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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 8-K
CURRENT REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of Report: October 23, 2024
(Date of earliest event reported)
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
New York 1-236013-0871985
(State of Incorporation)(Commission File Number)(IRS employer Identification No.)
One New Orchard Road
Armonk, New York
10504
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
914-499-1900
(Registrant’s telephone number)
Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:
☐ Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)
☐ Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)
☐ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))
☐ Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Capital stock, par value $.20 per shareIBMNew York Stock Exchange
NYSE Chicago
2.875% Notes due 2025IBM 25ANew York Stock Exchange
0.950% Notes due 2025IBM 25BNew York Stock Exchange
0.875% Notes due 2025IBM 25CNew York Stock Exchange
0.300% Notes due 2026IBM 26BNew York Stock Exchange
1.250% Notes due 2027IBM 27BNew York Stock Exchange
3.375% Notes due 2027IBM 27FNew York Stock Exchange
0.300% Notes due 2028IBM 28BNew York Stock Exchange
1.750% Notes due 2028IBM 28ANew York Stock Exchange
1.500% Notes due 2029IBM 29New York Stock Exchange
0.875% Notes due 2030IBM 30ANew York Stock Exchange
1.750% Notes due 2031IBM 31New York Stock Exchange
3.625% Notes due 2031IBM 31BNew York Stock Exchange
0.650% Notes due 2032IBM 32ANew York Stock Exchange
1.250% Notes due 2034IBM 34New York Stock Exchange
3.750% Notes due 2035IBM 35New York Stock Exchange
4.875% Notes due 2038IBM 38New York Stock Exchange
1.200% Notes due 2040IBM 40New York Stock Exchange
4.000% Notes due 2043IBM 43New York Stock Exchange
7.00% Debentures due 2025IBM 25New York Stock Exchange
6.22% Debentures due 2027IBM 27New York Stock Exchange
6.50% Debentures due 2028IBM 28New York Stock Exchange
5.875% Debentures due 2032IBM 32DNew York Stock Exchange
7.00% Debentures due 2045IBM 45New York Stock Exchange
7.125% Debentures due 2096IBM 96New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (§230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (§240.12b-2 of this chapter).
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐


Item 2.02. Results of Operations and Financial Condition.
The registrant’s press release dated October 23, 2024, regarding its financial results for the period ended September 30, 2024, including consolidated financial statements for the period ended September 30, 2024, is Exhibit 99.1 of this Form 8-K.
In an effort to provide investors with additional information regarding the company’s results as determined by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the company has disclosed in the attached press release certain non-GAAP information which management believes provides useful information to investors. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP are included in the press release, which is Exhibit 99.1 to this Form 8-K. The rationale for management’s use of non-GAAP measures is included in Exhibit 99.2 to this Form 8-K.
The information in this Item 2.02, including the corresponding Exhibits 99.1 and 99.2, is being furnished with the Commission and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits.
(d)Exhibits
The following exhibits are being furnished as part of this report:

The following exhibit is being filed as part of this report:
Exhibit No.Description of Exhibit
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL Document)

IBM’s web site (www.ibm.com) contains a significant amount of information about IBM, including financial and other information for investors (www.ibm.com/investor/). IBM encourages investors to visit its various web sites from time to time, as information is updated and new information is posted.
2

SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, hereunto duly authorized.
Date: October 23, 2024
By:/s/ Nicolás A. Fehring
Nicolás A. Fehring
Vice President and Controller
3
Exhibit 99.1
IBM RELEASES THIRD-QUARTER RESULTS
Accelerated Software revenue growth, expanded gross profit margin, and strong free cash flow

ARMONK, N.Y., October 23, 2024 . . . IBM (NYSE: IBM) today announced third-quarter 2024 earnings results.
“Our third-quarter performance was led by double-digit growth in Software, including a re-acceleration in Red Hat. We continue to see great momentum in AI as our models are trusted, fit-for-purpose, and lower cost, with performance leadership. Our generative AI book of business now stands at more than $3 billion, up more than $1 billion quarter to quarter," said Arvind Krishna, IBM chairman, president and chief executive officer. "Heading into the final quarter of 2024, we expect fourth-quarter constant currency revenue growth to be consistent with the third quarter, with continued strength in Software. We are confident in our ability to deliver more than $12 billion in free cash flow for the year, driven by continued expansion of our operating margins."
Third-Quarter Highlights
•Revenue
–Revenue of $15.0 billion, up 1 percent, up 2 percent at constant currency
–Software revenue up 10 percent
–Consulting revenue flat
–Infrastructure revenue down 7 percent
•Profit
–Gross Profit Margin: GAAP: 56.3 percent, up 190 basis points; Operating (Non-GAAP): 57.5 percent, up 210 basis points
•Cash Flow
–Year to date, net cash from operating activities of $9.1 billion; free cash flow of $6.6 billion

THIRD-QUARTER 2024 INCOME STATEMENT SUMMARY
GAAP results include impact of one-time, non-cash pension settlement charge (1)
RevenueGross
Profit		Gross Profit Margin
Pre-tax
Income/
(Loss) (1)
Pre-tax
Income
Margin (1)
Net
Income/
(Loss) (1)
Diluted
Earnings/
(Loss) Per
Share (1)
GAAP from Continuing Operations$15.0B$8.4B56.3%$(0.8)B(5.4)%$(0.3)B$(0.34)
Year/Year1
%(2)
5%1.9PtsNM-18.1PtsNMNM
Operating
(Non-GAAP)		$8.6B57.5%$2.5B16.6%$2.2B$2.30
Year/Year5%2.1Pts8%1.0Pts6%5%
(1) 2024 GAAP results include the impact of a one-time, non-cash, pension settlement charge of $2.7 billion ($2.0 billion net of tax) related to the transfer of a portion of the company's U.S. defined benefit pension obligations and related plan assets to a third-party insurer, announced in September 2024.
(2) 2% at constant currency.

“Our investments are paying off in Software as we've repositioned our portfolio in recent years. In the third quarter, Software delivered broad-based growth and now represents nearly 45 percent of our total revenue. Our ongoing focus on product mix, coupled with our productivity initiatives enables us to continue to drive operating leverage in our underlying profit performance," said James Kavanaugh, IBM senior vice president and chief financial officer. "With our strong cash generation, we are well-positioned to continue investing for growth while returning value to shareholders through dividends.”


Segment Results for Third Quarter
•Software — revenues of $6.5 billion, up 9.7 percent, up 9.6 percent at constant currency:
–Hybrid Platform & Solutions up 10 percent
•Red Hat up 14 percent
•Automation up 13 percent
•Data & AI up 5 percent
•Security down 1 percent
–Transaction Processing up 9 percent

•Consulting — revenues of $5.2 billion, down 0.5 percent, down 0.2 percent at constant currency:
–Business Transformation up 2 percent
–Technology Consulting down 4 percent
–Application Operations down 1 percent

•Infrastructure — revenues of $3.0 billion, down 7.0 percent, down 6.7 percent at constant currency:
–Hybrid Infrastructure down 9 percent
•IBM Z down 19 percent
•Distributed Infrastructure down 3 percent
–Infrastructure Support down 4 percent, down 3 percent at constant currency

•Financing — revenues of $0.2 billion, down 2.5 percent, down 1.3 percent at constant currency
Cash Flow and Balance Sheet
In the third quarter, the company generated net cash from operating activities of $2.9 billion, down $0.2 billion year to year. IBM’s free cash flow was $2.1 billion, up $0.4 billion year to year. The company returned $1.5 billion to shareholders in dividends in the third quarter.
For the first nine months of the year, the company generated net cash from operating activities of $9.1 billion, down $0.4 billion year to year. IBM's free cash flow was $6.6 billion, up $1.5 billion year to year.
IBM ended the third quarter with $13.7 billion of cash, restricted cash and marketable securities, up $0.3 billion from year-end 2023. Debt, including IBM Financing debt of $10.4 billion, totaled $56.6 billion, flat year to date.
Expectations
•Revenue: The company expects fourth-quarter constant currency revenue growth consistent with the third quarter. At current foreign exchange rates, currency is expected to be about a half-point headwind to revenue growth in the quarter
•Free cash flow: The company continues to expect more than $12 billion in free cash flow for the full year
Forward-Looking and Cautionary Statements
Except for the historical information and discussions contained herein, statements contained in this release may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are based on the company’s current assumptions regarding future business and financial performance. These statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially, including, but not limited to, the following: a downturn in economic environment and client spending budgets; a failure of the company’s innovation initiatives; damage to the company’s reputation; risks from investing in growth opportunities; failure of the company’s intellectual property portfolio to prevent competitive offerings and the failure of the company to obtain necessary licenses; the


company’s ability to successfully manage acquisitions, alliances and dispositions, including integration challenges, failure to achieve objectives, the assumption of liabilities and higher debt levels; fluctuations in financial results; impact of local legal, economic, political, health and other conditions; the company’s failure to meet growth and productivity objectives; ineffective internal controls; the company’s use of accounting estimates; impairment of the company’s goodwill or amortizable intangible assets; the company’s ability to attract and retain key employees and its reliance on critical skills; impacts of relationships with critical suppliers; product quality issues; impacts of business with government clients; reliance on third party distribution channels and ecosystems; cybersecurity and data privacy considerations; adverse effects related to climate change and environmental matters; tax matters; legal proceedings and investigatory risks; the company’s pension plans; currency fluctuations and customer financing risks; impact of changes in market liquidity conditions and customer credit risk on receivables; potential failure of the separation of Kyndryl Holdings, Inc. to qualify for tax-free treatment; risk factors related to IBM securities; and other risks, uncertainties and factors discussed in the company’s Form 10-Qs, Form 10-K and in the company’s other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission or in materials incorporated therein by reference.
Statements in this communication regarding the strategic acquisition that are forward-looking may include projections as to closing date for the transaction, the extent of, and the time necessary to obtain, the regulatory approvals required for the transaction, the anticipated benefits of the transaction, the impact of the transaction on IBM’s business, the synergies from the transaction, and the combined company’s future operating results.
Any forward-looking statement in this release speaks only as of the date on which it is made. Except as required by law, the company assumes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements.
Presentation of Information in this Press Release
For generative AI, book of business includes Software transactional revenue, SaaS Annual Contract Value and Consulting signings. The generative AI book of business is further defined within Exhibit 99.2 in the Form 8-K that includes this press release.

In an effort to provide investors with additional information regarding the company’s results as determined by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the company has also disclosed in this press release the following non-GAAP information, which management believes provides useful information to investors:
IBM results —
•adjusting for currency (i.e., at constant currency);
•presenting operating (non-GAAP) earnings per share amounts and related income statement items;
•free cash flow;
•adjusted EBITDA.
The rationale for management’s use of these non-GAAP measures is included in Exhibit 99.2 in the Form 8-K that includes this press release and is being submitted today to the SEC.




Conference Call and Webcast
IBM’s regular quarterly earnings conference call is scheduled to begin at 5:00 p.m. ET, today. The Webcast may be accessed via a link at https://www.ibm.com/investor/events/earnings-3q24. Presentation charts will be available shortly before the Webcast.
Financial Results Below (certain amounts may not add due to use of rounded numbers; percentages presented are calculated from the underlying whole-dollar amounts).

Contact:
IBM
Sarah Meron, 347-891-1770
sarah.meron@ibm.com
Tim Davidson, 914-844-7847
tfdavids@us.ibm.com


INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
COMPARATIVE FINANCIAL RESULTS
(Unaudited; Dollars in millions except per share amounts)
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2024
2023 (1)
2024
2023 (1)
REVENUE BY SEGMENT
Software$6,524 $5,947 $19,162 $17,832 
Consulting5,152 5,178 15,517 15,601 
Infrastructure3,042 3,272 9,764 9,988 
Financing181 186 543 566 
Other68 170 214 491 
TOTAL REVENUE14,968 14,752 45,199 44,479 
GROSS PROFIT8,420 8,023 25,112 24,033 
GROSS PROFIT MARGIN    
Software83.2 %82.3 %83.1 %82.3 %
Consulting28.4 %27.6 %26.7 %26.3 %
Infrastructure55.0 %53.7 %55.3 %54.0 %
Financing47.2 %49.7 %48.2 %47.5 %
TOTAL GROSS PROFIT MARGIN56.3 %54.4 %55.6 %54.0 %
EXPENSE AND OTHER INCOME
S,G&A4,911 4,458 14,823 14,212 
R,D&E1,876 1,685 5,512 5,027 
Intellectual property and custom development income(238)(190)(696)(618)
Other (income) and expense2,244 (215)1,694 (721)
Interest expense429 412 1,288 1,202 
TOTAL EXPENSE AND OTHER INCOME9,222 6,150 22,621 19,102 
INCOME/(LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS
BEFORE INCOME TAXES		(802)1,873 2,491 4,931 
Pre-tax margin(5.4)%12.7 %5.5 %11.1 %
Provision for/(Benefit from) income taxes(485)159 (597)702 
Effective tax rate60.4 %8.5 %(24.0)%14.2 %
INCOME/(LOSS) FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS$(317)$1,714 $3,088 $4,229 
DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
Income/ (loss) from discontinued operations, net of taxes(13)(10)21 (15)
NET INCOME/(LOSS) (2)
$(330)$1,704 $3,109 $4,214 
EARNINGS/(LOSS) PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK (2)
    
Assuming Dilution    
Continuing Operations$(0.34)$1.86 $3.30 $4.59 
Discontinued Operations$(0.01)$(0.01)$0.02 $(0.02)
TOTAL $(0.36)$1.84 $3.32 $4.58 
Basic    
Continuing Operations$(0.34)$1.88 $3.36 $4.65 
Discontinued Operations$(0.01)$(0.01)$0.02 $(0.02)
TOTAL $(0.36)$1.87 $3.38 $4.63 
WEIGHTED-AVERAGE NUMBER OF COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING (M’s)
Assuming Dilution923.6923.7935.4920.3
Basic923.6912.8920.3910.1
(1) Recast to reflect January 2024 segment changes.
(2) 2024 includes the impact of a one-time, non-cash, pension settlement charge of $2.7 billion ($2.0 billion net of tax).


INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
(Unaudited)
(Dollars in Millions)At September 30,
2024		At December 31,
2023
ASSETS:
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$13,197 $13,068 
Restricted cash17 21 
Marketable securities505 373 
Notes and accounts receivable - trade, net5,390 7,214 
Short-term financing receivables, net5,765 6,793 
Other accounts receivable, net928 640 
Inventories1,367 1,161 
Deferred costs966 998 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets2,408 2,639 
Total Current Assets30,543 32,908 
Property, plant and equipment, net5,614 5,501 
Operating right-of-use assets, net3,355 3,220 
Long-term financing receivables, net4,931 5,766 
Prepaid pension assets7,975 7,506 
Deferred costs788 842 
Deferred taxes6,943 6,656 
Goodwill61,092 60,178 
Intangibles, net11,090 11,036 
Investments and sundry assets2,009 1,626 
Total Assets$134,339 $135,241 
LIABILITIES:
Current Liabilities:
Taxes$1,584 $2,270 
Short-term debt3,599 6,426 
Accounts payable3,274 4,132 
Deferred income12,882 13,451 
Operating lease liabilities790 820 
Other liabilities6,725 7,022 
Total Current Liabilities28,853 34,122 
Long-term debt52,980 50,121 
Retirement-related obligations10,366 10,808 
Deferred income3,666 3,533 
Operating lease liabilities2,757 2,568 
Other liabilities11,186 11,475 
Total Liabilities109,809 112,628 
EQUITY:  
IBM Stockholders’ Equity:  
Common stock61,013 59,643 
Retained earnings149,789 151,276 
Treasury stock - at cost(169,935)(169,624)
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)(16,418)(18,761)
Total IBM Stockholders’ Equity24,448 22,533 
Noncontrolling interests82 80 
Total Equity24,530 22,613 
Total Liabilities and Equity$134,339 $135,241 


INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
CASH FLOW ANALYSIS
(Unaudited)

Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(Dollars in Millions)2024202320242023
Net Cash from Operations per GAAP$2,881 $3,055 $9,115 $9,468 
Less: change in IBM Financing receivables873 1,092 1,824 3,119 
Capital Expenditures, net55 (282)(705)(1,226)
Free Cash Flow2,064 1,682 6,586 5,123 
Acquisitions(2,513)(4,589)(2,748)(4,945)
Divestitures2 (10)705 (4)
Dividends(1,542)(1,515)(4,601)(4,522)
Non-Financing Debt(383)(942)693 7,572 
Other (includes IBM Financing net receivables and debt)131 41 (379)(1,068)
Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Short-term Marketable Securities$(2,241)$(5,333)$257 $2,156 





INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
CASH FLOW
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(Dollars in Millions)2024202320242023
Net Income/(loss) from Operations$(330)$1,704 $3,109 $4,214 
Pension Settlement Charge2,725 - 2,725 - 
Depreciation/Amortization of Intangibles (1)
1,268 1,093 3,555 3,243 
Stock-based Compensation330 286 966 843 
Operating assets and liabilities/Other, net (2)
(1,984)(1,119)(3,063)(1,952)
IBM Financing A/R873 1,092 1,824 3,119 
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities$2,881 $3,055 $9,115 $9,468 
Capital Expenditures, net of payments & proceeds (3)
55 (282)(705)(1,226)
Divestitures, net of cash transferred2 (10)705 (4)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired(2,513)(4,589)(2,748)(4,945)
Marketable Securities / Other Investments, net869 2,927 (810)(3,732)
Net Cash Provided by/(Used in) Investing Activities$(1,587)$(1,953)$(3,558)$(9,906)
Debt, net of payments & proceeds(1,259)(1,550)(777)4,619 
Dividends(1,542)(1,515)(4,601)(4,522)
Financing - Other35 (67)(26)(252)
Net Cash Provided by/(Used in) Financing Activities$(2,766)$(3,132)$(5,403)$(154)
Effect of Exchange Rate changes on Cash207 (119)(29)(120)
Net Change in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash$(1,264)$(2,149)$125 $(713)
(1) Includes operating lease right-of-use assets amortization.
(2) Includes a $0.7 billion tax effect associated with the one-time, non-cash pension settlement charge in the third-quarter 2024.
(3) 2024 includes proceeds of $0.4 billion from the sale of certain QRadar SaaS assets.




INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
GAAP NET INCOME TO ADJUSTED EBITDA RECONCILIATION
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(Dollars in Billions)20242023Yr/Yr20242023Yr/Yr
Net Income/(Loss) as reported (GAAP) (1)
$(0.3)$1.7 $(2.0)$3.1 $4.2 $(1.1)
Less: Income/(loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 
Income/(Loss) from continuing operations(0.3)1.7 (2.0)3.1 4.2 (1.1)
Provision for/(Benefit from) income taxes from continuing ops.(0.5)0.2 (0.6)(0.6)0.7 (1.3)
Pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing operations (GAAP)(0.8)1.9 (2.7)2.5 4.9 (2.4)
Non-operating adjustments (before tax)
Acquisition-related charges (2)
0.5 0.4 0.1 1.5 1.2 0.2 
Non-operating retirement-related costs/(income) (1)
2.8 0.0 2.8 3.0 0.0 3.0 
Operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income/(loss) from continuing ops.2.5 2.3 0.2 6.9 6.1 0.8 
Net interest expense0.3 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 
Depreciation/Amortization of non-acquired intangible assets0.7 0.7 0.0 2.1 2.0 0.1 
Stock-based compensation0.3 0.3 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.1 
Workforce rebalancing charges0.3 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.3 
Corporate (gains) and charges (3)
(0.4)0.0 (0.3)(0.6)0.0 (0.6)
Adjusted EBITDA$3.8 $3.5 $0.2 $10.8 $10.1 $0.8 
(1) 2024 includes the impact of a one-time, non-cash pension settlement charge of $2.7 billion ($2.0 billion net of tax).
(2) Primarily consists of amortization of acquired intangible assets.
(3) Corporate (gains) and charges primarily consists of unique corporate actions such as gains on divestitures and asset sales (e.g., certain QRadar SaaS assets).

































INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
SEGMENT DATA
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
 
(Dollars in Millions)SoftwareConsultingInfrastructureFinancing
Revenue$6,524 $5,152 $3,042 $181 
Segment Profit$1,969 $559 $422 $86 
Segment Profit Margin30.2 %10.9 %13.9 %47.5 %
Change YTY Revenue9.7 %(0.5)%(7.0)%(2.5)%
Change YTY Revenue - Constant Currency9.6 %(0.2)%(6.7)%(1.3)%

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 (1)
 
(Dollars in Millions) SoftwareConsultingInfrastructureFinancing
Revenue$5,947 $5,178 $3,272 $186 
Segment Profit$1,722 $566 $490 $91 
Segment Profit Margin29.0 %10.9 %15.0 %49.2 %
(1) Recast to reflect January 2024 segment changes.


Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
 
(Dollars in Millions)SoftwareConsultingInfrastructureFinancing
Revenue$19,162 $15,517 $9,764 $543 
Segment Profit$5,582 $1,447 $1,387 $254 
Segment Profit Margin29.1 %9.3 %14.2 %46.9 %
Change YTY Revenue7.5 %(0.5)%(2.3)%(4.1)%
Change YTY Revenue - Constant Currency8.0 %1.1 %(1.2)%(3.1)%

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (1)
(Dollars in Millions) SoftwareConsultingInfrastructureFinancing
Revenue$17,832 $15,601 $9,988 $566 
Segment Profit$4,850 $1,476 $1,529 $256 
Segment Profit Margin27.2 %9.5 %15.3 %45.2 %
(1) Recast to reflect January 2024 segment changes.


INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
U.S. GAAP TO OPERATING (Non-GAAP) RESULTS RECONCILIATION
(Unaudited; Dollars in millions except per share amounts)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Continuing Operations
GAAP
Acquisition-
Related
Adjustments (1)
Retirement-
Related
Adjustments (2)
Tax
Reform
Impacts		Operating
(Non-GAAP)
Gross Profit$8,420 $192 $— $— $8,612 
Gross Profit Margin56.3 %1.3 pts— pts— pts57.5 %
S,G&A$4,911 $(300)$— $— $4,611 
Other (Income) & Expense2,244 — (2,797)— (553)
Total Expense & Other (Income)9,222 (300)(2,797)— 6,125 
Pre-tax Income/(Loss) from Continuing Operations(802)492 2,797 — 2,487 
Pre-tax Income Margin from Continuing Operations(5.4)%3.3 pts18.7 pts— pts16.6 %
Provision for/(Benefit from) Income Taxes (3)
$(485)$119 $700 $(2)$332 
Effective Tax Rate60.4 %(7.2)pts(39.8)pts(0.1)pts13.4 %
Income/(Loss) from Continuing Operations$(317)$373 $2,097 $2 $2,155 
Income Margin from Continuing Operations(2.1)%2.5 pts14.0 pts0.0 pts14.4 %
Diluted Earnings/(Loss) Per Share: Continuing Operations (4)
$(0.34)$0.40 $2.27 $0.00 $2.30 

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Continuing Operations
GAAP
Acquisition-
Related
Adjustments (1)
Retirement-
Related
Adjustments (2)
Tax
Reform
Impacts		Operating
(Non-GAAP)
Gross Profit$8,023 $162 $— $— $8,185 
Gross Profit Margin54.4 %1.1 pts— pts— pts55.5 %
S,G&A$4,458 $(277)$— $— $4,181 
Other (Income) & Expense(215)0 12 — (203)
Total Expense & Other (Income)6,150 (277)12 — 5,885 
Pre-tax Income/(Loss) from Continuing Operations1,873 438 (12)— 2,299 
Pre-tax Income Margin from Continuing Operations12.7 %3.0 pts(0.1)pts— pts15.6 %
Provision for/(Benefit from) Income Taxes (3)
$159 $99 $(14)$24 $268 
Effective Tax Rate8.5 %2.7 pts(0.5)pts1.0 pts11.7 %
Income/(Loss) from Continuing Operations$1,714 $340 $1 $(24)$2,031 
Income Margin from Continuing Operations11.6 %2.3 pts0.0 pts(0.2)pts13.8 %
Diluted Earnings/(Loss) Per Share: Continuing Operations$1.86 $0.37 $0.00 $(0.03)$2.20 
(1)Includes amortization of purchased intangible assets, in process R&D, transaction costs, applicable restructuring and related expenses, tax charges related to acquisition integration and pre-closing charges, such as financing costs.
(2)Includes amortization of prior service costs, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortized actuarial gains/losses, the impacts of any plan curtailments/settlements and pension insolvency costs and other costs. 2024 also includes the impact of a one-time, non-cash, pre-tax pension settlement charge of $2.7 billion ($2.0 billion net of tax).
(3)Tax impact on operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income from continuing operations is calculated under the same accounting principles applied to the As Reported pre-tax income under ASC 740, which employs an annual effective tax rate method to the results.
(4)Operating (non-GAAP) earnings per share was calculated using 938.4 million shares, which includes 14.9 million dilutive potential shares under our stock-based compensation plans and contingently issuable shares. Due to the GAAP net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2024, these dilutive potential shares were excluded from the GAAP loss per share calculation as the effect would have been antidilutive. The difference in share count resulted in an additional $(0.04) reconciling item.


INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
U.S. GAAP TO OPERATING (Non-GAAP) RESULTS RECONCILIATION
(Unaudited; Dollars in millions except per share amounts)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Continuing Operations
GAAP
Acquisition-
Related
Adjustments (1)
Retirement-
Related
Adjustments (2)
Tax
Reform
Impacts (3)
Operating
(Non-GAAP)
Gross Profit$25,112 $533 $— $— $25,645 
Gross Profit Margin55.6 %1.2 pts— pts— pts56.7 %
S,G&A$14,823 $(854)$— $— $13,969 
Other (Income) & Expense1,694 (68)(2,991)— (1,364)
Total Expense & Other (Income)22,621 (922)(2,991)— 18,709 
Pre-tax Income/(Loss) from Continuing Operations2,491 1,454 2,991 — 6,936 
Pre-tax Income Margin from Continuing Operations5.5 %3.2 pts6.6 pts— pts15.3 %
Provision for/(Benefit from) Income Taxes (4)
$(597)$374 $731 $434 $942 
Effective Tax Rate(24.0)%10.4 pts20.9 pts6.3 pts13.6 %
Income/(Loss) from Continuing Operations$3,088 $1,081 $2,259 $(434)$5,994 
Income Margin from Continuing Operations6.8 %2.4 pts5.0 pts(1.0)pts13.3 %
Diluted Earnings/(Loss) Per Share: Continuing Operations$3.30 $1.16 $2.42 $(0.46)$6.41 


Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Continuing Operations
GAAP
Acquisition-
Related
Adjustments (1)
Retirement-
Related
Adjustments (2)
Tax
Reform
Impacts		Operating
(Non-GAAP)
Gross Profit$24,033 $460 $— $— $24,492 
Gross Profit Margin54.0 %1.0 pts— pts— pts55.1 %
S,G&A$14,212 $(768)$— $— $13,444 
Other (Income) & Expense(721)(2)16 — (707)
Total Expense & Other (Income)19,102 (770)16 — 18,348 
Pre-tax Income from Continuing Operations4,931 1,229 (16)— 6,144 
Pre-tax Income Margin from Continuing Operations11.1 %2.8 pts0.0 pts— pts13.8 %
Provision for/(Benefit from) Income Taxes (4)
$702 $277 $(27)$(91)$861 
Effective Tax Rate14.2 %1.7 pts(0.4)pts(1.5)pts14.0 %
Income from Continuing Operations$4,229 $953 $11 $91 $5,283 
Income Margin from Continuing Operations9.5 %2.1 pts0.0 pts0.2 pts11.9 %
Diluted Earnings Per Share: Continuing Operations$4.59 $1.04 $0.01 $0.10 $5.74 
(1)Includes amortization of purchased intangible assets, in process R&D, transaction costs, applicable restructuring and related expenses, tax charges related to acquisition integration and pre-closing charges, such as financing costs. 2024 also includes a loss of $68 million on foreign exchange derivative contracts entered into by the company prior to the acquisition of StreamSets and webMethods from Software AG.
(2)Includes amortization of prior service costs, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortized actuarial gains/losses, the impacts of any plan curtailments/settlements and pension insolvency costs and other costs. 2024 also includes the impact of a one-time, non-cash, pre-tax pension settlement charge of $2.7 billion ($2.0 billion net of tax).
(3)2024 includes a net benefit from discrete tax events.
(4)Tax impact on operating (non-GAAP) pre-tax income from continuing operations is calculated under the same accounting principles applied to the As Reported pre-tax income under ASC 740, which employs an annual effective tax rate method to the results.


INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
GAAP OPERATING CASH FLOW TO ADJUSTED EBITDA RECONCILIATION
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(Dollars in Billions)2024202320242023
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities$2.9 $3.1 $9.1 $9.5 
Add:
Net interest expense0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 
Provision for/(Benefit from) income taxes from continuing operations(0.5)0.2 (0.6)0.7 
Less change in:
Financing receivables0.9 1.1 1.8 3.1 
Other assets and liabilities/other, net (1)
(2.0)(1.2)(3.5)(2.3)
Adjusted EBITDA$3.8 $3.5 $10.8 $10.1 
(1)Other assets and liabilities/other, net mainly consists of operating assets and liabilities/Other, net in the Cash Flow chart, workforce rebalancing charges, non-operating impacts and corporate (gains) and charges.




Exhibit 99.2

Non-GAAP Metrics and Other Financial Information

Operating (non-GAAP) Earnings Per Share and Related Income Statement Items

In an effort to provide better transparency into the operational results of the business, supplementally, the company separates business results into operating and non-operating categories. Operating earnings from continuing operations is a non-GAAP measure that excludes the effects of certain acquisition-related charges, intangible asset amortization, expense resulting from basis differences on equity method investments, retirement-related costs and their related tax impacts. Due to the unique, non-recurring nature of the enactment of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (U.S. tax reform), the company characterizes the one-time provisional charge recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017 and adjustments to that charge as non-operating. Adjustments primarily include true-ups, accounting elections and any changes to regulations, laws, or audit adjustments that affect the recorded one-time charge. For acquisitions, operating (non-GAAP) earnings exclude the amortization of purchased intangible assets and acquisition-related charges such as in-process research and development, transaction costs, applicable retention, restructuring and related expenses, tax charges related to acquisition integration and pre-closing charges, such as financing costs. These charges are excluded as they may be inconsistent in amount and timing from period to period and are significantly impacted by the size, type and frequency of the company’s acquisitions. Given its unique and temporary nature, management has also characterized as non-operating expense, the mark-to-market impact on the foreign exchange derivative contracts entered into prior to the acquisition of StreamSets and webMethods from Software AG to economically hedge the foreign currency exposure related to the purchase price of this acquisition. These derivative contracts expired by June 28, 2024. This impact was recorded in other (income) and expense in the Consolidated Income Statement and reflects the realized loss from the changes in fair value of these derivative contracts. All other spending for acquired companies is included in both earnings from continuing operations and in operating (non-GAAP) earnings. For retirement-related costs, the company characterizes certain items as operating and others as non-operating, consistent with GAAP. The company includes defined benefit plan and nonpension postretirement benefit plan service costs, multi-employer plan costs and the cost of defined contribution plans in operating earnings. Non-operating retirement-related costs include defined benefit plan and nonpension postretirement benefit plan amortization of prior service costs, interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortized actuarial gains/losses, the impacts of any plan curtailments/settlements including the impact of a one-time, non-cash, pre-tax settlement charge of $2.7 billion ($2.0 billion net of tax) resulting from the transfer to the Insurer of a portion of the Qualified PPP’s defined benefit pension obligations and related plan assets in the third quarter of 2024 and pension insolvency costs and other costs. Non-operating retirement-related costs are primarily related to changes in pension plan assets and liabilities which are tied to financial market performance, and the company considers these costs to be outside of the operational performance of the business.

Overall, the company believes that supplementally providing investors with a view of operating earnings as described above provides increased transparency and clarity into both the operational results of the business and the performance of the company’s pension plans; improves visibility to management decisions and their impacts on operational performance; enables better comparison to peer companies; and allows the company to provide a long-term strategic view of the business going forward. In addition, these non-GAAP measures provide a perspective consistent with areas of interest the company routinely receives from investors and analysts. The company’s reportable segment financial results reflect pre-tax operating earnings from continuing operations, consistent with the company’s management and measurement system.

Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA)

Additionally, the company reports adjusted EBITDA which, in addition to the operating (non-GAAP) earnings adjustments described above, also excludes income/(loss) from discontinued operations, income tax expense, net interest expense, depreciation/amortization of non-acquired intangible assets including operating lease right-of-use assets, stock-based compensation, and certain other activity that is not reflective of the company’s ongoing operational results such as workforce rebalancing charges and corporate gains and charges. The company uses adjusted EBITDA to measure its operating performance and believes that supplementally providing adjusted EBITDA will provide investors with additional transparency and clarity into how the company’s operational profitability is driving its free cash flow results.

Free Cash Flow / Net Cash from Operating Activities Excluding IBM Financing Receivables

The company uses free cash flow as a measure to evaluate its operating results, plan shareholder return levels, strategic investments and assess its ability and need to incur and service debt. The entire free cash flow amount is not necessarily available for discretionary expenditures. The company defines free cash flow as net cash from operating activities less the change in Financing receivables and net capital expenditures, including the investment in software and other asset sales (e.g., certain QRadar SaaS assets). A key objective of the Financing business is to generate strong returns on equity, and our Financing receivables are the basis for that growth. Accordingly, management considers Financing receivables as a profit-generating investment, not as working capital that should


be minimized for efficiency. Therefore, management presents both free cash flow and net cash from operating activities that exclude the effect of Financing receivables. Free cash flow guidance is derived using an estimate of profit, working capital and operational cash flows. Since the company views Financing receivables as a profit-generating investment which it seeks to maximize, it is not considered when formulating guidance for free cash flow and adjusted EBITDA. As a result, the company does not estimate a GAAP net cash from operations expectation metric.

Constant Currency

When the company refers to growth rates at constant currency or adjusts such growth rates for currency, it is done so that certain financial results can be viewed without the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, thereby facilitating period-to-period comparisons of its business performance. Financial results adjusted for currency are calculated by translating current period activity in local currency using the comparable prior year period’s currency conversion rate. This approach is used for countries where the functional currency is the local currency. Generally, when the dollar either strengthens or weakens against other currencies, the growth at constant currency rates or adjusting for currency will be higher or lower than growth reported at actual exchange rates.

Key Performance Indicators

Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR):

The ARR metric was updated in the first quarter of 2024 to reflect the company's organizational changes, as described in the Form 8-K furnished with the SEC on March 18, 2024, and to simplify the calculation.

ARR is a key performance metric management uses to assess the health and growth trajectory of our Hybrid Platform & Solutions business within the Software segment. ARR is calculated by using the current quarter’s recurring revenue and then multiplying that value by four. This value includes the following consumption models: (1) software subscription agreements, including committed term licenses, (2) as-a-service arrangements such as SaaS and PaaS, and (3) maintenance and support contracts. ARR should be viewed independently of revenue as this performance metric and its inputs may not represent revenue that will be recognized in future periods.

Red Hat Annual Bookings:

Annual bookings is a key performance metric management uses in its assessment of a customer's commitment under Red Hat subscription and services contracts and provides an indication of forward-looking Red Hat revenue trajectory. It represents the value of a contract over a 12-month period, as of the date of contract signing. Annual bookings is calculated by taking the total subscription and service contract value divided by the number of days in the contract, multiplied by 365, plus the revenue recognized in the quarter for select cloud based offerings. Annual bookings should be viewed independently of revenue as this performance metric and its inputs may not represent the amount of revenue recognized in the period. For example, the conversion of annual bookings to revenue may vary based on types of services, customer decisions, start dates, and other factors. Therefore, annual bookings is not intended to represent current period revenue or revenue that will be recognized in future periods.

Other Information

Book of Business:

For generative AI, book of business includes Software transactional revenue, SaaS Annual Contract Value and Consulting signings. Book of business inception to date, since second-quarter 2023, is about four-fifths consulting signings. Our book of business reflects the value we are delivering to clients in two ways. First, we are partnering with our clients to design and scale AI solutions, whether that be leveraging AI capabilities of IBM, our partners, or a combination. Second, we are utilizing generative AI solutions to improve delivery by developing new ways of working and driving productivity within our client contracts.

v3.24.3
Cover
Oct. 23, 2024
Document Information [Line Items]  
Document Type 8-K
Document Period End Date Oct. 23, 2024
Entity Registrant Name INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code NY
Entity File Number 1-2360
Entity Tax Identification Number 13-0871985
Entity Address, Address Line One One New Orchard Road
Entity Address, City or Town Armonk
Entity Address, State or Province NY
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code 10504
City Area Code 914
Local Phone Number 499-1900
Written Communications false
Soliciting Material false
Pre-commencement Tender Offer false
Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer false
Entity Emerging Growth Company false
Entity Central Index Key 0000051143
Amendment Flag false
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | Common Stock  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security Capital stock, par value $.20 per share
Trading Symbol IBM
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 2.875% Notes due 2025  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 2.875% Notes due 2025
Trading Symbol IBM 25A
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 0.950% Notes due 2025  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 0.950% Notes due 2025
Trading Symbol IBM 25B
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 0.875% Notes due 2025  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 0.875% Notes due 2025
Trading Symbol IBM 25C
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 0.300% Notes due 2026  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 0.300% Notes due 2026
Trading Symbol IBM 26B
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 1.250% Notes due 2027  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 1.250% Notes due 2027
Trading Symbol IBM 27B
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 3.375% Notes due 2027  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 3.375% Notes due 2027
Trading Symbol IBM 27F
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 0.300% Notes due 2028  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 0.300% Notes due 2028
Trading Symbol IBM 28B
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 1.750% Notes due 2028  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 1.750% Notes due 2028
Trading Symbol IBM 28A
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 1.500% Notes due 2029  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 1.500% Notes due 2029
Trading Symbol IBM 29
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 0.875% Notes due 2030  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 0.875% Notes due 2030
Trading Symbol IBM 30A
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 1.750% Notes due 2031  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 1.750% Notes due 2031
Trading Symbol IBM 31
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 3.625% Notes due 2031  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 3.625% Notes due 2031
Trading Symbol IBM 31B
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 0.650% Notes due 2032  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 0.650% Notes due 2032
Trading Symbol IBM 32A
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 1.250% Notes due 2034  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 1.250% Notes due 2034
Trading Symbol IBM 34
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 3.750% Notes due 2035  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 3.750% Notes due 2035
Trading Symbol IBM 35
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 4.875% Notes due 2038  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 4.875% Notes due 2038
Trading Symbol IBM 38
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 1.200% Notes due 2040  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 1.200% Notes due 2040
Trading Symbol IBM 40
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 4.000% Notes due 2043  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 4.000% Notes due 2043
Trading Symbol IBM 43
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 7.00% Debentures due 2025  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 7.00% Debentures due 2025
Trading Symbol IBM 25
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 6.22% Debentures due 2027  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 6.22% Debentures due 2027
Trading Symbol IBM 27
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 6.50% Debentures due 2028  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 6.50% Debentures due 2028
Trading Symbol IBM 28
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 5.875% Debentures due 2032  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 5.875% Debentures due 2032
Trading Symbol IBM 32D
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 7.00% Debentures due 2045  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 7.00% Debentures due 2045
Trading Symbol IBM 45
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. | 7.125% Debentures due 2096  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security 7.125% Debentures due 2096
Trading Symbol IBM 96
Security Exchange Name NYSE
NYSE CHICAGO, INC. | Common Stock  
Document Information [Line Items]  
Title of 12(b) Security Capital stock, par value $.20 per share
Trading Symbol IBM
Security Exchange Name CHX
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