidiary of AT&T) and Dish Network.

In addition, our Video services face increasing competition from companies that deliver video content over Internet connections, referred to as “over-the-top” or “OTT”, directly to consumers on televisions, computers, tablets, gaming and mobile devices. These competitors include virtual multichannel video programming distributors (“V-MVPD”), which aggregate live and on-demand linear television, and direct content distributors, which provide and distribute content directly to customers through an internet-connected device for a subscription fee. Examples of V-MVPD providers include Sling, AT&T TV, YouTubeTV, Philo, FuboTV, and Hulu Live.  Examples of direct on-demand content distributors include Netflix, Roku, Apple TV+, Amazon Prime, Disney+ and Hulu Plus.  Additionally, some programmers, such as HBO (HBO Max), CBS (CBS All Access) and Discovery (Discovery +), are choosing to deliver content directly to the consumer over the Internet.

We believe the movement away from traditional video subscription services will continue to accelerate and further reduce our video subscriber base. However, we believe that we are positioned to benefit from these trends as these customers will require a robust Internet connection in order to efficiently access such OTT content, which could lead to increased demand for our HSD services and result in a reduction of programming costs and other costs required to support our Video offering.

Telephony Services

We mainly compete against wireless, VoIP, and wireline telephone providers. VoIP places and transmits telephone calls over an IP network, such as the Internet, instead of the traditional public switched telephone network. Our primary wireless and VoIP competitors include AT&T, Verizon, Charter, Comcast and Frontier. We expect Internet based technology, including video conferencing, instant messaging, smart speakers, home automation and email, to rapidly evolve to include or displace the need for telephony services. Given the continuously changing technology and various communications options, competition will continue to intensify for telephony service subscribers.

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Human Capital Resources

Talent Management and Engagement

We consider our relationship with our employees to be good and we structure our compensation and benefit plans in order to attract and retain high-performing employees. We will continue to recruit employees to meet the needs of our strategic plans. We recruit from several major industries for employees with skills in high-speed data, video and telephony technologies. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

We are committed to fostering, cultivating and preserving a culture of diversity, equity and inclusion. Our people are the most valuable asset we have. The collective sum of the individual differences, life experiences, knowledge, inventiveness, innovation, self-expression, unique capabilities and talent that our employees invest in their work represents a significant part of not only our culture but our reputation and the Company’s achievement. As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 1,500 full-time employees.

Our Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (“DEI”) program reflects our culture and contributes to the Company's strategy by valuing the differences in our employees, customers, investors, and vendors to grow our customer base by further leveraging race, ethnicity, gender, nationality, ability, military status, religion, generation, sexual orientation, diversity of thought, and diversity of perspective.

In 2021, we took specific steps to enhance our DEI program by partnering with a DEI-focused organization to elevate hiring practices to broaden the diversity and inclusion of our candidates. As a result of the partnership, we (i) created an internal hiring policy and guide that act as a roadmap for our next steps which includes broadening our sourcing to ensure diversity of candidates, (ii) trained our Talent Acquisition team how to effectively engage and recruit a more diverse candidate pool, (iii) identified targeted and specific job posting websites to connect with a larger pool of diverse candidates, and (iv) launched a foundational DEI course to all employees.

Response to COVID-19

We place employee health and safety at the top of our priority list. In 2021, we continued to have more than 60% of our workforce work from home through flexible work arrangements as a response to the global health crisis, or COVID-19 pandemic. For those employees not able to work from home, we introduced enhanced hygiene protocols in offices and warehouses and ensured access to proper personal protective equipment.

We continue to offer an employee funded hardship-relief program and additional paid time off for any employee diagnosed with COVID-19. We are staying updated on various federal and local regulations regarding preventing the spread of COVID-19 and will implement all required mandates and requirements per final decisions.

Employee Learning & Development

We believe building a learning culture is key to employee retention and in cultivating productive and engaged employees focused on continuous improvement. Our utmost goal is to prepare our employees for the future. To achieve this goal, we identify the types of skills and competencies needed to develop our new hires, and to re-skill and up-skill all of our employees on a continual basis to best meet the demands of the Company and the industry.

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We offer ongoing instructor-led and self-led training for new hires and all current active employees. Training focus areas include: (i) on-the-job, (ii) business readiness, (iii) skill building or upskilling in a specific functional area, (iv) personal and professional development, and (v) leadership development and management skills. For the year ending December 31, 2021, we provided approximately 19,000 total training hours, or 12.6 hours of training per employee.

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Legislation and Regulation

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We operate in highly regulated industries and both our cable television and telecommunications services are subject to broad regulation at the federal, state and local levels. Our Internet services have historically been subject to more limited regulation by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”). The following is a summary of laws and regulations affecting the business we operate. It does not purport to be a complete summary of all present and proposed legislation and regulations pertaining to our operations.

Regulation of Cable Services

The FCC is the principal federal regulatory agency with jurisdiction over cable television operators and services, and has promulgated regulations covering many aspects of cable television operations. The FCC has modified some regulations applicable to our business and is considering further changes, but the full impact of these changes on our business is not yet known. The FCC enforces its regulations through the imposition of monetary fines, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders and/or the imposition of other administrative sanctions. Cable franchises, the principal instrument of governmental authority for our cable television operations, are not issued by the FCC but by states, cities, counties or political subdivisions. A brief summary of certain key federal regulations follows.

Rate Regulation

The Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 (“1992 Cable Act”) authorized rate regulation for certain cable services and equipment in certain markets. It also eliminated direct oversight of rates by the FCC and local franchising authorities of all but the basic service tier of cable service. Rate regulation of the basic tier does not apply except when a cable operator is subject to effective competition in the relevant community. Under an order issued by the FCC in 2015, cable operators are presumed to be subject to effective competition. That order was appealed to the D.C. Circuit Court, which denied the petition for review. Moreover, some local franchising authorities that could otherwise regulate basic rates for broadband networks that are not subject to effective competition choose not to do so. We are not currently subject to cable service rate regulation in any of our markets.

Program Access

To promote competition between incumbent cable operators and independent cable programmers, the 1992 Cable Act placed restrictions on dealings between certain cable programmers and cable operators. Satellite video programmers affiliated with cable operators are prohibited in most cases from favoring those cable operators over competing distributors of multi-channel video programming, such as satellite television operators and unaffiliated competitive cable operators such as us. Specifically, the program access regulations generally prohibit exclusive contracts for satellite cable programming or satellite broadcast programming between any cable operator and any cable-affiliated programming vendor. On October 5, 2012, the FCC adopted and released a Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the Matter of Revision of the Commission’s Program Access Rules (“Program Access FNPRM”). The FCC declined to extend the exclusive contract prohibition section of the program access rules beyond its October 5, 2012 sunset date. The prohibition applies only to programming that is delivered via satellite; it does not apply to programming delivered via terrestrial facilities. The FCC determined that a preemptive prohibition on exclusive contracts is no longer “necessary to preserve and protect competition and diversity in the distribution of video programming” considering that a case-by-case process will remain in place after the prohibition expires to assess the impact of individual exclusive contracts. In the Program Access FNPRM, the FCC also requested comment on revisions to the program access rules pertaining to buying groups and rebuttable presumptions in program access complaint proceedings challenging certain exclusive contracts. The Program Access FNPRM is still pending.

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Commercial Leased Access

The Communications Act requires that cable operators make a portion of their channel capacity available for commercial leased access by third parties to facilitate competitive programming efforts. The amount of capacity to be provided depends on the cable system’s total activated capacity. We have not been subject to many requests for carriage under the leased access rules. In 2019 and 2020, the FCC streamlined aspects of its cable leased access regime, including its calculation of rates. We cannot predict how these rule changes or possible future rule changes might impact our business or the nature of any leased access requests we may receive.

Carriage of Broadcast Television Signals

The 1992 Cable Act established broadcast signal carriage (so-called “must carry”) requirements that allow local commercial television broadcast stations to elect every three years whether to require the cable systems in the relevant area to carry the station’s signal or whether to require the cable system to negotiate for consent to carry the station. The most recent election deadline was October 1, 2020, with elections then taking effect on January 1, 2021. Cable systems are also subject to must-carry obligations for local, non-commercial stations. We now carry most commercial stations pursuant to retransmission consent agreements and pay fees for such consents. The FCC and/or Congress have introduced or are considering certain rules governing the election process and the negotiations of retransmission consent agreements, but we cannot yet assess the impact of these rules on our ability to obtain programming or on our business more generally.

Franchise Authority

Cable television systems operate pursuant to non-exclusive franchises issued by franchising authorities, which, depending on the specific jurisdiction, can be the states, cities, counties or political subdivisions in which a cable operator provides cable service. Franchising authority is premised upon the cable operator crossing and using public rights-of-way to construct and maintain its system. The terms of franchises, while variable, often include requirements concerning services, franchise fees, service areas, customer service standards, technical requirements, public, educational and government (“PEG”) access channels and support, and channel capacity. Franchise authorities may terminate a franchise or assess penalties if the franchised cable operator fails to adhere to the conditions of the franchise. Although largely discretionary, the exercise of state and local franchise authority is limited by federal statutes and regulations adopted pursuant thereto. We believe that the requirements imposed by our franchise agreements are fairly typical for the industry. Although they do vary, our franchises generally provide for the payment of fees to the applicable franchise authority of up to 5% of our gross cable service revenues, which is the current maximum authorized by federal law. Many of our franchises also require that we pay a percentage of our gross revenue in support of PEG channels. These so-called PEG fees vary, but generally do not exceed 2% of our gross cable services revenues.

On December 20, 2006, the FCC established rules and provided guidance (“2006 Order”) pursuant to the Communications Act that prohibit local franchising authorities from unreasonably refusing to award competitive franchises for the provision of cable services. In order to eliminate certain barriers to entry into the cable market, and to encourage investment in broadband facilities, the FCC preempted local laws, regulations, and requirements, including local level-playing-field provisions, to the extent they impose greater restrictions on market entry than those adopted under the order. This order has the potential to benefit us by facilitating our ability to obtain and renew cable service franchises. On January 21, 2015, the FCC issued an Order on Reconsideration of the Second Report and Order. The FCC clarified that the franchising rules and findings it extended to incumbent cable operators in the 2006 Order do not apply to state laws governing cable television operators, or to any state-level cable franchising process. In its Second Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking released September 25, 2018, the FCC sought comment on this conclusion. On August 1, 2019, the FCC adopted a Third Report and Order (“2019 Order”) concluding, among other things, that its franchising rules and findings fully apply to state-level franchising actions and regulations, and limiting the ability of franchising authorities to impose franchise fees and to regulate non-cable services.  In May 2021, a federal appeals court largely upheld that decision, reversing only on a discrete issue pertaining to the calculation of franchise fees. We cannot predict how the FCC’s rulings concerning franchising will impact our business.  

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Many state legislatures have enacted legislation streamlining the franchising process, including having the state, instead of local governments, issue franchises. Of particular relevance to us, states with laws streamlining the franchising process or authorizing state-wide or uniform franchises currently include Florida, Georgia, Michigan, South Carolina and Tennessee. In some cases, these laws enable us to expand our operations more rapidly by providing for a streamlined franchising process. At the same time, they enable easier entry by additional providers into our service territories.

Franchise Renewal

Franchise renewal, or approval for the sale, transfer or assignment of a franchise, may involve the imposition of additional requirements not present in the initial franchise agreement. Franchise renewal is not guaranteed, but federal law imposes certain standards to prohibit the arbitrary denial of franchise renewal. Our franchises are typically issued for 10 to 15 year initial terms, but the terms vary depending upon whether we are operating under a local or state franchise. Many of our existing franchise terms will expire over the course of the next several years, and we operate under some expired franchises. Still, we expect our franchises to be renewed by the relevant franchising authorities. The 2006 Order and 2019 Order discussed under Franchise Authority above, as well as some state laws that regulate the issuance of state video franchises, reduce the potential for unreasonable conditions being imposed upon renewal.

Pole Attachments

The Communications Act requires all local telephone companies and electric utilities, except those owned by municipalities and co-operatives, to provide cable operators and telecommunications carriers with nondiscriminatory access to poles, ducts, conduit and rights-of-way at just and reasonable rates, except where states have certified to the FCC that they regulate pole access and pole attachment rates. The right to access poles, ducts, conduits and rights-of-way pursuant to regulated rates and set timeframes is highly beneficial to facilities-based providers such as us. Federal law also establishes principles to govern the pricing and terms of such access. Currently, 22 states and the District of Columbia have made certifications to the FCC, which leaves pole attachment matters to be regulated by those states. Of the states in which we operate, Michigan has made certifications to the FCC. The FCC has clarified that the provision of Internet services by a cable operator does not affect the agency’s jurisdiction over pole attachments by that cable operator, nor does the provision of such non-cable services affect the rate formula otherwise applicable to the cable operator.

In April 2011, the FCC adopted an order that examined a number of issues involving access to pole attachments by telecommunications carriers, including the rights of ILECs to demand nondiscriminatory access in certain situations, and which attempted to bring the rates that cable operators and telecommunications carriers charge closer to parity. In November 2015, the FCC released another order taking further steps to balance the rates paid by cable operators and telecommunications carriers. The 2015 order was appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit, which rejected the petition. In August 2018, the FCC adopted an order allowing a party adding new attachments to poles in most circumstances to elect “one-touch make-ready,” meaning the new attacher may move others’ existing attachments to make room for its new attachment. The 2018 order also established a presumption that for newly negotiated or renewed pole attachment agreements, ILECs must receive comparable rates, terms, and conditions to other telecommunications attachers. The presumption established by the 2018 order was appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit, which rejected the petition.

Internet Service

In January 2018, the FCC released a decision rescinding various “net neutrality” requirements governing how broadband Internet access providers were permitted to offer broadband service (the “Internet Freedom Order”). As a result, under the current approach, broadband Internet access providers must publicly disclose detailed information regarding their service offerings, Internet traffic management processes, and other practices affecting broadband customers, but are not otherwise limited by federal law in their ability to block, throttle, or prioritize specific types of Internet traffic. The FCC also held that states are preempted (prohibited) from enacting their own versions of these or similar requirements. On October 1, 2019, a federal appeals court upheld most of the FCC’s decision, but it directed the agency to give further consideration to several issues and reversed the FCC’s blanket preemption of state rules, holding that such state laws could only be prohibited on a case-by-case basis, and only when they conflict with state or federal policy. No party appealed that decision.

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On October 27, 2020, the FCC adopted a decision reaffirming other aspects of its earlier decision. That decision has been appealed, both in court and before the FCC. We cannot predict how a future FCC will address internet service regulation.

In the meantime, several states have adopted, or are considering, net neutrality requirements of their own. Some of these are currently subject to legal challenge by broadband providers’ trade associations in federal court. We cannot predict with any certainty the likely timing or outcome of these or future challenges, or how state efforts to adopt net neutrality requirements will continue to evolve.

Tier Buy-through

The tier buy-through prohibition contained in the 1992 Cable Act generally prohibits cable operators from requiring subscribers to purchase a particular service tier, other than the basic service tier, in order to obtain access to video programming offered on a per-channel or per-program basis. In general, a cable television operator has the right to select the channels and services that are available on its cable system. With the exception of certain channels that are required to be carried by federal law as part of the basic tier, such as certain local broadcast television channels, the cable operator has broad discretion in choosing the channels that will be available and how those channels will be packaged and marketed to subscribers. In order to maximize the number of subscribers, the cable operator selects channels that are likely to appeal to a broad spectrum of viewers. If Congress or the FCC were to place more stringent requirements on how we package our services, such requirements could have an adverse effect on our profitability.

Potential Regulatory Changes

The regulation of cable television systems at the federal, state and local levels has substantially changed over the past three decades since enactment of the 1992 Cable Act. Material additional changes in the law and implementing regulatory requirements, both those described above and others, cannot be ascertained with any certainty at this time. Our business could be adversely affected by future changes in regulations.

Regulation of Telecommunication Services

Our telecommunications services are subject to varying degrees of federal, state and local regulation. Pursuant to the Communications Act, as amended by the 1996 Act, the FCC generally exercises jurisdiction over the facilities of, and the services offered by, telecommunications carriers that provide interstate or international communications services. The FCC has extended many of its regulations that apply to traditional telecommunications service to Internet based, or interconnected VoIP phone services. Barring federal preemption, state regulatory authorities retain jurisdiction over the same facilities to the extent that they are used to provide intrastate telecommunications services, as well as facilities solely used to provide intrastate services. Local regulation is largely limited to the management of the occupation and use of county or municipal public rights-of-way. Various international authorities may also seek to regulate the provision of certain services that originate or terminate outside the U.S. As addressed in more detail above, in the Internet Freedom Order, the FCC reversed its earlier Open Internet Order and re-characterized broadband Internet access services as information services no longer subject to various Title II requirements.

Regulation of Local Exchange Operations

Our ILEC subsidiaries are regulated by both federal and state agencies. Our interstate products and services and the regulated telecommunications earnings of all of our subsidiaries are subject to federal regulation by the FCC, and our local and intrastate products and services and the regulated earnings are subject to regulation by state public service commissions (“PSC”). The FCC has principal jurisdiction over matters including, but not limited to, interstate switched and special access rates. The FCC also regulates the rates that ILECs and CLECs may charge for the use of their local networks in originating or terminating interstate and international transmissions. PSCs have jurisdiction over matters including local service rates, intrastate access rates and the quality of service.

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The Communications Act places certain obligations, including those described below, on ILECs to open their networks to competitive providers, as well as heightened interconnection obligations and a duty to make their services available to resellers at a wholesale discount rate. The following are certain obligations that the Communications Act and the 1996 Act, as implemented by the FCC, place on ILECs, which gives us important rights in the areas where we operate as competitors, and actual or potential obligations where our ILEC subsidiaries operate:

We have entered into PSC approved local interconnection agreements with a variety of telecommunications providers for, among other things, the transport and termination of our local and toll telephone traffic. Some of these agreements have expired; however, we continue to operate on the same rates, terms, and conditions in the interim as we seek to enter into successor agreements. These agreements are subject to changes as a result of changes in laws, regulations and technology, and there is no guarantee that the rates and terms concerning our interconnection agreements with ILECs under which we operate today will be available in the future.

Inter-Carrier Compensation

Our ILEC subsidiaries currently receive compensation from other telecommunications providers, including long distance companies, for origination of interexchange traffic through network access charges that are established in accordance with state and federal laws.

Several of our subsidiaries are classified by the FCC as non-dominant carriers with respect to both interstate and international long-distance services and competitive local exchange services. As non-dominant carriers, these subsidiaries’ rates presently are not generally regulated by the FCC, although the rates are still subject to general statutory requirements applicable to all carriers that the rates be just, reasonable and nondiscriminatory. We may file tariffs for certain interstate access charges for these carriers on a permissive basis, but otherwise our interstate services are mandatorily de-tariffed and subject to our ability to enter into relationships with our customers through contracts. Our interstate access services are tariffed and fall within FCC-established benchmarks for such services.

Certain of our subsidiaries are regulated by the FCC as dominant carriers in the provision of interstate switched access services. These subsidiaries must file tariffs with the FCC and must provide the FCC with notice prior to changing their rates, terms or conditions of their interstate access services. Each such subsidiary has filed its own tariff or concurred in the tariffs filed by the National Exchange Carrier Association.

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Regulatory Treatment of VoIP Services

A significant part of our telephony line of business is classified by the FCC as VoIP. At this time, the FCC and state regulators have not classified most IP-enabled services as regulated telecommunications services. The FCC, for example, has applied to providers of “interconnected VoIP” services some of its rules applicable to traditional circuit switched telephone providers, but has yet to issue a ruling determining whether interconnected VoIP services are to be classified as information services (which are subject to little or no regulation) or telecommunications services. The FCC initiated a rulemaking proceeding in 2004 to examine issues relating to the appropriate regulatory classification of IP-enabled services, including VoIP services. We cannot predict when or if the FCC will issue a final decision in this proceeding, although it has issued several decisions in the interim applying certain regulatory requirements to providers of interconnected VoIP services. These requirements include, among others, regulations relating to federal universal service contributions, the confidentiality of customer data and communications, cooperation with law enforcement, discontinuation of service, numbering and number portability, outage reporting, 911 emergency access, 988 National Suicide Prevention Lifeline access, caller ID authentication, and disability access. The FCC has also established certain other requirements that impact our interconnected VoIP services. For example, the FCC requires that we provide certain notices to our VoIP customers concerning the limitations of the services, particularly in connection with the ability of the service (including access to E911) to function in the event of a power outage. Limited regulations also apply to non-interconnected VoIP services. We are also required to offer our customers a back-up power solution to enable the services to continue to function in the event of a power outage. Within our VoIP line of business, we currently comply with all applicable regulations that have been issued by the FCC or state regulatory agencies. Decisions and regulations from similar proceedings in the future could lead to an increase in the costs associated with providing VoIP services. At this time, we are unable to predict the impact, if any, that additional regulatory action on these issues will have on our business.

Telemarketing, Robocalls, and Call Blocking

Over the last few decades, the FCC has taken various steps to curb unwanted and illegal telephone calls, including restricting the use of automatic telephone dialing systems and artificial or prerecorded voice messages under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, establishing the Do-Not-Call registry in coordination with the Federal Trade Commission, and permitting voice service providers to block calls in certain circumstances. In 2019, Congress passed the Pallone-Thune Telephone Robocall Abuse Criminal Enforcement and Deterrence Act (“TRACED Act”) giving the FCC additional tools to combat robocalls. Since the enactment of the TRACED Act, the FCC has issued various rules and policies with respect to caller ID authentication and call blocking. Significantly, voice service providers were required to implement by June 30, 2021 the STIR/SHAKEN caller ID authentication framework in the Internet Protocol portions of their voice networks, subject to certain extensions. The STIR/SHAKEN framework allows service providers to verify that the caller ID information transmitted with a particular call is accurate, which deters illegally spoofing caller ID information. Among other things, voice providers also were required to file a certification in the FCC’s Robocall Mitigation Database (“RMD”) certifying whether they had implemented STIR/SHAKEN. Voice service providers and intermediate providers are prohibited from accepting calls directly from a voice service provider that is not listed in the RMD, and must respond to FCC, law enforcement, and industry efforts to “traceback” unlawful traffic. We have implemented STIR/SHAKEN and certified to our compliance in the RMD. The FCC has several ongoing proceedings that consider additional measures to combat unwanted and illegal telephone calls. At this time, we are unable to predict the impact, if any, that additional regulatory action on these issues will have on our business.

Universal Service

The Federal Universal Service Fund (“USF”) is the support mechanism established by the FCC to ensure that high quality, affordable telecommunications service is available to all Americans. Pursuant to the FCC’s universal service rules, all telecommunications providers and interconnected VoIP providers, including us, must contribute a percentage of their interstate and international end-user telecommunications and interconnected VoIP revenues to the USF. The FCC establishes an industry-wide quarterly contribution factor, which sets the exact percentage that applies for the given quarter. The contribution factor for the first quarter of 2022 is 25.2% of gross assessable interstate and international telecommunications and interconnected VoIP revenues. The contribution rate is reviewed quarterly and may increase or decrease, which would either increase or decrease our contributions to the USF.

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This is not materially adverse to our business as we currently choose to recover the cost of the contributions from our end user customers, as allowed by FCC rules. However, climbing USF contributions may negatively impact our end users because they effectively make our products more expensive.

Broadband Benefit Programs

The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 established an Emergency Broadband Connectivity Fund of $3.2 billion to help Americans afford internet service during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Act directed the FCC to use the fund to establish an Emergency Broadband Benefit (“EBB”) Program, under which eligible low-income households may receive a discount off the cost of broadband service and certain connected devices, and participating providers can receive a reimbursement for such discounts. The EBB Program was set to conclude when the fund was expended or six months after the end of the public health emergency. The FCC adopted rules and policies in February 2021 creating and governing the (“EBB”) Program. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, which became law on November 15, 2021, the Affordable Connectivity Program (“ACP”), a long-term, $14 billion program, to modify and replace the EBB Program. The FCC officially launched the ACP on December 31, 2021, and the FCC adopted final FCC program rules in January 2022. A 60-day period to transition from the EBB Program to the ACP ends on March 1, 2022. We elected to participate in the EBB, and will continue to participate in the ACP, so that eligible customers could receive discounted broadband services and devices. At this time, we are unable to predict whether the FCC’s final ACP rules, or any other program changes made by the FCC, will impact our decision to continue to participate in the program or have an impact on our business.

Forbearance and Other Relief to Dominant Carriers

The Communications Act permits the FCC to forbear from requiring telecommunications carriers to comply with certain of its regulations and provisions of the Communications Act if certain conditions are present that make enforcement of the regulations or statutory provisions unnecessary. Future reduction or elimination of federal regulatory and statutory requirements could free us from regulatory burdens, but might also increase the relative flexibility of our major competitors. As a result of grants of forbearance, for example, our costs (and those of our competitors) of purchasing broadband services from carriers could increase significantly, as the rates, terms and conditions offered in non-tariffed “commercial agreements” may become less favorable and we may not be able to purchase services from alternative vendors.

Multiple Tenant Properties

The FCC has prohibited telecommunications carriers from entering into exclusive access agreements (or enforcing pre-existing exclusive arrangements) with building owners or managers in both commercial and residential multi-tenant environments. The FCC has also adopted rules requiring utilities (including ILEC’s) to provide telecommunications carriers (and cable operators) with reasonable and non-discriminatory access to utility-owned or -controlled conduits and rights-of-way in all multiple tenant environments (e.g., apartment buildings, office buildings and campuses) in those states where the state government has not certified to the FCC that it regulates utility pole attachments and rights-of-way matters. These requirements may facilitate our access (as well as the access of competitors) to customers in multi-tenant environments, at least with regard to our provision of telecommunications services.

In an order released November 13, 2007, the FCC found that contractual agreements between multiple dwelling unit (“MDU”) owners and cable operators that grant exclusive access to the cable operator are proscribed as “unfair methods of competition.” Under the rule, the Commission prohibits the enforcement of existing exclusivity clauses and the execution of new ones by cable operators and others subject to the relevant statutory provisions. MDUs include a multiple dwelling unit building and any other centrally managed residential real estate development (such as a gated community, mobile home park, or garden apartment complex). These requirements facilitate our access (as well as the access of competitors) to customers in MDU environments, at least with regard to our provision of cable services. They also, however, invalidate any of our existing exclusive access agreements covered by the rules. In 2019, the FCC issued a rulemaking proposal to explore additional actions the FCC could take to facilitate deployment and consumer choice in MDU environments. In 2021, the FCC’s Wireline Competition Bureau issued a Public Notice inviting parties to update the record with additional comments. That rulemaking remains pending.

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Customer Proprietary Network Information and Personally Identifiable Information

We are subject to specific customer privacy obligations with respect to our telecommunications, interconnected VoIP and video services. FCC rules protect the privacy of certain information about customers that telecommunications providers, including us, acquire in the course of providing telecommunications and interconnected VoIP services. Such protected information, known as Customer Proprietary Network Information (“CPNI”), includes information related to the quantity, technological configuration, type, destination and the amount of use of a telecommunications offering. Certain states have also adopted state-specific CPNI rules. The FCC’s rules require affected providers to implement policies to notify customers of their rights, take reasonable precautions to protect CPNI and notify law enforcement agencies if a breach of CPNI occurs. If a federal or state regulatory body determines that we have breached the applicable regulations or implemented the FCC’s requirements incorrectly, we could be subject to fines or penalties.

Section 631 of the Communications Act requires that we protect the privacy of our video customers. In general, that section: (i) requires that cable operators, such as us, notify customers of our obligations and their privacy rights; and (ii) prohibits cable operators from: (a) disclosing cable customer personally identifiable information (“PII”) without customer consent, or a court order, except in limited situations; and (b) using the cable system to collect PII without customer consent, unless necessary to provide service or prevent theft of service. Section 631 specifically provides our customers with the right to bring legal action against us if we fail to comply with the statutory requirements.

In addition, statutory protections in Section 222 of the Communications Act apply to our telecommunications services. In addition, FCC regulations apply to our use, disclosure, and protection of CPNI associated with our telecommunications and VoIP telephone service. In the Internet Freedom Order, the FCC returned jurisdiction to regulate broadband privacy and data security to the Federal Trade Commission.

Privacy continues to be a major focus of Congress, the Federal Trade Commission, the FCC, the U.S. Department of Commerce and the states. Additional laws, regulations or advisory guidelines could affect our ability to use and share customer information under various additional circumstances.

Taxes and Regulatory Fees

We are subject to numerous local, state and federal taxes and regulatory fees, including, but not limited to, local sales taxes, franchise fees and PEG fees, FCC regulatory fees and PSC regulatory fees. We have procedures in place to ensure that we properly collect taxes and fees from our customers and remit such taxes and fees to the appropriate entity pursuant to applicable law and/or regulation. If our collection procedures prove to be insufficient or if a taxing, franchise or regulatory authority determines that our remittances were inadequate, we could be required to make additional payments, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Environmental Regulation

We are subject to a variety of federal, state, and local environmental, safety and health laws, and regulations, including those governing such matters as the generation, storage, reporting, treatment, handling, remediation, use, disposal and transportation of and exposure to hazardous materials, the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the atmosphere, the emission of electromagnetic radiation, the protection of wetlands, historic sites and threatened and endangered species, and health and safety. We also may be subject to laws requiring the investigation and cleanup of contamination at sites we own or operate or at third-party waste disposal sites. Such laws often impose joint and strict liability even if the owner or operator did not know of, or was not responsible for, the contamination. We operate several sites in connection with our operations. Our switch sites and some customer premise locations are equipped with backup power sources in the event of an electrical failure. Each of our switch site locations has battery and diesel fuel powered backup generators, and we use batteries to back up some of our customer premise equipment. In addition, some of our sites may have potential contamination risks from historical and surrounding activities. We are not aware of any liability or alleged liability at any owned or operated sites or third-party waste disposal sites that would be expected to have a material adverse effect on us.

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Franchises

As described above, cable television systems generally are constructed and operated under the authority of nonexclusive franchises, granted by local and/or state governmental authorities. Cable system franchises typically contain many conditions, such as time limitations on commencement and completion of system construction, customer service standards including number of channels, the provision of free service to schools and certain other public institutions, the maintenance of insurance and indemnity bonds, the payment of franchise fees and the support of PEG channels. We are currently in the process of seeking renewal of some expired franchises. We anticipate that those franchises will be renewed. Local regulation of cable television operations and franchising matters is limited in part by federal parameters set forth in the Communications Act and the corresponding regulations of the FCC. The FCC has taken steps in recent years toward streamlining the franchising process. See Legislation and Regulation—Regulation of Cable Services above.

Prior to the scheduled expiration of franchises, we may initiate renewal proceedings with the relevant franchising authorities. The Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 provides for an orderly franchise renewal process in which the franchising authorities may not unreasonably deny renewals. If a renewal is withheld and the franchising authority takes over operation of the affected cable system or awards the franchise to another party, the franchising authority must pay the cable operator the “fair market value” of the system. The Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 also established comprehensive renewal procedures requiring that the renewal application be evaluated on its own merit and not as part of a comparative process with other proposals.

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companies that deliver content to consumers over the Internet and on mobile devices. This trend could negatively impact customer demand for our residential video service, especially premium channels and VOD services, and could encourage content owners to seek higher license fees from us in order to subsidize their free distribution of content. Our residential high-speed data and telephony services also face competition from wireless Internet and voice providers, and our residential voice service faces competition from other cable providers, “over-the-top” (“OTT”) phone service and other communication alternatives, including texting, social networking and email. Furthermore, due to consumer electronics innovations, consumers are more readily able to watch such Internet-delivered content on television sets and mobile devices, which could lead to additional “cord-cutting”. We expect these trends to continue in the future.

Any inability to compete effectively or an increase in competition could have an adverse effect on our financial results and return on capital expenditures due to possible increases in the cost of acquiring and retaining subscribers and lower per subscriber revenue, could slow or cause a decline in our growth rates and could reduce our revenue. As we expand and introduce new and enhanced services, we may be subject to competition from other providers offering the same services. We cannot predict the extent to which this competition will affect our future business and financial results or return on capital expenditures.

Future advances in technology, as well as changes in the marketplace, the economy and in the regulatory and legislative environments, may also result in changes to the competitive landscape.

​

Our business is characterized by rapid technological change, and if we do not respond appropriately to technological changes, our competitive position may be harmed.

We operate in a highly competitive, consumer-driven, rapidly changing environment and our success is, to a large extent, dependent on our ability to acquire, develop, adopt and exploit new and existing technologies to distinguish our services from those of our competitors. We have invested in advanced technology platforms that support advanced communications services and multiple emerging interactive services, such as VOD, DVR, interactive television, VoIP and pure fiber network services. If we choose technologies or equipment that are less effective, cost-efficient or attractive to our customers than those chosen by our competitors, or if we offer services that fail to appeal to consumers, are not available at competitive prices or that do not function as expected, our competitive position could deteriorate, and our business and financial results could suffer. In addition, we may be required to select one technology over another and may not choose the technology that is the most economic, efficient or attractive to customers. We may also encounter difficulties in implementing new technologies, products and services and may encounter disruptions in service as a result.

The ability of our competitors to acquire or develop and introduce new technologies, products and services more quickly than us may adversely affect our competitive position. Furthermore, advances in technology, decreases in the cost of existing technologies or changes in competitors’ product and service offerings also may require us to make additional future research and development expenditures or to offer at no additional charge, or at a lower price, certain products and services that we currently offer to customers separately or at a premium. In addition, the uncertainty of the costs for obtaining intellectual property rights from third parties could impact our ability to respond to technological advances in a timely manner.

Increases in programming and retransmission costs or the inability to obtain popular programming could adversely affect our operations, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Programming has been and is expected to continue to be, our largest single operating expense. In recent years, the cable industry has experienced rapid increases in the cost of cable programming, retransmission consent charges for local commercial television broadcast stations and regional sports programming. We expect these trends to continue. As compared to large national providers, our relatively modest base of subscribers limits our ability to negotiate lower programming costs. In addition, as we increase the channel capacity of our systems and add programming to our expanded basic and digital programming tiers, we may face additional market constraints on our ability to pass programming cost increases on to our customers. Furthermore, content providers may be unwilling to enter into distribution arrangements on acceptable terms and owners of non-broadcast video programming content may enter into exclusive distribution arrangements with our competitors. Any inability to pass programming cost increases on to our customers would have an adverse impact on our results of operations and a failure to carry programming that is attractive to our subscribers could adversely impact subscription and advertising revenues.

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Programming exclusivity in favor of our competitors could adversely affect the demand for our video services.

We obtain our programming by entering into contracts or arrangements with programming suppliers. Federal rules restrict cable operators and other multichannel video programming distributors from entering into certain exclusive programming arrangements. A programming supplier, however, could enter into some types of exclusive arrangements with certain of our video competitors, consistent with these rules, that could create a competitive advantage for that competitor by restricting our access to this programming. If our ability to offer popular programming on our cable television systems is restricted by exclusive arrangements between our competitors and programming suppliers, the demand for our video services may be adversely affected and our cost to obtain programming may increase.

We may encounter substantially increased pole attachment costs.

Under federal law, we have the right to attach cables carrying video and other services to telephone and similar poles of privately-owned utilities at regulated rates. However, because these cables may carry services other than video services, such as high-speed data services or new forms of telephony services, some utility pole owners have sought to impose additional fees for pole attachment. If these rates were to increase significantly or unexpectedly, it would cause our network to be more expensive to operate. It could also place us at a competitive disadvantage with respect to video and telecommunications service providers who do not require or who are less dependent upon pole attachments, such as satellite providers and wireless telephony service providers.

In April 2011, the FCC enacted revised pole attachment rules to improve the efficiency and reduce the costs of deploying telecommunications, cable and broadband networks in order to accelerate broadband deployment. The formula for calculating the telecommunications attachment rate was revised, lowering the rate and bringing it in-line to the video rate. Many utilities seek to impose the telecommunications rate on us when they carry our services, other than video services, over their attachments. In November 2015, the FCC released another order taking further steps to balance the rates paid by cable operators and telecommunications carriers. Moreover, the appropriate method for calculating pole attachment rates for cable operators that provide VoIP services may continue to be challenged.

Some states in which we operate have assumed jurisdiction over the regulation of pole attachment rates, and so the federal regulations and the protections provided in those regulations may not apply in those states. In addition, some of the poles we use are exempt from federal regulation because they are owned by utility cooperatives and/or municipal entities or are otherwise exempt from the pole attachment regulations.

Subject to applicable pole attachment access and rate regulations, the entities that own the poles that we attach to and conduits that we access may not renew our existing agreements when they expire, and they may require us to pay substantially increased fees. Some of these pole and conduit owners have recently imposed or are currently seeking to impose substantial rate increases. Any increase in our pole attachment or conduit access rates or inability to secure continued pole attachment and access agreements on commercially reasonable terms could adversely affect our operations, business, financial condition or results of operations.

A phase-out of the compulsory copyright license for broadcast programming could adversely affect our ability to carry the programming transmitted by broadcast stations or could increase our programming costs.

In exchange for filing reports and contributing a percentage of revenue to a federal copyright royalty pool, we obtain a compulsory copyright license allowing us to retransmit copyrighted material contained in broadcast television signals. The U.S. Copyright Office, the U.S. Government Accountability Office and the FCC all issued reports to Congress in 2011 that generally supported an eventual phase-out of the compulsory licenses. Such a change, if made, could adversely affect the ability of our cable television systems to obtain programming carried by broadcast television stations, and could increase the cost of such programming.

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Risks related to Our Legal and Regulatory Environment

We operate our network under some franchises that may be subject to non-renewal or termination.

Our network generally operates pursuant to franchises, permits or licenses typically granted by a municipality or state agency with the authority to grant franchises. Additionally, other state or local governmental entities may exercise control over the use of public rights-of-way. Often, franchises are terminable if the franchisee fails to comply with material terms of the franchise agreement or the local franchise authority’s regulations. Although none of our existing franchise or license agreements have been terminated, and we have received no threat of such a termination, one or more local authorities may attempt to take such action. We may not prevail in any judicial or regulatory proceeding to resolve such a dispute.

Further, franchises generally have fixed terms and must be renewed periodically. Our franchises are typically issued for 10 to 15 year initial terms, but the terms vary depending upon whether we are operating under a local or state franchise. Many of our existing franchise terms will expire over the course of the next several years, and we operate under some expired franchises.  Local franchising authorities may resist granting a renewal if they consider either past performance or the prospective operating proposal to be inadequate. In a number of jurisdictions, local authorities have attempted to impose rights-of-way fees on providers that have been challenged as violating federal law. A number of FCC and judicial decisions have addressed the issues posed by the imposition of rights-of-way fees on CLECs and on video distributors. On August 1, 2019, the FCC adopted an order concluding, among other things, that its franchising rules and findings fully apply to state-level franchising actions and regulations, and limiting the ability of franchising authorities to impose franchise fees and to regulate non-cable services. In May 2021, a federal appeals court largely upheld that decision, reversing only a discrete issue pertaining to the calculation of franchise fees. We cannot predict how the FCC’s rulings concerning franchising will impact our business.

The local franchising authorities can grant franchises to competitors who may build networks in our market areas. Recent FCC decisions facilitate competitive video entry by limiting the actions that local franchising authorities may take when reviewing applications by new competitors and lessen some of the burdens that can be imposed upon incumbent cable operators with which we ourselves compete. Local franchise authorities have the ability to impose regulatory constraints or requirements on our business, including those that could materially increase our expenses. In the past, local franchise authorities have imposed regulatory constraints on the construction of our network either by local ordinance or as part of the process of granting or renewing a franchise. They have also imposed requirements on the level of customer service that we provide, as well as other requirements. The local franchise authorities in our markets may also impose regulatory constraints or requirements that may be found to be consistent with applicable law, but which could increase the cost of operating our business.

Changes in broadcast carriage regulations could impose significant additional costs on us.

Federal “must carry” rules require us to carry some local broadcast television signals on our broadband network that we might not otherwise carry. If the FCC seeks to revise or expand the “must carry” rules, for example by requiring carriage of multicast signals, we would be forced to carry video programming that we would not otherwise carry, potentially drop more popular programming in order to free capacity for the required programming, decrease our ability to manage our bandwidth efficiently and/or increase our costs, which could make us less competitive. As a result, cable operators, including us, could be placed at a disadvantage versus other multichannel video providers. Potential federal legislation regarding programming packaging, bundling or à la carte delivery of programming could fundamentally change the way in which we package and price our services. We cannot predict the outcome of any current or future FCC proceedings or legislation in this area, or the impact of such proceedings on our business at this time.

Loss of interconnection arrangements could impair our telephone service.

We rely on other companies to connect the calls made by our local telephone customers to the customers of other local telephone providers. These calls are completed because our network is interconnected with the networks of other telecommunications carriers. These interconnection arrangements are mandated by the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the “Communications Act”), and the FCC’s implementing regulations. It is generally expected that the Communications Act will continue to undergo considerable interpretation and modification, including the FCC’s potential forbearance from continuing to enforce carriers’ statutory and regulatory interconnection obligations, which could have a negative impact on our interconnection agreements.

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It is also possible that further amendments to the Communications Act may be enacted, which could have a negative impact on our interconnection agreements. The contractual arrangements for interconnection generally contain provisions for incorporation of changes in governing law. Thus, future FCC, state PSC and/or court decisions may negatively impact the rates, terms and conditions of the interconnection services that we have obtained and may seek to obtain under these agreements, which could adversely affect our operations, business, financial condition or results of operations. Our ability to compete successfully in the provision of services will depend on the nature and timing of any such legislative changes, regulations and interpretations and whether they are favorable to us or to our competitors.

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Applicable laws and regulations pertaining to our industry are subject to change.

We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations at the federal, state, and local jurisdictions in which we operate. Specifically, we are subject to regulation of our video services relating to rates, equipment, technologies, programming, levels and types of services, taxes and other charges. The current telecommunications and cable legislation and regulations are complex and in many areas set forth policy objectives to be implemented by regulation at the federal, state and local levels.

Additionally, we are subject to environmental safety and health laws and regulations, including those governing such matters as the generation, storage, reporting, treating, handling, remediation, use, transportation and disposal of, and exposure to hazardous materials, the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the atmosphere, the emission of electromagnetic radiation, the protection of wetlands, historic sites, and threatened and endangered species. Some of our sites have battery and diesel fuel powered backup generators or sources, or may have potential contamination risks from historical or surrounding activities. Under certain environmental laws and regulations, we may be liable for the costs of remediating contamination, regardless of fault, and these costs could be significant.

The exact requirements of applicable law are not always clear, and the rules affecting our businesses are always subject to change. For example, the FCC may interpret its rules and regulations in enforcement proceedings in a manner that is inconsistent with the judgments we have made. Likewise, regulators and legislators at all levels of government may sometimes change existing rules or establish new rules. Congress, for example, considers new legislative requirements for cable operators virtually every year, and there is always a risk that such proposals (if unfavorable to us) will ultimately be enacted. In addition, federal, state or local governments and/or tax authorities may change tax laws, regulations or administrative practices that could adversely affect our operations, business, financial condition or results of operations.

“Net neutrality” legislation or regulation could limit our ability to operate our high-speed data service business profitably and manage our broadband facilities efficiently.

In January 2018, the FCC released a decision rescinding various “net neutrality” requirements governing how broadband Internet access providers were permitted to offer broadband service. As a result, under the current approach, broadband Internet access providers must publicly disclose detailed information regarding their service offerings, Internet traffic management processes, and other practices affecting broadband customers, but are not otherwise limited by federal law in their ability to block, throttle, or prioritize specific types of Internet traffic. The FCC also held that states are preempted (prohibited) from enacting their own versions of these or similar requirements.

On October 1, 2019, a federal appeals court upheld most of the FCC’s decision, but it directed the agency to give further consideration to several issues and reversed the FCC’s blanket preemption of state rules, holding that such state laws could only be prohibited on a case-by-case basis, and only when they conflict with state or federal policy.  No party appealed that decision.  On October 27, 2020, the FCC adopted a decision reaffirming other aspects of its earlier decision. That decision has been appealed, both in court and before the FCC. We cannot predict how a future FCC will address internet service regulation.  In the meantime, several states have adopted, or are considering, net neutrality requirements of their own. Some of these are currently subject to legal challenge by broadband providers’ trade associations in federal court. We cannot predict with any certainty the likely timing or outcome of these or future challenges, or how state efforts to adopt net neutrality requirements will continue to evolve.

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Regulation may limit our ability to make required investments or adopt business models that are needed to continue to provide robust high-speed data service.

The rising popularity of bandwidth-intensive Internet-based services increases the demand for, and usage of, our high-speed data service. Examples of such services include the delivery of content via streaming technology and by download, peer-to-peer file sharing services and gaming services. We need flexibility to develop pricing and business models that will allow us to respond to changing consumer uses and demands and, if necessary, to invest more capital than currently expected to increase the bandwidth capacity of our systems. Our ability to do so could be restricted by legislative or regulatory efforts associated with “net neutrality” requirements.

Rate regulation could materially adversely impact our operations, business, financial results or financial condition.

Under current FCC rules, rates for basic service tier (“BST”) video service and associated equipment may be regulated where there is no effective competition. Under current FCC rules, cable operators are presumed to be subject to effective competition. In all of the communities we serve, we are not subject to BST video rate regulation, either because the local franchising authority has not asked the FCC for permission to regulate rates due to the lack of effective competition or because of the presumed presence of effective competition. Except for telephony services provided by our operating companies that are ILECs (which are subject to certain rate regulations), there is currently no rate regulation for our other services, including high-speed data and non-ILEC telephony services. It is possible, however, that the FCC or Congress will adopt more extensive rate regulation for our video services or regulate the rates of other services, such as high-speed data, business data (or special access) services and telephony services, which could impede our ability to raise rates, or require rate reductions, and therefore could adversely affect our operations, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our business may be adversely affected by the application of certain regulatory obligations governing the intellectual property rights of third parties or if we cannot continue to license or enforce the intellectual property rights on which our business depends.

We rely on patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and licenses that are proprietary to our business, as well as our key vendors, along with other agreements with our employees, customers, suppliers and other parties, to establish and maintain our intellectual property rights in technology and the products and services used in our operations. However, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged or invalidated, or such intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to permit us to take advantage of current industry trends or otherwise to provide competitive advantages, which could result in costly redesign efforts, discontinuance of certain product or service offerings or other competitive harm. Claims of intellectual property infringement by third parties under applicable agreements, laws and regulations (including the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998) could require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements on unfavorable terms, incur substantial monetary liability or be enjoined preliminarily or permanently from further use of the intellectual property in question, which could require us to change our business practices or offerings and limit our ability to compete effectively. Even claims without merit can be time-consuming and costly to defend and may divert management’s attention and resources away from our business. Also, because of the rapid pace of technological change, we rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses from these third parties on reasonable terms, if at all.

Our business is subject to numerous federal and state laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection. Existing laws and regulations are evolving and subject to uncertain interpretation, and new laws and regulations affecting our business have been proposed. These laws and regulations could result in legal claims, changes to our business practices, increased cost of operations, or could otherwise impact our business.

As a provider of high-speed data, video and telephony services, we are subject to an array of privacy-related laws and regulations that are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. In the course of providing service, we collect certain information about our subscribers and their use of our services. Our collection and use of personally identifiable information about our subscribers is subject to a variety of federal and state privacy requirements, including those imposed specifically on cable operators by Section 631 of the Communications Act. That section generally restricts the nonconsensual collection and disclosure to third parties of cable customers’ personally identifiable information by cable operators, subject to certain specified exceptions. Several states and numerous local jurisdictions have enacted privacy laws or franchise privacy provisions that apply to cable services.

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Section 222 of the Communications Act also governs our use of customer proprietary network information related to our telecommunications services. In addition, FCC regulations apply to our use, disclosure, and protection of CPNI associated with our telecommunications and VoIP telephone service. In the Internet Freedom Order, the FCC returned jurisdiction to regulate broadband privacy and data security to the Federal Trade Commission. As we continue to provide interactive and other advanced services, additional privacy considerations may arise. Privacy continues to be a major focus of Congress, the Federal Trade Commission, the FCC, the U.S. Department of Commerce, and the states. Additional laws, regulations, or advisory guidelines could affect our ability to use and share customer information under various additional circumstances or generally increase our operating expenses.

We are also subject to state and federal regulations and laws regarding information security. Most of these regulations and laws apply to customer information that could be used to commit identity theft. Nearly all U.S. states and the District of Columbia have enacted some form of security breach notification laws. These laws generally require that we give notice to customers whose personal account information has been disclosed because of a security breach. The Communications Act and FCC rules also impose breach notification and information security requirements, which may require that we give notice to customers of breaches in some circumstances where notice would not be required by state law. Our efforts to protect customer information may be unsuccessful due to the actions of third parties, technical malfunctions, employee error, employee malfeasance, cyber-criminals, state-sponsored espionage or cyberwarfare, or other factors. If any of these events occur, the confidentiality, integrity, or accessibility of our customers’ information could be compromised, and could subsequently be used, accessed or disclosed improperly.

Claims resulting from actual or purported violations of these or other federal or state privacy laws could impact our business. Adverse rulings in privacy-related litigation or regulatory proceedings could cause us to incur significant expense and liability or result in orders or consent decrees forcing us to modify our business practices. Moreover, because many of these privacy and data security and data security laws are relatively new, there is not a robust body of case law to suggest how courts may interpret compliance or assess fines. Finally, any actual or purported incidents involving unauthorized access to or improper use of the information of our customers could damage our reputation and our brand and diminish our competitive position.

Regulation of the set-top box market could materially and adversely impact our operations and impose additional costs on us.

The FCC has adopted regulations to permit consumers to connect televisions and other consumer electronics equipment through a separate security device directly to digital cable television systems to enable receipt of one-way digital programming without requiring a set-top box. Additional FCC regulations promote the manufacture of plug-and-play TV sets and other equipment that can connect directly to a cable system through these separate security devices, although in September 2020, the FCC eliminated some of these rules. Although we generally require less up-front capital when our customers buy and self-install their own set-top boxes, these regulations could impose substantial costs on us and impair our ability to innovate.

If our trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets and our business may be adversely affected.

We own some trademarks in connection with the operation of our business. We cannot, however, assure you that we have obtained or can obtain all necessary trademarks to adequately protect our intellectual property. It is possible that a third party could bring suit against us claiming infringement of registered trademarks, and if it did so and if there were a court determination against us, we might then be obligated to pay monetary damages, enter into a license agreement, or cease use of any such marks, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Tax matters, including the changes in corporate tax rates, disagreements with taxing authorities and imposition of new taxes, including new tax legislation, could impact our results of operations and financial condition.

We operate in locations throughout the United States and, as a result, are subject to the tax laws and regulations of federal, state and local governments. From time to time, various legislative and/or administrative initiatives may be proposed that could adversely affect our tax positions. There can be no assurance that our effective tax rate or tax payments will not be adversely affected by these initiatives. As a result of state and local budget shortfalls, certain states and localities have imposed or are considering imposing new or additional taxes or fees on our services or changing the methodologies or base on which certain fees and taxes are computed. Such potential changes include additional taxes or fees on our services which could impact our customers, and combined reporting and other changes to general business taxes, central/unit-level assessment of property taxes and other matters, which could increase our income, franchise, sales, use and/or property tax liabilities.

In addition, federal, state and local tax laws and regulations are extremely complex and subject to varying interpretations. Changes to income tax laws and regulations, or the interpretation of such laws, in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate could impact our effective tax rate and our tax positions. There can be no assurance that our tax positions will not be challenged by relevant tax authorities or that we would be successful in any such challenge. In addition, we have significant NOL carryforwards that are available to offset future operating results, but the availability and value of the NOLs may be impacted by future changes in federal or state law.

The FCC and local franchising authorities exercise authority over cable television systems and the FCC and state PSCs exercise authority over telecommunications and VoIP services.

The FCC has promulgated regulations covering many aspects of cable television operations. Failure to comply with those regulations could lead the FCC to impose on us monetary fines, cease-and-desist orders and/or other administrative sanctions. The cable franchises that our systems operate under, which are issued by states, cities, counties or other political subdivisions, may contain similar enforcement mechanisms in the event of any failure to comply with the terms of those franchises.

The FCC also has promulgated regulations covering the interstate aspects and the regulated telecommunications earnings and VoIP services of our ILEC and CLEC operations. Our local and intrastate products and services and the regulated earnings are subject to regulation by state PSCs. Failure to comply with these regulations could lead the FCC or state PSCs to impose on us monetary fines, cease-and-desist orders and/or other administrative sanctions. These fines, cease-and-desist order and/or other administrative sanctions may adversely affect our operations, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Outstanding Indebtedness

We have substantial indebtedness, which may increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions and may limit our ability to pursue strategic alternatives and react to changes in our business and industry.

We have substantial indebtedness. This amount of indebtedness may:

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Our ability to comply with the financial and other covenants contained in our debt instruments may be affected by changes in economic or business conditions or other events beyond our control. If we do not comply with these covenants and restrictions, we may be required to take actions such as reducing or delaying capital expenditures, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing all or part of our existing debt, or seeking additional equity capital. Failure to comply could also cause a default, which may result in our substantial indebtedness becoming immediately due and payable and could permit the lenders to foreclose on our assets securing such debt. If this were to occur, we would be unable to adequately finance our operations.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on our anticipated debt obligations will depend on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We might not be able to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to affect any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. We expect that the agreements governing our indebtedness will restrict our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from those dispositions and will also restrict our ability to raise debt capital to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due. Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, could have a material adverse effect on our operations, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock

A significant portion of our common stock will continue to be held by Crestview, whose interests may differ from yours.

Crestview owns approximately 36% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Crestview may have interests that are different from or adverse to our other stockholders. For example, Crestview may support proposals and actions with which you may disagree or which are not in your interests or which adversely impact the value of our common stock. Crestview will be able to strongly influence or effectively control our decisions requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, amendment of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and approval of significant corporate transactions and, through our Board of Directors, the ability to control decision-making with respect to our business direction and policies. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control in us or changes in management and could also make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of these stockholders, which in turn could reduce the price of our common stock.

Under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, Crestview and its affiliates will not have any obligation to present to us, and they may separately pursue, corporate opportunities of which they become aware, even if those opportunities are ones that we would have pursued if granted the opportunity.

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Future sales of our common stock, or the perception in the public markets that these sales may occur, may depress our stock price.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional shares. We have approximately 87.4 million shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2021. Of these shares, all common stock sold in our initial public offering, except for any shares held by our affiliates, are eligible for sale in the public.

All of our shares of common stock currently outstanding may be sold in the public market by existing stockholders subject to applicable volume and other limitations imposed under federal securities laws. Further, holders of approximately 36% of our outstanding common stock have demand and/or piggyback registration rights to require us to register our common stock with the SEC. If we register these shares, the stockholders would be able to sell those shares freely in the public market. In addition, we filed a registration statement registering under the Securities Act the common stock reserved for issuance in respect of incentive awards to our directors, officers and employees. If any of these holders cause a large number of securities to be sold in the public market, the sales could reduce the trading price of our common stock. These sales also could impede our ability to raise capital in the future.

Other Risks

A prolonged economic downturn, especially any downturn in the housing market, may negatively impact our ability to attract new subscribers and generate increased revenues.

We are exposed to risks associated with prevailing economic conditions, which could adversely impact demand for our products and services and have a negative impact on our financial results. In addition, the global financial markets have displayed uncertainty, and at times the equity and credit markets have experienced unexpected volatility, which could cause economic conditions to worsen. A continuation or further weakening of these economic conditions could lead to reductions in consumer demand for our services, especially premium video services and enhanced features, such as DVRs, and a continued increase in the number of homes that replace their wireline telephone service with wireless service or OTT phone service and their video service with Internet-delivered and/or over-air content, which would negatively impact our ability to attract customers, maintain or increase rates and maintain or increase revenue. The expanded availability of free or lower cost competitive services, such as video streaming over the Internet, or substitute services, such as wireless phones, may further reduce consumer demand for our services during periods of weak economic conditions. In addition, providing video services is an established and highly penetrated business. Our ability to gain new video subscribers is partially dependent on growth in occupied housing in our service areas, which is influenced by both national and local economic conditions. If the number of occupied homes in our operating areas declines and/or the number of home foreclosures significantly increases, we may be unable to maintain or increase the number of our video subscribers.

The demand for our broadband communications services may be lower than we expect.

The demand for high-speed data, video and telephony services, either alone or as part of a bundle, cannot readily be determined. Our business could be adversely affected if demand for broadband communications services is materially lower than we expect. Our ability to generate revenue will suffer if the markets for the services we offer, including telephony and high-speed data services, fail to develop, grow more slowly than anticipated or become saturated with competitors.

We may not be able to access the credit and capital markets at the times and in the amounts needed and on acceptable terms.

From time to time we may need to access the long-term and short-term capital markets to obtain financing. Our access to, and the availability of, financing on acceptable terms and conditions in the future will be impacted by many factors, including our financial performance, our credit ratings or absence of a credit rating, the liquidity of the overall capital markets and the state of the economy. There can be no assurance that we will have access to the capital markets on terms acceptable to us.

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Our reliance on third parties could adversely affect our operations, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are susceptible to risks associated with the potential financial instability of the vendors and third parties on which we rely to provide products and services, or to which we delegate certain functions. Specifically, we depend on third-party suppliers and licensors to supply some of the hardware, software and operational support necessary to provide our services. Some of these vendors represent our sole source of supply or have, either through contract or as a result of intellectual property rights, a position of some exclusivity. If demand exceeds these vendors’ capacity, they experience operating or financial difficulties, they significantly increase the amount we pay for necessary products or services, or they cease production of any necessary product due to lack of demand, our ability to provide some services may be materially adversely affected.

In addition, a general economic downturn, as well as volatility and disruption in the capital and credit markets, could adversely affect vendors and third parties and lead to significant increases in prices, reduction in output or the bankruptcy of our vendors or third parties upon which we rely. Any interruption in the services provided by our vendors or by third parties could adversely affect our operations, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Since our business is concentrated in specific geographic locations, our business could be adversely impacted by natural disasters in these areas.

We provide our services to areas in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Michigan, South Carolina and Tennessee, which are in the Southeastern and Midwestern regions of the United States. Our success depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our communications services. Our network is attached to poles and other structures in many of our service areas, and our ability to provide service depends on the availability of electric power. A tornado, hurricane, flood, mudslide, earthquake or other natural catastrophe in one of these areas could damage our network, interrupt our service and harm our business in the affected area. In addition, many of our markets are close together, and a single natural catastrophe could damage our network in more than one market.

We rely on network and information systems and other technology, and a disruption or failure of such networks, systems or technology as a result of computer viruses, “cyber-attacks,” misappropriation of data or other malfeasance, as well as outages, accidental releases of information or similar events, may disrupt our business.

As network and information systems and other technologies are critical to our operating activities, network or information system shutdowns caused by events such as computer hacking, dissemination of computer viruses, worms and other destructive or disruptive software, “cyber-attacks,” denial of service attacks and other malicious activity pose increasing risks. Our network and information systems are also vulnerable to damage or interruption from power outages, terrorist attacks and other similar events which could have an adverse impact on us and our customers, including degradation of service, service disruption, excessive call volume to call centers and damage to our network, equipment, data and reputation. The occurrence of such an event also could result in large expenditures necessary to repair or replace such networks or information systems or to protect them from similar events in the future. Significant incidents could result in a disruption of our operations, customer dissatisfaction or a loss of customers or revenues.

Furthermore, our operating activities could be subject to risks caused by misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification and accidental release or loss of information maintained in our information technology systems and networks, including customer, personnel and vendor data. We could be exposed to significant costs if such risks were to materialize, and such events could damage the reputation and credibility of our business and have a negative impact on our revenue. We also could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to remedy any such security breach. As a result of the increasing awareness concerning the importance of safeguarding personal information, the potential misuse of such information and legislation that has been adopted or is being considered regarding the protection, privacy and security of personal information, information-related risks are increasing, particularly for businesses like ours that handle a large amount of personal customer data.

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Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

In general, under Section 382 (“Section 382”) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its existing federal and state net operating losses and capital losses. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an additional ownership change under Section 382. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we have acquired or may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. There is also a risk that due to regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of NOLs or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs could expire or otherwise be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities, including for state tax purposes. The generation of NOLs subsequent to December 31, 2017 are subject to the Tax Cut and Jobs Act, which removes NOL expirations, but limits utilization against taxable income to 80%. For these reasons, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of the NOLs, even if we continue to remain profitable.

We have experienced net losses and may generate net losses in the future.

We experienced net losses in the past and may report net losses in the future. In general, these prior net losses have principally resulted from interest expense related to our indebtedness, acquisitions and depreciation and amortization expenses associated with capital expenditures related to expanding and upgrading of our broadband network, as well as impairment charges to certain intangible assets. If we report net losses in the future, these losses may limit our ability to attract needed financing, and to do so on favorable terms, as such losses may prevent some investors from investing in our securities.

Public health threats or outbreaks of communicable diseases could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations and overall financial performance.

We may face risks related to public health threats or outbreaks of communicable diseases. A global health crisis, such as coronavirus or COVID-19, could adversely affect the United States and global economies and limit the ability of enterprises to conduct business for an indefinite period of time. A public health crisis may negatively impact the global economy, disrupt financial markets and international trade, and result in increased unemployment levels and impact global supply chains, all of which could have the potential to impact our business.

In the event of a public health crisis, government authorities may, from time to time, implement various mitigation measures, including travel restrictions, limitations on business operations, stay-at-home orders and social distancing protocols. The economic impact of the aforementioned actions may impair our ability to sustain sufficient financial liquidity and impact our financial results. Impacts of a public health crisis could: (i) result in an increase in costs related to delayed payments from customers and uncollectable accounts, (ii) cause a reduction in revenue related to waiving late fees and other charges related to governmental regulations, (iii) cause delays and disruptions in the supply chain related to obtaining necessary materials for our network infrastructure or customer premise equipment, (iv) cause workforce disruptions, including the availability of qualified personnel; and (v) cause other unpredictable events.

As we cannot predict the probability, duration, or scope of any global health crisis, the anticipated negative financial impact to our operating results cannot be reasonably estimated, but could be material and last for an extended period of time.

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Item 6. Reserved

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Not applicable.

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Key Transactions Impacting Operating Results and Financial Condition

Sale of Service Areas

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On June 30, 2021, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with Atlantic Broadband (OH), LLC, (“Atlantic”), a U.S. cable operator and subsidiary of Cogeco Communications, Inc. and Atlantic Broadband Finance, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Atlantic Purchase Agreement”), whereby Atlantic agreed to acquire the Company’s Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio service areas for approximately $1.125 billion, subject to adjustments, including customary working capital adjustments, as specified in the Atlantic Purchase Agreement.

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On September 1, 2021, we completed the sale for the Ohio service areas receiving approximately $1.1 billion in net proceeds and recorded a gain on sale of $689.8 million. We utilized the net proceeds from the sale to repay a significant portion of our Term B loans and certain finance lease agreements. In conjunction with the closing of the Atlantic Purchase Agreement, we entered into a Transition Services Agreement with Atlantic to support post-transaction continuity of service during the transition period.

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Additionally, on June 30, 2021, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with Radiate HoldCo, LLC, a telecommunications holding company affiliated with RCN Telecom Services LLC, Grande Communications Networks, LLC and WaveDivision Holdings, LLC (collectively, “Astound Broadband”) (the “Astound Purchase Agreement”), whereby Radiate HoldCo, LLC agreed to acquire the Company’s Chicago, Illinois, Evansville, Indiana and Baltimore, Maryland markets for approximately $661.0 million, subject to adjustments, including customary working capital adjustments, as specified in the Astound Purchase Agreement.

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On November 1, 2021, we completed the sale for the Chicago, Illinois, Evansville, Indiana and Baltimore, Maryland service areas receiving approximately $653.2 million in net proceeds and recorded a gain on sale of $311.5 million. We utilized the net proceeds from the sale to further repay our outstanding Term B loans. In conjunction with the closing of the Astound Purchase Agreement, we entered into a Transition Services Agreement with Astound to support post-transaction continuity of service during the transition period.

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Refinancing of the Term B Loans and Revolving Credit Facility

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On December 20, 2021, the Company entered into a new secured credit agreement with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, collateral agent and issuing bank (the “Credit Agreement”).  The Credit Agreement consists of (i) a new Term Loan B in an aggregate principal amount of $730.0 million and (ii) a $250.0 million revolving credit commitment. The Term Loan B matures in December 2028 and bears interest at a rate equal to SOFR plus 3.00%, subject to a 50 basis point floor, and the revolving credit commitment bears interest at a rate equal to SOFR plus 2.75% and matures in December 2026. The Senior Secured Term B loans and Revolving Credit Facility are secured on a first-priority basis by a lien on substantially all of the Company’s assets, subject to certain exceptions and permitted liens.

Sale of Chicago Fiber Network

In December 2017, we finalized the sale of a portion of our fiber network in the Chicago market to a subsidiary of Verizon for $225.0 million in cash. In addition, we and a subsidiary of Verizon entered into a construction agreement pursuant to which we agreed to complete the build-out of the network in exchange for $50.0 million (which approximated our estimate to complete the network build-out), recognized over time as the remaining network elements were completed and accepted. We completed the network build-out during the third quarter of 2019. From project inception through completion, the Company has recorded a total loss on the Construction Services Agreement of $0.9 million.  

Hurricane Michael

On October 10, 2018, Hurricane Michael made landfall in the Florida Panhandle, resulting in significant damage to our network infrastructure and widespread power outages and service disruptions for the majority of our customers in this service area. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we finalized the insurance claim related to the damages incurred from Hurricane Michael, receiving $9.6 million of business interruption insurance recoveries.

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Crestview Investment

A significant block of the Company’s outstanding shares are held by affiliates of Crestview Partners, LLC (“Crestview”), a private equity firm based in New York. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 36% of our outstanding common shares were held by Crestview.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

In the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that we believe are reasonable based upon the information available, in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. Critical accounting policies are defined as those policies that are reflective of significant judgments, estimates and uncertainties, which would potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We believe the following accounting policies are the most critical in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements because of the judgment necessary to account for these matters and the significant estimates involved, which are susceptible to change.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Carrying Value. The net carrying value of our property, plant and equipment was $722.3 million and $720.9 million, representing approximately 38% and 29% of our total assets, at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost and include costs associated with the construction of cable transmission and distribution facilities and new service installations at customer locations. Capitalized costs include materials, labor and certain indirect costs attributable to the capitalization activity. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Upon sale or retirement of an asset, the cost and related depreciation are removed from the related accounts and resulting gains or losses are reflected in operating results. We make judgments regarding the installation and construction activities to be capitalized. We capitalize direct labor associated with capitalizable activities and indirect cost using standards developed from operational data, including the proportionate time to perform a new installation relative to the total technical operations activities and an evaluation of the nature of the indirect costs incurred to support capitalizable activities. Judgment is required to determine the extent to which indirect costs that have been incurred are related to capitalizable activities and, as a result, should be capitalized. Indirect costs include (i) employee benefits and payroll taxes associated with capitalized direct labor, (ii) direct variable costs of installation and construction vehicle costs, (iii) the direct variable costs of support personnel directly involved in assisting with installation activities, such as dispatchers and (iv) other indirect costs directly attributable to capitalizable activities.

Impairment of Property, Plant and Equipment. Long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If the total of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the asset, a loss is recognized for the difference between the fair value and the carrying value of the asset. No impairments of long-lived assets were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist primarily of acquired franchise operating rights, franchise related customer relationships and goodwill. Franchise operating rights represent the value attributable to agreements with local franchising authorities, which allows access to homes in the public right of way. Our franchise operating rights were acquired through business combinations. We do not amortize cable franchise operating rights as we have determined that they have an indefinite life. Costs incurred in negotiating and renewing cable franchise agreements are expensed as incurred. Franchise related customer relationships represent the value of the benefit to us of acquiring the existing cable subscriber base and are amortized over the estimated life of the subscriber base, generally four years, on a straight-line basis. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets we acquired in business combinations.

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We conduct our cable operations under the authority of state cable television franchises, except in Alabama and parts of Michigan where we continue to operate under local franchises. Our franchises have service terms that vary, but generally last from five to 15 years. All of our term-limited franchise agreements are subject to renewal. The renewal process for our state franchises is specified by state law and tends to be a simple process, requiring the filing of a renewal application with information no more burdensome than that contained in our original application.

Although renewal is not assured, there are provisions in the law that protect the Company from arbitrary or unreasonable denial. In most areas in which we operate, we are a “competitive” operator, meaning that we compete directly in the service area with at least one other franchised cable operator. The Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 (“1992 Cable Act”) says that “a franchising authority may not...unreasonably refuse to award an additional competitive franchise.” The 1992 Cable Act also provides a formal renewal process that protects cable operators that elect the process against arbitrary or unreasonable refusals to renew a franchise. In addition, on December 20, 2006, the FCC established rules and provided guidance that prohibit local franchising authorities from unreasonably refusing to award competitive franchises for the provision of cable services.  In order to eliminate certain barriers to entry into the cable market, and to encourage investment in broadband facilities, the FCC preempted local laws, regulations, and requirements, including local level-playing-field provisions, to the extent they impose greater restrictions on market entry than those adopted under the order.  On August 1, 2019, the FCC adopted a Third Report and Order concluding that its franchising rules and findings fully apply to state-level franchising actions and regulations.  These orders have the potential to benefit us by facilitating our ability to obtain and renew cable service franchises.

In our experience, state and local franchising authorities encourage our entry into the market, as our competitive presence often leads to overall better service, more service options and lower prices. In our and our expert advisors’ experience, it has not been the practice for a franchising authority to deny a cable franchise renewal. We have never had a renewal denied.

Franchise Operating Rights. The net carrying value of our franchise operating rights was $620.1 million for both years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, representing approximately 33% and 25% of total assets, respectively. See Note 7 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further discussion of how we value and evaluate franchise operating rights for impairment.

The estimates and assumptions made in our impairment analysis are inherently subject to significant uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, and there is no assurance that these results can be achieved. The primary assumptions for which there is a reasonable possibility of the occurrence of a variation that would significantly affect the measurement value include the assumptions regarding revenue growth, programming expense growth rates, the amount and timing of capital expenditures and the discount rate utilized.

We evaluate the recoverability of our franchise operating rights at least annually on October 1, or more frequently whenever events or substantive changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. As a result of the 2021 analysis, we did not identify any franchise operating rights assets in which the fair value was less than the carrying value, therefore we did not recognize any impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 we recognized impairment charges of $14.0 million and $9.7 million, respectively.

Goodwill. The net carrying value of goodwill was $225.1 million for both years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, representing approximately 12% and 9% of total assets, respectively. See Note 7 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements contained in “Part II. Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for further discussion of how we value and evaluate goodwill for impairment.

Similar to franchise operating rights, we evaluate the recoverability of our goodwill annually on October 1, or more frequently whenever events or substantive changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. No such impairment charges were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 as the result of the annual impairment test indicated the fair value of our goodwill exceeded the carrying value.

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Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the difference is expected to reverse. Additionally, the impact of changes in the tax rates and laws on deferred taxes, if any, is reflected in the financial statements in the period of enactment. Valuation allowances are established to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that will more likely than not be realized. To the extent that a determination was made to establish or adjust a valuation allowance, the expense or benefit is recorded in the period in which the determination is made.  

From time to time, we engage in transactions in which the tax consequences may be subject to uncertainty. Examples of such transactions include business acquisitions and dispositions, including dispositions designed to be tax free, issues related to consideration paid or received, investments and certain financing transactions. Significant judgment is required in assessing and estimating the tax consequences of these transactions. We prepare and file tax returns based on interpretation of tax laws and regulations. In the normal course of business, our tax returns are subject to examination by various taxing authorities. Such examinations may result in future tax, interest and penalty assessments by these taxing authorities. In determining our income tax provision for financial reporting purposes, we establish a reserve for uncertain income tax positions unless such positions are determined to be more likely than not of being sustained upon examination, based on their technical merits. That is, for financial reporting purposes, we only recognize tax benefits taken on the tax return that we believe are more likely than not of being sustained. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether positions taken on the tax return are more likely than not of being sustained.

We adjust our tax reserve estimates periodically because of ongoing examinations by, and settlements with, the various taxing authorities, as well as changes in tax laws, regulations and interpretations. The consolidated income tax provision of any given year includes adjustments to prior year income tax accruals that are considered appropriate and any related estimated interest. Our policy is to recognize, when applicable, interest and penalties on uncertain income tax positions as part of income tax provision.

Homes Passed and Customers

We report homes passed as the number of serviceable addresses, such as single residence homes, apartments and condominium units, and businesses passed by our broadband network and listed in our database. We report total subscribers as the number of subscribers who receive at least one of our HSD, Video or Telephony services, without regard to which or how many services they subscribe. We define each of the individual HSD subscribers, Video subscribers and Telephony subscribers as a revenue generating unit (“RGU”). The following table summarizes homes passed, total subscribers and total RGUs for our services as of each respective date and for comparability purposes, presents subscribers associated with the Company’s continuing operations as of each specified date prior to December 31, 2021:

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The following table displays the homes passed and subscribers related to the Company’s edge-out activities:

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While we take appropriate steps to ensure subscriber information is presented on a consistent and accurate basis at any given balance sheet date, we periodically review our policies in light of the variability we may encounter across our different markets due to the nature and pricing of products, services and billing systems. Accordingly, we may from time to time make appropriate adjustments to our subscriber information based on such reviews.

Financial Statement Presentation

Revenue

Our operating revenue is primarily derived from monthly recurring charges for HSD, Video, Telephony and other business services to residential and business customers, in addition to other revenues.

Revenues attributable to monthly subscription fees charged to customers for our HSD, Video and Telephony services provided by our broadband networks were 93% and 92% of total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The remaining percentage of total revenue represents non-subscription revenue primarily from other business services, line assurance warranty services and advertising placement.

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Costs and Expenses

Our expenses primarily consist of operating, selling, general and administrative expenses, depreciation and amortization expense, and interest expense.

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Operating expenses primarily include programming costs, data costs, transport costs and network access fees related to our HSD, Video and Telephony services, hardware/software expenses, network operations and maintenance services, customer service and call center expenses, bad debt, billing and collection expenses and franchise and other regulatory fees.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily include salaries and benefits of corporate and field management, sales and marketing personnel, human resources and related administrative costs.

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Depreciation and amortization includes depreciation of our network infrastructure, including associated equipment, hardware and software, buildings and leasehold improvements, and finance lease obligations. Amortization is recognized on other intangible assets with definite lives primarily related to acquisitions. Depreciation and amortization expense is presented separately from operating and selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

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We control our costs of operations by maintaining strict controls on expenditures. More specifically, we are focused on managing our cost structure by improving workforce productivity, increasing the effectiveness of our purchasing activities and maintaining discipline in customer acquisition. We expect programming expenses to continue to increase per Video subscriber due to a variety of factors, including increased demands by owners of some broadcast stations for carriage of other services or payments to those broadcasters for retransmission consent and annual increases imposed by programmers with additional selling power as a result of media consolidation. We have not been able to fully pass these increases on to our customers without the loss of customers, nor do we expect to be able to do so in the future.

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Continuing Operations

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Total revenue from continuing operations decreased $4.5 million, or 1%, during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Subscription Revenue

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Total subscription revenue from continuing operations decreased $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The slight decrease was driven by a $63.1 million shift in service offering mix, as we continue to experience a reduction in Video and Telephony RGUs. This decrease was offset almost entirely by a $52.5 million increase in average revenue per unit (“ARPU”), as HSD customers continue to purchase higher speed tiers; coupled with HSD and Video rate increases issued in 2021 and an increase of $10.5 million in volume attributable exclusively to the addition of HSD subscribers. ARPU is calculated as subscription revenue for each of the HSD, Video and Telephony services divided by the average total RGUs for each service category for the respective period.

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Other Business Services

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Other business services revenue from continuing operations decreased $1.1 million, or 5%, during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to decreases in data center revenue.

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Other

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Other revenue from continuing operations decreased $3.3 million, or 10%, during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to decreases in advertising, service call fee, and line assurance revenue.

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Operating Expenses (Excluding Depreciation and Amortization)

Operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization) from continuing operations decreased $28.8 million, or 7%, during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily driven by decreases in direct operating expenses.

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Additionally we recorded additional bad debt expense of $2.0 million from continuing operations during the year ended December 31, 2020, related to trade accounts receivable as a result of uncertainties around the economic positions of our customers impacted by the global health crisis. We did not incur such expense for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Incremental Contribution

Incremental contribution is defined as subscription services revenue less costs directly incurred from third parties in connection with the provision of such services to our customers (service direct expense). Incremental contribution from continuing operations increased $31.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

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The increase is primarily related to the decrease in programming expense. Programming expense from continuing operations decreased from $205.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $177.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which is attributable to the decline in Video RGU’s.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses from continuing operations increased $5.0 million, or 3%, during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase is primarily attributable to increases in marketing, compensation (including stock compensation), professional service and legal expenses associated with the sale of five of our markets and the refinancing of our long-term debt, partially offset by decreases in costs associated with digital transformation initiatives.

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Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

Depreciation and amortization expenses from continuing operations increased $18.3 million, or 12%, during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase is primarily attributable to the timing of assets placed in service and increases in equipment and vehicle finance lease activity.

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Impairment Losses on Intangibles and Goodwill

The Company recognized non-cash impairment charges of nil and $14.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The primary driver of the impairment charge in 2020 was a decline in the estimated fair market value of certain indefinite-lived intangible assets, as indicated by the decline in the Company’s common stock and revisions to market-level forecasts. See Note 7 – Franchise Operating Rights & Goodwill for discussion of non-cash impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Interest Expense

Interest expense from continuing operations decreased $36.5 million, or 28%, during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease is primarily due to lower interest rates on a lower outstanding principal balance, the significant repayment of debt in the third and fourth quarters of 2021, and the expiration of the interest rate swap agreement in May 2021.

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Other Income

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Other income from continuing operations increased $8.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase is primarily related to the Transition Services Agreements with Atlantic and Astound, which began on September 1, 2021 and November 1, 2021, respectively, to support post-transaction continuity of service during the transition periods.

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Discontinued Operations

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On September 1, 2021, we sold our Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio markets to Atlantic for approximately $1.125 billion, subject to adjustments, including customary working capital adjustments, as specified in the Atlantic Purchase Agreement. As a result of the sale, we recognized a gain on sale of $689.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Additionally on November 1, 2021, we completed the sale of our Chicago, Illinois, Evansville, Indiana, and Baltimore, Maryland markets to Astound Broadband for $661.0 million, subject to adjustments, including customary working capital adjustments, as specified in the Astound Purchase Agreement. As a result of the sale, we recognized a gain on sale of $311.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Revenue from discontinued operations decreased $109.9 million, or 26%, during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. The decreases are primarily due to the divestitures of the Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio markets on September 1, 2021 and the Chicago, Illinois, Evansville, Indiana, and Baltimore, Maryland markets on November 1, 2021.

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Operating expenses from discontinued operations (excluding depreciation and amortization) decreased $53.0 million, or 32%, during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Additionally, programming expense decreased $46.8 million over the corresponding periods. These decreases are primarily due to the divestitures mentioned above.

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Discontinued operating expenses do not include general corporate overhead or continuing costs related to providing service per the transition service agreements. Certain costs of providing the transition service agreements will continue during the term of the agreements as services are provided; however, upon termination of the agreements, these costs are expected to be reduced. In addition, general corporate overhead costs are expected to be reduced over a three year period.

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Income Tax Expense  

We reported total income tax expense of $292.9 million and $7.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in income tax expense is primarily related to an increase in income before tax resulting from the asset sales when compared to the corresponding periods in 2020. 

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Use of Incremental Contribution

Incremental contribution is included herein because we believe that it is a key metric used by our management to assess the financial performance of the business by showing how the relative relationship of the various components of subscription services contributes to our overall consolidated historical results. Our management further believes that it provides useful information to investors in evaluating our financial condition and results of operations because the additional detail illustrates how an incremental dollar of revenue generates cash, before any unallocated costs are considered, which we believe is a key component of our overall strategy and important for understanding what drives our cash flow position relative to our historical results. Incremental contribution is defined by us as the components of subscription revenue, less costs directly incurred from third parties in connection with the provision of such services to our customers.

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Incremental contribution is not made in accordance with GAAP and our use of the term incremental contribution varies from others in our industry. Incremental contribution should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, consolidated net income (loss) and operating income (loss) or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP as measures of operating performance or operating cash flows, or as measures of liquidity. Incremental contribution has important limitations as an analytical tool and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP as it does not identify or allocate any other operating costs and expenses that are components of our income from operations to specific subscription revenues as we do not measure or record such costs and expenses in a manner that would allow attribution to a specific component of subscription revenue. Accordingly, incremental contribution should not be considered as an alternative to operating income or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP as measures of operating performance or operating cash flows, or as a measure of liquidity.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of incremental contribution to income from operations, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure, for the periods presented:

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Previously Disclosed Results of Operations

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For a complete narrative of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019 refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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The following table summarizes certain of our obligations as of December 31, 2021 and the estimated timing and effect that such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods (in millions):

Operating, Investing, and Financing Activities

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $103.4 million from $277.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $174.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease is primarily due to the increase in income taxes paid as a result of the sale of five of our service areas in the second half of 2021, the reduction in operating income, including the impact from the aforementioned sale, and timing differences of our receivables and payables, partially offset by the decrease in interest paid.  

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Investing Activities

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Net cash used in investing activities was $234.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $1,559.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The change is primarily attributable to proceeds received from the sale of our Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio, Chicago, Illinois, Evansville, Indiana, and Baltimore, Maryland markets, as well as a decrease in capital expenditures.

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We have ongoing capital expenditure requirements related to the maintenance, expansion and technological upgrades of our network infrastructure. Capital expenditures are funded primarily through a combination of cash on hand and cash flow from operations. Our capital expenditures were $207.7 million and $234.1 million for years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The $26.4 million decrease from the year ended December 31, 2020 to the year ended December 31, 2021 is primarily related to decreased expenditures related to customer premise equipment (“CPE”) partially offset by network enhancements focused on increasing bandwidth capacity, standardization and reliability to meet the needs of our customers.

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The following table sets forth additional information regarding our capital expenditures for the periods presented:

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Financing Activities

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Net cash used in financing activities increased $1,500.8 million from $51.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 to $1,552.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is primarily attributable to an increase in net repayments of $1,490.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.

New Accounting Pronouncements

See Part II-Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, “Recent Accounting Pronouncements” for a description of new accounting pronouncements.

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Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

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Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) for the Company. Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Certifying Officers, assessed the effectiveness of the design and operation of our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.  

BDO USA, LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, provides an independent audit of the consolidated financial statements and internal control over financial reporting. Their accompanying audit report on the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting is set forth in this Annual Report.

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Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Atlanta, Georgia

February 24, 2022

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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F-1

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Determining the Fair Value of Certain Franchise Operating Rights

As described in Notes 2 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, the carrying amount of the Company’s franchise operating rights was $620.1 million as of December 31, 2021. The Company evaluates the recoverability of its franchise operating rights annually on October 1, or more frequently whenever events or substantive changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the franchise operating rights’ carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. The Company estimates the fair value of each franchise operating right using the multi-period excess earnings method, an income approach. No impairment charges were recorded as a result of the Company’s annual impairment test.

We identified the estimate of the fair value of certain franchise operating rights as part of the annual impairment assessment to be a critical audit matter. The principal considerations that led to this determination were: (i) these franchise operating rights did not pass the quantitative annual impairment assessment by a significant margin and, therefore, the fair value estimates were sensitive to changes in the significant assumptions which were considered to be forecasted revenue growth rates, forecasted margins, forecasted customer attrition (churn) rates and the discount rate and (ii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skills and knowledge. These assumptions were especially challenging to test and required significant auditor judgment because they were affected by expected future market conditions.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

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/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2012.

Atlanta, Georgia

February 24, 2022

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F-3

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