STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
TRUST HISTORY
This Statement of Additional Information (SAI) describes a mutual fund (the Fund) offered by Schroder Global Series Trust (the Trust).
Schroder Global Series Trust is a Massachusetts business trust organized under the laws of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts on May 27, 2003. The Trusts Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as amended (the Schroder Global Series Trust Declaration of Trust), which is governed by Massachusetts law, is on file with the Secretary of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Schroder Global Series Trust currently comprises two publicly offered series, Schroder North American Equity Fund and Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund.
FUND CLASSIFICATION
The Fund is an open-end management investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the Investment Company Act or 1940 Act).
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund is a diversified investment company under the Investment Company Act, which means that with respect to 75% of the Funds total assets (i) that Fund may not invest in securities of any issuer if, immediately after such investment, more than 5% of the total assets of that Fund (taken at current value) would be invested in the securities of that issuer (this limitation does not apply to investments in U.S. Government securities or securities of other investment companies) and (ii) that Fund may not invest in a security if, as a result of such investment, it would hold more than 10% (taken at the time of such investment) of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer (this limitation does not apply to investments in U.S. Government securities or securities of other investment companies). No diversified fund is subject to this limitation with respect to the remaining 25% of its total assets. To the extent the Fund invests a significant portion of its assets in the securities of a particular issuer, it will be subject to an increased risk of loss if the market value of the issuers securities declines.
Under the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), to qualify as a regulated investment company (a RIC), the Fund must meet certain diversification requirements as determined at the close of each quarter of each taxable year. For instance, no more than 25% of the Funds assets can be invested in the securities of any one issuer other than U.S. Government securities and securities of other regulated investment companies or of two or more issuers which the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same, similar, or related trades or businesses. In addition, at least 50% of the market value of the Funds assets must be represented by cash or cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a value not greater than 5% of the value of the Funds total assets and to not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer. Thus, up to 50% of the Funds total assets can consist of the securities of as few as two issuers (so long as no issuers securities comprise more than 25% of the Fund).
These policies may not be changed without the vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities (as defined below in Investment Restrictions) of the Fund.
CAPITALIZATION AND SHARE CLASSES
The Trust has an unlimited number of shares of beneficial interest that may, without shareholder approval, be divided into an unlimited number of series of such shares, which, in turn, may be divided into an unlimited number of classes of such shares. The shares of the Fund currently have two classes, Institutional Shares and Institutional Service Shares. Generally, expenses and liabilities particular to a class of the Fund are allocated only to that class. Expenses and liabilities not related to a particular class are allocated in relation to the respective net asset value of each class, or on such other basis as the Trustees may in their discretion consider fair and equitable to each class. The Fund may suspend the sale of shares at any time.
Shares of the Fund entitle their holders to one vote per share, with fractional shares voting proportionally; however, a separate vote will be taken by each class of shares of the Fund on matters affecting a particular class, as determined by the Trustees. For example, a change to a shareholder service plan relating to a particular class and requiring shareholder approval would be voted upon only by shareholders of that class. Shares have noncumulative voting rights. Although the Trust is not required to hold annual meetings of their shareholders, shareholders have the right to call a meeting to elect or remove Trustees or to take other actions as provided in the Trusts Declaration of Trust. Shares have no preemptive or subscription rights, and are transferable. Shares are
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entitled to dividends as declared by the Trust as approved by the Trustees of that Trust, and if the Fund were liquidated, each class of shares of that Fund would receive the net assets of that Fund attributable to the class of shares. Because Institutional Shares and Institutional Service Shares are subject to different expenses, the Funds dividends and other distributions will normally differ among the two classes.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE FUNDS PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The following discussion provides additional information concerning the Funds principal investment strategies and the principal risks of the Fund described in the Prospectus. Unless a strategy or investment described below is specifically prohibited by the Funds investment restrictions as set forth in the Prospectus or under Investment Restrictions in this SAI, the Fund may engage in any of the strategies or make any of the investments described below (either as a principal or a non-principal strategy or investment). Subject to the foregoing, the Fund may engage in any of the investment strategies or purchase any of the investments described below directly, through its investment in one or more other investment companies, or through hybrid instruments, structured investments, or other derivatives, described below.
Equity Securities.
Equity securities are securities that represent an ownership interest (or the right to acquire such an interest) in a company and include common and preferred stocks. Common stocks represent an equity or ownership interest in an issuer. Preferred stocks represent an equity or ownership interest in an issuer that pays dividends at a specified rate and that has priority over common stock in the payment of dividends. In the event an issuer is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of owners of bonds take priority over holders of preferred stock, whose claims take priority over the claims of those who own common stock.
While offering greater potential for long-term growth, equity securities generally are more volatile and riskier than some other forms of investment, particularly debt securities. Therefore, the value of an investment in the Fund may at times decrease instead of increase.
Some securities, particularly over-the-counter securities, may be more difficult to sell under some market conditions.
Smaller Company Equity Securities.
Investments in equity securities of companies with small market capitalizations may involve greater risk than is usually associated with larger, more established companies. These companies often have sales and earnings growth rates that exceed those of companies with larger market capitalization. Such growth rates may in turn be reflected in more rapid share price appreciation. However, companies with small market capitalizations often have limited product lines, markets or financial resources and may be dependent upon a relatively small management group. These securities may have limited marketability and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic movements in price than securities of companies with larger market capitalizations or market averages in general. Therefore, to the extent the Fund invests in securities with small market capitalizations, the net asset value of the Fund may fluctuate more widely than market averages.
Preferred Stock.
Preferred stock represents an equity interest in a company that generally entitles the holder to receive, in preference to holders of other stocks such as common stocks, dividends at a specified rate and a fixed share of proceeds resulting from a liquidation of the company. Preferred stock, unlike common stock, generally has a stated dividend rate payable from the corporations earnings. Preferred stock dividends may be cumulative or non-cumulative. Cumulative dividend provisions require all or a portion of prior unpaid dividends to be paid to preferred stockholders before dividends can be paid on the issuers common stock. Preferred stock may be participating stock, which means that it may be entitled to a dividend that exceeds the stated dividend in certain cases.
If interest rates rise, the fixed dividend on preferred stocks may be less attractive, causing the price of preferred stocks to decline.
A companys preferred stock generally pays a dividend only after the company makes required payments to holders of its bonds and other debt. In addition, the rights of preferred stock on distribution of a companys assets in the event of a liquidation are generally subordinate to the rights of holders of the companys bonds or other creditors. As a result, the value of preferred stock will usually react more strongly than bonds and other debt to actual or perceived changes in the companys financial condition or prospects. Preferred stocks of small companies may be more vulnerable to adverse developments than those of larger companies.
Certain Derivative Instruments.
Derivative instruments are financial instruments whose value depends upon, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, such as a security, index or currency. Use of derivatives other than for hedging purposes may be considered speculative, and when the Fund invests in a derivative instrument it could lose more than the principal amount invested. The Funds use of derivatives may cause the Fund to recognize higher amounts of short-term capital gains, generally taxed to
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shareholders at ordinary income tax rates. Investments in derivatives may be applied toward meeting a requirement to invest in a particular kind of investment if the derivatives have economic characteristics similar to that investment.
The counterparties to the Funds derivatives transactions may not be considered the issuers of securities for certain purposes of the 1940 Act and the Code. The Funds adviser will monitor the Funds credit risk exposure to derivative counterparties to prevent excess concentration to any one counterparty.
The Fund may use these derivatives strategies for hedging purposes or, to the extent permitted by applicable law, to increase its current return. The Fund may also use derivatives to gain exposure to securities or market sectors as a substitute for cash investments (not for leverage) or pending the sale of securities by the Fund and reinvestment of the proceeds. For example, the Fund may seek to obtain market exposure to the securities in which it may invest by entering into forward contracts or similar arrangements to purchase those securities in the future. Any use of derivatives strategies entails the risks of investing directly in the securities or instruments underlying the derivatives strategies, as well as the risks of using derivatives generally, described in the Prospectus and in this SAI.
Options.
The Fund may purchase and sell put and call options on its portfolio securities to protect against changes in market prices and for other purposes.
Call options.
The Fund may write call options on its portfolio securities for various purposes, including without limitation to realize a greater current return through the receipt of premiums than it would realize on its securities alone. Such transactions may also be used as a limited form of hedging against a decline in the price of securities owned by a Fund. A call option gives the holder the right to purchase, and obligates the writer to sell, a security at the exercise price at any time before the expiration date. The Fund may write covered call options or uncovered call options. A call option is covered if the writer, at all times while obligated as a writer, either owns the underlying securities (or comparable securities satisfying the cover requirements of the securities exchanges), or has the right to acquire such securities through immediate conversion of securities. When the Fund has written an uncovered call option, the Fund will not necessarily hold securities offsetting the risk to the Fund. As a result, if the call option were exercised, the Fund might be required to purchase the security that is the subject of the call at the market price at the time of exercise. The Funds exposure on such an option is theoretically unlimited.
In return for the premium received when it writes a call option, the Fund gives up some or all of the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the securities covering the call option during the life of the option. The Fund retains the risk of loss should the price of such securities decline. If the option expires unexercised, the Fund realizes a gain equal to the premium, which may be offset by a decline in price of the underlying security. If the option is exercised, the Fund realizes a gain or loss equal to the difference between the Funds cost for the underlying security and the proceeds of the sale (exercise price minus commissions) plus the amount of the premium.
The Fund may terminate a call option that it has written before it expires by entering into a closing purchase transaction. The Fund may enter into closing purchase transactions in order to realize a profit on a previously written call option or, in the case of a covered call option, to free itself to sell the underlying security or to write another call on the security or protect a security from being called in an unexpected market rise.
Any profits from a closing purchase transaction in the case of a covered call option may be offset by a decline in the value of the underlying security. Conversely, because increases in the market price of a call option will generally reflect increases in the market price of the underlying security, any loss resulting from a closing purchase transaction relating to a covered call option is likely to be offset in whole or in part by unrealized appreciation of the underlying security owned by the Fund.
Covered put options.
The Fund may write covered put options in order to enhance its current return. Such options transactions may also be used as a limited form of hedging against an increase in the price of securities that the Fund plans to purchase. A put option gives the holder the right to sell, and obligates the writer to buy, a security at the exercise price at any time before the expiration date. A put option is covered if the writer segregates cash and high-grade short-term debt obligations or other permissible collateral equal to the price to be paid if the option is exercised.
In addition to the receipt of premiums and the potential gains from terminating such options in closing purchase transactions, the Fund also receives interest on the cash and debt securities maintained to cover the exercise price of the option. By writing a put option, the Fund assumes the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying security for an exercise price higher than its then current market value, resulting in a potential capital loss unless the security later appreciates in value.
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The Fund may terminate a put option that it has written before it expires by a closing purchase transaction. Any loss from this transaction may be partially or entirely offset by the premium received on the terminated option.
Purchasing put and call options.
The Fund may also purchase put options to protect portfolio holdings against a decline in market value. This protection lasts for the life of the put option because the Fund, as a holder of the option, may sell the underlying security at the exercise price regardless of any decline in its market price. In order for a put option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must decline sufficiently below the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs that the Fund must pay. These costs will reduce any profit the Fund might have realized had it sold the underlying security instead of buying the put option.
The Fund may purchase call options to hedge against an increase in the price of securities that the Fund wants ultimately to buy. Such hedge protection is provided during the life of the call option since the Fund, as holder of the call option, are able to buy the underlying security at the exercise price regardless of any increase in the underlying securitys market price. In order for a call option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying security must rise sufficiently above the exercise price to cover the premium and transaction costs. These costs will reduce any profit the Fund might have realized had it bought the underlying security at the time it purchased the call option.
The Fund may also purchase put and call options to enhance its current return. The Fund may also buy and sell combinations of put and call options on the same underlying security to earn additional income.
Options on foreign securities.
It is expected that risks related to options on foreign securities will not differ materially from risks related to options on U.S. securities. However, position limits and other rules of foreign exchanges may differ from those in the U.S. In addition, options markets in some countries, many of which are relatively new, may be less liquid than comparable markets in the U.S.
Risks involved in the sale of options.
Options transactions involve certain risks, including the risks that Schroders will not forecast interest rate or market movements correctly, that the Fund may be unable at times to close out such positions, or that hedging transactions may not accomplish their purpose because of imperfect market correlations. The successful use of these strategies depends on the ability of Schroders to forecast market and interest rate movements correctly.
An exchange-listed option may be closed out only on an exchange that provides a secondary market for an option of the same series. Although the Fund will enter into an option position only if Schroders believes that a liquid secondary market exists, there is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on an exchange will exist for any particular option or at any particular time. If no secondary market were to exist, it would be impossible to enter into a closing transaction to close out an option position. As a result, the Fund may be forced to continue to hold, or to purchase at a fixed price, a security on which it has sold an option at a time when Schroders believes it is inadvisable to do so.
Higher than anticipated trading activity or order flow or other unforeseen events might cause The Options Clearing Corporation or an exchange to institute special trading procedures or restrictions that might restrict the Funds use of options. The exchanges have established limitations on the maximum number of calls and puts of each class that may be held or written by an investor or group of investors acting in concert. It is possible that the Fund and other clients of Schroders may be considered such a group. These position limits may restrict the Funds ability to purchase or sell options on particular securities.
As described below, the Fund generally expects that its options transactions will be conducted on recognized exchanges. In certain instances, however, the Fund may purchase and sell options in the over-the-counter markets. Options that are not traded on national securities exchanges may be closed out only with the other party to the option transaction. For that reason, it may be more difficult to close out over-the-counter options than exchange-traded options. Options in the over-the-counter market may also involve the risk that securities dealers participating in such transactions would be unable to meet their obligations to the Fund. Furthermore, over-the-counter options are not subject to the protection afforded purchasers of exchange-traded options by The Options Clearing Corporation. The Fund will, however, engage in over-the-counter options transactions only when appropriate exchange-traded options transactions are unavailable and when, in the opinion of Schroders, the pricing mechanism and liquidity of the over-the-counter markets are satisfactory and the participants are responsible parties likely to meet their contractual obligations. The Fund will treat over-the-counter options (and, in the case of options sold by the Fund, the underlying securities held by the Fund) as illiquid investments as required by applicable law.
Government regulations, particularly the requirements for qualification as a RIC under the Code, may also restrict a Trusts use of options.
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Futures Contracts.
The Fund may buy and sell futures contracts, options on futures contracts, and related instruments in order to hedge against the effects of adverse market changes or to increase current return. Depending upon the change in the value of the underlying security or index when that Fund enters into or terminates a futures contract, that Fund may realize a gain or loss.
Futures on Securities and Related Options.
A futures contract on a security is a binding contractual commitment that, if held to maturity, will result in an obligation to make or accept delivery, during a particular month, of securities having a standardized face value and rate of return. By purchasing futures on securities assuming a long position the Fund will legally obligate itself to accept the future delivery of the underlying security and pay the agreed price. By selling futures on securities assuming a short position it will legally obligate itself to make the future delivery of the security against payment of the agreed price. Open futures positions on securities will be valued at the most recent settlement price, unless that price does not, in the judgment of the Trusts fair value committee, reflect the fair value of the contract, in which case the positions will be fair valued by the Trustees or the fair value committee.
Positions taken in the futures markets are not normally held to maturity, but are instead liquidated through offsetting transactions that may result in a profit or a loss. While futures positions taken by the Fund will usually be liquidated in this manner, the Fund may instead make or take delivery of the underlying securities whenever it appears in Schroders judgment economically advantageous for the Fund to do so. A clearing corporation associated with the exchange on which futures are traded assumes responsibility for such closing transactions and guarantees that the Funds sale and purchase obligations under closed-out positions will be performed at the termination of the contract.
Hedging by use of futures on securities seeks to establish more certainty with respect to the effective rate of return on portfolio securities. The Fund may, for example, take a short position in the futures market by selling contracts for the future delivery of securities held by the Fund (or securities having characteristics similar to those held by the Fund) in order to hedge against an anticipated rise in interest rates that would adversely affect the value of the Funds portfolio securities. When hedging of this character is successful, any depreciation in the value of portfolio securities may substantially be offset by appreciation in the value of the futures position.
On other occasions, the Fund may take a long position by purchasing futures on securities. This would be done, for example, when the Fund expects to purchase particular securities when it has the necessary cash, but expects the rate of return available in the securities markets at that time to be less favorable than rates currently available in the futures markets. If the anticipated rise in the price of the securities should occur (with its concomitant reduction in yield), the increased cost to the Fund of purchasing the securities may be offset, at least to some extent, by the rise in the value of the futures position taken in anticipation of the subsequent securities purchase.
The Fund may also use futures to adjust the duration of its fixed income portfolio and otherwise to manage (increase or decrease) its exposure to interest rate risk.
Successful use by the Fund of futures contracts on securities is subject to Schroders ability to predict correctly movements in the direction of the securitys price and factors affecting markets for securities. For example, if the Fund has hedged against the possibility of an increase in interest rates that would adversely affect the market prices of securities held by it and the prices of such securities increase instead, the Fund will lose part or all of the benefit of the increased value of its securities that it has hedged because it will have offsetting losses in its futures positions. In addition, in such situations, if the Fund has insufficient cash, it may have to sell securities to meet daily maintenance margin requirements. The Fund may have to sell securities at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so.
The Fund may purchase and write put and call options on certain futures contracts, as they become available. Such options are similar to options on securities except that options on futures contracts give the purchaser the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a position in a futures contract (a long position if the option is a call and a short position if the option is a put) at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of the option. As with options on securities, the holder or writer of an option may terminate his position by selling or purchasing an option of the same series. There is no guarantee that such closing transactions can be effected. The Fund will be required to deposit initial margin and maintenance margin with respect to put and call options on futures contracts written by it pursuant to brokers requirements, and, in addition, net option premiums received will be included as initial margin deposits. See Margin Payments below. Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the purchase of call or put options on futures contracts involves less potential risk to the Fund because the maximum amount at risk is the premium paid for the options plus transactions costs. However, there may be circumstances when the purchase of call or put options on a futures contract would result in a loss to the Fund when the purchase or sale of the futures contracts would not, such as when there is no movement in the prices of securities. The writing of a put or call option on a futures contract involves risks similar to those risks relating to the purchase or sale of futures contracts.
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Index Futures Contracts and Options.
A debt index futures contract is a contract to buy or sell units of a specified debt index at a specified future date at a price agreed upon when the contract is made. A unit is the current value of the index. A stock index futures contract is a contract to buy or sell units of a stock index at a specified future date at a price agreed upon when the contract is made. A unit is the current value of the stock index.
Depending on the change in the value of the index between the time when the Fund enters into and terminates an index futures transaction, the Fund may realize a gain or loss. The following example illustrates generally the manner in which index futures contracts operate. The Standard & Poors 100 Stock Index is composed of 100 selected common stocks, most of which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The S&P 100 Index assigns relative weightings to the common stocks included in the Index, and the Index fluctuates with changes in the market values of those common stocks. In the case of the S&P 100 Index, contracts are to buy or sell 100 units. Thus, if the value of the S&P 100 Index were $180, one contract would be worth $18,000 (100 units x $180). The stock index futures contract specifies that no delivery of the actual stocks making up the index will take place. Instead, settlement in cash must occur upon the termination of the contract, with the settlement being the difference between the contract price and the actual level of the stock index at the expiration of the contract. For example, if the Fund enters into a futures contract to buy 100 units of the S&P 100 Index at a specified future date at a contract price of $180 and the S&P 100 Index is at $184 on that future date, the Fund will gain $400 (100 units x gain of $4). If the Fund enters into a futures contract to sell 100 units of the stock index at a specified future date at a contract price of $180 and the S&P 100 Index is at $182 on that future date, the Fund will lose $200 (100 units x loss of $2).
Positions in index futures may be closed out only on an exchange or board of trade that provides a secondary market for such futures.
In order to hedge the Funds investments successfully using futures contracts and related options, the Fund must invest in futures contracts with respect to indices or sub-indices the movements of which will, in Schroders judgment, have a significant correlation with movements in the prices of the Funds portfolio securities.
Options on index futures contracts are similar to options on securities except that options on index futures contracts give the purchaser the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a position in an index futures contract (a long position if the option is a call and a short position if the option is a put) at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of the option. Upon exercise of the option, the holder would assume the underlying futures position and would receive a variation margin payment of cash or securities approximating the increase in the value of the holders option position. If an option is exercised on the last trading day prior to the expiration date of the option, the settlement will be made entirely in cash based on the difference between the exercise price of the option and the closing level of the index on which the futures contract is based on the expiration date. Purchasers of options who fail to exercise their options prior to the exercise date suffer a loss of the premium paid.
As an alternative to purchasing and selling call and put options on index futures contracts, the Fund may purchase and sell call and put options on the underlying indices themselves to the extent that such options are traded on national securities exchanges. Index options are similar to options on individual securities in that the purchaser of an index option acquires the right to buy (in the case of a call) or sell (in the case of a put), and the writer undertakes the obligation to sell or buy (as the case may be), units of an index at a stated exercise price during the term of the option. Instead of giving the right to take or make actual delivery of securities, the holder of an index option has the right to receive a cash exercise settlement amount. This amount is equal to the amount by which the fixed exercise price of the option exceeds (in the case of a put) or is less than (in the case of a call) the closing value of the underlying index on the date of the exercise, multiplied by a fixed index multiplier.
The Fund may purchase or sell options on stock indices in order to close out its outstanding positions in options on stock indices that it has purchased. The Fund may also allow such options to expire unexercised.
Compared to the purchase or sale of futures contracts, the purchase of call or put options on an index involves less potential risk to the Fund because the maximum amount at risk is the premium paid for the options plus transactions costs. The writing of a put or call option on an index involves risks similar to those risks relating to the purchase or sale of index futures contracts.
Margin Payments.
When the Fund purchases or sells a futures contract, it is required to deposit with its custodian or with a futures commission merchant an amount of cash, U.S. Treasury bills, or other permissible collateral equal to a small percentage of the amount of the futures contract. This amount is known as initial margin. The nature of initial margin is different from that of margin in security transactions in that it does not involve borrowing money to finance transactions. Rather, initial margin is similar to a performance bond or good faith deposit that is returned to the Fund upon termination of the contract, assuming the Fund satisfies its contractual obligations.
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Subsequent payments to and from the broker occur on a daily basis in a process known as marking to market. These payments are called variation margin and are made as the value of the underlying futures contract fluctuates. For example, when the Fund sells a futures contract and the price of the underlying security rises above the delivery price, the Funds position declines in value. The Fund then pays the broker a variation margin payment equal to the difference between the delivery price of the futures contract and the market price of the securities underlying the futures contract. Conversely, if the price of the underlying security falls below the delivery price of the contract, the Funds futures position increases in value. The broker then must make a variation margin payment equal to the difference between the delivery price of the futures contract and the market price of the securities underlying the futures contract.
When the Fund terminates a position in a futures contract, a final determination of variation margin is made, additional cash is paid by or to the Fund, and the Fund realizes a loss or a gain. Such closing transactions involve additional commission costs.
Special Risks of Transactions in Futures Contracts and Related Options
Liquidity Risks.
Positions in futures contracts may be closed out only on an exchange or board of trade that provides a secondary market for such futures. Although the Fund intends to purchase or sell futures only on exchanges or boards of trade where there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on an exchange or board of trade will exist for any particular contract or at any particular time. If there is not a liquid secondary market at a particular time, it may not be possible to close a futures position at such time and, in the event of adverse price movements, the Fund would continue to be required to make daily cash payments of variation margin. However, in the event financial futures are used to hedge portfolio securities, such securities will not generally be sold until the financial futures can be terminated. In such circumstances, an increase in the price of the portfolio securities, if any, may partially or completely offset losses on the financial futures.
In addition to the risks that apply to all options transactions, there are several special risks relating to options on futures contracts. The ability to establish and close out positions in such options will be subject to the development and maintenance of a liquid secondary market. It is not certain that such a market will develop. Although the Fund generally will purchase only those options for which there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on an exchange will exist for any particular option or at any particular time. In the event no such market exists for particular options, it might not be possible to effect closing transactions in such options with the result that the Fund would have to exercise the options in order to realize any profit.
Hedging Risks.
There are several risks in connection with the use by the Fund of futures contracts and related options as a hedging device. One risk arises because of the imperfect correlation between movements in the prices of the futures contracts and options and movements in the underlying securities or index or in the prices of the Funds securities that are the subject of a hedge. Schroders will, however, attempt to reduce this risk by purchasing and selling, to the extent possible, futures contracts and related options on securities and indices the movements of which will, in its judgment, correlate closely with movements in the prices of the underlying securities or index and the Funds portfolio securities sought to be hedged.
Successful use of futures contracts and options by the Fund for hedging purposes is also subject to Schroders ability to predict correctly movements in the direction of the market. It is possible that, where the Fund has purchased puts on futures contracts to hedge its portfolio against a decline in the market, the securities or index on which the puts are purchased may increase in value and the value of securities held in the portfolio may decline. If this occurred, the Fund would lose money on the puts and also experience a decline in value in its portfolio securities. In addition, the prices of futures, for a number of reasons, may not correlate perfectly with movements in the underlying securities or index due to certain market distortions. First, all participants in the futures market are subject to margin deposit requirements. Such requirements may cause investors to close futures contracts through offsetting transactions, which could distort the normal relationship between the underlying security or index and futures markets. Second, the margin requirements in the futures markets are less onerous than margin requirements in the securities markets in general, and as a result the futures markets may attract more speculators than the securities markets do. Increased participation by speculators in the futures markets may also cause temporary price distortions. Due to the possibility of price distortion, even a correct forecast of general market trends by Schroders may still not result in a successful hedging transaction over a very short time period.
Lack of Availability.
Because the markets for certain options and futures contracts and other derivative instruments in which the Fund may invest (including markets located in foreign countries) are relatively new and still developing and may be subject to regulatory restraints, the Funds ability to engage in transactions using such instruments may be limited. Suitable derivative transactions may not be available in all circumstances and there is no assurance that the Fund will engage in such transactions at any time or from time to time. The Funds ability to engage in hedging transactions may also be limited by certain regulatory and tax considerations.
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Other Risks.
The Fund will incur brokerage fees in connection with its futures and options transactions. In addition, while futures contracts and options on futures may be purchased and sold to reduce certain risks, those transactions themselves entail certain other risks. Thus, while the Fund may benefit from the use of futures and related options, unanticipated changes in interest rates or stock price movements may result in a poorer overall performance for the Fund than if it had not entered into any futures contracts or options transactions. Moreover, in the event of an imperfect correlation between the futures position and the portfolio position that is intended to be protected, the desired protection may not be obtained and the Fund may be exposed to risk of loss. The Fund may be required to segregate certain of its assets on the books of its custodian in respect of derivative transactions entered into by the Fund. As open-end investment companies, registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Trust is subject to federal securities laws, including the Investment Company Act, related rules and various SEC and SEC Staff positions. In accordance with these positions, with respect to certain kinds of derivatives, the Trust must set aside (referred to sometimes as asset segregation) liquid assets, or engage in other SEC- or Staff-approved measures while the derivatives contracts are open. For example, with respect to forwards and futures contracts that are not contractually required to cash-settle, a Trust must cover its open positions by setting aside liquid assets equal to the contracts full, notional value. With respect to forwards and futures that are contractually required to cash-settle, however, a Trust is permitted to set aside liquid assets in an amount equal to a Trusts daily marked-to-market (net) obligation (
i.e.
, a Trusts daily net liability, if any) rather than the notional value. By setting aside assets equal to only its net obligation under cash-settled forward or futures a Trust will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if a Trust were required to segregate assets equal to the full notional value of such contracts. The use of leverage involves certain risks. The Trust reserves the right to modify its asset segregation policies in the future to comply with any changes in the positions articulated from time to time by the SEC and its Staff.
The Fund is sponsored by Schroders who is registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the CFTC) as a commodity pool operator and commodity trading adviser under the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA). However, the Fund has claimed an exclusion from the term commodity pool pursuant to Rule 4.5 under the CEA; therefore, neither the Fund nor Schroders (with respect to the Fund) is subject to registration or regulation as a commodity pool operator under the CEA. To remain eligible for the exclusion under Rule 4.5 as it has recently been amended by the CFTC, the Fund will be limited in its ability to use futures and options on futures and engage in certain swaps transactions. In the event that the Funds investments in certain derivative instruments regulated under the CEA (commodity interests), including futures, swaps and options on futures, exceed a certain threshold, Schroders may be required to register as a commodity pool operator and/or commodity trading advisor with the CFTC with respect to the Fund. The Funds eligibility to claim the exclusion will be based upon the level and scope of its investment in commodity interests, the purposes of such investments and the manner in which the Fund holds out its use of commodity interests. For example, Rule 4.5 requires a fund with respect to which the sponsor is claiming the exclusion to, among other things, satisfy one of the two following trading thresholds: (i) the aggregate initial margin and premiums required to establish positions in commodity interests cannot generally exceed 5% of the liquidation value of the funds portfolio, after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses; or (ii) the aggregate net notional value of commodity interests not used solely for bona fide hedging purposes, determined at the time the most recent position was established, cannot generally exceed 100% of the liquidation value of the funds portfolio, after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such positions it has entered into. In the event the Fund becomes unable to rely on the exclusion in Rule 4.5 and Schroders is required to register with the CFTC as a commodity pool operator with respect to the Fund, the Funds expenses may increase. The CFTCs recent amendments to the CEA, including Rule 4.5, have been challenged in court, and the outcome of this challenge is currently unknown. The effect of the rule changes on the operations of the Fund and Schroders is not fully known at this time.
The CFTC and certain futures exchanges have established limits, referred to as position limits, on the maximum net long or net short positions which any person may hold or control in particular options and futures contracts; those position limits may in the future also apply to certain other derivatives positions the Fund may wish to take. All positions owned or controlled by the same person or entity, even if in different accounts, may in the future be aggregated for purposes of determining whether the applicable position limits have been exceeded. Thus, even if the Fund does not intend to exceed applicable position limits, it is possible that different clients managed by Schroders and its affiliates may be aggregated for this purpose. Therefore it is possible that in the future the trading decisions of Schroders may have to be modified and that positions held by the Fund may have to be liquidated in order to avoid exceeding such limits. The modification of investment decisions or the elimination of open positions, if it occurs, may adversely affect the performance of the Fund.
Foreign Investments.
Foreign investments include securities principally traded in foreign markets, Eurodollar certificates of deposit, and other certificates of deposit issued by United States branches of foreign banks and foreign branches of United States banks.
Investments in foreign securities may involve risks and considerations different from or in addition to investments in domestic securities. There may be less information publicly available about a foreign company than about a U.S. company, and foreign companies are not generally subject to accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards and practices comparable to those in the United States. The securities of some foreign companies are less liquid and at times more volatile than securities of
8
comparable U.S. companies. Foreign brokerage commissions and other fees are also generally higher than in the United States. Foreign settlement procedures and trade regulations may involve certain risks (such as delay in payment or delivery of securities or in the recovery of the Funds assets held abroad) and expenses not present in the settlement of domestic investments. Also, because foreign securities are normally denominated and traded in foreign currencies, the values of the Funds assets may be affected favorably or unfavorably by currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations, and the Fund may incur costs in connection with conversion between currencies.
In addition, with respect to certain foreign countries, there is a possibility of nationalization or expropriation of assets, imposition of currency exchange controls, adoption of foreign governmental restrictions affecting the payment of principal and interest, imposition of withholding or confiscatory taxes, political or financial instability, and adverse political, diplomatic or economic developments, which could affect the values of investments in those countries. Companies in some foreign countries may have material direct or indirect business relationships with governments that are considered state sponsors of terrorism by the U.S. government, or governments that otherwise have policies in conflict with the U.S. government. Investments in such companies may subject the Fund to the risk that these companies reputation and price in the market will be adversely affected. In certain countries, legal remedies available to investors may be more limited than those available with respect to investments in the United States or other countries and it may be more difficult to obtain and enforce a judgment against a foreign issuer. Also, the laws of some foreign countries may limit the Funds ability to invest in securities of certain issuers located in those countries.
Special tax considerations apply to foreign securities.
Income received by the Fund from sources within foreign countries may be reduced by withholding and other taxes imposed by such countries. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate such taxes. It is impossible to determine the effective rate of foreign tax in advance since the amount of the Funds assets to be invested in various countries is not known, and tax laws and their interpretations may change from time to time and may change without advance notice. Any such taxes paid by the Fund will reduce its net income available for distribution to shareholders. In certain circumstances, the Fund may be able to elect to permit shareholders to claim a credit or deduction on their income tax returns with respect to foreign taxes paid by the Fund.
Emerging Market Securities.
Emerging market securities are securities of companies determined by Schroders to be emerging market issuers. The risks of investing in foreign securities are particularly high when securities of issuers based in developing or emerging market countries are involved. Investing in emerging market countries involves certain risks not typically associated with investing in U.S. securities, and imposes risks greater than, or in addition to, risks of investing in foreign, developed countries. These risks include: greater risks of nationalization or expropriation of assets or confiscatory taxation; currency devaluations and other currency exchange rate fluctuations; greater social, economic and political uncertainty and instability (including the risk of war); more substantial government involvement in the economy; less government supervision and regulation of the securities markets and participants in those markets; controls on foreign investment and limitations on repatriation of invested capital and on the Funds ability to exchange local currencies for U.S. dollars; unavailability of currency hedging techniques in certain emerging market countries; the fact that companies in emerging market countries may be smaller, less seasoned and newly organized companies; the difference in, or lack of, auditing and financial reporting standards, which may result in unavailability of material information about issuers; the risk that it may be more difficult to obtain and/or enforce a judgment in a court outside the United States; and greater price volatility, substantially less liquidity, and significantly smaller market capitalization of securities markets. Also, any change in the leadership or politics of emerging market countries, or the countries that exercise a significant influence over those countries, may halt the expansion of or reverse the liberalization of foreign investment policies now occurring and adversely affect existing investment opportunities.
In addition, a number of emerging market countries restrict, to various degrees, foreign investment in securities. Furthermore, high rates of inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and may continue to have, negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain emerging market countries.
Foreign Currency Transactions.
The Fund may engage in currency exchange transactions to protect against uncertainty in the level of future foreign currency exchange rates and to increase current return. The Fund may engage in both transaction hedging and position hedging.
When the Fund engages in transaction hedging, it enters into foreign currency transactions with respect to specific receivables or payables of that Fund generally arising in connection with the purchase or sale of its portfolio securities. The Fund will engage in transaction hedging when it desires to lock in the U.S. dollar price of a security it has agreed to purchase or sell, or the U.S. dollar equivalent of a dividend or interest payment in a foreign currency. By transaction hedging, the Fund will attempt to protect against a possible loss resulting from an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and the applicable foreign
9
currency during the period between the date on which the security is purchased or sold or on which the dividend or interest payment is declared, and the date on which such payments are made or received.
The Fund may purchase or sell a foreign currency on a spot (or cash) basis at the prevailing spot rate in connection with transaction hedging. The Fund may also enter into contracts to purchase or sell foreign currencies at a future date (forward contracts) and purchase and sell foreign currency futures contracts.
For transaction hedging purposes, the Fund may also purchase exchange-listed and over-the-counter call and put options on foreign currency futures contracts and on foreign currencies. A put option on a futures contract gives the Fund the right to assume a short position in the futures contract until expiration of the option. A put option on currency gives the Fund the right to sell a currency at an exercise price until the expiration of the option. A call option on a futures contract gives the Fund the right to assume a long position in the futures contract until the expiration of the option. A call option on currency gives the Fund the right to purchase a currency at the exercise price until the expiration of the option. When it engages in position hedging, the Fund enters into foreign currency exchange transactions to protect against a decline in the values of the foreign currencies in which securities held by the Fund are denominated or are quoted in their principal trading markets or an increase in the value of currency for securities which the Fund expects to purchase. In connection with position hedging, the Fund may purchase put or call options on foreign currency and foreign currency futures contracts and buy or sell forward contracts and foreign currency futures contracts. The Fund may also purchase or sell foreign currency on a spot basis.
The precise matching of the amounts of foreign currency exchange transactions and the value of the portfolio securities involved will not generally be possible since the future value of such securities in foreign currencies will change as a consequence of market movements in the values of those securities between the dates the currency exchange transactions are entered into and the dates they mature.
It is impossible to forecast with precision the market value of the Funds portfolio securities at the expiration or maturity of a forward or futures contract. Accordingly, it may be necessary for the Fund to purchase additional foreign currency on the spot market (and bear the expense of such purchase) if the market value of the security or securities being hedged is less than the amount of foreign currency the Fund is obligated to deliver and if a decision is made to sell the security or securities and make delivery of the foreign currency. Conversely, it may be necessary to sell on the spot market some of the foreign currency received upon the sale of the portfolio security or securities of the Fund if the market value of such security or securities exceeds the amount of foreign currency the Fund is obligated to deliver.
To offset some of the costs to the Fund of hedging against fluctuations in currency exchange rates, the Fund may write covered call options on those currencies.
Transaction and position hedging do not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities that the Fund owns or intends to purchase or sell. They simply establish a rate of exchange that one can achieve at some future point in time. Additionally, although these techniques tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currency, they tend to limit any potential gain that might result from the increase in the value of such currency. Also, suitable foreign currency hedging transactions may not be available in all circumstances and there can be no assurance that the Fund will utilize hedging transactions at any time or from time to time.
The Fund may also seek to increase its current return by purchasing and selling foreign currency on a spot basis, and by purchasing and selling options on foreign currencies and on foreign currency futures contracts, and by purchasing and selling foreign currency forward contracts.
Special tax considerations apply to transactions in debt securities denominated in foreign currencies, foreign currency forward contracts (see below) and certain other foreign currency positions, which may affect the timing, amount and character of distributions to shareholders.
Currency Forward and Futures Contracts.
A forward foreign currency exchange contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract as agreed by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. In the case of a cancelable forward contract, the holder has the unilateral right to cancel the contract at maturity by paying a specified fee. The contracts are traded in the interbank market conducted directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers. A forward contract generally has no deposit requirement, and no commissions are charged at any stage for trades. A foreign currency futures contract is a standardized contract for the future delivery of a specified amount of a foreign currency at a future date at a price set at the time of the contract. Foreign currency futures
10
contracts traded in the United States are designed by and traded on exchanges regulated by the CFTC, such as the New York Mercantile Exchange.
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts differ from foreign currency futures contracts in certain respects. For example, the maturity date of a forward contract may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, rather than a predetermined date in a given month. Forward contracts may be in any amounts agreed upon by the parties rather than predetermined amounts. Also, forward foreign exchange contracts are traded directly between currency traders so that no intermediary is required. A forward contract generally requires no margin or other deposit.
At the maturity of a forward or futures contract, the Fund may either accept or make delivery of the currency specified in the contract, or at or prior to maturity enter into a closing transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting contract. Closing transactions with respect to forward contracts are usually effected with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract. Closing transactions with respect to futures contracts are effected on a commodities exchange; a clearing corporation associated with the exchange assumes responsibility for closing out such contracts.
Positions in foreign currency futures contracts and related options may be closed out only on an exchange or board of trade that provides a secondary market in such contracts or options. Although the Fund will normally purchase or sell foreign currency futures contracts and related options only on exchanges or boards of trade where there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a secondary market on an exchange or board of trade will exist for any particular contract or option or at any particular time. In such event, it may not be possible to close a futures or related option position and, in the event of adverse price movements, the Fund would continue to be required to make daily cash payments of variation margin on its futures positions.
Foreign Currency Options.
Options on foreign currencies operate similarly to options on securities, and are traded primarily in the over-the-counter market, although options on foreign currencies have been listed on several exchanges. Such options will be purchased or written only when Schroders believes that a liquid secondary market exists for such options. There can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for a particular option at any specific time. Options on foreign currencies are affected by all of those factors that influence exchange rates and investments generally.
The value of a foreign currency option is dependent upon the value of the foreign currency and the U.S. dollar, and may have no relationship to the investment merits of a foreign security. Because foreign currency transactions occurring in the interbank market involve substantially larger amounts than those that may be involved in the use of foreign currency options, investors may be disadvantaged by having to deal in an odd lot market (generally consisting of transactions of less than $1 million) for the underlying foreign currencies at prices that are less favorable than for round lots.
There is no systematic reporting of last sale information for foreign currencies and there is no regulatory requirement that quotations available through dealers or other market sources be firm or revised on a timely basis. Available quotation information is generally representative of very large transactions in the interbank market and thus may not reflect relatively smaller transactions (less than $1 million) where rates may be less favorable. The interbank market in foreign currencies is a global, around-the-clock market. To the extent that the U.S. options markets are closed while the markets for the underlying currencies remain open, significant price and rate movements may take place in the underlying markets that cannot be reflected in the U.S. options markets.
Foreign Currency Conversion.
Although foreign exchange dealers do not charge a fee for currency conversion, they do realize a profit based on the difference (the spread) between prices at which they buy and sell various currencies. Thus, a dealer may offer to sell a foreign currency to the Fund at one rate, while offering a lesser rate of exchange should the Fund desire to resell that currency to the dealer.
Convertible Securities.
Convertible securities include bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks and other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for, at a specific price or formula within a particular period of time, a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity securities of the same or a different issuer. Convertible securities entitle the holder to receive interest paid or accrued on debt or dividends paid or accrued on preferred stock until the security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Convertible securities provide for streams of income with yields that are generally higher than those of common stocks.
The market value of a convertible security is a function of its investment value and its conversion value. A securitys investment value represents the value of the security without its conversion feature (
i.e.
, a nonconvertible fixed income security). The investment value may be determined by reference to its credit quality and the current value of its yield to maturity or probable call date. At any given time, investment value is dependent upon such factors as the general level of interest rates, the yield of similar nonconvertible securities, the financial strength of the issuer and the seniority of the security in the issuers capital structure. A
11
securitys conversion value is determined by multiplying the number of shares the holder is entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange by the current price of the underlying security.
If the conversion value of a convertible security is significantly below its investment value, the convertible security will trade like nonconvertible debt or preferred stock and its market value will not be influenced greatly by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security. Conversely, if the conversion value of a convertible security is near or above its investment value, the market value of the convertible security will be more heavily influenced by fluctuations in the market price of the underlying security.
Convertible securities may at times include securities that have a mandatory conversion feature, pursuant to which the securities convert automatically into common stock or other equity securities at a specified date and a specified conversion ratio, or that are convertible at the option of the issuer. Because conversion of the security is not at the option of the holder, the holder may be required to convert the security into the underlying common stock even at times when the value of the underlying common stock or other equity security has declined substantially.
Investments in convertible securities, particularly securities that are convertible into securities of an issuer other than the issuer of the convertible security, may be illiquid. The Fund may not be able to dispose of such securities in a timely fashion or for a fair price, which could result in losses to that Fund.
Warrants to Purchase Securities.
Bonds issued with warrants attached to purchase equity securities have many characteristics of convertible bonds and their prices may, to some degree, reflect the performance of the underlying stock. Bonds also may be issued with warrants attached to purchase additional fixed income securities at the same coupon rate. A decline in interest rates would permit the Fund to buy additional bonds at the favorable rate or to sell the warrants at a profit. If interest rates rise, the warrants would generally expire with no value.
Equity-linked warrants are purchased from a broker, who in turn is expected to purchase shares in the local market and issue a call warrant hedged on the underlying holding. If the Fund exercises its call and closes its position, the shares are expected to be sold and the warrant redeemed with the proceeds. Each warrant represents one share of the underlying stock. Therefore, the price, performance and liquidity of the warrant are all directly linked to the underlying stock, less transaction costs. Equity-linked warrants are valued at the closing price of the underlying security, then adjusted for stock dividends declared by the underlying security. In addition to the market risk related to the underlying holdings, the Fund bears additional counterparty risk with respect to the issuing broker. Moreover, there is currently no active trading market for equity-linked warrants.
Index-linked warrants are put warrants and call warrants whose values vary depending on the change in the value of one or more specified securities indices. Index-linked warrants are generally issued by banks or other financial institutions and give the holder the right, at any time during the term of the warrant, to receive upon exercise of the warrant a cash payment from the issuer based on the value of the underlying index at the time of exercise. In general, if the value of the underlying index rises above the exercise price of the index-linked warrant, the holder of a call warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the value of the index and the exercise price of the warrant; if the value of the underlying index falls, the holder of a put warrant will be entitled to receive a cash payment from the issuer upon exercise based on the difference between the exercise price of the warrant and the value of the index. The holder of a warrant would not be entitled to any payments from the issuer at any time when, in the case of a call warrant, the exercise price is greater than the value of the underlying index, or, in the case of a put warrant, the exercise price is less than the value of the underlying index. If the Fund were not to exercise an index-linked warrant prior to its expiration, then the Fund would lose the amount of the purchase price paid by it for the warrant.
The risks of using index-linked warrants are generally similar to those relating to its use of index options. Unlike most index options, however, index-linked warrants are issued in limited amounts and are not obligations of a regulated clearing agency, but are backed only by the credit of the bank or other institution that issues the warrant. Also, index-linked warrants generally have longer terms than index options. Index-linked warrants are not likely to be as liquid as certain index options backed by a recognized clearing agency. In addition, the terms of index-linked warrants may limit the holders ability to exercise the warrants at such time, or in such quantities, as it would otherwise wish to do.
Synthetic warrants are proprietary instruments, issued by financial institutions. The price, performance and liquidity of such warrants will generally fluctuate more than those of the underlying securities because of the greater volatility of the warrants market. In addition as the issuer of a synthetic warrant is different from that of the underlying security, it is subject to the additional risk that the issuer of the synthetic warrant will be unwilling or unable to perform its obligations under the transactions which may result in a loss to the investor.
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Real Estate Investment Trusts.
Real estate investment trusts (REITs) include equity REITs and mortgage REITs. Equity REITs invest directly in real property while mortgage REITs invest in mortgages on real property. REITs may be subject to certain risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate, including declines in the value of real estate, risks related to general and local economic conditions, overbuilding and increased competition, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, and variations in rental income. Generally, increases in interest rates will decrease the value of high yielding securities and increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could decrease the value of a REITs investments. In addition, equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the REITs, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of credit extended. Equity and mortgage REITs are dependent upon management skill, are not diversified and are subject to the risks of financing projects. REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers, self liquidation and the possibility of failing to qualify for tax-free pass-through of income under the Code, and to maintain exemption from registration under the 1940 Act.
Investments in Pooled Vehicles.
Investing in another pooled vehicle exposes the Fund to all the risks of that pooled vehicle, and, in general, subjects it to a pro rata portion of the other pooled vehicles fees and expenses. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are hybrid investment companies that are registered as open-end investment companies or unit investment trusts (UITs) but possess some of the characteristics of closed-end funds. ETFs typically hold a portfolio of securities that is intended to track the price and dividend performance of a particular index. Common examples of ETFs include S&P Depositary Receipts (SPDRs) and iShares, which may be purchased from the UIT or investment company issuing the securities or purchased in the secondary market. SPDRs are listed on the American Stock Exchange and iShares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. (iShares® is a registered trademark of Barclays Global Investors, N.A. (BGI). Neither BGI nor the iShares® Funds make any representation regarding the advisability of investing in the Fund.) The market price for ETF shares may be higher or lower than the ETFs net asset value. The sale and redemption prices of ETF shares purchased from the issuer are based on the issuers net asset value.
Depositary Receipts.
These may include American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs), European Depositary Receipts (EDRs) or other similar securities representing ownership of foreign securities (collectively, Depositary Receipts). Depositary Receipts generally evidence an ownership interest in a corresponding foreign security on deposit with a financial institution. Transactions in Depositary Receipts usually do not settle in the same currency in which the underlying securities are denominated or traded. Generally, ADRs, in registered form, are designed for use in the U.S. securities markets and EDRs, in bearer form, are designed for use in European securities markets. GDRs may be traded in any public or private securities markets and may represent securities held by institutions located anywhere in the world.
Investments in non-U.S. issuers through Depositary Receipts and similar instruments may involve certain risks not applicable to investing in U.S. issuers, including changes in currency rates, application of local tax laws, changes in governmental administration or economic or monetary policy or changed circumstances in dealings between nations. Costs may be incurred in connection with conversions between various currencies. The Fund may enter into forward currency contracts and purchase currencies on a spot basis to reduce currency risk; however, currency hedging involves costs and may not be effective in all cases.
Swap Agreements.
Depending on their structures, swap agreements may increase or decrease the Funds exposure to long-or short-term interest rates (in the United States or abroad), foreign currency values, mortgage securities, corporate borrowing rates, or other factors such as security prices or inflation rates. The value of the Funds swap positions would increase or decrease depending on the changes in value of the underlying rates, currency values, or other indices or measures.
In a credit default swap transaction, one party pays what is, in effect, an insurance premium through a stream of payments to another party in exchange for the right to receive a specified return in an event of default (or similar events) by a third party on its obligations. Therefore, in a credit default swap, the Fund may pay a premium and, in return, have the right to put certain bonds or loans to the counterparty upon default by the issuer of such bonds or loans (or similar events) and to receive in return the par value of such bonds or loans (or another agreed upon amount).the Fund could also receive the premium referenced above, and be obligated to pay a counterparty the par value of certain bonds or loans upon a default (or similar event) by the issuer. The Funds ability to realize a profit from such transactions will depend on the ability of the financial institutions with which it enters into the transactions to meet their obligations to the Fund. Under certain circumstances, suitable transactions may not be available to the Fund, or the Fund may be unable to close out its position under such transactions at the same time, or at the same price, as if it had purchased comparable publicly traded securities. The Funds ability to engage in certain swap transactions may be limited by tax considerations.
Recent legislative and regulatory reforms, including the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, are expected to result in new regulation of swap agreements, including clearing, margin, reporting, recordkeeping, and registration requirements. New regulations could, among other things, restrict the Funds ability to engage in swap transactions (for example, by making certain types of swap transactions no longer available to the Fund) and/or increase the costs of such swap transactions (for example, by increasing margin or capital requirements), and the Fund may as a result be unable to execute its investment strategies in a manner Schroders might otherwise choose. It is also unclear how the regulatory changes will affect counterparty risk.
13
Hybrid Instruments.
These instruments are generally considered derivatives and include indexed or structured securities, and combine the elements of futures contracts or options with those of debt, preferred equity or a depositary instrument. A hybrid instrument may be a debt security, preferred stock, warrant, convertible security, certificate of depositor other evidence of indebtedness on which a portion of or all interest payments, and/or the principal or stated amount payable at maturity, redemption or retirement, is determined by reference to prices, changes in prices, or differences between prices, of securities, currencies, intangibles, goods, articles or commodities (collectively, underlying assets), or by another objective index, economic factor or other measure, including interest rates, currency exchange rates, or commodities or securities indices (collectively, benchmarks). Hybrid instruments may take a number of forms, including, but not limited to, debt instruments with interest or principal payments or redemption terms determined by reference to the value of an index at a future time, preferred stock with dividend rates determined by reference to the value of a currency, or convertible securities with the conversion terms related to a particular commodity.
The risks of investing in hybrid instruments reflect a combination of the risks of investing in securities, options, futures and currencies. An investment in a hybrid instrument may entail significant risks that are not associated with a similar investment in a traditional debt instrument that has a fixed principal amount, is denominated in U.S. dollars or bears interest either at a fixed rate or a floating rate determined by reference to a common, nationally published benchmark. The risks of a particular hybrid instrument will depend upon the terms of the instrument, but may include the possibility of significant changes in the benchmark(s) or the prices of the underlying assets to which the instrument is linked. Such risks generally depend upon factors unrelated to the operations or credit quality of the issuer of the hybrid instrument, which may not be foreseen by the purchaser, such as economic and political events, the supply and demand of the underlying assets and interest rate movements. Hybrid instruments may be highly volatile and their use by the Fund may not be successful.
Hybrid instruments may bear interest or pay preferred dividends at below market (or even relatively nominal) rates. Alternatively, hybrid instruments may bear interest at above market rates but bear an increased risk of principal loss (or gain). The latter scenario may result if leverage is used to structure the hybrid instrument. Leverage risk occurs when the hybrid instrument is structured so that a given change in a benchmark or underlying asset is multiplied to produce a greater value change in the hybrid instrument, thereby magnifying the risk of loss as well as the potential for gain.
Hybrid instruments can be an efficient means of creating exposure to a particular market, or segment of a market, with the objective of enhancing total return. For example, the Fund may wish to take advantage of expected declines in interest rates in several European countries, but avoid the transaction costs associated with buying and currency-hedging the foreign bond positions. One solution would be to purchase a U.S. dollar-denominated hybrid instrument whose redemption price is linked to the average three year interest rate in a designated group of countries. The redemption price formula would provide for payoffs of less than par if rates were above the specified level. Furthermore, the Fund could limit the downside risk of the security by establishing a minimum redemption price so that the principal paid at maturity could not be below a predetermined minimum level if interest rates were to rise significantly. The purpose of this arrangement, known as a structured security with an embedded put option, would be to give the Fund the desired European bond exposure while avoiding currency risk, limiting downside market risk, and lowering transaction costs. Of course, there is no guarantee that the strategy will be successful and the Fund could lose money if, for example, interest rates do not move as anticipated or credit problems develop with the issuer of the hybrid instrument.
Hybrid instruments are potentially more volatile and carry greater market risks than traditional debt instruments. Depending on the structure of the particular hybrid instrument, changes in a benchmark may be magnified by the terms of the hybrid instrument and have an even more dramatic and substantial effect upon the value of the hybrid instrument. Also, the prices of the hybrid instrument and the benchmark or underlying asset may not move in the same direction or at the same time.
Hybrid instruments may also carry liquidity risk since the instruments are often customized to meet the portfolio needs of a particular investor, and therefore, the number of investors that are willing and able to buy such instruments in the secondary market may be smaller than that for more traditional debt securities. Under certain conditions, the redemption value of such an investment could be zero. In addition, because the purchase and sale of hybrid investments would likely take place in an over-the-counter market without the guarantee of a central clearing organization, or in a transaction between the Fund and the issuer of the hybrid instrument, the creditworthiness of the counterparty of the issuer of the hybrid instrument would be an additional risk factor the Fund would have to consider and monitor. Hybrid instruments also may not be subject to regulation by the CFTC, which generally regulates the trading of commodity futures by U.S. persons, the SEC, which regulates the offer and sale of securities by and to U.S. persons, or any other governmental regulatory authority.
Structured Investments.
A structured investment is a security having a return tied to an underlying index or other security or asset class. Structured investments generally are individually negotiated agreements and may be traded over-the-counter. Structured investments are organized and operated to restructure the investment characteristics of the underlying security. This restructuring involves the deposit with or purchase by an entity, such as a corporation or trust, or specified instruments (such as commercial bank
14
loans) and the issuance by that entity or one or more classes of securities (structured securities) backed by, or representing interests in, the underlying instruments. The cash flow on the underlying instruments may be apportioned among the newly issued structured securities to create securities with different investment characteristics, such as varying maturities, payment priorities and interest rate provisions, and the extent of such payments made with respect to structured securities is dependent on the extent of the cash flow on the underlying instruments. Because structured securities typically involve no credit enhancement, their credit risk generally will be equivalent to that of the underlying instruments. Investments in structured securities are generally of a class of structured securities that is either subordinated or unsubordinated to the right of payment of another class. Subordinated structured securities typically have higher yields and present greater risks than unsubordinated structured securities. Structured securities are typically sold in private placement transactions, and there currently is no active trading market for structured securities. Investments in government and government-related and restructured debt instruments are subject to special risks, including the inability or unwillingness to repay principal and interest, requests to reschedule or restructure outstanding debt and requests to extend additional loan amounts.
Equity-Linked Notes
. An equity-linked note is a note, typically issued by a company or financial institution, whose performance is tied to a single stock, a basket of stocks or a stock index. Generally, upon the maturity of the note, the holder receives a return of principal based on the capital appreciation of the underlying linked securities. The terms of an equity-linked note may also provide for the periodic interest payments to holders at either a fixed or floating rate.
There are risks associated with investment in equity-linked notes. The return on a note is based on the performance of a designated stock, a basket of stocks or an equity index, and in a period of underperformance, the Fund may lose some or all of its investment in the note. The maximum return on a note may be limited to a specified amount, so even if the investment managers view of the underlying stock(s) or index is correct, the gain may be limited. There is no guarantee that a specific, or any, return or yield on an investment will be made. There is also the possibility that a note issuer may default on its obligations under the note.
Illiquid Securities.
Illiquid securities may be highly volatile, difficult to value, and difficult to sell or close out at favorable prices or times. Investments in foreign securities, including emerging market securities, tend to have greater exposure to liquidity risk.
Inverse Floaters.
Inverse floaters have variable interest rates that typically move in the opposite direction from movements in prevailing short-term interest rate levelsrising when prevailing short-term interest rate fall, and vice versa. The prices of inverse floaters can be highly volatile and some inverse floaters may be leveraged, resulting in increased risk and potential volatility. The Fund may use inverse floaters for hedging or investment purposes. Use of inverse floaters other than for hedging purposes may be considered speculative.
Over-the-Counter Securities.
Over-the-counter securities are not traded on a recognized securities exchange. They may be more difficult to sell under some market conditions than securities traded on exchanges. As described below under Determination of Net Asset Value, unlisted securities for which market quotations are readily available generally are valued at the most recently reported sale prices on any day or, in the absence of a reported sale price, at mid-market prices. Market quotations may not be readily available for all over-the-counter securities. If the Fund is not able to sell such securities at a price at which such Fund has valued the securities for purposes of calculating its net asset value, such Funds net asset value will decrease.
When-Issued Securities.
Debt securities are often issued on a when-issued basis. The price of such securities, which may be expressed in yield terms, is fixed at the time a commitment to purchase is made, but delivery and payment for the when-issued securities take place at a later date. Normally, the settlement date occurs within one month of the purchase. During the period between purchase and settlement, no payment is made by the Fund and no interest accrues to the Fund. To the extent that assets of the Fund are held in cash pending the settlement of a purchase of securities, that Fund would earn no income. While the Fund may sell its right to acquire when-issued securities prior to the settlement date, the Fund may intend actually to acquire such securities unless a sale prior to settlement appears desirable for investment reasons. At the time the Fund makes the commitment to purchase a security on a when-issued basis, it will record the transaction and reflect the amount due and the value of the security in determining the Funds net asset value. The market value of the when-issued securities may be more or less than the purchase price payable at the settlement date. The Fund will establish a segregated account in which it will maintain cash and U.S. Government securities or other liquid securities at least equal in value to commitments for when-issued securities. Such segregated securities either will mature or, if necessary, be sold on or before the settlement date.
Zero-Coupon Securities.
Zero-coupon securities are debt obligations that are generally issued at a discount and payable in full at maturity, and that do not provide for current payments of interest prior to maturity. Zero-coupon securities usually trade at a deep discount from their face or par value and are subject to greater market value fluctuations from changing interest rates than debt obligations of comparable maturities that make current distributions of interest. As a result, the net asset value of shares of the Fund investing in zero-coupon securities may fluctuate over a greater range than shares of other funds of the Trust and other mutual funds investing in securities making current distributions of interest and having similar maturities. The Fund is required to accrue income on
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these securities, even though the Fund is not receiving the income in cash on a current basis. Thus, the Fund may have to sell investments, including when it may not be advisable to do so, to make required income distributions under U.S. federal income tax laws.
Zero-coupon securities may include U.S. Treasury bills issued directly by the U.S. Treasury or other short-term debt obligations, and longer-term bonds or notes and their unmatured interest coupons that have been separated by their holder, typically a custodian bank or investment brokerage firm. A number of securities firms and banks have stripped the interest coupons from the underlying principal (the corpus) of U.S. Treasury securities and resold them in custodial receipt programs with a number of different names, including Treasury Income Growth Receipts (TIGRS) and Certificates of Accrual on Treasuries (CATS). CATS and TIGRS are not considered U.S. Government securities. The underlying U.S. Treasury bonds and notes themselves are held in book-entry form at the Federal Reserve Bank or, in the case of bearer securities (
i.e.
, unregistered securities that are owned ostensibly by the bearer or holder thereof), in trust on behalf of the owners thereof.
In addition, the U.S. Treasury has facilitated transfers of ownership of zero-coupon securities by accounting separately for the beneficial ownership of particular interest coupons and corpus payments on U.S. Treasury securities through the Federal Reserve book-entry record-keeping system. The Federal Reserve program as established by the U.S. Treasury Department is known as STRIPS or Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities. Under the STRIPS program, the Fund will be able to have its beneficial ownership of U.S. Treasury zero-coupon securities recorded directly in the book-entry record-keeping system in lieu of having to hold certificates or other evidences of ownership of the underlying U.S. Treasury securities.
When debt obligations have been stripped of their unmatured interest coupons by the holder, the stripped coupons are sold separately. The principal or corpus is sold at a deep discount because the buyer receives only the right to receive a future fixed payment on the security and does not receive any rights to periodic cash interest payments. Once stripped or separated, the corpus and coupons may be sold separately. Typically, the coupons are sold separately or grouped with other coupons with like maturity dates and sold in such bundled form. Purchasers of stripped obligations acquire, in effect, discount obligations that are economically identical to the zero-coupon securities issued directly by the obligor.
Fixed Income Securities.
In periods of declining interest rates, the yield (income from portfolio investments) of the Fund may tend to be higher than prevailing market rates, and in periods of rising interest rates, the yield of the Fund may tend to be lower. In addition, when interest rates are falling, the inflow of net new money to the Fund will likely be invested in portfolio instruments producing lower yields than the balance of the Funds portfolio, thereby reducing the yield of the Fund. In periods of rising interest rates, the opposite can be true. The net asset value of the Fund can generally be expected to change as general levels of interest rates fluctuate. The values of fixed income securities in the Funds portfolio generally vary inversely with changes in interest rates. Prices of fixed income securities with longer effective maturities are more sensitive to interest rate changes than those with shorter effective maturities. The Fund may purchase fixed income securities issued by companies of any market capitalization, including small and micro cap companies. Such investments may involve greater risk than is usually associated with larger, more established companies.
Lower-Rated Securities, Unrated Securities, and Securities in Default.
The Fund may invest up in lower-rated fixed-income securities (commonly known as junk bonds). The Fund may invest in securities that are in default, and which offer little or no prospect for the payment of the full amount of unpaid principal and interest, although normally, the Fund will not invest in securities unless a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (for example, Moodys Investors Service, Inc. (Moodys), Standard & Poors Rating Service (Standard & Poors), or Fitch Investors Service, Inc. (Fitch)) has rated the securities CC- (or the equivalent) or better, or the Funds adviser has determined the securities to be of comparable quality. The lower ratings of certain securities held by the Fund reflect a greater possibility that adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer or in general economic conditions, or both, or an unanticipated rise in interest rates, may impair the ability of the issuer to make payments of interest and principal. The inability (or perceived inability) of issuers to make timely payment of interest and principal would likely make the values of securities held by the Fund more volatile and could limit the Funds ability to sell its securities at prices approximating the values the Fund had placed on such securities. In the absence of a liquid trading market for securities held by it, the Fund at times may be unable to establish the fair value of such securities.
Securities ratings are based largely on the issuers historical financial condition and the rating agencies analysis at the time of rating. Consequently, the rating assigned to any particular security is not necessarily a reflection of the issuers current financial condition, which may be better or worse than the rating would indicate. In addition, the rating assigned to a security by Moodys or Standard & Poors (or by any other nationally recognized securities rating agency) does not reflect an assessment of the volatility of the securitys market value or the liquidity of an investment in the security.
Like those of other fixed-income securities, the values of lower-rated securities fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. A decrease in interest rates will generally result in an increase in the value of the Funds assets. Conversely, during periods of
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rising interest rates, the value of the Funds assets will generally decline. The values of lower-rated securities may often be affected to a greater extent by changes in general economic conditions and business conditions affecting the issuers of such securities and their industries. Negative publicity or investor perceptions may also adversely affect the values of lower-rated securities. Changes by nationally recognized securities rating agencies in their ratings of any fixed-income security and changes in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal may also affect the value of these investments. Changes in the value of portfolio securities generally will not affect income derived from these securities, but will affect the Funds net asset value. The Fund will not necessarily dispose of a security when its rating is reduced below its rating at the time of purchase.
Issuers of lower-rated securities are often highly leveraged, so that their ability to service their debt obligations during an economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest rates may be impaired. Such issuers may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them and may be unable to repay outstanding obligations at maturity by refinancing. The risk of loss due to default in payment of interest or repayment of principal by such issuers is significantly greater because such securities frequently are unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness.
At times, a portion of the Funds assets may be invested in an issue of which the Fund, by itself or together with other funds and accounts managed by Schroders or its affiliates, holds all or a major portion. Although Schroders generally considers such securities to be liquid because of the availability of an institutional market for such securities, it is possible that, under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the Fund could find it more difficult to sell these securities when Schroders believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell the securities only at prices lower than if they were more widely held. Under these circumstances, it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of computing the Funds net asset value. In order to enforce its rights in the event of a default, the Fund may be required to participate in various legal proceedings or take possession of and manage assets securing the issuers obligations on such securities. This could increase the Funds operating expenses and adversely affect the Funds net asset value. In addition, the Funds intention to qualify as a RIC under the Code may limit the extent to which the Fund may exercise its rights by taking possession of such assets. The ability of a holder of a tax-exempt security to enforce the terms of that security in a bankruptcy proceeding may be more limited than would be the case with respect to securities of private issuers.
Certain securities held by the Fund may permit the issuer at its option to call, or redeem, its securities. If an issuer were to redeem securities held by the Fund during a time of declining interest rates, the Fund may not be able to reinvest the proceeds in securities providing the same investment return as the securities redeemed.
Zero-coupon bonds are issued at a significant discount for their principal amount in lieu of paying interest periodically. Payment-in-kind bonds allow the issuer, at its option, to make current interest payments on the bonds either in cash or in additional bonds. Because zero-coupon bonds and payment-in-kind bonds do not pay current interest in cash, their value is subject to greater fluctuation in response to changes in market interest rates than bonds that pay interest currently. Both zero-coupon bonds and payment-in-kind bonds allow an issuer to avoid the need to generate cash to meet current interest payments. Accordingly, such bonds may involve greater credit risks than bonds paying interest currently in cash. The Fund is required to accrue interest income on such investments and to distribute such amounts at least annually to shareholders even though such bonds do not pay current interest in cash. Thus, it may be necessary at times for the Fund to liquidate investments in order to satisfy its dividend requirements.
To the extent the Fund invests in securities in the lower rating categories, the achievement of the Funds goals is more dependent on Schroders investment analysis than would be the case if the Fund were investing in securities in the higher rating categories. This also may be true with respect to tax-exempt securities, as the amount of information about the financial condition of an issuer of tax-exempt securities may not be as extensive as that which is made available by corporations whose securities are publicly traded.
Mortgage Related and Asset-Backed Securities.
Mortgage-backed securities, including collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) and certain stripped mortgage-backed securities represent a participation in, or are secured by, mortgage loans. Asset-backed securities are structured like mortgage-backed securities, but instead of mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as motor vehicle installment sales or installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property and receivables from credit card agreements. The ability of an issuer of asset-backed securities to enforce its security interest in the underlying assets may be limited.
Mortgage-backed securities have yield and maturity characteristics corresponding to the underlying assets. Unlike traditional debt securities, which may pay a fixed rate of interest until maturity, when the entire principal amount comes due, payments on certain mortgage-backed securities include both interest and a partial repayment of principal. Besides the scheduled repayment of principal, repayments of principal may result from the voluntary prepayment, refinancing or foreclosure of the underlying mortgage loans. If property owners make unscheduled prepayments of their mortgage loans, these prepayments will result in early payment of the
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applicable mortgage-related securities. In that event the Fund may be unable to invest the proceeds from the early payment of the mortgage-related securities in an investment that provides as high a yield as the mortgage-related securities. Consequently, early payment associated with mortgage-related securities may cause these securities to experience significantly greater price and yield volatility than that experienced by traditional fixed-income securities. The occurrence of mortgage prepayments is affected by factors including the level of interest rates, general economic conditions, the location and age of the mortgage and other social and demographic conditions. During periods of falling interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments tends to increase, thereby tending to decrease the life of mortgage-related securities. During periods of rising interest rates, the rate of mortgage prepayments usually decreases, thereby tending to increase the life of mortgage-related securities. If the life of a mortgage-related security is inaccurately predicted, the Fund may not be able to realize the rate of return its adviser expected.
The types of mortgages underlying securities held by the Fund may differ and may be affected differently by market factors. For example, the Funds investments in residential mortgage-backed securities will likely be affected significantly by factors affecting residential real estate markets and mortgages generally; similarly, investments in commercial mortgage-backed securities will likely be affected significantly by factors affecting commercial real estate markets and mortgages generally.
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are less effective than other types of securities as a means of locking in attractive long-term interest rates. One reason is the need to reinvest prepayments of principal; another is the possibility of significant unscheduled prepayments resulting from declines in interest rates. These prepayments would have to be reinvested at lower rates. As a result, these securities may have less potential for capital appreciation during periods of declining interest rates than other securities of comparable maturities, although they may have a similar risk of decline in market value during periods of rising interest rates. Prepayments may also significantly shorten the effective maturities of these securities, especially during periods of declining interest rates. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, a reduction in prepayments may increase the effective maturities of these securities, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing the volatility of the Fund.
Prepayments may cause losses on securities purchased at a premium. At times, some mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities will have higher than market interest rates and therefore will be purchased at a premium above their par value.
If the Fund purchases mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities that are subordinated to other interests in the same mortgage pool, the Fund as a holder of those securities may only receive payments after the pools obligations to other investors have been satisfied. An unexpectedly high rate of defaults on the mortgages held by a mortgage pool may limit substantially the pools ability to make payments of principal or interest to the Fund as a holder of such subordinated securities, reducing the values of those securities or in some cases rendering them worthless. The risk of such defaults is generally higher in the case of mortgage pools that include so-called subprime mortgages. An unexpectedly high or low rate of prepayments on a pools underlying mortgages may have a similar effect on subordinated securities. A mortgage pool may issue securities subject to various levels of subordination; the risk of non-payment affects securities at each level, although the risk is greater in the case of more highly subordinated securities.
CMOs and CMO residuals may be issued by a U.S. Government agency or instrumentality or by a private issuer. Although payment of the principal of, and interest on, the underlying collateral securing privately issued CMOs and CMO residuals may be guaranteed by the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities, these CMOs and CMO residuals represent obligations solely of the private issuer and are not insured or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities or any other person or entity.
Prepayments could cause early retirement of CMOs. CMOs are designed to reduce the risk of prepayment for investors by issuing multiple classes of securities, each having different maturities, interest rates and payment schedules, and with the principal and interest on the underlying mortgages allocated among the several classes in various ways. Payment of interest or principal on some classes or series of CMOs may be subject to contingencies or some classes or series may bear some or all of the risk of default on the underlying mortgages. CMOs of different classes or series are generally retired in sequence as the underlying mortgage loans in the mortgage pool are repaid. If enough mortgages are repaid ahead of schedule, the classes or series of a CMO with the earliest maturities generally will be retired prior to their maturities. Thus, the early retirement of particular classes or series of a CMO would have the same effect as the prepayment of mortgages underlying other mortgage-backed securities. Conversely, slower than anticipated prepayments can extend the effective maturities of CMOs, subjecting them to a greater risk of decline in market value in response to rising interest rates than traditional debt securities, and, therefore, potentially increasing their volatility.
In the case of CMO residuals, the cash flow generated by the mortgage assets underlying a series of CMOs is applied first to make required payments of principal and interest on the CMOs and second to pay the related administrative expenses of the issuer. The residual in a CMO structure generally represents the interest in any excess cash flow remaining after making the foregoing payments. Each payment of such excess cash flow to a holder of the related CMO residual represents income and/or a return of
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capital. The amount of residual cash flow resulting from a CMO will depend on, among other things, the characteristics of the mortgage assets, the coupon rate of each class of CMO, prevailing interest rates, the amount of administrative expenses and the prepayment experience on the mortgage assets. In particular, the yield to maturity on CMO residuals is extremely sensitive to prepayments on the related underlying mortgage assets, in the same manner as an IO class of stripped mortgage-backed securities. See below with respect to stripped mortgage-backed securities. In addition, if a series of a CMO includes a class that bears interest at an adjustable rate, the yield to maturity on the related CMO residual will also be extremely sensitive to changes in the level of the index upon which interest rate adjustments are based. As described below with respect to stripped mortgage-backed securities, in certain circumstances the Fund may fail to recoup some or all of its initial investment in a CMO residual.
CMO residuals are generally purchased and sold by institutional investors through several investment banking firms acting as brokers or dealers. The CMO residual market has developed fairly recently and CMO residuals currently may not have the liquidity of other more established securities trading in other markets. Transactions in CMO residuals are generally completed only after careful review of the characteristics of the securities in question. In addition, CMO residuals may, or pursuant to an exemption therefrom, may not, have been registered under the 1933 Act. CMO residuals, whether or not registered under the 1933 Act, may be subject to certain restrictions on transferability, and may be deemed illiquid.
Prepayments could result in losses on stripped mortgage-backed securities. Stripped mortgage-backed securities are usually structured with two classes that receive different portions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage loans. The yield to maturity on an interest only or IO class of stripped mortgage-backed securities is extremely sensitive not only to changes in prevailing interest rates but also to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the underlying assets. A rapid rate of principal prepayments may have a measurable adverse effect on the Funds yield to maturity to the extent it invests in IOs. If the assets underlying the IO experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the Fund may fail to recoup fully, or at all, its initial investment in these securities. Conversely, principal only securities or POs tend to increase in value if prepayments are greater than anticipated and decline if prepayments are slower than anticipated.
The secondary market for mortgage-backed securities, particularly stripped mortgage-backed securities, or those comprised of subprime mortgages (mortgages rated below A, or its equivalent, by Standard & Poors, Moodys or Fitch) may be more volatile and less liquid than that for other mortgage-backed securities, potentially limiting the Funds ability to buy or sell those securities at any particular time.
Bank Loans and Other Floating Rate Loans.
By purchasing a bank loan, the holder acquires some or all of the interest of a bank or other lending institution in a loan to a particular borrower. Many such loans are secured, and most impose restrictive covenants that must be met by the borrower. These loans are typically made by a syndicate of banks, represented by an agent bank that has negotiated and structured the loan and that is responsible generally for collecting interest, principal, and other amounts from the borrower on its own behalf and on behalf of the other lending institutions in the syndicate, and for enforcing its and their other rights against the borrower. Each of the lending institutions, including the agent bank, lends to the borrower a portion of the total amount of the loan, and retains the corresponding interest in the loan.
The ability of a holder of a bank loan to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts in connection with a loan held by it will depend primarily on the financial condition of the borrower. The failure by the holder to receive scheduled interest or principal payments on a loan would adversely affect the income of the holder and would likely reduce the value of its assets, which would be reflected in a reduction in its net asset value. Banks and other lending institutions generally perform a credit analysis of the borrower before originating a loan or participating in a lending syndicate. In selecting a loan, however, Schroders would not rely solely on that credit analysis, but will perform its own investment analysis of the borrowers. Schroders analysis may include consideration of the borrowers financial strength and managerial experience, debt coverage, additional borrowing requirements or debt maturity schedules, changing financial conditions, and responsiveness to changes in business conditions and interest rates. Schroders will be unable to access non-public information to which other investors in syndicated loans may have access. Because loans are not generally rated by independent credit rating agencies, a decision to invest in a particular loan will depend almost exclusively on Schroders, and the original lending institutions, credit analysis of the borrower. Investments in loans may be of any quality, including distressed loans.
Loans may be structured in different forms, including novations, assignments and loan participations. In a novation, the purchaser assumes all of the rights of a lending institution in a loan, including the right to receive payments of principal and interest and other amounts directly from the borrower and to enforce its rights as a lender directly against the borrower. The purchaser assumes the position of a co-lender with other syndicate members. As an alternative, the purchaser may purchase an assignment of a portion of a lenders interest in a loan. In this case, the purchaser may be required generally to rely upon the assigning bank to demand payment and enforce its rights against the borrower, but would otherwise be entitled to all of such banks rights in the loan. The purchaser may also purchase a participating interest in a portion of the rights of a lending institution in a loan. In such case, it will be
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entitled to receive payments of principal, interest and premium, if any, but will not generally be entitled to enforce its rights directly against the agent bank or the borrower, and must rely for that purpose on the lending institution. The purchaser may also acquire a loan directly by acting as a member of the original lending syndicate.
The purchaser will in many cases be required to rely upon the lending institution from which it purchases the loan to collect and pass on to it such payments and to enforce its rights under the loan. As a result, an insolvency, bankruptcy or reorganization of the lending institution may delay or prevent the purchaser from receiving principal, interest and other amounts with respect to the underlying loan. If the Fund is required to rely upon a lending institution to pay to the Fund principal, interest and other amounts received by it, Schroders will also evaluate the creditworthiness of the lending institution.
The borrower of a loan in which the Fund holds a participation interest may, either at its own election or pursuant to terms of the loan documentation, prepay amounts of the loan from time to time. There is no assurance that the Fund will be able to reinvest the proceeds of any loan prepayment at the same interest rate or on the same terms as those of the original loan participation.
Corporate loans are made generally to finance internal growth, mergers, acquisitions, stock repurchases, leveraged buy-outs and other corporate activities. Under current market conditions, most of the corporate loans available for purchase will represent interests in loans made to finance highly leveraged corporate acquisitions, known as leveraged buy-out transactions. The highly leveraged capital structure of the borrowers in such transactions may make such loans especially vulnerable to adverse changes in economic or market conditions. In addition, loans generally are subject to restrictions on transfer, and only limited opportunities may exist to sell such loans in secondary markets. As a result, a purchaser may be unable to sell a loan at a time when it may otherwise be desirable to do so or may be able to sell them only at a price that is less than their fair market value.
Certain loans may involve revolving credit facilities under which a borrower may from time to time borrow and repay amounts up to the maximum amount of the facility. In such cases, the holder would have an obligation to advance its portion of such additional borrowings upon the terms specified in the loan. Certain of the loans acquired by the Fund may also involve loans made in foreign currencies. The Funds investment in such loans would involve the risks of currency fluctuations described above with respect to investments in the foreign securities.
Notwithstanding its intention generally not to receive material, non-public information with respect to its management of investments in floating rate loans, Schroders may from time to time come into possession of material, non-public information about the issuers of loans that may be held in the Funds portfolio. Possession of such information may in some instances occur despite Schroders efforts to avoid such possession, but in other instances Schroders may choose to receive such information (for example, in connection with participation in a creditors committee with respect to a financially distressed issuer). As, and to the extent, required by applicable law, Schroders ability to trade in these loans for the account of the Fund could potentially be limited by its possession of such information. Such limitations on Schroders ability to trade could have an adverse effect on the Fund by, for example, preventing the Fund from selling a loan that is experiencing a material decline in value. In some instances, these trading restrictions could continue in effect for a substantial period of time.
In some instances, other accounts managed by Schroders may hold other securities issued by borrowers whose floating rate loans may be held in the Funds portfolio. These other securities may include, for example, debt securities that are subordinate to the floating rate loans held in the Funds portfolio, convertible debt or common or preferred equity securities. In certain circumstances, such as if the credit quality of the issuer deteriorates, the interests of holders of these other securities may conflict with the interests of the holders of the issuers floating rate loans. In such cases, Schroders may owe conflicting duties to the Fund and other client accounts. Schroders will endeavor to carry out its obligations to all of its clients to the fullest extent possible, recognizing that in some cases certain clients may achieve a lower economic return, as a result of these conflicting client interests, than if Schroders client accounts collectively held only a single category of the issuers securities.
Forward Commitments.
The Fund may enter into contracts to purchase securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time (forward commitments) if the Fund holds, and maintains until the settlement date in a segregated account, cash or liquid securities in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase price, or if the Fund enters into offsetting contracts for the forward sale of other securities it owns. Forward commitments may be considered securities in themselves, and involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date, which risk is in addition to the risk of decline in the value of the Funds other assets. Where such purchases are made through dealers, the Fund relies on the dealer to consummate the sale. The dealers failure to do so may result in the loss to the Fund of an advantageous yield or price.
The Fund may dispose of a commitment prior to settlement if Schroders deems it appropriate to do so. The Fund may realize short-term profits or losses upon the sale of forward commitments.
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Floating Rate and Variable Rate Demand Notes.
Floating rate and variable rate demand notes and bonds may have a stated maturity in excess of one year, but may have features that permit a holder to demand payment of principal plus accrued interest upon a specified number of days notice. Frequently, such obligations are secured by letters of credit or other credit support arrangements provided by banks. The issuer has a corresponding right, after a given period, to prepay in its discretion the outstanding principal of the obligation plus accrued interest upon a specific number of days notice to the holders. The interest rate of a floating rate instrument may be based on a known lending rate, such as a banks prime rate, and is reset whenever such rate is adjusted. The interest rate on a variable rate demand note is reset at specified intervals at a market rate.
Municipal Bonds.
Municipal bonds are investments of any maturity issued by states, public authorities or political subdivisions to raise money for public purposes; they include, for example, general obligations of a state or other government entity supported by its taxing powers to acquire and construct public facilities, or to provide temporary financing in anticipation of the receipt of taxes and other revenue. They also include obligations of states, public authorities or political subdivisions to finance privately owned or operated facilities or public facilities financed solely by enterprise revenues. Changes in law or adverse determinations by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or a state tax authority could make the income from some of these obligations taxable. The Fund does not expect to qualify to pass through to shareholders the tax-exempt character of interest on municipal bonds.
Short-term municipal bonds are generally issued by state and local governments and public authorities as interim financing in anticipation of tax collections, revenue receipts or bond sales to finance such public purposes.
Certain types of private activity bonds may be issued by public authorities to finance projects such as privately operated housing facilities; certain local facilities for supplying water, gas or electricity; sewage or solid waste disposal facilities; student loans; or public or private institutions for the construction of educational, hospital, housing and other facilities. Such obligations are included within the term municipal bonds if the interest paid thereon is, in the opinion of bond counsel, exempt from federal income tax and state personal income tax (such interest may, however, be subject to federal alternative minimum tax). Other types of private activity bonds, the proceeds of which are used for the construction, repair or improvement of, or to obtain equipment for, privately operated industrial or commercial facilities, may also constitute municipal bonds, although current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the size of such issues.
Participation interests
. The Fund may invest in municipal bonds either by purchasing them directly or by purchasing certificates of accrual or similar instruments evidencing direct ownership of interest payments or principal payments, or both, on municipal bonds, provided that, in the opinion of counsel, any discount accruing on a certificate or instrument that is purchased at a yield not greater than the coupon rate of interest on the related municipal bonds will be exempt from federal income tax to the same extent as interest on the municipal bonds. The Fund may also invest in municipal bonds by purchasing from banks participation interests in all or part of specific holdings of municipal bonds. These participations may be backed in whole or in part by an irrevocable letter of credit or guarantee of the selling bank. The selling bank may receive a fee from the purchaser in connection with the arrangement.
Stand-by commitments
. A purchaser of municipal bonds may have the ability to acquire stand-by commitments from banks and broker-dealers with respect to those municipal bonds. A stand-by commitment may be considered a security independent of the municipal bond to which it relates. The amount payable by a bank or dealer during the time a stand-by commitment is exercisable, absent unusual circumstances, would be substantially the same as the market value of the underlying municipal bond to a third party at any time. It is expected that stand-by commitments generally will be available without the payment of direct or indirect consideration. It is not expected that the Fund would assign any value to stand-by commitments.
Yields
. The yields on municipal bonds depend on a variety of factors, including general money market conditions, effective marginal tax rates, the financial condition of the issuer, general conditions of the municipal bond market, the size of a particular offering, the maturity of the obligation and the rating of the issue. The ratings of nationally recognized securities rating agencies represent their opinions as to the credit quality of the municipal bonds that they undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality. Consequently, municipal bonds with the same maturity and interest rate but with different ratings may have the same yield. Yield disparities may occur for reasons not directly related to the investment quality of particular issues or the general movement of interest rates and may be due to such factors as changes in the overall demand or supply of various types of municipal bonds or changes in the investment objectives of investors. Subsequent to purchase, an issue of municipal bonds or other investments may cease to be rated, or its rating may be reduced below the minimum rating required for purchase by the Fund. Neither event will require the elimination of an investment from the Funds portfolio, but Schroders will consider such an event in its determination of whether the Fund should continue to hold an investment in its portfolio.
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Moral obligation
bonds
. The Fund does not currently intend to invest in so-called moral obligation bonds, where repayment is backed by a moral commitment of an entity other than the issuer, unless the credit of the issuer itself, without regard to the moral obligation, meets the investment criteria established for investments by the Fund.
Municipal leases
. Lease obligations or installment purchase contract obligations (collectively, lease obligations) of municipal authorities or entities do not constitute general obligations of the municipality for which the municipalitys taxing power is pledged. Certain of these lease obligations contain non-appropriation clauses, which provide that the municipality has no obligation to make lease or installment purchase payments in future years unless money is appropriated for such purpose on a yearly basis. In the case of a non-appropriation lease, the purchasers ability to recover under the lease in the event of non-appropriation or default will be limited solely to the repossession of the leased property, and in any event, foreclosure of that property might prove difficult.
Additional risks
. Securities in which the Fund may invest, including municipal bonds, are subject to the provisions of bankruptcy, insolvency and other laws affecting the rights and remedies of creditors, such as the federal Bankruptcy Code (including special provisions related to municipalities and other public entities), and laws, if any, that may be enacted by Congress or state legislatures extending the time for payment of principal or interest, or both, or imposing other constraints upon enforcement of such obligations. There is also the possibility that, as a result of litigation or other conditions, the power, ability or willingness of issuers to meet their obligations for the payment of interest and principal on their municipal bonds may be materially affected.
From time to time, proposals have been introduced before Congress for the purpose of restricting or eliminating the federal income tax exemption for interest on debt obligations issued by states and their political subdivisions. Federal tax laws limit the types and amounts of tax-exempt bonds issuable for certain purposes, especially industrial development bonds and private activity bonds. Such limits may affect the future supply and yields of these types of municipal bonds. Further proposals limiting the issuance of municipal bonds may well be introduced in the future. If it appeared that the availability of municipal bonds for investment by the Fund and the value of the Funds portfolio could be materially affected by such changes in law, the Trustees would reevaluate its investment objective and policies and consider changes in the structure of the Fund or its dissolution.
NON-PRINCIPAL INVESTMENTS, INVESTMENT PRACTICES AND RISKS
In addition to the principal investment strategies and the principal risks of the Fund described in the Prospectus and this SAI, the Fund may employ other investment practices and may be subject to additional risks, which are described below.
Private Placements and Restricted Securities.
Because there may be relatively few potential purchasers for such investments, especially under adverse market or economic conditions or in the event of adverse changes in the financial condition of the issuer, the Fund could find it more difficult to sell such securities when Schroders believes it advisable to do so or may be able to sell such securities only at prices lower than if such securities were more widely held. At times, it may also be more difficult to determine the fair value of such securities for purposes of computing the Funds net asset value.
The absence of a trading market can make it difficult to ascertain a market value for illiquid investments. Disposing of illiquid investments may involve time-consuming negotiation and legal expenses, and it may be difficult or impossible for the Fund to sell them promptly at an acceptable price.
While private placements may often offer attractive opportunities for investment not otherwise available on the open market, the securities so purchased are often restricted securities, i.e., securities that cannot be sold to the public without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the 1933 Act) or the availability of an exemption from registration (such as Rules 144 or 144A), or that are not readily marketable because they are subject to other legal or contractual delays in or restrictions on resale. Generally speaking, restricted securities may be sold only to qualified institutional buyers, or in a privately negotiated transaction to a limited number of purchasers, or in limited quantities after they have been held for a specified period of time and other conditions are met pursuant to an exemption from registration, or in a public offering for which a registration statement is in effect under the 1933 Act. The Fund may be deemed to be an underwriter for purposes of the 1933 Act when selling restricted securities to the public, and in such event the Fund may be liable to purchasers of such securities if the registration statement prepared by the issuer, or the prospectus forming a part of it, is materially inaccurate or misleading. The Fund may have to bear the extra expense of registering such securities for resale and the risk of substantial delay in effecting such registration. If no qualified institutional buyers are interested in purchasing the securities, then the Fund may not be able to sell such securities.
Short Sales.
Short sales are transactions in which the Fund sells a security it does not own, in anticipation of a decline in the market value of that security. To complete such a transaction, the Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund then is obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at or prior to the time of replacement. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to repay the lender any dividends or interest that accrue during the period of the loan. To borrow the security, the
22
Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. The net proceeds of the short sale will be retained by the broker (or by the Funds custodian in a special custody account), to the extent necessary to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out. The Fund also will incur transaction costs in effecting short sales.
The Fund will incur a loss as a result of the short sale if the price of the security increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. The Fund may realize a gain if the security declines in price between those dates. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of the premium, dividends, interest or expenses the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale. The Funds loss on a short sale could theoretically be unlimited in a case where the Fund is unable, for whatever reason, to close out its short position. There can be no assurance that the Fund will be able to close out a short position at any particular time or at an acceptable price. In addition, short positions may result in a loss if a portfolio strategy of which the short position is a part is otherwise unsuccessful.
Loans of Fund Portfolio Securities.
The Fund may lend its portfolio securities, provided: (1) the loan is secured continuously by collateral consisting of U.S. Government securities, cash, or cash equivalents adjusted daily to have market value at least equal to the current market value of the securities loaned; (2) the Fund may at any time call the loan and regain the securities loaned; (3) the Fund will receive any interest or dividends paid on the loaned securities; and (4) the aggregate market value of the Funds portfolio securities loaned will not at any time exceed one-third of the total assets of the Fund. While the Fund may loan portfolio securities with an aggregate market value of up to one third of the Funds total assets at any time, entering into securities loans is not a principal strategy of any Fund and the risks arising from lending portfolio securities are not principal risks of investing in the Fund. In addition, it is anticipated that the Fund may share with the borrower some of the income received on the collateral for the loan or that it will be paid a premium for the loan. The risks in lending portfolio securities, as with other extensions of credit, consist of possible delay in recovery of the securities or possible loss of rights in the collateral should the borrower fail financially. Although voting rights or rights to consent with respect to the loaned securities pass to the borrower, the Fund retains the right to call the loans at any time on reasonable notice, and it will do so in order that the securities may be voted by the Fund if the holders of such securities are asked to vote upon or consent to matters materially affecting the investment. The Fund will not lend portfolio securities to borrowers affiliated with that Fund. The Fund does not currently expect to engage in securities lending.
Master Limited Partnerships.
The Fund may invest in master limited partnerships (MLPs), which are limited partnerships in which ownership units are publicly traded. MLPs often own or own interests in properties or businesses that are related to oil and gas industries, including pipelines, although MLPs may invest in other types of investments, including credit-related investments. Generally, an MLP is operated under the supervision of one or more managing general partners. Limited partners (like the Fund when it invests in an MLP) are not involved in the day-to-day management of the partnership. The Fund also may invest in companies who serve (or whose affiliates serve) as the general partner of an MLP.
Investments in MLPs are generally subject to many of the risks that apply to partnerships. For example, holders of the units of MLPs may have limited control and limited voting rights on matters affecting the partnership. There may be fewer corporate protections afforded investors in an MLP than investors in a corporation. Conflicts of interest may exist among unit holders, subordinated unit holders and the general partner of an MLP, including those arising from incentive distribution payments. MLPs that concentrate in a particular industry or region are subject to risks associated with such industry or region. MLPs holding credit-related investments are subject to interest rate risk and the risk of default on payment obligations by debt issuers. Investments held by MLPs may be illiquid. MLP units may trade infrequently and in limited volume, and they may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than securities of larger or more broadly based companies.
The Fund may also hold investments in limited liability companies that have many of the same characteristics and are subject to many of the same risks as master limited partnerships.
The Funds investments in MLPs may be limited by the Funds intention to qualify as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and special tax considerations may apply. See Taxes below for more information.
Repurchase Agreements.
The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements without limit. A repurchase agreement is a contract under which the Fund acquires a security for a relatively short period (usually not more than one week) subject to the obligation of the seller to repurchase and the Fund to resell such security at a fixed time and price (representing the Funds cost plus interest). It is the Trusts present intention to enter into repurchase agreements only with member banks of the Federal Reserve System and securities dealers meeting certain criteria as to creditworthiness and financial condition, and only with respect to obligations of the U.S. Government or its agencies or instrumentalities or other investment grade short-term debt obligations. Repurchase agreements may also be viewed as loans made by the Fund that are collateralized by the securities subject to repurchase. Schroders will monitor such transactions to ensure that the value of the underlying securities will be at least equal at all times to the total amount of the repurchase obligation, including the interest factor. If the seller defaults, the Fund could realize a loss on the sale
23
of the underlying security to the extent that the proceeds of sale including accrued interest are less than the resale price provided in the agreement including interest. In addition, if the seller should be involved in bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, the Fund may incur delay and costs in selling the underlying security or may suffer a loss of principal and interest if the Fund is treated as an unsecured creditor and required to return the underlying collateral to the sellers estate.
To the extent that the Fund has invested a substantial portion of its assets in repurchase agreements, the Funds investment return on such assets, and potentially the Funds ability to achieve its investment objectives, will depend on the counterparties willingness and ability to perform their obligations under the repurchase agreements.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
. In a reverse repurchase agreement transaction, the Fund sells securities to a bank or securities dealer and agrees to repurchase them at an agreed time and price. During the period between the sale and the repurchase, the Fund will continue to receive principal and interest payments on the securities sold. The market value of securities sold under a reverse repurchase agreement is typically greater than the amount to be paid for the related forward commitment. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the risk that the buyer of the securities might be unable to deliver them when the Fund seeks to repurchase the securities. If the buyer files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, the Fund may be delayed or prevented from recovering the securities from the buyer, and its use of the proceeds of the reverse repurchase agreement may be limited.
A reverse repurchase agreement is similar to a secured borrowing by the Fund and creates investment leverage. The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements without limit, subject to applicable law and to any limits on borrowing by the Fund at the time in question. See Investment Restrictions.
Temporary Defensive Strategies.
As described in the Prospectus, Schroders may at times judge that conditions in the securities markets make pursuing the Funds basic investment strategies inconsistent with the best interests of its shareholders and may temporarily use alternate investment strategies primarily designed to reduce fluctuations in the value of the Funds assets. In implementing these defensive strategies, the Fund would invest in investment grade debt securities, cash, or money market instruments to any extent Schroders considers consistent with such defensive strategies. It is impossible to predict when, or for how long, the Fund will use these alternate strategies, and the Fund is not required to use alternate strategies in any case. One risk of taking such temporary defensive positions is that the Fund may not achieve its investment objective.
Portfolio Turnover.
The portfolio turnover rate may vary greatly from year to year, as well as within a particular year, and may also be affected by cash requirements for redemption of Shares.
Service Providers.
The Fund may be subject to credit risk with respect to the custodian. In the event of the custodians bankruptcy, even if the Funds custodian does have sufficient assets to meet all claims, there could be a delay before the Fund receives assets to satisfy their claims. In addition, in the event of the bankruptcy of the Funds administrator, transfer agent or custodian there are likely to be operational and other delays and additional costs and expenses associated with changes in service provider arrangements.
24
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund
Fundamental Policies:
As fundamental investment restrictions, which may only be changed with approval by the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, the Fund may not:
1. Issue any class of securities which is senior to the Funds shares of beneficial interest, except to the extent the Fund is permitted to borrow money or otherwise to the extent consistent with applicable law from time to time.
Note: The Investment Company Act currently prohibits an open-end investment company from issuing any senior securities, except to the extent it is permitted to borrow money (see Note following restriction 2, below).
2. Borrow money, except to the extent permitted by applicable law from time to time, or purchase securities when outstanding borrowings of money exceed 5% of the Funds total assets.
Note: The Investment Company Act currently permits an open-end investment company to borrow money from a bank so long as the ratio which the value of the total assets of the investment company (including the amount of any such borrowing), less the amount of all liabilities and indebtedness (other than such borrowing) of the investment company, bears to the amount of such borrowing is at least 300%. An open-end investment company may also borrow money from other lenders in accordance with applicable law and positions of the SEC and its staff. The Fund may engage in reverse repurchase agreements without limit, subject to applicable law.
3. Act as underwriter of securities of other issuers except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of portfolio securities, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under certain federal securities laws.
4. As to 75% of its total assets, purchase any security (other than Government securities, as such term is defined in the 1940 Act,
and securities of other investment companies), if as a result more than 5% of the Funds total assets (taken at current value) would then be invested in securities of a single issuer or the Fund would hold more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer.
Note: Government securities are defined in the 1940 Act as any security issued or guaranteed as to principal or interest by the United States, or by a person controlled or supervised by and acting as an instrumentality of the Government of the United States pursuant to authority granted by the Congress of the United States, or any certificate of deposit for any of the foregoing.
5. Purchase any security (other than Government securities, as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) if as a result 25% or more of the Funds total assets (taken at current value) would be invested in a single industry; for clarity, investments in other investment companies will not be considered to be investments in securities of issuers in any one industry.
6. Make loans, except by purchase of debt obligations or other financial instruments, by entering into repurchase agreements, or through the lending of its portfolio securities.
7. Purchase or sell commodities or commodity contracts, except that the Fund may purchase or sell financial futures contracts, options on financial futures contracts, and futures contracts, forward contracts, and options with respect to foreign currencies, and may enter into swap transactions or other financial transactions, and except in connection with otherwise permissible options, futures, and commodity activities as described elsewhere in the Prospectus or this SAI from time to time.
8. Purchase or sell real estate or interests in real estate, including real estate mortgage loans, although the Fund may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate and securities of companies, including limited partnership interests, that invest or deal in real estate and it may purchase interests in real estate investment trusts. (For purposes of this restriction, investments by the Fund in mortgage-backed securities and other securities representing interests in mortgage pools shall not constitute the purchase or sale of real estate or interests in real estate or real estate mortgage loans).
25
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund
Non-Fundamental Policies:
It is contrary to the current policy of the Fund, which policy may be changed without shareholder approval, to invest more than 15% of its net assets in securities that are not readily marketable, including securities restricted as to resale (other than securities restricted as to resale but determined by the Trustees, or persons designated by the Trustees to make such determinations, to be readily marketable).
All percentage limitations on investments will apply at the time of investment and shall not be considered violated unless an excess or deficiency occurs or exists immediately after and as a result of such investment. If the Fund ceases to maintain the 300% asset coverage ratio described in the Note following fundamental investment restriction 2, it will be expected to take steps to restore that asset coverage ratio within three days thereafter (excluding Sundays and holidays) or such longer period as may be prescribed by applicable regulations. If the percentage of the assets of the Fund invested in illiquid securities exceeds 15% of its net assets as set forth above in the Funds non-fundamental policy number 1, the Fund will take steps to reduce the amount of illiquid securities to meet this non-fundamental policy within a time frame Schroders considers to be in the best interests of the Fund.
Except for the investment restrictions listed above as fundamental or to the extent designated as such in the Prospectus, the other investment policies described in this SAI or in the Prospectus are not fundamental and may be changed by approval of the Trustees without notice to the shareholders.
The 1940 Act provides that a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund means the affirmative vote of the lesser of (1) more than 50% of the outstanding shares of that Fund, or (2) 67% or more of the shares present at a meeting if more than 50% of the outstanding shares are represented at the meeting in person or by proxy.
DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
Through filings made with the SEC on Form N-CSR and Form N-Q, the Fund makes its full portfolio holdings publicly available to shareholders on a quarterly basis. The Fund normally makes such filings on or shortly before the sixtieth day following the end of a fiscal quarter. The Fund delivers its complete portfolio schedules for the second and fourth fiscal quarters, required to be filed on Form N-CSR, to shareholders in the Funds semi-annual and annual reports. The Fund does not deliver their complete portfolio schedules for the first and third fiscal quarters, required to be filed on Form N-Q, to shareholders, but these schedules are available on the SEC website at www.sec.gov and on the Schroders website at www.schroderfunds.com.
The Fund intends to make its full portfolio holdings as of the end of each calendar month available on the Funds website, on the tenth day of the following month. Schroders may exclude from disclosure on the Funds website all or any portion of the Funds portfolio holdings, or modify the timing of such disclosure, as it deems necessary to protect the interests of the Fund.
To the extent that the Funds portfolio holdings have previously been disclosed publicly either through a filing made with the SEC on Form N-CSR or Form N-Q, or by being posted to the Funds website, such holdings may also be disclosed to any third party that requests them.
Policies and Procedures.
The Fund has adopted policies and procedures with respect to disclosure of the Funds portfolio holdings. These procedures apply both to arrangements, expected to be in place over a period of time, to make available information about the securities in the Funds portfolio and with respect to disclosure on a one-time, irregular basis. These procedures provide that neither Schroders nor SIMNA Ltd., as applicable, nor the Fund receive any compensation in return for the disclosure of information about the Funds portfolio securities or for any ongoing arrangements to make available information about the Funds portfolio securities. Portfolio holdings may be disclosed to certain third parties in advance of their public disclosure. In each instance of such advance disclosure, a determination will have been made by Schroders or SIMNA Ltd., as applicable, that such disclosure is supported by a legitimate business purpose of the Fund and that the recipients, except as described below, are subject to an independent duty not to disclose (whether contractually or as a matter of law) or trade on the nonpublic information. The Fund currently discloses nonpublic portfolio holdings information only to recipients who have agreed in writing with Schroders, or SIMNA Ltd., as applicable, to keep such information confidential. In some cases these recipients are subject to a contractual obligation to keep portfolio holdings information confidential including a duty not to trade on the non-public information, and in other cases they are subject to a duty of confidentiality under the federal securities laws to keep information disclosed to them by the Fund confidential. Recipients of nonpublic portfolio holdings information are also subject to legal requirements prohibiting them from trading on material nonpublic information. The Fund has no ongoing arrangements to make available nonpublic portfolio holdings information, except pursuant to the procedures described below. The following list describes the circumstances in which the Fund discloses its portfolio holdings to select third parties:
26
Portfolio Managers.
Portfolio managers shall have full daily access to portfolio holdings for the Fund for which they have direct management responsibility. Under Schroders code of ethics, portfolio managers are prohibited from disclosing nonpublic information to third parties, other than in accordance with the Funds portfolio holdings policies and procedures. Portfolio managers may release and discuss specific portfolio holdings with various broker-dealers, on an as-needed basis, for purposes of analyzing the impact of existing and future market changes on the prices, availability or demand, and liquidity of such securities, as well as for the purpose of assisting portfolio managers in the trading of such securities.
Schroders.
Schroders personnel, including personnel of its affiliates that perform services for or related to the Fund, may have full daily access to the Funds portfolio holdings. Employees of SIMNA Ltd., Schroder Investment Management Limited and Schroder Fund Advisors LLC (SFA) with access to portfolio holdings information are provided with training on the Trusts policies and procedures regarding disclosure of portfolio holdings information. Training is provided by the Schroders compliance department in the applicable jurisdiction, after consultation with Schroders plcs global compliance department located in London. The Trusts Chief Compliance Officer reports to the Trustees regarding compliance by such affiliates.
External Servicing Agents
. The Funds primary service providers, including distributors, administrators, transfer agents, custodians, and their respective personnel, may receive or have access to nonpublic portfolio holdings information on a daily basis. In addition, third parties that provide services to the Fund, and their affiliates, such as trade execution measurement systems providers, independent pricing services, proxy voting service providers, the Funds insurers, computer systems service providers, lenders, counsel, accountants/auditors, and rating and ranking organizations (such as Morningstar, Lipper, Thomson and Bloomberg) may also receive or have access to full portfolio holdings information more frequently than publicly available. Such parties, either by agreement or by virtue of their duties, are required to maintain confidentiality with respect to such nonpublic portfolio holdings.
Certain Intermediaries and Wrap Program Providers.
The Fund may provide more frequent disclosure of the Funds portfolio holdings to certain intermediaries and wrap program providers, provided those third parties meet the criteria and approval requirements as set out below under Other Third Parties.
Other Third Parties.
Any additions to the list of persons eligible to receive portfolio holdings information require approval by the President and Chief Compliance Officer of the Fund. Such disclosure may only be made where the President and Chief Compliance Officer of the Fund have determined that: (i) the Fund has a legitimate business purpose for the disclosure; (ii) the disclosure is in the best interests of the Fund and its shareholders; and (iii) the recipients are subject to a confidentiality agreement, including a duty not to trade on the non-public information, or the Funds President and Chief Compliance Officer have determined that the policies of the recipient are adequate to protect the information that is disclosed and the entity is subject to a duty of confidentiality under the federal securities laws. In making such determinations, the President and Chief Compliance Officer of the Fund shall review, among other considerations: (i) the type of fund involved; (ii) the purpose for receiving the holdings information; (iii) the intended use of the information; (iv) the frequency of the information to be provided; (v) the length of the lag, if any, between the date of the information and the date on which the information will be disclosed; (vi) the proposed recipients relationship to the Fund; (vii) the ability of Schroders to monitor that such information will be used by the proposed recipient in accordance with the stated purpose for the disclosure; and (viii) whether any potential conflicts exist regarding such disclosure between the interests of Fund shareholders, on the one hand, and those of the Funds investment adviser, principal underwriter, or any affiliated person of the Fund. Such disclosures shall be reported to the Board of Trustees.
The Trust has provided access to more frequent portfolio holdings disclosure with respect to Schroder Funds with a wrap program administered by an unaffiliated entity, after a confidentiality agreement was signed and it was established that they met the other criteria outlined above.
In general, the Schroder Funds policies and procedures provide that disclosure by Schroders of information about the holdings of client accounts other than the Funds accounts is governed by the policies relating to protection of client information pursuant to Regulation S-P. Details about the holdings of any portfolio other than the Fund, however, may provide holdings information that is substantially identical to holdings of the Fund that have not yet been publicly released. The President and Chief Compliance Officer may approve disclosure by Schroders or SIMNA Ltd. of non-Fund portfolios other than to clients holding the portfolios and their consultants, provided they make certain determinations set forth in the Schroder Funds policies and procedures.
Nothing in the Schroder Funds policies and procedures prohibits any investment group from providing to a research service provider a coverage list that identifies securities that the investment group follows for research purposes provided that: (i) the list of securities does not consist exclusively of the current portfolio holdings of any Fund; and (ii) no information about actual holdings by any account is included.
27
The Board of Trustees of the Trust reviews and reapproves the policies and procedures related to portfolio disclosure, including the list of approved recipients, as often as deemed appropriate, but not less than annually, and may make any changes it deems appropriate.
MANAGEMENT OF THE TRUST
The Trustees are responsible for the general oversight of the Trusts business. Subject to such policies as the Trustees may determine, Schroders furnishes a continuing investment program for the Fund and makes investment decisions on their behalf, except that SIMNA Ltd., an affiliate of Schroders, serves as sub-adviser responsible for portfolio management for the Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund. Subject to the control of the Trustees, Schroders also manages the Funds other affairs and business.
THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
The Board of Trustees of the Trust is currently comprised of four Trustees, three of whom are not interested persons (as defined in the Investment Company Act) of the Trust (each, a Disinterested Trustee). Ms. Mazza, a Trustee who is an interested person (as defined in the Investment Company Act) of the Trust (an Interested Trustee), serves as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Trust. The Trustees of the Trust have not designated a lead Disinterested Trustee. A Trustee may be elected either by the Trustees of the Trust or by the shareholders of the Trust. The number of Trustees of the Trust is fixed from time to time by the Trustees but may not be less than three. Each Trustee shall serve until he or she retires, resigns, is removed or dies or until the next meeting of shareholders called for the purpose of electing Trustees and until the election and qualification of his or her successor. At any meeting called for the purpose, a Trustee may be removed by vote of the holders of two-thirds of the outstanding shares of the Trust.
The Board of Trustees of the Trust has adopted a committee structure, which allows it to perform more effectively its oversight function for the Fund. The Board of Trustees currently has two committees: the Audit Committee and the Nominating Committee. Each of those committees is currently composed of all of the Disinterested Trustees of the Trust (currently, Ms. Cannella and Messrs. Calhoun and Gersten), allowing all the Disinterested Trustees to participate in the full range of the Board of Trustees oversight duties. The committees report regularly to the Boards of Trustees. See Committees of the Boards of Trustees below for more information.
In connection with its oversight of the Trust, the Board of Trustees also oversees the Trusts management and risk management processes. With respect to management, executive officers of the Trust, including the President and Principal Executive Officer, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer, Chief Legal Officer, and Chief Compliance Officer, are elected by the Board of Trustees in accordance with the Trusts by-laws, provided that the Chief Compliance Officer must be approved by a majority of the Disinterested Trustees. Each of the President, the Treasurer and the Clerk shall hold office until he or she dies, resigns, is removed or becomes disqualified and each other officer of the Trust shall hold office at the pleasure of the Trustees. The Board of Trustees may remove any officer of the applicable Trust at any time, with or without cause, provided that a majority of the Disinterested Trustees must approve the removal of the Chief Compliance Officer. In connection with administering its oversight function with respect to risk management, the Board receives regular reports from Schroders and from executive officers of the Trust, including but not limited to the President and Principal Executive Officer, Chief Compliance Officer, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Legal Officer, on a variety of matters. These reports include specific information on risk oversight by the adviser, activities of Schroders risk committee, activities of the fair value committee, results of operational and compliance testing on the Fund, the performance of the Fund and its use of certain instruments, including restricted and illiquid securities, derivatives, and borrowings. The Trust has determined that its leadership and committee structure is appropriate for the Fund and the Trust in light of the size of the Trust and the Schroders fund complex, and reviews the effectiveness of its committee structure at least annually.
The names, addresses and ages of the Trustees and executive officers of the Trust, together with information as to their principal business occupations during the past five years, are set forth in the following tables.
28
Disinterested Trustees
The following table sets forth certain information concerning Disinterested Trustees.
Name, Age and Address of
Disinterested Trustee
|
|
Position(s)
Held with
Trust
|
|
Term of
Office and
Length of
Time Served
|
|
Principal
Occupation(s)
During Past 5 Years
|
|
Number of
Portfolios in Fund
Complex**
Overseen by
Trustee
|
|
Other Directorships
Outside of Schroders
Fund Complex
|
Jay S. Calhoun*, 57
875 Third Avenue,
22nd Fl.
New York,
NY 10022
|
|
Trustee
|
|
Indefinite since 2010
|
|
Treasurer, Carnegie Mellon University. Formerly, Managing Partner, Rysamax Partners (marketing and business development support); Senior Vice President and Treasurer, New York Life Insurance Company.
|
|
10
|
|
None
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Margaret M. Cannella*, 61
875 Third Avenue, 22nd Fl.
New York, NY 10022
|
|
Trustee
|
|
Indefinite since 2010
|
|
Adjunct professor, Columbia Business School. Formerly, Managing Director, JP Morgan Securities Inc.; Head, Credit Research, JP Morgan Securities Inc.; and Head, Equity Research, JP Morgan Securities Inc.
|
|
10
|
|
Wilshire Mutual Funds, Inc. (15 funds) and Wilshire Variable Insurance Trust, Inc. (9 funds)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mark D. Gersten*, 62
875 Third Avenue,
22nd Fl.
New York,
NY 10022
|
|
Trustee
|
|
Indefinite since 2012
|
|
Senior Vice President Global Fund Administration, Mutual and Alternative Funds, AllianceBernstein L.P. (investment management).
|
|
10
|
|
Two Roads Share Trust (6 funds)
|
* Also serves as a member of the Audit Committees for the Trust. Mr. Gersten is the Chairman of the Audit Committees.
** Schroder Series Trust, Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware), and Schroder Global Series Trust are considered part of the same Fund Complex for these purposes.
29
Interested Trustee
The following table sets forth certain information concerning an Interested Trustee.
Name, Age and Address of
Interested Trustee
|
|
Position(s)
Held with
Trust
|
|
Term of
Office and
Length of
Time Served
|
|
Principal
Occupation(s)
During Past 5 Years
|
|
Number of
Portfolios in Fund
Complex
Overseen by
Trustee
|
|
Other Directorships
Outside of Schroders
Fund Complex
|
Catherine A. Mazza*, 53
875 Third Avenue, 22nd Fl.
New York, NY 10022
|
|
Trustee and Chairman
|
|
Indefinite since 2003
|
|
Trustee and Chairman of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware); Institutional Relationship Director, Schroders; Member of Board of Managers, SFA; Senior Vice President, Schroders.
|
|
10
|
|
None
|
* Ms. Mazza is an interested person (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust. She is an interested person due to her status as an officer and employee of Schroders and its affiliates.
Experience, Qualifications, Attributes, and Skills of Trustees
Jay S. Calhoun.
Mr. Calhoun has extensive experience in investment finance and financial systems, as well as significant management experience.
Margaret M. Cannella.
Ms. Cannella has significant market analysis and research experience as well as extensive management experience.
Mark D. Gersten.
Mr. Gersten has extensive experience in the investment management industry as well as extensive management experience.
Catherine A. Mazza.
Ms. Mazza has significant prior executive experience and serves as the Institutional Relationship Director at Schroders.
30
Officers
The following table sets forth certain information concerning the Trusts officers. The officers of the Trust are employees of the Trusts adviser and certain of its affiliates.
Name, Age and Address
of Officer
|
|
Position(s) Held with
Trust
|
|
Term of Office
and Length of Time Served
|
|
Principal Occupation(s)
During Past 5 Years
|
Catherine A. Mazza, 53
875 Third Avenue, 22
nd
Fl.
New York, NY 10022
|
|
Trustee and Chairman
|
|
Indefinite since 2006 (Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware) and Schroder Series Trust) and since 2003 (Schroder Global Series Trust)
|
|
Trustee and Chairman of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware); Institutional Relationship Director, Schroders; Member of Board of Managers, SFA. Formerly, President and Chief Executive Officer, Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware) and Schroder Series Trust; Senior Vice President, Schroders.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mark A. Hemenetz, 56
875 Third Avenue, 22
nd
Fl.
New York, NY 10022
|
|
President and Principal Executive Officer
|
|
Indefinite since May 2004
|
|
Chief Operating Officer - Americas, Schroders; Member of Board of Managers, SFA; President and Principal Executive Officer of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alan M. Mandel, 55
875 Third Avenue, 22
nd
Fl.
New York, NY 10022
|
|
Treasurer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer
|
|
Indefinite since 1998
|
|
Head of Fund Administration, Schroders; Member of Board of Managers, SFA; Treasurer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carin F. Muhlbaum, 51
875 Third Avenue, 22
nd
Fl.
New York, NY 10022
|
|
Vice President
|
|
Indefinite Vice President since 1998
|
|
General Counsel, Schroders; Secretary and General Counsel, SFA; Vice President of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware). Formerly, Member of Board of Managers, SFA.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
William Sauer, 49
875 Third Avenue, 22nd Fl.
New York, NY 10022
|
|
Vice President
|
|
Indefinite Vice President since 2008
|
|
Head of Investor Services, Schroders; Vice President of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware). Formerly, Vice President, The Bank of New York.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stephen M. DeTore, 61
875 Third Avenue, 22
nd
Fl.
New York, NY 10022
|
|
Chief Compliance Officer
|
|
Indefinite since 2005
|
|
Chief Compliance Officer, Schroders; Chief Compliance Officer of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware); Member of Board of Managers, SFA.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abby L. Ingber, 50
875 Third Avenue, 22
nd
Fl.
New York, NY 10022
|
|
Chief Legal Officer and Clerk
|
|
Indefinite Chief Legal Officer since 2006 Clerk since 2007
|
|
Deputy General Counsel, Schroders; Chief Legal Officer and Clerk of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware). Formerly, Senior Counsel, TIAA-CREF. Member of Board of Managers, SFA.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Angel Lanier, 51
875 Third Avenue, 22
nd
Fl.
New York, NY 10022
|
|
Assistant Secretary
|
|
Indefinite since 2005
|
|
Legal Assistant, Schroders; Assistant Clerk of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware); Assistant Secretary, SFA.
|
31
Certain Affiliations
The following table lists the positions held by the Trusts officers and any Interested Trustees with affiliated persons or principal underwriters of the Trust:
Name
|
|
Positions Held with
Affiliated Persons or
Principal Underwriters
of the Trust
|
Catherine A. Mazza
|
|
Trustee and Chairman of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware); Institutional Relationship Director, Schroders; Member of Board of Managers, SFA.
|
Mark A. Hemenetz
|
|
President and Principal Executive Officer of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware); Chief Operating Officer - Americas, Schroders; Member of Board of Managers, SFA.
|
Alan M. Mandel
|
|
Head of Fund Administration, Schroders; Member of Board of Managers, SFA; Treasurer & Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware).
|
Carin F. Muhlbaum
|
|
General Counsel, Schroders; Secretary and General Counsel, SFA; Vice President of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware).
|
William Sauer
|
|
Head of Investor Services, Schroders; Vice President of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware); Director, Schroder Venture Managers, Inc.
|
Stephen M. DeTore
|
|
Chief Compliance Officer, Schroders; Member of Board of Managers, SFA; Chief Compliance Officer of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware).
|
Abby L. Ingber
|
|
Deputy General Counsel, Schroders; Chief Legal Officer and Clerk of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware); Member of Board of Managers, SFA.
|
Angel Lanier
|
|
Legal Assistant, Schroders; Assistant Secretary, SFA; Assistant Clerk of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware).
|
Committees of the Boards of Trustees
Audit Committee
. The Board of Trustees has a separately-designated standing Audit Committee composed of all of the Disinterested Trustees of the Trust (currently, Ms. Cannella and Messrs. Calhoun and Gersten). The Audit Committee provides oversight with respect to the internal and external accounting and auditing procedures of the Fund and, among other things, considers the selection of the independent registered public accounting firms for the Fund and the scope of the audit, approves all audit and permitted non-audit services proposed to be performed by those accountants on behalf of the Fund, and considers other services provided by those accountants to the Fund and Schroders and their affiliates and the possible effect of those services on the independence of those accountants. The Audit Committee met three times during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012.
Nominating Committee
. All of the Disinterested Trustees (currently, Ms. Cannella and Messrs. Calhoun and Gersten) of the Trust serve on a Nominating Committee responsible for reviewing and recommending qualified candidates to the Board in the event that a position is vacated or created. The Nominating Committee will consider nominees recommended by shareholders if the Committee is considering other nominees at the time of the nomination and the nominee meets the Committees criteria. Nominee
recommendations may be submitted to the Clerk of the Trust at the Trusts principal business address.
The Nominating Committee met once during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012.
32
Securities Ownership
For each Trustee, the following table discloses the dollar range of equity securities beneficially owned by the Trustee in the Fund, on an aggregate basis, in any registered investment companies overseen by the Trustee within the Schroder family of investment companies, as of December 31, 2012.
Name of Trustee
|
|
Fund
|
|
Dollar Range of Equity
Securities in a Fund
|
|
Aggregate Dollar Range of
Equity Securities in All
Registered Investment
Companies Overseen by
Trustee in Family of
Investment Companies*
|
|
|
|
|
Ranges:
|
|
Ranges:
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
|
None
|
|
|
|
|
$1-$10,000
|
|
$1-$10,000
|
|
|
|
|
$10,001-$50,000
|
|
$10,001-$50,000
|
|
|
|
|
$50,001-$100,000
|
|
$50,001-$100,000
|
|
|
|
|
Over $100,000
|
|
Over $100,000
|
Disinterested Trustees
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jay S. Calhoun
|
|
|
|
|
|
$10,001-$50,000
|
|
|
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund
|
|
None
|
|
|
Margaret M. Cannella
|
|
|
|
|
|
$10,001-$50,000
|
|
|
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund
|
|
None
|
|
|
Mark D. Gersten
|
|
|
|
|
|
$10,001-$50,000
|
|
|
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund
|
|
None
|
|
|
Interested Trustees
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Catherine A. Mazza
|
|
|
|
|
|
Over $100,000
|
|
|
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund
|
|
None
|
|
|
*For these purposes,
the Trust, Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware), and Schroder Series Trust are considered part of the same Family of Investment Companies.
For Disinterested Trustees and their immediate family members, the following table provides information regarding each class of securities owned beneficially in an investment adviser or principal underwriter of the Trust, or a person (other than a registered investment company) directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with an investment adviser or principal underwriter of the Trust, as of December 31, 2012:
Name of Trustee
|
|
Name of Owners
and Relationships
to Trustee
|
|
Company
|
|
Title of Class
|
|
Value of
Securities
|
|
Percent of Class
|
Jay S. Calhoun
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
Margaret M. Cannella
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
Mark D. Gersten
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
|
N/A
|
Trustees Compensation
Effective January 1, 2007, Trustees who are not employees of Schroders or its affiliates received an annual retainer of $25,000 for their services as Trustees of all open-end investment companies distributed by SFA, and $2,500 per meeting attended in person or $1,000 per meeting attended by telephone. The Chairman of the Audit Committee received an additional annual retainer from the Trust of $5,000, and each member of an Audit Committee receives a fee of $1,000 from the Trust for the Audit Committee meeting attended in person or by telephone. 50% of the Trustee fees is allocated equally among the Trust, Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware) and Schroder Series Trust and the remaining 50% is allocated among the Trust, Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware), and Schroder Series Trust based on their respective assets. If a meeting relates only to a single fund or group of funds, payments of such meeting fees are allocated only among those funds to which the meeting relates. Effective March 5, 2013, the annual retainer increased to $35,000, and the remaining fees will remain the same.
33
The following table sets forth approximate information regarding compensation received by Trustees from the Fund Complex for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012. (Interested Trustees who are employees of Schroders or its affiliates and officers of the Trust receive no compensation from the Trust and are compensated in their capacities as employees of Schroders and its affiliates.)
Name of Trustee
|
|
Aggregate
Compensation
from Schroder Global
Series Trust
|
|
Total Compensation from
Trust and Fund Complex
Paid to Trustees*
|
|
Jay S. Calhoun
|
|
$
|
13,775
|
|
$
|
43,000
|
|
Margaret M. Cannella
|
|
$
|
13,775
|
|
$
|
43,000
|
|
Mark D. Gersten
#
|
|
$
|
7,184
|
|
$
|
22,000
|
|
James D. Vaughn
|
|
$
|
8,188
|
|
$
|
26,000
|
|
* The Total Compensation shown in this column for each Trustee includes compensation for services as a Trustee of the Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware). The Trust, Schroder Series Trust, and Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware) are considered part of the same Fund Complex for these purposes.
# Mr. Gersten began serving as a Trustee of the Trust on March 21, 2012.
Mr. Vaughn retired from the Board of Trustees effective March 21, 2012.
The Declaration of Trust provides that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees and officers against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with litigation in which they may be involved because of their offices with the Trust, except if it is determined in the manner specified in the Trusts Declaration of Trust that they have not acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that their actions were in the best interests of the Trust or that such indemnification would relieve any officer or Trustee of any liability to the Trust or its shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of his or her duties. The Trusts bylaws provide that the conduct of a Trustee shall be evaluated solely by reference to a hypothetical reasonable person, without regard to any special expertise, knowledge, or other qualifications of the Trustee, or any determination that the Trustee is an audit committee financial expert. The Trusts bylaws provide that the Trust will indemnify its Trustees against liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with litigation or formal or informal investigations in which they may become involved because of their service as Trustees, except to the extent prohibited by the Trusts Declaration of Trust. The Trust, at its expense, provides liability insurance for the benefit of its Trustees and officers.
SCHRODERS AND ITS AFFILIATES
Schroders serves as the investment adviser for the Fund. Schroders is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Schroder U.S. Holdings Inc., which currently engages through its subsidiary firms in the asset management business. Affiliates of Schroder U.S. Holdings Inc. (or their predecessors) have been investment managers since 1927. Schroder U.S. Holdings Inc. is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Schroder International Holdings, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Schroder Administration Limited, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Schroders plc, a publicly-owned holding company organized under the laws of England. Schroders plc, through certain affiliates currently engaged in the asset management business, and as of March 31, 2013, had under management assets of approximately $[ ] billion. Schroders address is 875 Third Avenue, 22nd Floor, New York, New York 10022.
SIMNA Ltd., an affiliate of Schroders, serves as sub-adviser to the Fund and has since its inception.
SFA, the Trusts principal underwriter, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Schroders. In consideration of SFAs services, Schroders reimburses SFA for its costs and expenses in distributing the Funds shares (less 12b-1 fees paid to SFA by the Fund) and pays SFA an additional amount based on a percentage of the reimbursement (currently 5%).
PORTFOLIO MANAGERS
The portfolio managers primarily responsible for making investment decisions are: Justin Abercrombie, Ben Corris, Stephen Langford, James Larkman and Ayse Serinturk.
Other Accounts Managed.
The following tables show information regarding other accounts managed by the portfolio managers of the Fund, as of October 31, 2012:
34
|
|
Number of Accounts
|
|
Total Assets
in Accounts
|
|
Number of Accounts
where Advisory Fee
is Based on Account
Performance
|
|
Total Assets in
Accounts where
Advisory Fee is
Based on Account
Performance
|
|
Justin Abercrombie
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment Companies
|
|
3
|
|
$
|
682,861,617
|
|
None
|
|
None
|
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
|
22
|
|
$
|
16,909,451,527
|
|
10
|
|
$
|
1,287,012,550
|
|
Other Accounts
|
|
31
|
|
$
|
10,902,746,507
|
|
12
|
|
$
|
2,816,934,373
|
|
Ben Corris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment Companies
|
|
3
|
|
$
|
682,861,617
|
|
None
|
|
None
|
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
|
22
|
|
$
|
16,909,451,527
|
|
10
|
|
$
|
1,287,012,550
|
|
Other Accounts
|
|
31
|
|
$
|
10,902,746,507
|
|
12
|
|
$
|
2,816,934,373
|
|
Stephen Langford, CFA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment Companies
|
|
3
|
|
$
|
682,861,617
|
|
None
|
|
None
|
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
|
22
|
|
$
|
16,909,451,527
|
|
10
|
|
$
|
1,287,012,550
|
|
Other Accounts
|
|
31
|
|
$
|
10,902,746,507
|
|
12
|
|
$
|
2,816,934,373
|
|
James Larkman
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment Companies
|
|
3
|
|
$
|
682,861,617
|
|
None
|
|
None
|
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
|
22
|
|
$
|
16,909,451,527
|
|
10
|
|
$
|
1,287,012,550
|
|
Other Accounts
|
|
31
|
|
$
|
10,902,746,507
|
|
12
|
|
$
|
2,816,934,373
|
|
Ayse Serinturk
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Registered Investment Companies
|
|
3
|
|
$
|
682,861,617
|
|
None
|
|
None
|
|
Other Pooled Investment Vehicles
|
|
22
|
|
$
|
16,909,451,527
|
|
10
|
|
$
|
1,287,012,550
|
|
Other Accounts
|
|
31
|
|
$
|
10,902,746,507
|
|
12
|
|
$
|
2,816,934,373
|
|
Material Conflicts of Interest.
Whenever a portfolio manager of the Fund manages other accounts, potential conflicts of interest exist, including potential conflicts between the investment strategy of the Fund and the investment strategy of the other accounts. For example, in certain instances, a portfolio manager may take conflicting positions in a particular security for different accounts, by selling a security for one account and continuing to hold it for another account. In addition, the fact that other accounts require the portfolio manager to devote less than all of his or her time to the Fund may be seen itself to constitute a conflict with the interest of the Fund.
Each portfolio manager may also execute transactions for another fund or account at the direction of such fund or account that may adversely impact the value of securities held by the Fund. Securities selected for funds or accounts other than such Fund may outperform the securities selected for the Fund. Finally, if the portfolio manager identifies a limited investment opportunity that may be suitable for more than one fund or other account, the Fund may not be able to take full advantage of that opportunity due to an allocation of that opportunity across all eligible funds and accounts. Schroders policies, however, require that portfolio managers allocate investment opportunities among accounts managed by them in an equitable manner over time. Orders are normally allocated on a pro rata basis, except that in certain circumstances, such as the small size of an issue, orders will be allocated among clients in a manner believed by Schroders to be fair and equitable over time. See Brokerage Allocation and Other Practices for more information about this process.
The structure of a portfolio managers compensation may give rise to potential conflicts of interest. A portfolio managers base pay tends to increase with additional and more complex responsibilities that include increased assets under management, which indirectly links compensation to sales. Also, potential conflicts of interest may arise since the structure of Schroders compensation may vary from account to account.
Schroders has adopted certain compliance procedures that are designed to address these, and other, types of conflicts. However, there is no guarantee that such procedures will detect each and every situation where a conflict arises.
Compensation.
Schroders methodology for measuring and rewarding the contribution made by portfolio managers combines quantitative measures with qualitative measures. The Funds portfolio managers are compensated for their services to the Fund and to other accounts they manage in a combination of base salary and annual discretionary bonus, as well as the standard retirement, health and welfare benefits available to all Schroders employees. Base salary of Schroders employees is determined by reference to the level of responsibility inherent in the role and the experience of the incumbent, is benchmarked annually against market data to ensure competitive salaries, and is paid in cash. The portfolio managers base salary is fixed and is subject to an annual review and will increase if market movements make this necessary or if there has been an increase in responsibilities.
35
Each portfolio managers bonus is based in part on performance. Discretionary bonuses for portfolio managers may be comprised of an agreed contractual floor, a revenue component and/or a discretionary component. Any discretionary bonus is determined by a number of factors. At a macro level the total amount available to spend is a function of the bonus to pre-bonus profit ratio before tax and the compensation to revenue ratio achieved by Schroders globally. Schroders then assesses the performance of the division and of a management team to determine the share of the aggregate bonus pool that is spent in each area. This focus on team maintains consistency and minimizes internal competition that may be detrimental to the interests of Schroders clients. For each team, Schroders assesses the performance of their funds relative to competitors and to relevant benchmarks, which may be internally-and/or externally-based, over one and/or three year periods, the level of funds under management and the level of performance fees generated, if any. Performance is evaluated for each quarter, year and since inception of the Fund. The portfolio managers compensation for other accounts they manage may be based upon such accounts performance.
For those employees receiving significant bonuses, a part may deferred in the form of Schroders plc stock. These employees may also receive part of the deferred award in the form of notional cash investments in a range of Schroder Funds. These deferrals vest over a period of three years and are designed to ensure that the interests of the employees are aligned with those of the shareholders of Schroders.
For the purposes of determining the portfolio managers bonuses, the relevant external benchmark for performance comparison is the MSCI World Index (net of dividends reinvested).
Ownership of Securities.
As of October 31, 201
2
, none of the portfolio managers beneficially owned securities of the Fund.
Certain portfolio managers are not residents of the United States. It is not necessarily advantageous in light of tax and other considerations for non-U.S. residents to invest in U.S.-registered mutual funds.
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AGREEMENT
Investment Advisory Agreement.
Under an Investment Advisory Agreement between the Trust, on behalf of its funds, and Schroders, Schroders, at its expense, provides the Fund with investment advisory services and advises and assists the officers of the Trust in taking such steps as are necessary or appropriate to carry out the decisions of its Trustees regarding the conduct of business of the Trust and the Fund. Schroders, at its expense, provides the Fund with management and administrative services necessary for the operation of the Fund, including preparation of shareholder reports and communications, regulatory compliance, such as reports to and filings with the SEC and state securities commissions, and general supervision of the operation of the Fund, including coordination of the services performed by the Funds administrator or sub-administrator, transfer agent, custodian, independent auditors, legal counsel and others.
Under the Investment Advisory Agreement, Schroders is required to continuously furnish the Fund with an investment program consistent with the investment objective and policies of the Fund, and to determine, for the Fund, what securities shall be purchased, what securities shall be held or sold, and what portion of the Funds assets shall be held uninvested, subject always to the provisions of the Trusts Declaration of Trust and by-laws, and of the Investment Company Act, and to the Funds investment objective, policies, and restrictions, and subject further to such policies and instructions as the Trustees may from time to time establish.
As compensation for services provided to the Fund pursuant to the Investment Advisory Agreement, Schroders is entitled to receive from the Fund a fee at an annual rate (based on the Funds average daily net assets) of 0.55%. This fee is computed and paid monthly.
In order to limit the expenses of the Institutional Shares and Institutional Service Shares of the Fund, the Funds adviser has contractually agreed through [ ], 2014 to pay or reimburse the Fund for expenses to the extent that the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses of the Fund (other than Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses, which may include typically non-recurring expenses such as, for example, organizational expenses, litigation expenses, and shareholder meeting expenses) allocable to each class of the Funds shares exceed the annual rate (based on the average daily net assets attributable to such class of shares of the Fund) of 0.70%. The expense limitations for the Fund may only be terminated during their term by the Board of Trustees.
Schroders makes available to the Trust, without additional expense to the Trust, the services of such of its directors, officers, and employees as may duly be elected Trustees or officers of the Trust, subject to their individual consent to serve and to any
36
limitations imposed by law. Schroders pays the compensation and expenses of officers and executive employees of the Trust. Schroders also provides investment advisory research and statistical facilities and all clerical services relating to such research, statistical, and investment work. Schroders pays the Trusts office rent.
Under the Investment Advisory Agreement, the Trust is responsible for all its other expenses, which may include clerical salaries not related to investment activities; fees and expenses incurred in connection with membership in investment company organizations; brokers commissions; payment for portfolio pricing services to a pricing agent, if any; legal expenses; auditing expenses; accounting expenses; payments under any distribution plan; shareholder servicing payments; taxes and governmental fees; fees and expenses of the transfer agent and investor servicing agent of the Trust; the cost of preparing share certificates or any other expenses, including clerical expenses, incurred in connection with the issue, sale, underwriting, redemption, or repurchase of shares; the expenses of and fees for registering or qualifying securities for sale; the fees and expenses of the Trustees of the Trust who are not affiliated with Schroders; the cost of preparing and distributing reports and notices to shareholders; public and investor relations expenses; and fees and disbursements of custodians of the Funds assets. The Trust is also responsible for its expenses incurred in connection with litigation, proceedings, and claims and the legal obligation it may have to indemnify its officers and Trustees with respect thereto.
The Investment Advisory Agreement provides that Schroders shall not be subject to any liability to a Trust or to any shareholder for any act or omission in connection with rendering services to that Trust in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of its duties.
The Investment Advisory Agreement will be terminated without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. In addition, the Investment Advisory Agreement may be amended only by a vote of the shareholders of the Fund and by the vote, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval, of a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of Schroders. The Investment Advisory Agreement provides that it will continue in effect from year to year (after an initial two-year period) only so long as such continuance is approved at least annually by vote of either the Trustees or the shareholders of the Fund, and, in either case, by a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of Schroders. In each of the foregoing cases, the vote of the shareholders is the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities (as defined above in Investment Restrictions).
Recent Investment Advisory Fees
. The following table sets forth the investment advisory fees paid by the Fund during the fiscal years ended October 31, 2012, October 31, 2011 and October 31, 2010. The fees listed in this table reflect reductions pursuant to expense limitations in effect during such periods.
Fund
|
|
Investment Advisory Fees
Paid for Fiscal Year Ended
10/31/12
|
|
Investment Advisory Fees
Paid for Fiscal Year Ended
10/31/11
|
|
Investment Advisory Fees
Paid for Fiscal Year Ended
10/31/10
|
|
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund
|
|
$
|
64,029
|
|
$
|
0
|
|
$
|
N/A
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Waived Fees
. For the periods shown above, a portion of the advisory fees payable to Schroders was waived in the following amounts pursuant to expense limitations and/or fee waivers observed by Schroders for the Fund during such periods.
Fund
|
|
Fees Waived During
Fiscal Year Ended
10/31/12
|
|
Fees Waived During
Fiscal Year Ended
10/31/11
|
|
Fees Waived During
Fiscal Year Ended
10/31/10
|
|
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund
|
|
$
|
313,918
|
|
$
|
305,119
|
|
$
|
N/A
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Subadvisory Agreements.
The Board of Trustees of Schroder Global Series Trust has approved an arrangement whereby Schroders would retain SIMNA Ltd. to serve as sub-adviser to the Fund. In connection therewith, the Board of Trustees of Schroder Global Series Trust approved an Investment Subadvisory Agreement between Schroders, SIMNA Ltd. and the Trust on behalf of the Fund (a Subadvisory Agreement) on June 8, 2010.
Under the Subadvisory Agreements, subject to the oversight of the Trustees and the direction and control of Schroders, SIMNA Ltd. is required to provide on behalf of the Fund the portfolio management services required of Schroders under the Funds Investment Advisory Agreement. Accordingly, SIMNA Ltd. will be required to regularly provide the Fund with investment research, advice, and supervision and furnish continuously investment programs consistent with the investment objectives and policies of the Fund, and determine, what securities shall be purchased, what securities shall be held or sold, and what portion of the Funds assets shall be held uninvested, subject always to the provisions of the Trusts Declaration of Trust and By-laws, and of the Investment
37
Company Act, and to the Funds investment objectives, policies, and restrictions, and subject further to such policies and instructions as the Trustees may from time to time establish.
Prior to June 30, 2012, for the services to be rendered by SIMNA Ltd., Schroders (and not the Trust or the Fund) paid to SIMNA Ltd. a monthly fee in an amount equal to fifty percent (50%) of all fees actually paid by the Fund to Schroders for such month under the Investment Advisory Agreement provided that SIMNA Ltd.s fee for any period will be reduced such that SIMNA Ltd. will bear fifty percent (50%) of any voluntary fee waiver observed or expense reimbursement borne by Schroders with respect to the Fund for such period.
Effective June 30, 2012, for the services to be rendered by SIMNA Ltd., Schroders (and not the Trust or the Fund) pays to SIMNA Ltd. a monthly fee in an amount equal to the applicable percentage set forth in the table below of all fees actually paid by the Fund to Schroders for such month under the Investment Advisory Agreement; provided that SIMNA Ltd.s fee for any period will be reduced such that SIMNA Ltd. will bear a comparable percentage of any voluntary fee waiver observed or expense reimbursement borne by Schroders with respect to the Fund for such period.
Fund
|
|
Percentage of Fees
Paid to SIMNA Ltd.
|
|
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund
|
|
53
|
%
|
The Subadvisory Agreement provides that SIMNA Ltd. shall not be subject to any liability to the Trust or Schroders for any mistake of judgment or in any event whatsoever in connection with rendering service to the Trust in the absence of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of its duties.
The Subadvisory Agreement relating to the Fund may be terminated with respect to the Fund without penalty (i) by vote of the Trustees or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities (as defined above) of the Fund on 60 days written notice to SIMNA Ltd., (ii) by Schroders on 60 days written notice to SIMNA Ltd. or (iii) by SIMNA Ltd. on 60 days written notice to Schroders and the Trust. The Subadvisory Agreement will also terminate without payment of any penalty in the event of its assignment. The Subadvisory Agreement may be amended only by written agreement of all parties thereto and otherwise in accordance with the Investment Company Act.
Recent Subadvisory Fees
. For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2012 and October 31, 2011, Schroders did not pay a subadvisory fee for Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund under its Subadvisory Agreement.
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
Schroder Global Series Trust
Pursuant to a sub-administration and accounting agreement effective January 28, 2005, as amended to the date hereof, SEI serves as sub-administrator to the Fund. Under that agreement, the Trust, on behalf of Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund, pays fees to SEI, subject to certain minimums, based on the aggregate average daily net assets of the funds of the Trust and all the funds that are series of Schroder Capital Funds (Delaware) and Schroder Series Trust, according to the following annual rates: 0.0875% on the first $2 billion of such assets, 0.07% on the next $1 billion of such assets, 0.06% on the next $2 billion of such assets, and 0.05% on assets in excess of $5 billion. The Fund pays its pro rata portion of such expenses. The sub-administration and accounting agreement is terminable with respect to the Fund without penalty at any time, upon six months prior written notice. The sub-administration and accounting agreement is terminable by either party in the case of a material breach.
Recent Administration Fees.
For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2012 and October 31, 2011, Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund paid sub-administration and accounting fees of $60,128 and $38,157.
DISTRIBUTOR
Pursuant to a Distribution Agreement with the Trust, SFA (the Distributor), 875 Third Avenue, 22
nd
Floor, New York, New York 10022, serves as the distributor for the Trusts continually offered shares. The Distributor pays all of its own expenses in performing its obligations under the Distribution Agreement. The Distributor is not obligated to sell any specific amount of shares of any Fund. Please see Schroders and its Affiliates for ownership information regarding the Distributor.
38
SHAREHOLDER SERVICE PLAN
The Fund has adopted an Amended and Restated Shareholder Service Plan (the Shareholder Service Plan) with respect to its Institutional Service Shares, pursuant to which the Fund pays Schroders, SFA, or such other entity as shall from time to time act as the shareholder servicer of Institutional Service Shares (each, a Shareholder Servicer), a service fee at an annual rate of up to 0.10% of the average daily net assets attributable to its Institutional Service Shares. Under the Shareholder Service Plan, the Shareholder Servicer will in turn enter into agreements with certain financial intermediaries through which investors invest in Institutional Service Shares of the Fund, to pay such financial intermediaries for providing shareholder account and maintenance services and other shareholder services generally. For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012, pursuant to the Shareholder Service Plan, Institutional Service Shares of Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund paid $4 in such shareholder service fees.
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES
Selection of Brokers.
Schroders, in selecting brokers to effect transactions on behalf of the Fund, seeks to obtain the best execution available.
Allocation.
Schroders may deem the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interests of the Fund as well as other clients of Schroders. In such cases, Schroders may, but is under no obligation to, aggregate all such transactions in order to obtain the most favorable price or lower brokerage commissions and efficient execution. Orders are normally allocated on a pro rata basis, except that in certain circumstances, such as the small size of an issue, orders will be allocated among clients in a manner believed by Schroders to be fair and equitable over time.
Brokerage and Research Services.
Transactions on U.S. stock exchanges and other agency transactions involve the payment by a Trust of negotiated brokerage commissions. Schroders may determine to pay a particular broker varying commissions according to such factors as the difficulty and size of the transaction. Transactions in foreign securities often involve the payment of fixed brokerage commissions, which are generally higher than those in the United States, and therefore certain portfolio transaction costs may be higher than the costs for similar transactions executed on U.S. securities exchanges. There is generally no stated commission in the case of securities traded in the over-the-counter markets, but the price paid by the Fund usually includes an undisclosed dealer commission or mark-up. In underwritten offerings, the price paid by a Trust includes a disclosed, fixed commission or discount retained by the underwriter or dealer.
Schroders places all orders for the purchase and sale of portfolio securities and buys and sells securities through a substantial number of brokers and dealers. In so doing, it uses its best efforts to obtain the best execution available. In seeking the best price and execution, Schroders considers all factors it deems relevant, including price, the size of the transaction, the nature of the market for the security, the amount of the commission, the timing of the transaction (taking into account market prices and trends), the reputation, experience, and financial stability of the broker-dealer involved, and the quality of service rendered by the broker-dealer in other transactions.
It has for many years been a common practice in the investment advisory business for advisers of investment companies and other institutional investors to receive research, statistical, and quotation services from several broker-dealers that execute portfolio transactions for the clients of such advisers. Consistent with this practice, Schroders receives research, statistical, and quotation services from many broker-dealers with which it places the Funds portfolio transactions. These services, which in some cases may also be purchased for cash, include such matters as general economic and security market reviews, industry and company reviews, evaluations of securities, and recommendations as to the purchase and sale of securities. Some of these services are of value to Schroders and its affiliates in advising various of their clients (including the Trust), although not all of these services are necessarily useful and of value in managing the Fund. The investment advisory fee paid by the Fund is not reduced because Schroders and its affiliates receive such services.
Schroders may, on behalf of a client, pay a broker or dealer that provides brokerage and research services (as defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Securities Exchange Act)) to Schroders an amount of commission for effecting a portfolio investment transaction in excess of the amount of commission that another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction, if Schroders determines in good faith that such amount of commission was reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided by such broker or dealer, viewed in terms of either that particular transaction or Schroders overall responsibilities to the client and to other client accounts over which Schroders exercises investment discretion.
Such research services include proprietary research created internally by a broker or by a third-party provider (and made available to Schroders by a broker) such as, for example, individual stock information and research, industry and sector analysis, trend analysis and forecasting, and discussions with individual stock analysts. In addition, a broker may accumulate credits for Schroders
39
account and use them to purchase brokerage and research services at Schroders discretion and based on Schroders determination of the relative benefits of the various services available for purchase. These arrangements are commonly known as commission sharing arrangements. Accordingly, Schroders clients may be deemed to be paying for research and these other services with commission dollars (sometimes referred to as soft dollars). Research furnished by brokers or dealers or pursuant to credits accumulated at brokers or dealers through commission sharing arrangements may be used in servicing any or all of the Schroders clients and may be used for client accounts other than those that pay commissions to the broker or dealer providing the research. Schroders also may receive commission credits based on certain riskless principal securities transactions with brokerage firms. With respect to certain products and services used for both research/brokerage and non-research/brokerage purposes, Schroders generally allocates the costs of such products and services between their research/brokerage and non-research/brokerage uses and in most cases will use commission dollars only to pay for research-related services. Some of these services may be of value to Schroders and their affiliates in advising various of their clients (including the Fund), although not all of these services are necessarily useful and of value in managing the Fund. The management fee paid by the Fund is not reduced because Schroders or its affiliates receive these services even though Schroders might otherwise be required to purchase some of these services for cash. Schroders authority to cause the Fund to pay any such greater commissions is also subject to such policies as the Trustees may adopt from time to time.
Schroders relationships with brokerage firms that provide research and other services to Schroders (including brokerage firms that participate in commission sharing arrangements) creates the appearance of a conflict of interest. When Schroders uses client brokerage commissions to obtain research or other products or services, Schroders receives a benefit because it does not have to produce or pay for such research, products, or services. As such, Schroders may have an incentive to select or recommend a broker-dealer based on Schroders interest in receiving the research or other products or services, rather than on Schroders clients interest in receiving most favorable execution. Client trades executed through these brokers or any other brokerage firm may not be at the lowest price otherwise available. Schroders maintains policies and procedures designed to address such conflicts and, as a policy, chooses brokers based on who will provide best execution.
Schroders maintains detailed information regarding the services and products it receives from brokers (including services and products received through commission sharing arrangements) and periodically evaluates the nature and quality of these services and products by means of a quarterly internal voting process during which the Schroders portfolio managers and research analysts rank brokers based on the nature and quality of the services and products they have provided. Taking into account Schroders obligation to seek best execution, traders typically allocate orders and divide commissions based on such evaluations, as well as on their own quarterly review of broker-dealer capabilities.
The following tables show the aggregate brokerage commissions paid for the fiscal years ended October 31, 2012, October 31, 2011, and October 31, 2010 with respect to the Fund.
Fund
|
|
Brokerage Commissions Paid
During Fiscal Year Ended
10/31/12
|
|
Brokerage Commissions Paid
During Fiscal Year Ended
10/31/11*
|
|
Brokerage Commissions Paid
During Fiscal Year Ended
10/31/10*
|
|
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund
|
|
$
|
57,585
|
|
$
|
72,620
|
|
N/A
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*
Any materially significant difference between the amount of brokerage commissions paid by the Fund during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2011 and the amount of brokerage commissions paid by that Fund during the fiscal year ended October 31, 2010 is due to a significant decrease (or increase) in the size of the Fund and/or the volatility of the relevant market for the Fund.
The following table shows the aggregate amount of brokerage commissions paid to firms that provided research services in the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012. The provision of research services to Schroders and its affiliates was not necessarily a factor in the placement of fund transactions with these firms.
Fund
|
|
Total Commissions Paid with
Respect to Such Transactions
|
|
Commissions Paid for Research
Services with Respect to Such
Transactions
|
|
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund
|
|
$
|
56,323
|
|
$
|
2,767
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other Practices.
Schroders and its affiliates also manage private investment companies (hedge funds) that are marketed to, among others, existing Schroders clients. These hedge funds may invest in the same securities as those invested in by the Fund. The hedge funds trading methodologies are generally different than those of the Fund and usually include short selling and the aggressive use of leverage. At times, the hedge funds may be selling short securities held long in the Fund.
40
DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE
The net asset value per share of each class of shares of the Fund is determined daily as of the close of trading on the New York Stock Exchange (the Exchange) (normally 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time) on each day the Exchange is open for trading.
Securities for which market quotations are readily available are valued at current market value in accordance with the Trusts valuation procedures. Securities for which current market quotations are not readily available, or for which Schroders believes the market value is unreliable (including, for example, certain foreign securities, thinly-traded securities, IPOs, or securities whose values may have been affected by a particular event), are valued at their fair values pursuant to procedures adopted by the Board of Trustees of the Trust, which are summarized below. It is possible that fair value prices will be used by the Fund to a significant extent. The value determined for an investment using the Funds fair value guidelines may differ from recent market prices for the investment.
Equity securities traded on a securities exchange for which last sales information is regularly reported are valued at the last reported sale price on the exchange that day or, in the absence of sales that day, at the mean between the closing bid and asked prices (the mid-market price) or, if none, the last sale price on the preceding trading day. (Where the securities are traded on more than one exchange, they are valued based on trading on the exchange where the security is principally traded.) Securities purchased in an initial public offering and that have not commenced trading in a secondary market are valued at cost. In the case of securities traded primarily on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System (NASDAQ), the NASDAQ Official Closing Price will, if available, be used to value such securities as such price is reported by NASDAQ to market data vendors. If the NASDAQ Official Closing Price is not available, such securities will be valued as described above for exchange-traded securities.
Market quotations are not readily available for many bonds (excluding most U.S. Treasury securities), certain preferred stocks, tax-exempt securities and certain foreign securities. Such securities are valued at fair value, generally on the basis of valuations furnished by pricing services, which determine valuations based on a variety of factors, including, for example, the mid-market price supplied by brokers or dealers or matrix pricing, a method of valuing securities by reference to the values of other securities with similar characteristics, such as rating, interest rate and/or maturity, or such other measures by Schroders or estimates of value as Schroders might consider appropriate in accordance with procedures adopted by the Board of Trustees. Below investment grade debt instruments (high yield debt) and emerging markets debt instruments will generally be valued at prices furnished by pricing services typically based on the mid-market price supplied by brokers or dealers. In the event that a price for such a debt security is not available on a pricing service, then a price for the securities will be sought from a dealer or dealers knowledgeable in the security, subject to the fair value determination procedures set forth in the Trusts valuation procedures. Short-term fixed income securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less are valued at amortized cost, unless Schroders has reason to believe another valuation is more appropriate.
Unlisted equity securities for which market quotations are readily available generally are valued at the most recently reported mid-market price. Options and futures contracts traded on a securities exchange or board of trade generally are valued at the last reported sales price or, in the absence of a sale, at the closing mid-market price. Options and futures not traded on a securities exchange or board of trade for which over-the-counter market quotations are readily available are valued at the most recently reported mid-market price. Swaps, including total return swaps, credit default swaps, and interest rate swaps, are marked-to-market daily. Such valuations are primarily sought from independent pricing services; if a swap valuation cannot be obtained from a pricing service, Schroders may value the swap based on a bid from the Funds swap counterparty or using such other source or methodology as it may consider appropriate. Options on indices or ETF shares are valued at the mid-market price reported as of the close of the Chicago Board of Options Exchange. If such prices are not available, unlisted securities and derivatives are valued by Schroders at their fair values based on quotations from dealers, and if such quotations are not available, based on factors in the markets where such securities and derivatives trade, such as security and bond prices, interest rates, and currency exchange rates.
All other securities and other property are valued based on procedures adopted by the Board of Trustees of the Trust.
If the Funds assets are invested in one or more open-end investment management companies that are registered under the 1940 Act, the Funds NAV is calculated based upon the value of the securities held directly by the Fund and the net asset values of the registered open-end investment management companies in which the Fund invests, and the prospectuses for these companies explain the circumstances under which these companies will use fair value pricing.
The values of foreign currencies, foreign securities, and of forward foreign currency contracts whose values are calculated in a foreign currency are translated into U.S. dollars based on the mid-market price of such currencies against the U.S. dollar at the time when last quoted. Fluctuations in the values of such currencies in relation to the U.S. dollar will affect the net asset value of the Funds shares even if there has not been any change in the values of such securities as quoted in such foreign currencies.
41
If any securities held by the Fund are restricted as to resale, Schroders will obtain a valuation based on the current bid for the restricted security from one or more independent dealers or other parties reasonably familiar with the facts and circumstances of the security. If Schroders is unable to obtain a fair valuation for a restricted security from an independent dealer or other independent party, a fair value committee (comprised of officers of the Fund, portfolio managers of the Fund named in the Funds prospectus, and other responsible personnel of Schroders) shall determine the bid value of such security. The valuation procedures applied in any specific instance are likely to vary from case to case. However, consideration is generally given to the financial position of the issuer and other fundamental analytical data relating to the investment and to the nature of the restrictions on disposition of the securities (including any registration expenses that might be borne by a Trust in connection with such disposition). In addition, specific factors are also generally considered, such as the cost of the investment, the market value of any unrestricted securities of the same class (both at the time of purchase and at the time of valuation), the size of the holding, the prices of any recent transactions or offers with respect to such securities, and any available analysts reports regarding the issuer.
Generally, trading in certain securities (such as foreign securities) is substantially completed each day at various times prior to the close of the Exchange. The values of these securities used in determining the net asset value of the Funds shares are computed as of such times. Also, because of the amount of time required to collect and process trading information as to large numbers of securities issues, the values of certain securities (such as convertible bonds and U.S. Government securities) are determined based on market quotations collected earlier in the day. Occasionally, events affecting the value of such securities may occur between such times and the close of the Exchange. If events materially affecting the value of such securities occur during such period, then the fair value committee of the Trust may consider whether it is appropriate to value these securities at their fair value.
The Fund uses a third-party fair valuation vendor that provides a fair value for foreign securities held by the Fund based on certain factors and methodologies applied by the vendor in the event that there is movement in specified U.S. market prices that exceeds a specific threshold established by the fair value committee, in consultation with the Trustees. Such methodologies generally involve tracking valuation correlations between the U.S. market and each non-U.S. security. The fair value committee also determines a confidence interval that will be used, when the threshold is exceeded, to determine the level of correlation between the value of a foreign security and movements in the U.S. market before a particular security will be fair valued. In the event that the threshold established by the fair value committee is exceeded on a specific day, the Fund will typically value non-U.S. securities in their portfolios that exceed the applicable confidence interval based upon the fair values provided by the vendor.
The proceeds received by the Fund for each issue or sale of its shares, and all income, earnings, profits, and proceeds thereof, subject only to the rights of creditors, will be specifically allocated to such Fund, and constitute the underlying assets of such Fund. The underlying assets of the Fund will be segregated on the Trusts books of account, and will be charged with the liabilities in respect of the Fund and with a share of the general liabilities of the Trust. The Funds assets will be further allocated among its constituent classes of shares on the Trusts books of account. Expenses with respect to any two or more funds or classes may be allocated in proportion to the net asset values of the respective funds or classes except where allocations of direct expenses can otherwise be fairly made to a specific fund or class. The net asset value of each share class of the Fund will generally differ from that of its other share classes, if any, due to the variance in dividends paid on each class of shares and differences in the expenses.
REDEMPTION OF SHARES
Schroder Global Multi-Cap Equity Fund imposes a 2.00% redemption fee on shares redeemed (including in connection with an exchange) two months or less from their date of purchase. These redemption fees are not sales charges (loads); they are paid directly to the Fund.
To the extent that the redemption fee applies, the price you will receive when you redeem your shares of the Fund is the net asset value next determined after receipt of your redemption request in good order, minus the redemption fee. For redemption requests sent by regular mail, there may be a delay between the time the request reaches the P.O. Box and the time of the Funds receipt of the request, which may affect the NAV at which the request is processed. The Fund permits exceptions to the redemption fee policy for the following transactions:
·
to the extent the exception is requested by a financial intermediary and the intermediary agrees to administer the exception uniformly among similarly-affected clients, redemptions or exchanges by discretionary asset allocation or wrap programs (wrap programs) that are initiated by the sponsor of the program as part of a periodic rebalancing or that are the result of an extraordinary change in the management or operation of the wrap program leading to a revised investment model that is applied across all applicable accounts in the wrap program;
·
to the extent the exception is requested by a financial intermediary and the intermediary agrees to administer the exception uniformly among similarly-affected clients, redemptions or exchanges by a wrap program that are made as a result of a full withdrawal from the wrap program or as part of a systematic withdrawal plan;
42
·
to the extent the exception is requested by a financial intermediary and the intermediary agrees to administer the exception uniformly among similarly-affected clients, the following transactions in participant-directed retirement plans:
·
where the shares being redeemed were purchased with new contributions to the plan (
e.g.
, payroll contributions, employer contributions, and loan repayments);
·
redemptions made in connection with taking out a loan from the plan;
·
redemptions in connection with death, disability, hardship withdrawals, or Qualified Domestic Relations Orders;
·
redemptions made as part of a systematic withdrawal plan;
·
redemptions made by a defined contribution plan in connection with a termination or restructuring of the plan;
·
redemptions made in connection with a participants termination of employment; and
·
redemptions made as part of a periodic rebalancing under an asset allocation model.
·
involuntary redemptions, such as those resulting from a shareholders failure to maintain a minimum investment in the Fund;
·
redemptions of shares acquired through the reinvestment of dividends or distributions paid by the Fund;
·
redemptions and exchanges effected by other mutual funds or other commingled vehicles (funds of funds) that are sponsored by Schroders or its affiliates;
·
redemptions and exchanges effected by unaffiliated funds of funds, when officers of Schroders or the Trust have determined that the fund in question has in place an investment strategy, coupled with adequate policies and procedures, that limit the risk of market timing and frequent trading activity affecting the Fund;
·
to the extent the Fund is used as a qualified default investment alternative under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 for certain 401(k) plans; and
·
otherwise as the officers of Schroders or the Trust may determine is appropriate after consideration of the purpose of the transaction and the potential impact to the Fund.
The application of the redemption fee and exceptions may vary among intermediaries, and certain intermediaries may not apply the exceptions listed above. If you purchase or sell fund shares through an intermediary, you should contact your intermediary for more information on whether the redemption fee will be applied to redemptions of your shares.
ARRANGEMENTS PERMITTING FREQUENT PURCHASES AND REDEMPTIONS OF FUND SHARES
The Fund has no arrangements with any person to permit frequent purchases and redemptions of the Funds shares.
TAXES
The following discussion of U.S. federal income tax consequences is based on the Code, existing U.S. Treasury regulations, and other applicable authority, as of the date of this SAI. These authorities are subject to change by legislative or administrative action, possibly with retroactive effect. The following discussion is only a summary of some of the important U.S. federal tax considerations generally applicable to investments in the Fund. It does not address special tax rules applicable to certain classes of investors, such as IRAs and other retirement plans, tax-exempt entities, foreign investors, insurance companies, financial institutions and investors making in-kind contributions to the Fund. You should consult your tax advisor for more information about your own tax situation, including possible other federal, state, local, and, where applicable, foreign tax consequences of investing in the Fund.
Taxation of the Fund.
The Fund has elected and intends each year to qualify and be treated as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. In order to qualify for the special tax treatment accorded RICs and their shareholders, the Fund must, among other things, (a) derive at least 90% of its gross income for each taxable year from (i) dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies and other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies, and (ii) net income from interests in qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined below); (b) diversify its holdings so that, at the close of each quarter of the Funds taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the market value of its total assets consists of cash, cash items, U.S. Government securities, securities of other RICs and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to a value not greater than 5% of the value of the Funds total assets and not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of the Funds total assets is invested (x) in the securities (other than those of the U.S. Government or other RICs) of any one issuer or of two or more issuers that the Fund controls and that are engaged in the same, similar or related trades or businesses, or (y) in the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships (as defined below); and (c) distribute with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code
43
without regard to the deduction for dividends paid generally taxable ordinary income and the excess, if any, of net short-term capital gains over net long-term capital losses) and net tax-exempt interest income, for such year.
In general, for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described in (a) above, income derived from a partnership will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership that would be qualifying income if realized directly by the RIC. However, 100% of the net income derived from an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (a partnership (x) the interests in which are traded on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a secondary market or the substantial equivalent thereof and (y) that derives less than 90% of its income from the qualifying income described in (a)(i) above) will be treated as qualifying income. In general, such entities will be treated as partnerships for federal income tax purposes because they meet the passive income requirements under Code section 7704(c)(2). In addition, although in general the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to RICs, such rules do apply to a RIC with respect to items attributable to an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership.
For purposes of meeting the diversification test in (b) above, the term outstanding voting securities of such issuer will include the equity securities of a qualified publicly traded partnership. Also, for purposes of the diversification test in (b) above, the identification of the issuer (or, in some cases, issuers) of a particular Fund investment can depend on the terms and conditions of that investment. In some cases, identification of the issuer (or issuers) is uncertain under current law, and an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to issuer identification for a particular type of investment may adversely affect the Funds ability to meet the diversification test in (b) above.
If the Fund qualifies as a RIC that is accorded special tax treatment, the Fund will not be subject to federal income tax on income distributed in a timely manner to its shareholders in the form of dividends (including capital gain dividends, as defined below).
If the Fund were to fail to meet the income, diversification, or distribution test described above, the Fund could in some cases cure such failure, including by paying a Fund-level tax, paying interest, making additional distributions, or disposing of certain assets. If the Fund were ineligible to or otherwise did not cure such failure for any year, or if the Fund were otherwise to fail to qualify as a RIC accorded special tax treatment for such year, the Fund would be subject to tax on its taxable income at corporate rates, and all distributions from earnings and profits, including any distributions of net long-term capital gains, would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income. Some portions of such distributions may be eligible for the dividends-received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders and may be eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income in the case of shareholders taxed as individuals, provided, in both cases, the shareholder meets certain holding period and other requirements in respect of the Funds shares (as described below). In addition, the Fund may be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay substantial taxes and interest, and make certain substantial distributions before requalifying as a RIC that is afforded special tax treatment.
If the Fund fails to distribute in a calendar year an amount equal to the sum of 98% of its ordinary income for such year and 98.2% of its capital gain net income for the one-year period ending October 31 of such year, plus any retained amount from the prior year (to the extent not treated as previously distributed for this purpose), the Fund will be subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax on the undistributed amounts. For purposes of the required excise tax distribution, a RICs ordinary gains and losses from the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of property that would otherwise be taken into account after October 31 of a calendar year generally are treated as arising on January 1 of the following calendar year. Also, for these purposes, the Fund will be treated as having distributed any amount on which it has been subject to corporate income tax in the taxable year ending within the calendar year. A dividend paid to shareholders by the Fund in January of a year generally is deemed to have been paid by the Fund on December 31 of the preceding year, if the dividend was declared and payable to shareholders of record on a date in October, November, or December of that preceding year. The Fund intends generally to make distributions sufficient to avoid imposition of the 4% excise tax, although there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so.
Capital losses in excess of capital gains (net capital losses) are not permitted to be deducted against the Funds net investment income. Instead, potentially subject to certain limitations, the Fund may carry net capital losses from any taxable year forward to subsequent taxable years to offset capital gains, if any, realized during such subsequent taxable years. Distributions from capital gains are generally made after applying any available capital loss carryforwards. Capital loss carryforwards are reduced to the extent they offset current-year net realized capital gains, whether the Fund retains or distributes such gains. If the Fund incurs or has incurred net capital losses in taxable years beginning after December 22, 2010 (post-2010 losses), those losses will be carried forward to one or more subsequent taxable years without expiration; any such carryforward losses will retain their character as short-term or long-term. If the Fund incurred net capital losses in a taxable year beginning on or before December 22, 2010 (pre-2011 losses), the Fund is permitted to carry such losses forward for eight taxable years; in the year to which they are carried forward, such losses are treated as short-term capital losses that first offset any short-term capital gains, and then offset any long-term capital gains. The Fund must use any post-2010 losses, which will not expire, before it uses any pre-2011 losses. This increases the likelihood that pre-2011 losses will expire unused at the conclusion of the eight-year carryforward period. Further, because the Fund must apply
44
post-2010 losses first against gains of the same character, the use of such losses may well result in larger distributions of short-term gains to shareholders (taxable to individual shareholders as ordinary income) than would have resulted under the regime applicable to pre-2011 losses.
See the Funds most recent annual shareholder reports for the Funds available capital loss carryovers as of the end of their most recently ended fiscal year.
Distributions.
For federal income tax purposes, distributions of investment income are generally taxed to shareholders as ordinary income. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the Fund owned the investments that generated the gains, rather than how long a shareholder has owned his or her shares. Distributions of net capital gains (that is, the excess of net long-term capital gains over net short-term capital losses, in each case determined with reference to any capital loss carryforwards) from the sale of investments that the Fund has held or is deemed to have held for more than one year and that are properly reported by the Fund as capital gain dividends (capital-gain dividends) will be taxable to shareholders as long-term capital gains includible in net capital gain and taxed to individuals at reduced rates. Distributions from capital gains are generally made after applying any available capital loss carryforwards. Distributions of gains from the sale of investments that the Fund owned or is deemed to have owned for one year or less will be taxable as ordinary income.
Distributions of investments reported by the Fund as derived from qualified dividend income will be taxed in the hands of the individuals at the reduced rates applicable to net capital gain. In order for some portion of the dividends received by the Fund shareholder to be qualified dividend income, the Fund must meet holding period and other requirements with respect to some portion of the dividend-paying stocks in its portfolio and the shareholder must meet holding period and other requirements with respect to the Funds shares. A dividend will not be treated as qualified dividend income (at either the Fund or shareholder level) (1) if the dividend is received with respect to any share of stock held for fewer than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (or, on the case of certain preferred stock, 91 days during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date), (2) to the extent that the recipient is under an obligation (whether pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property, (3) if the recipient elects to have the dividend income treated as investment income for purposes of the limitation on deductibility of investment interest, or (4) if the dividend is received from a foreign corporation that is (a) not eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States (with the exception of dividends paid on stock of such a foreign corporation readily tradable on an established security market in the United States) or (b) treated as a passive foreign investment company (as defined below).
In general, distributions of investment income reported by the Fund as derived from qualified dividend income will be treated as qualified dividend income by a shareholder taxed as an individual provided the shareholder meets the holding period and other requirements described above with respect to such Funds shares. If the aggregate qualified dividends received by the Fund during any taxable year are 95% or more of its gross income (excluding net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), then 100% of the Funds dividends (other than dividends properly reported as capital gain dividends) will be eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income. For this purpose, the only gain included in the term gross income is the excess of net short-term capital gain over net long-term capital loss.
In general, dividends of net investment income received by corporate shareholders of the Fund will qualify for the 70% dividends-received deduction generally available to corporations to the extent of the amount of eligible dividends received by the Fund from domestic corporations for the taxable year. A dividend received by the Fund will not be treated as a dividend eligible for the dividends-received deduction (1) if it has been received with respect to any share of stock that the Fund has held for fewer than 46 days (91 days in the case of certain preferred stock) during the 91-day period beginning on the date which is 45 days before the date on which such share becomes ex-dividend with respect to such dividend (during the 181-day period beginning 90 days before such date in the case of certain preferred stock) or (2) to the extent that the Fund is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Moreover, the dividends received deduction may otherwise be disallowed or reduced (1) if the corporate shareholder fails to satisfy the foregoing requirements with respect to its shares of the Fund or (2) by application of various provisions of the Code (for instance, the dividends-received deduction is reduced in the case of a dividend received on debt-financed portfolio stock (generally, stock acquired with borrowed funds)).
For taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2013, Section 1411 of the Code generally imposes a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on the net investment income of certain individuals whose income exceeds certain threshold amounts, and of certain trusts and estates under similar rules. The details of the implementation of this tax and of the calculation of net investment income, among other issues, are currently unclear and remain subject to future guidance. For these purposes, net investment income generally includes, among other things, (i) distributions paid by the Fund of net investment income and capital gains as described
45
above, and (ii) any net gain from the sale, redemption or exchange of Fund shares. Shareholders are advised to consult their tax advisors regarding the possible implications of this additional tax on their investment in the Fund.
Distributions are taxable to shareholders even if they are paid from income or gains earned by the Fund before a shareholders investment (and thus were included in the price the shareholder paid). Distributions are taxable whether shareholders receive them in cash or reinvest them in additional shares.
Any distribution of income that is attributable to (i) income received by the Fund in lieu of dividends with respect to securities on loan pursuant to a securities lending transaction or (ii) dividend income received by the Fund on securities if temporarily purchased from a counterparty pursuant to a repurchase agreement that is treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as a loan by the Fund, will not constitute qualified dividend income to individual shareholders and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction for corporate shareholders.
Return of capital distributions.
If the Fund makes a distribution to a shareholder in excess of the Funds current and accumulated earnings and profits in any taxable year, the excess distribution will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of such shareholders tax basis in his or her shares, and thereafter as capital gain. A return of capital is not taxable, but it reduces a shareholders tax basis in his or her shares, thus reducing any loss or increasing any gain on a subsequent taxable disposition by the shareholder of his or her shares.
Dividends and distributions on the Funds shares are generally subject to federal income tax as described herein to the extent they do not exceed the Funds realized income and gains, even though such dividends and distributions may economically represent a return of a particular shareholders investment. Such distributions are likely to occur in respect of shares purchased at a time when the Funds net asset value reflects either unrealized gains, or realized but undistributed income or gains. Such realized income and gains may be required to be distributed even when the Funds net asset value also reflects unrealized losses.
Transactions in Fund shares.
The sale, exchange or redemption of Fund shares may give rise to a gain or loss. In general, any gain or loss realized upon a taxable disposition of shares will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than 12 months. Otherwise, the gain or loss on the taxable disposition of Fund shares will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. However, any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares held for six months or less will be treated as long-term, rather than short-term, to the extent of any long-term capital gain dividends received (or deemed received) by the shareholder with respect to the shares. If a shareholder sells shares at a loss within six months of purchase, any loss will be disallowed for federal income tax purposes to the extent of any exempt-interest dividends received on such shares. All or a portion of any loss realized upon a taxable disposition of Fund shares will generally be disallowed if other shares of the same Fund are purchased, including by means of a dividend reinvestment, within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
Upon the redemption. sale, or exchange of Fund shares, the Fund or, in the case of shares purchased through a financial intermediary, the financial intermediary may be required to provide you and the IRS with cost basis and certain other related tax information about the Fund shares you redeemed, sold or exchanged. See the Funds Prospectus for more information.
Shares purchased through tax-qualified plans.
Special tax rules apply to investments though defined contribution plans and other tax-qualified plans. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the suitability of shares of the Fund as an investment through such plans and the precise effect of such an investment on their particular tax situation.
Foreign currency transactions.
Under Section 988 of the Code, gains or losses attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the time the Fund accrues income or receivables or expenses or other liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and the time the Fund actually collects such income or receivables or pays such liabilities are generally treated as ordinary income or loss. Similarly, gains or losses on the disposition of debt securities denominated in a foreign currency, foreign currency forward contracts and certain other foreign currency positions, to the extent attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the acquisition and disposition dates, are also treated as ordinary income or loss. Any such net gains could require a larger dividend toward the end of the calendar year. Any such net losses will generally reduce and potentially require the recharacterization of prior ordinary income distributions. Such ordinary income treatment may accelerate Fund distributions to shareholders and increase the portion of distributions taxed to shareholders as ordinary income. Any net ordinary losses so created cannot be carried forward by the Fund to offset income or gains earned in subsequent taxable years.
As described under Taxation of the Fund above, at least 90% of a funds gross income for each taxable year must consist of certain types of qualifying income. The Code grants the Secretary of the Treasury the right to issue tax regulations that would exclude income and gains from direct investments in foreign currencies from treatment as qualifying income for purposes of the 90% gross
46
income requirement in cases where the foreign currency gains are not directly related to the companys principal business of investing in stocks or securities (or options or futures with respect to stocks or securities). In light of this grant of regulatory authority, there is no assurance that the Secretary will not issue regulations. Moreover, there is a remote possibility that such regulations may be applied retroactively. If the Fund were to fail to meet the gross income requirement, it could in some cases cure such failure by paying a fund-level tax. If the Fund could not or did not cure such failure, it could fail to qualify as a RIC in such year, and the Fund would be subject to federal income tax on its net income and capital gains at regular corporate income tax rates (without a deduction for distributions to shareholders) and other adverse consequences previously described.
Foreign investments.
With respect to investment income and gains received by the Fund from sources within foreign countries, such income and gains may be subject to foreign taxes that are withheld at the source, thereby reducing the yield on those investments. Tax treaties between certain countries and the U.S. may reduce or eliminate such taxes.
If more than 50% of the Funds assets at year end consists of the securities of foreign corporations, the Fund may elect to permit shareholders to claim a credit or deduction on their income tax returns for their pro rata portions of qualified taxes paid by the Fund to foreign countries in respect of foreign securities the Fund has held for at least the minimum period specified in the Code. In the event that shareholders of the Fund are eligible to claim a tax credit or deduction, shareholders will include in gross income from foreign sources their pro rata shares of such taxes. (Shareholders of funds that do not hold sufficient foreign securities to meet the above threshold will not be entitled to claim a credit or further deduction with respect to foreign taxes paid by those funds). A shareholders ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the fund may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in a shareholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. In particular, shareholders must hold their fund shares (without protection from risk of loss) on the ex-dividend date and for at least 15 additional days during the 30-day period surrounding the ex-dividend date to be eligible to claim a foreign tax credit with respect to a given dividend. Shareholders who do not itemize on their federal income tax returns may claim a credit (but no deduction) for such foreign taxes. Even if the Fund were eligible to make such an election for a given year, it may determine not to do so. Shareholders that are not subject to U.S. federal income tax, and those who invest in the Fund through tax-advantaged accounts (including those who invest through individual retirement accounts or other tax-advantaged retirement plans), generally will receive no benefit from any tax credit or deduction passed through by the Fund.
Passive Foreign Investment Companies.
Equity investments by the Fund in certain passive foreign investment companies (PFICs) could potentially subject the Fund to U.S. federal income tax (including interest charges) on distributions received from the company or on proceeds received from the disposition of shares in the company. This tax cannot be eliminated by making distributions to Fund shareholders. However, the Fund may elect to avoid the imposition of that tax by electing to treat a PFIC as a qualified electing fund (
i.e.
, make a QEF election), in which case the Fund will be required to include its share of the companys income and net capital gains annually, regardless of whether it receives any distribution from the company. The Fund may also make an election to mark the gains (and to a limited extent losses) in such holdings to the market as though it had sold and repurchased its holdings in those PFICs on the last day of the Funds taxable year. Such gains and losses are treated as ordinary income and loss. The QEF and mark-to-market elections may accelerate the recognition of income (without the receipt of cash) and increase the amount required to be distributed by the Fund to avoid taxation. Making either of these elections may require the Fund to liquidate other investments (including when it is not advantageous to do so) to meet its distribution requirement, which also may accelerate the recognition of gain and affect the Funds total return. Dividends paid by PFICs are not eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income. If the Fund indirectly invests in PFICs by virtue of the Funds investment in other funds, it may not make such PFIC elections; rather, the underlying funds directly investing in the PFICs would decide whether to make such elections. Because it is not always possible to identify a foreign corporation as a PFIC, the Fund may incur the tax and interest charges described above in some instances. As noted earlier, dividends paid by PFICs will not be eligible to be treated as qualified dividend income.
Derivative transactions.
The Funds transactions in derivative instruments (e.g., options, futures, forward contracts and swap agreements), as well as any of its hedging, short sale, securities loan or similar transactions, may be subject to one or more special tax rules (e.g., notional principal contract, straddle, constructive sale, wash sale and short sale rules). These rules may affect whether gains and losses recognized by the Fund are treated as ordinary or capital, accelerate the recognition of income or gains to the Fund, defer losses to the Fund, and cause adjustments in the holding periods of the Funds securities, thereby affecting whether capital gains and losses are treated as short-term or long-term. These rules could therefore affect the amount, timing and character of distributions to shareholders.
Because these and other tax rules applicable to these types of transactions are in some cases uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to these rules (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect whether the Fund has made sufficient distributions, and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements, to maintain its qualification as a RIC and avoid a Fund-level tax.
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Certain of the Funds investments in derivative instruments and foreign currency-denominated instruments, and any of the Funds transactions in foreign currencies and hedging activities, are likely to produce a difference between its book income and the sum of its taxable income and net tax-exempt income (if any). If the Funds book income is less than the sum of its taxable income and net tax-exempt income (if any), the Fund could be required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify as a RIC that is accorded special tax treatment. In the alternative, if the Funds book income exceeds the sum of its taxable income and net tax-exempt income (if any), the distribution (if any) of such excess will be treated as (i) a dividend to the extent of the Funds remaining earnings and profits (including earnings and profits arising from tax-exempt income), (ii) thereafter as a return of capital to the extent of the recipients basis in the shares, and (iii) thereafter as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset.
The tax treatment of certain contracts (including regulated futures contracts) entered into by the Fund and non-equity options written or purchased by the Fund on U.S. exchanges (including options on futures contracts, equity indices and debt securities) will be governed by section 1256 of the Code (section 1256 contracts). Gains or losses on section 1256 contracts generally are considered 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gains or losses (60/40), although certain foreign currency gains and losses from such contracts may be treated as ordinary in character. Also, section 1256 contracts held by the Fund at the end of each taxable year (and, for purposes of the 4% excise tax, on certain other dates as prescribed under the Code) are marked to market with the result that unrealized gains or losses are treated as though they were realized and the resulting gain or loss is treated as ordinary or 60/40 gain or loss, as applicable.
Master Limited Partnerships.
MLPs, if any, in which the Fund invests may qualify as qualified publicly traded partnerships (QPTPs). In such cases, the net income derived from such investments will constitute qualifying income for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement described earlier for RIC qualification. If, however, such a vehicle were to fail to qualify as a qualified publicly traded partnership in a particular year, a portion of the gross income derived from it in such year could constitute non-qualifying income to the Fund for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement and thus could bear on the Funds ability to qualify as a RIC for a particular year. In addition, the diversification requirement described above for RIC qualification limits the Funds investments in one or more vehicles that are qualified publicly traded partnerships to 25% of the Funds total assets as of the close of each quarter of the Funds taxable year. To the extent an MLP is a regular (non-QPTP) partnership, the MLPs income and gains allocated to the Fund will constitute qualifying income to the Fund for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement only to the extent such items of income and gain would be qualifying income if earned directly by the Fund. Thus, all or a portion of any income and gains from the Funds investment in an MLP that is a regular (non-QPTP) partnership could constitute non-qualifying income to the Fund for purposes of the 90% gross income requirement. In such cases, the Funds investments in such entities could bear on or be limited by its intention to qualify as a RIC.
To the extent an MLP is a partnership (whether or not a QPTP), some amounts received by the Fund with respect to an investment in such MLP will likely be treated as a return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes because of accelerated deductions available with respect to the activities of the MLP. If the Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to Fund shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Further, because of these accelerated deductions, the Fund will likely realize taxable income in excess of economic gain with respect to interests in such an MLP on the disposition of such interests (or if the Fund does not dispose of the MLP interest, the Fund will likely realize taxable income in excess of cash flow with respect to the MLP in a later period), and the Fund must take such income into account in determining whether the Fund has satisfied its distribution requirements. Under these circumstances, the Fund may have to borrow or liquidate securities to satisfy its distribution requirements and to meet its redemption requests, even though investment considerations might otherwise make it undesirable for the Fund to sell securities or borrow money at such time. In addition, any gain recognized, either upon the sale of the Funds MLP interest or sale by the MLP of property held by it, including in excess of economic gain thereon, treated as so-called recapture income, will be treated as ordinary income. Therefore, to the extent the Fund invests in MLPs, Fund shareholders might receive greater amounts of distributions from the Fund taxable as ordinary income than they otherwise would in the absence of such MLP investments.
Although MLPs are generally expected to be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, some MLPs may be treated as passive foreign investment companies, controlled foreign corporations or regular corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The treatment of particular MLPs for U.S. federal income tax purposes will affect the extent to which the Fund can invest in MLPs. The U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Funds investments in passive foreign investment companies are discussed in greater detail above.
Securities issued or purchased at a discount.
Some debt obligations (and all zero-coupon debt obligations) with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance will be treated as debt obligations that are issued originally at a discount. Generally, the amount of the OID is treated as interest income and is included in the Funds income (and required to be distributed by the Fund) over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security. In addition, payment-in-kind securities will give rise to income which is
48
required to be distributed and is taxable even though the Fund holding the security receives no interest payment in cash on the security during the year.
Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of more than one year from the date of issuance that are acquired by the Fund in the secondary market may be treated as having market discount. Very generally, market discount is the excess of the stated redemption price of a debt obligation over the purchase price of such obligation (or in the case of an obligation issued with OID, its revised issue price). Generally, any gain recognized on the disposition of, and any partial payment of principal on, a debt security having market discount is treated as ordinary income to the extent the gain, or principal payment, does not exceed the accrued market discount on such debt security. Alternatively, the Fund may elect to accrue market discount currently, in which case the Fund will be required to include the accrued market discount in the Funds income (as ordinary income) and thus distribute it over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security. The rate at which the market discount accrues, and thus is included in the Funds income, will depend upon which of the permitted accrual methods the Fund elects.
Some debt obligations with a fixed maturity date of one year or less from the date of issuance may be treated as having OID or, in certain cases, acquisition discount (very generally, the excess of the stated redemption price over the purchase price). The Fund will be required to include the OID or acquisition discount in income (as ordinary income) and thus distribute it over the term of the debt security, even though payment of that amount is not received until a later time, upon partial or full repayment or disposition of the debt security. The rate at which OID or acquisition discount accrues, and thus is included in the Funds income, will depend upon which of the permitted accrual methods the Fund elects.
If the Fund holds the foregoing kinds of securities, it may be required to pay out as an income distribution each year an amount which is greater than the total amount of cash interest the Fund actually received. Such distributions may be made from the cash assets of the Fund or, if necessary, by liquidation of portfolio securities including at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so. The Fund may realize gains or losses from such liquidations. In the event the Fund realizes net capital gains from such transactions, its shareholders may receive a larger capital gain dividend than they would in the absence of such transactions.
Investments in debt obligations that are at risk of or in default present special tax issues for the Fund. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as whether or to what extent the Fund should recognize market discount on a debt obligation, when the Fund may cease to accrue interest, OID or market discount, when and to what extent the Fund may take deductions for bad debts or worthless securities and how the Fund should allocate payments received on obligations in default between principal and income. These and other related issues will be addressed by the Fund when, as and if it invests in such securities, in order to seek to ensure that it distributes sufficient income to preserve its status as a RIC and does not become subject to U.S. federal income or excise tax.
Certain Investments in REITs.
Investments in REIT equity securities may result in the Funds receipt of cash in excess of the REITs earnings. If the Fund distributes such amounts, such distribution could constitute a return of capital to the Fund shareholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Funds investment in REIT equity securities may at other times require the Fund to accrue and distribute income not yet received. To generate sufficient cash to make the requisite distributions, the Fund may be required to sell securities in its portfolio (including when it is not advantageous to do so) that it otherwise would have continued to hold. Dividends received by the Fund from a REIT generally will not constitute qualified dividend income and will not qualify for the corporate dividends-received deduction.
The Fund may hold, directly or indirectly, residual interests in real estate mortgage investment conduits (REMICs) (including by investing in residual interests in collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) with respect to which an election to be treated as a REMIC is in effect), REITs that are themselves taxable mortgage pools (TMPs) or REITs that may invest in TMPs. Under IRS guidance issued in October 2006 and Treasury regulations that have yet to be issued but may apply retroactively, a portion of the Funds income (including income allocated to the Fund from a REIT or other pass-through entity) that is attributable to the REITs residual interest in a REMIC or TMP (referred to in the Code as an excess inclusion) will be subject to federal income tax in all events. This notice also provides, and the regulations are expected to provide, that excess inclusion income of a RIC will be allocated to shareholders of the RIC in proportion to the dividends received by such shareholders, with the same consequences as if the shareholders held the related REMIC or TMP residual interest directly. As a result, the Fund investing in such interests may not be a suitable investment for charitable remainder trusts, as noted below.
In general, excess inclusion income allocated to shareholders (i) cannot be offset by net operating losses (subject to a limited exception for certain thrift institutions), (ii) will constitute unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) to entities (including a qualified pension plan, an individual retirement account, a 401(k) plan, a Keogh plan or other tax-exempt entity) subject to tax on UBTI, thereby potentially requiring such an entity that is allocated excess inclusion income, and otherwise might not be required to file a tax return, to file a tax return and pay tax on such income, and (iii) in the case of a non-U.S. shareholder, will not qualify for any
49
reduction in U.S. federal withholding tax. A shareholder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such inclusions notwithstanding any exemption from such income tax otherwise available under the Code.
Tax-Exempt Shareholders.
Under current law, the Fund generally serves to block (that is, prevent the attribution to shareholders of) UBTI from being realized by its tax-exempt shareholders. Notwithstanding this blocking effect, a tax-exempt shareholder could realize UBTI by virtue of its investment in the Fund if shares in the Fund constitute debt-financed property in the hands of the tax-exempt shareholder within the meaning of Code Section 514(b).
A tax-exempt shareholder may also recognize UBTI if the Fund recognizes excess inclusion income derived from direct or indirect investments in REMIC residual interests or TMPs if the amount of such income recognized by the Fund exceeds the Funds investment company taxable income (after taking into account deductions for dividends paid by the Fund).
In addition, special tax consequences apply to charitable remainder trusts (CRTs) that invest in RICs that invest directly or indirectly in residual interests in REMICs or equity interests in TMPs. Under legislation enacted in December 2006, a CRT (as defined in Section 664 of the Code) that realizes any UBTI for a taxable year must pay an excise tax annually of an amount equal to such UBTI. Under IRS guidance issued in October 2006, a CRT will not recognize UBTI solely as a result of investing in the Fund that recognizes excess inclusion income. Rather, if at any time during any taxable year a CRT (or one of certain other tax-exempt shareholders, such as the United States, a state or political subdivision, or an agency or instrumentality thereof, and certain energy cooperatives) is a record holder of a share in the Fund that recognizes excess inclusion income, then the Fund will be subject to a tax on that portion of its excess inclusion income for the taxable year that is allocable to such shareholders at the highest federal corporate income tax rate. It is unclear how applicable this IRS guidance remains in light of the December 2006 legislation. To the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the Fund may elect to specially allocate any such tax to the applicable CRT, or other shareholder, and thus reduce such shareholders distributions for the year by the amount of the tax that relates to such shareholders interest in the Fund. CRTs and other tax-exempt investors are urged to consult their tax advisors concerning the consequences of investing in the Fund.
Backup withholding.
The Fund is generally required to withhold and remit to the U.S. Treasury a percentage of the taxable distributions and redemption proceeds paid to any individual shareholder who fails to properly furnish the Fund with a correct taxpayer identification number (TIN), who has under-reported dividend or interest income, or who fails to certify to the Fund that he or she is not subject to such withholding. The backup withholding tax rate is 28%.
In order for a foreign investor to qualify for exemption from the backup withholding tax rates under income tax treaties, the foreign investor must comply with special certification and filing requirements. Foreign investors in the Fund should consult their tax advisers in this regard. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be credited against the shareholders U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the IRS.
Tax shelter reporting regulations.
Under Treasury regulations, if a shareholder recognizes a loss of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder, the shareholder must file a disclosure statement on Form 8886 with the IRS. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a RIC are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to shareholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayers treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
Non-U.S. Shareholders.
Distributions properly reported as capital gain dividends generally will not be subject to withholding of federal income tax. Absent a specific statutory exemption, dividends (other than capital gain dividends) paid by the Fund to a shareholder that is not a U.S. person within the meaning of the Code (a foreign person) are subject to withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or lower applicable treaty rate) even if they are funded by income or gains (such as portfolio interest, short-term capital gains, or foreign-source dividend and interest income) that, if paid to a foreign person directly, would not be subject to withholding. For distributions with respect to taxable years of the Fund beginning before January 1, 2014,the Fund is not required to withhold any amounts (i) with respect to distributions (other than distributions to a foreign person (w) that has not provided a satisfactory statement that the beneficial owner is not a U.S. person, (x) to the extent that the dividend is attributable to certain interest on an obligation if the foreign person is the issuer or is a 10% shareholder of the issuer, (y) that is within certain foreign countries that have inadequate information exchange with the United States, or (z) to the extent the dividend is attributable to interest paid by a person that is a related person of the foreign person and the foreign person is a controlled foreign corporation) from U.S.-source interest income of types similar to those not subject to U.S. federal income tax if earned directly by an individual foreign person, to the extent such distributions are properly reported as such by the Fund in a written notice to shareholders (an interest-related dividend), and (ii) with respect to distributions (other than (a) distributions to an individual foreign person who is present in
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the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the distribution and (b) distributions subject to special rules regarding the disposition of U.S. real property interests) of net short-term capital gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, to the extent such distributions are properly reported as such by the Fund in a written notice to shareholders (a short-term capital gain dividend). Depending on the circumstances, the Fund is permitted to report such parts of its dividends as interest-related and/or short-term capital gain dividends as are eligible, but is not required to do so. The exemption from withholding for interest-related dividends and short-term capital gain dividends will expire for distributions with respect to taxable years of the Fund beginning on or after January 1, 2014, unless Congress enacts legislation providing otherwise.
In the case of shares held through an intermediary, the intermediary may withhold even if the Fund makes a designation with respect to payment. Foreign persons should contact their intermediaries regarding the application of these rules to their accounts.
A beneficial holder of shares who is a foreign person is not, in general, subject to U.S. federal income tax on gains (and is not allowed a deduction for losses) realized on the sale of shares of the Fund or on capital gain dividends unless (i) such gain or capital gain dividend is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business carried on by such holder within the United States, (ii) in the case of an individual holder, the holder is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale or the receipt of the capital gain dividend and certain other conditions are met, or (iii) the special rules relating to gain attributable to the sale or exchange of U.S. real property interests (USRPIs) apply to the foreign persons sale of shares of the Fund or to the capital gain dividend the foreign shareholder received (as described below). Special rules would apply if the Fund were either a U.S. real property holding corporation (USRPHC) or would be a USRPHC but for the operation of certain exceptions to the definition thereof. Very generally, a USRPHC is a domestic corporation that holds USRPIs the fair market value of which equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market values of the corporations USRPIs, interests in real property located outside the United States, and other trade or business assets. USRPIs are generally defined as any interest in U.S. real property and any interest (other than solely as a creditor) in a USRPHC or former USRPHC.
If the Fund were a USRPHC or would be a USRPHC but for the exceptions referred to above, under a special look-through rule, any distributions by the Fund to a foreign person (including, in certain cases, distributions made by the Fund in redemption of its shares) attributable to gains realized by the Fund on the disposition of USRPIs or to distributions received by the Fund from a lower-tier RIC or REIT that the Fund is required to treat as USRPI gain in its hands, generally would be subject to U.S. tax withholding. In addition, such distributions could result in the foreign person being required to file a U.S. tax return and pay tax on the distributions at regular U.S. federal income tax rates. On and after January 1, 2014, the special look-through rule described above for distributions by the Fund (which applies only if the Fund is either a USRPHC or would be a USRPHC but for the operation of the exceptions referred to above) applies only to those distributions that, in turn, are attributable directly or indirectly to distributions received by the Fund from a lower-tier REIT, unless Congress enacts legislation providing otherwise.
In addition, if the Fund were a USRPHC or former USRPHC, it could be required to withhold U.S. tax on the proceeds of a share redemption by a greater-than-5% foreign shareholder, in which case such foreign person would also be required to file U.S. tax returns and pay any additional taxes due in connection with the redemption.
Shareholder Reporting of Foreign Financial Assets.
Shareholders that are U.S. persons and own, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the Fund by vote or value could be required to report annually their financial interest in the Funds foreign financial accounts, if any, on Treasury Department Form TD F 90-22.1, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR). Shareholders should consult a tax advisor regarding the applicability to them of this reporting requirement.
Other Reporting and Withholding Requirements.
The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) generally requires the Fund to obtain information sufficient to identify shareholders that are themselves subject to FATCA certification, reporting and withholding requirements. Absent the necessary information with respect to a shareholder, the Fund must withhold under FATCA at a rate of 30% on dividends, including capital gain dividends, and the proceeds of the sale, redemption or exchange of Fund shares. If a payment by the Fund is subject to FATCA withholding, the Fund is required to withhold even if such payment would otherwise be exempt from withholding under the rules applicable to foreign persons described above (e.g., capital gain dividends and short-term capital gain and interest-related dividends); depending on the nature of the distribution, such withholding would begin as early as January 1, 2014.
Each prospective investor is urged to consult its tax adviser regarding the applicability of FATCA and any other reporting requirements with respect to the prospective investors own situation, including investments through an intermediary.
PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES
To the knowledge of the Trust, as of [ ], 2013, no person owned beneficially or of record more than 5% of the outstanding voting securities of each class of the Fund, except as indicated in Appendix A hereto.
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To the knowledge of the Trust, as of [ ], 2013, the Trustees of that Trust and the officers of that Trust, as a group, owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of each class of the Fund.
CUSTODIAN
JPMorgan Chase Bank, 270 Park Avenue, New York, New York, is the custodian of the assets of the Fund. The custodians responsibilities include safeguarding and controlling the Funds cash and securities, handling the receipt and delivery of securities, and collecting interest and dividends on the Funds investments. The custodian does not determine the investment policies of the Fund or decide which securities the Fund will buy or sell.
LINE OF CREDIT
The Fund entered into a Credit Agreement dated October 6, 2008, as amended September 23, 2009, October 6, 2010, October 29, 2010, September 30, 2011, and September 30, 2012, with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, for up to $25 million in a revolving line of credit (the Line of Credit). Any advance under the Line of Credit is contemplated primarily for temporary or emergency purposes consistent with the investment objectives and fundamental investment restrictions of the borrower, or to finance the redemption of the shares of a shareholder of the borrowing Fund. It is possible that the Fund may wish to borrow money under the Line of Credit but may not be able to do so.
TRANSFER AGENT AND DIVIDEND DISBURSING AGENT
Boston Financial Data Services, Inc., 2000 Crown Colony Drive, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169, is the Trusts registrar, transfer agent, and dividend disbursing agent.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the Trusts independent registered public accounting firm, provides audit services and tax return preparation services. Its address is Two Commerce Square, Suite 1700, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103.
CODE OF ETHICS
Schroders, SFA, the Trusts distributor, and SIMNA Ltd. have each adopted a Code of Ethics, and the Trust has adopted a Code of Ethics as amended from time to time, pursuant to the requirements of Rule 17j-1 of the Investment Company Act. Subject to certain restrictions, these Codes of Ethics permit personnel subject to the Codes of Ethics to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Fund. The Codes of Ethics have been filed as exhibits to the Trusts Registration Statement.
PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
The Trust has delegated authority and responsibility to vote any proxies relating to voting securities held by the Fund to Schroders, which intends to vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures. A copy of Schroders proxy voting policies and procedures is attached as Appendix B to this SAI. Information regarding how Schroders voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent twelve-month period ended June 30 is available without charge, upon request, through the Schroder Funds website at www.schroderfunds.com or by calling (800) 464-3108 and on the SEC website at http://www.sec.gov.
LEGAL COUNSEL
Ropes & Gray LLP, Prudential Tower, 800 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02199, serves as counsel to the Trust.
SHAREHOLDER LIABILITY
Under Delaware and Massachusetts law, shareholders could, under certain circumstances, be held personally liable for the obligations of the Trust. However, the Trusts Declaration of Trust disclaims shareholder liability for acts or obligations of the Trust and requires that notice of such disclaimer be given in each agreement, obligation, or instrument entered into or executed by the Trust or the Trustees. The Trusts Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification out of the Funds property for all loss and expense of any shareholder held personally liable for the obligations of the Fund. Thus, the risk of a shareholders incurring financial loss on account of shareholder liability is limited to circumstances in which the Fund would be unable to meet its obligations.
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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Audited Financial Highlights, and Audited Financial Statements in respect of the Fund are included in the Funds Annual Report to Shareholders for the fiscal year ended October 31, 2012 under Rule 30d-1 of the Investment Company Act, filed electronically with the SEC on December 28, 2012 in the Funds Report on Form N-CSR for the period ending October 31, 2012, File No. 811-21364, Accession No. 0001104659-12- 086679. The Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, Audited Financial Highlights and Audited Financial Statements referred to above relating to the Fund are incorporated by reference into this SAI.
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