GTI Graphjet Technology

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 25, 2024

Registration No. 333-282490

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

AMENDMENT NO. 1

TO

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Graphjet Technology

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Lot 3895, Lorong 6D, Kampung Baru Subang

Seksyen U6, 40150 Shah Alma

Selangor, Malaysia

Telephone: +60 018 272 7799

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Aiden Lee Ping Wei

Lot 3895, Lorong 6D, Kampung Baru Subang

Seksyen U6, 40150 Shah Alma

Selangor, Malaysia

Telephone: +60 018 272 7799

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Andrew M. Tucker

Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP

101 Constitution Ave NW, Suite 900

Washington, DC 20001

Telephone: (202) 689-2800

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale of the securities to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, please check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we are not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS DATED OCTOBER 25, 2024

Graphjet Technology

Class A Ordinary Shares

This prospectus relates to the offer and sale of a maximum of                  Class A ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share (“Class A Ordinary Shares”) of Graphjet Technology, an exempted Cayman Islands company (“we”, “us”, “our”, “Graphjet Technology”, “Company” or similar terms). There is no minimum for this offering. This offering will commence promptly on the date upon which the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part is declared effective by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and will continue for 180 days. We will pay all expenses incurred in this offering.

The offering of the                  Class A Ordinary Shares is a “best efforts” offering, which means that our officers and directors will use their best efforts to sell the Class A Ordinary Shares. There is no commitment by any person to purchase any shares. The shares will be offered at a fixed price of $            per share for the duration of the offering. There is no minimum number of shares required to be sold to close the offering. Proceeds from the sale of the shares will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. The Company has not made any arrangements to place funds received from share subscriptions in escrow, trust, or similar account. Any funds raised from the offering will be immediately available to the Company for its immediate use.

There is no underwriter participation in the sale of the shares in this offering. The Company’s officers and directors will be solely responsible for selling shares in this offering and no commission will be paid on any sales.

Our Class A Ordinary Shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market (the “Nasdaq”) under the symbol “GTI” and our Public Warrants are listed on the OTC under the symbol “GTIW.” On        , 2024, the closing price of our Class A Ordinary Shares was $        per share.

All amounts are in thousands of United States dollars (“USD”) unless specifically noted otherwise.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. This prospectus complies with the requirements that apply to an issuer that is an emerging growth company.

Investing in our Class A Ordinary Shares is highly speculative and involves a high degree of risk. See the section entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 6 of this prospectus to read about factors you should consider before buying our securities.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

The date of this prospectus is               , 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or any information incorporated by reference herein. Neither we nor any of the underwriters has authorized anyone to provide you with information different from, or in addition to, that contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference herein or any such free writing prospectus. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We can provide no assurance as to the reliability of any other information that others may give you. Neither we nor any of the underwriters is making an offer to sell or seeking offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where or to any person to whom the offer or sale is not permitted. The information in this prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front cover of this prospectus, and the information in any free writing prospectus that we may provide you in connection with this offering is accurate only as of the date of such free writing prospectus. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.  

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. All statements, other than statements of present or historical fact included in this prospectus, our future financial performance, strategy, expansion plans, future operations, future operating results, estimated revenues, losses, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. Any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “believe,” “estimate,” “continue,” “goal,” “outlook,” “forecast,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project” or the negative of such terms or other similar expressions. These forward- looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Except as otherwise required by applicable law, we disclaim any duty to update any forward-looking statements, all of which are expressly qualified by the statements in this section, to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus. We caution you that these forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Unless the context indicates otherwise, references in this prospectus to the “Company,” “Graphjet Technology,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar terms refer to Graphjet Technology.

Forward-looking statements in this prospectus may include, for example, statements about:

These statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected or otherwise implied by the forward-looking statements. The following factors, among others, may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements:

Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Additional cautionary statements or discussions of risks and uncertainties that could affect our results or the achievement of the expectations described in forward-looking statements may also be contained in any accompanying prospectus supplement.

Should one or more of the risks or uncertainties described in this prospectus, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results and plans could differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. Additional information concerning these and other factors that may impact the operations and projections discussed herein can be found in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and in our periodic filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Our SEC filings are available publicly on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

You should read this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement completely and with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity and performance as well as other events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves risks. Before you make a decision to buy our securities, in addition to the risks and uncertainties discussed above under “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Summary Risk Factors,” you should carefully consider the specific risks set forth herein. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. As a result, the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Additionally, the risks and uncertainties described in this prospectus, or any prospectus supplement are not the only risks and uncertainties that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may become material and adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to Graphjet Technology’s Business

We have a very limited operating history, which may make it difficult for you to evaluate the success of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

Graphjet was formed on December 23, 2019, and our objective is to become a manufacturer of artificial graphite and graphene using a waste product, palm seed kernels. To date, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to performing research and development and enabling manufacturing activities in support of our product development efforts, hiring personnel, acquiring and developing our technology, performing business planning, establishing our intellectual property portfolio and raising capital to support and expand such activities. Our production methods utilizing palm kernel shells to produce single layer graphene and artificial graphite is a new type of product in the industry. Predicting our future revenue and appropriately budgeting for our expenses is difficult, and we have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. If actual results differ from our estimates or we adjust our estimates in future periods, our operating results and financial position could be materially and adversely affected. You should consider our prospects in light of the risks and uncertainties emerging companies encounter when introducing a new product.

Our independent registered public accounting firm’s report contains an explanatory paragraph that expresses substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a “going concern.”

As of March 31, 2024, the Company incurred, in thousands, a net loss of $11,594 and, as of that date, the Company’s current asset, in thousands, exceeded its current liability by $378. Since the date of inception, we have not recorded any revenue. We incurred significant costs in pursuit of constructing our first manufacturing facility, and developing our intellectual property. These factors, among others, raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern.

We face a variety of risks related to our proposed graphene/graphite manufacturing business.

We plan to develop a graphene/graphite manufacturing business that produces low-cost, high-quality, and high-margin graphene/graphite. The proposed graphene and graphite manufacturing carries a number of risks, including, without limitation:

Entry into a new line of business may also subject us to new laws and regulations with which we are not familiar and may lead to increased litigation and regulatory risk. Further, our graphene/graphite manufacturing business model and strategy are still evolving and are continually being reviewed and revised, and we may not be able to successfully implement our business model and strategy. We may not be able to produce graphene or graphite with the characteristics needed for commercial use, and we may not be able to attract a sufficiently large number of customers. If we are unable to successfully implement our graphene/graphite manufacturing business, our revenue and profitability may not grow as we expect, our competitiveness may be materially and adversely affected, and our reputation and business may be harmed.

In developing our proposed graphene/graphite manufacturing business, we have and will continue to invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the development of our graphene/graphite manufacturing business may not be achieved. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of our new graphene/graphite manufacturing business could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The graphene and graphite industry is highly competitive. Our market share, net sales or net income could decline due to vigorous price and other competition.

Competition in the graphene and graphite industry is based primarily on market acceptance, material differentiation and quality, delivery reliability and customer service. Competition with respect to new material is, and is expected to continue to be, based primarily on price, performance and cost effectiveness, customer service and product innovation. Competition could prevent implementation of price increases, require price reductions or require increased spending on research and development, marketing and sales that could adversely affect us. In such a competitive market, changes in market conditions, including customer demand and technological development, could adversely affect our competitiveness, sales and/or profitability.

We may or may not recoup expenditures associated with our growth.

To keep pace with increasing market demand, we need to invest in expanding our production capacity. The manufacture of our graphene and graphite is capital-intensive, and equipment, once purchased, may break down or require costly maintenance or may become obsolete due to technological improvements or other factors. There can be no assurance that investments intended to increase production capacity will have the desired impact which could materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial position.

We may not respond quickly and profitably to continued innovations in the graphene and graphite industry.

We believe that technological advances in graphene and graphite manufacturing will continue to occur, and new technologies will continue to develop. Advances in the manufacturing of graphene and graphite could allow our competitors to develop graphene and graphite faster or produce more efficiently or at lower cost than we can, or they may have significantly greater sources in which to grow their graphene and graphite innovation more rapidly. If we are unable to adapt or incorporate technological advances into our operations, our production facilities could become less competitive. Further, it may be necessary for us to incur significant expenditures to acquire any new technologies and retrofit our current processes to remain competitive.

If we do not effectively implement our sales, marketing and service plans, our sales will not grow, and our results of operations will suffer.

Our sales and marketing efforts may not achieve intended results and, therefore, may not generate the projected revenue we anticipate. As a result of our corporate strategies, we have decided to focus our resources on selected vertical markets. We may change our focus to other markets or applications in the future. There can be no assurance that our focus or our near-term plans will be successful. If we are not able to address markets for graphene and graphite successfully, we may not be able to grow our business, compete effectively or achieve profitability. Although we have secured the letter of intents from our potential customers, such letters are non-binding and can be terminated as and when they want. There can also be no assurance that we will be able to secure the contracts from our potential customers or any other customers.

We are unlikely to enter into any long-term contracts with its customers. The lack of long-term contracts is mainly due to the nature of the business that graphene and graphite prices fluctuate, the prevailing customer practices where the demand for graphene and graphite is subject to the customers’ needs and business decisions, of which are difficult to secure any long-term contracts. The absence of long-term contracts may result in the fluctuation of our sales and result in uncertainties over the overall financial performance. Should our future customers cease purchasing from us, and if we are unable to replace these customers with new customers in a timely manner, our financial performance may be adversely affected. However, we believe that our customers are unlikely to switch to alternative competitors due to price and quality, that differentiate Graphjet Technology to its competitors.

While we strive to ensure customer satisfaction by improving our graphene and graphite quality, strengthening existing business relationships and establishing relationships with new customers to expand our customer base, any adverse economic conditions or slowdowns in the demand graphene may negatively impact the sales, which will consequently result in a decline in our financial performance.

We must continuously invest in research and development and devote significant resources to commercializing new products in the graphene and graphite industry.

To remain competitive, we must continuously invest in research and development and our future growth depends on penetrating new markets, expansion in current markets, and introducing quality graphene and graphite that achieve market acceptance. Much of our technology and intellectual property portfolio is at an early stage of development, and we may not be able to continue to identify, develop, exploit, market and, in certain cases, secure regulatory approval for, innovative graphene and graphite in a timely manner or at all. Further, our graphene and graphite may not achieve market acceptance, create any additional revenue or become profitable, which could materially harm our business, prospects, financial results and liquidity. In the event that we are not able to secure the customer contracts for the sales of at least 60 tons of graphene yearly throughout 2023 through 2027, our financial performance could be materially affected.

Because we have limited capital, inherent manufacturing risks pose a significant threat to us compared with our larger competitors.

Because we have limited capital, we may be unable to withstand significant losses that can result from inherent risks associated with manufacturing graphene and graphite, including environmental hazards, industrial accidents, flooding, earthquake, interruptions due to weather conditions and other acts of nature which larger competitors could withstand. Such risks could result in damage to or destruction of our infrastructure and production facilities, as well as to adjacent properties, personal injury, environmental damage and processing and production delays, causing monetary losses and possible legal liability.

Any malfunction or system failure on the plant and machinery may interrupt the business operations, result in unavailability of its services and hinder the ability to manage the processing of graphene and graphite to meet its customers’ order and expose us to other operational inefficiencies and risk that could materially and adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business could be harmed if we lose the services of our key personnel. Our business and processing programs depend upon our ability to employ the services of engineers and other experts. In operating our business and in order to continue our programs, we compete for the services of professionals and processing companies and businesses. Our ability to maintain and expand our business programs may be impaired if we are unable to continue to employ or engage those parties currently providing services and expertise to us or identify and engage other qualified personnel to do so in their place. To retain key employees, we may face increased compensation costs, including potential new equity incentive grants pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan and there can be no assurance that the incentive measures we implement will be successful in helping us retain our key personnel.

Risks of relationships with third parties in respect of commercialization, sales and marketing of our graphene and graphite products.

Although we have resources and staff dedicated to research and development and market conditions, other factors such as management efficiencies may make it required or preferable for us to enter into collaboration arrangements with third parties for the commercialization, sales and marketing of our graphene and graphite. If we are not successful entering into appropriate collaboration arrangements or recruiting sales and marketing personnel or in building a sales and marketing infrastructure, we will have difficulty successfully commercializing our graphene and graphite, which would adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. We may not be able to enter into collaboration agreements on terms acceptable to us or at all. In addition, even if we enter into such relationships, we may have limited or no control over the sales, marketing and commercialization activities of these third parties. Our future revenues may depend heavily on the success of the efforts of these third parties. If we elect to establish a sales and marketing infrastructure, we may not realize a positive return on this investment.

Our failure to protect our intellectual property rights may undermine our competitive position, and litigation to protect our intellectual property rights may be costly.

Although we have taken many protective measures to protect our technology with trade secrets, know-how and specialized domain expertise, including agreements, limited access, segregation of knowledge, password protections and other measures, policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology can be difficult and expensive.

Also, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets, or determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Such litigation may result in our intellectual property rights being challenged, limited in scope, or declared invalid or unenforceable. We cannot be certain that the outcome of any litigation will be in our favor, and an adverse determination in any such litigation could impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation.

We rely primarily on know-how, specialized knowledge, domain expertise, trade secrets and non-disclosure, confidentiality and other types of contractual restrictions to establish, maintain, and enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights. However, our rights under these laws and agreements afford us only limited protection and the actions we take to establish, maintain, and enforce our intellectual property rights may not be adequate. For example, our trade secrets and other confidential information could be disclosed in an unauthorized manner to third parties, our owned or licensed intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed, or misappropriated or our intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to provide us with a competitive advantage, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.

Our patent applications may not result in issued patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours.

Our patent applications may not result in issued patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours.

We may need to defend ourselves against claims that we infringe, have misappropriated or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others, which may be time-consuming and would cause us to incur substantial costs.

Companies, organizations, or individuals, including our competitors, and suppliers may hold or obtain patents, trademarks, or other proprietary rights that they may in the future believe are infringed by our products or services. Although we are not currently subject to any claims related to intellectual property, these companies holding patents or other intellectual property rights allegedly relating to our technologies could, in the future, make claims or bring suits alleging infringement, misappropriation, or other violations of such rights, or otherwise asserting their rights and seeking licenses or injunctions. In specific cases indemnify our customers or suppliers against claims that the products we supply infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate third party intellectual property rights, and we may therefore be required to defend our customers against such claims. If a claim is successfully brought in the future and we or our products are determined to have infringed, misappropriated, or otherwise violated a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following:

Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. In addition, any litigation or claims, whether or not valid, could harm our reputation, result in substantial costs, and divert resources and management attention.

Our success will depend, among other factors, on our ability to obtain, maintain and protect our intellectual property rights.

In order to remain competitive, we must develop, maintain and protect the proprietary aspects of our brands, technologies and data. We rely on a combination of contractual provisions, confidentiality procedures and patent, copyright, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property laws to protect the proprietary aspects of our brands, technologies and data. These legal measures afford only limited protection, and competitors or others may gain access to or use our intellectual property and proprietary information. Our success will depend, in part, on preserving our trade secrets, maintaining the security of our data and know-how and obtaining and maintaining other intellectual property rights. We may not be able to obtain or maintain intellectual property or other proprietary rights necessary to our business or in a form that provides us with a competitive advantage.

In addition, our trade secrets, data and know-how could be subject to unauthorized use, misappropriation, or disclosure to unauthorized parties, despite our efforts to enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, clients and other vendors who have access to such information, and could otherwise become known or be independently discovered by third parties. Our intellectual property, including trademarks, could be challenged, invalidated, infringed, and circumvented by third parties, and our trademarks could also be diluted, declared generic or found to be infringing on other marks. If any of the foregoing occurs, we could be forced to re-brand our products, resulting in loss of brand recognition and requiring us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands, and suffer other competitive harm. Third parties may also adopt trademarks similar to ours, which could harm our brand identity and lead to market confusion. Failure to obtain and maintain intellectual property rights necessary to our business and failure to protect, monitor and control the use of our intellectual property rights could negatively impact our ability to compete and cause us to incur significant expenses. The intellectual property laws and other statutory and contractual arrangements in the United States and other jurisdictions we depend upon may not provide sufficient protection in the future to prevent the infringement, use, violation or misappropriation of our trademarks, data, technology and other intellectual property and services, and may not provide an adequate remedy if our intellectual property rights are infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated.

We rely, in part, on our ability to obtain, maintain, expand, enforce, and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio or other proprietary rights, including the amount and timing of any payments we may be required to make in connection with the licensing, filing, defense and enforcement of any patents or other intellectual property rights. The process of applying for and obtaining a patent is expensive, time consuming and complex, and we may not be able to file, prosecute, maintain, enforce or license all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost, in a timely manner, or in all jurisdictions where protection may be commercially advantageous, or we may not be able to protect our proprietary rights at all. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may be able to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. In addition, the issuance of a patent does not ensure that it is valid or enforceable, so even if we obtain patents, they may not be valid or enforceable against third parties.

We received approval of our patent application for a palm-based synthetic graphite and the preparation method thereof on September 22, 2022. In addition, we currently have a pending patent application for its process for producing palm-based graphene. Our patent application for producing palm-based graphene may not result in an issued patent and our patents may not be sufficiently broad to protect our technology. Moreover, even if we are able to obtain patent protection for both productions, such patent protection may be of insufficient scope to achieve our business objectives. Issued patents may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated or circumvented. Decisions by courts and governmental patent agencies may introduce uncertainty in the enforceability or scope of patents owned by or licensed to us. Furthermore, the issuance of a patent does not give us the right to practice the patented invention. Third parties may have blocking patents that could prevent us from marketing our own products and practicing our own technology. Alternatively, third parties may seek approval to market their own products similar to or otherwise competitive with our products. In these circumstances, we may need to defend and/or assert our patents, including by filing lawsuits alleging patent infringement. In any of these types of proceedings, a court or agency with jurisdiction may find our patents invalid, unenforceable or not infringed; competitors may then be able to market products and use manufacturing and analytical processes that are substantially similar to ours. Even if we have valid and enforceable patents, these patents still may not provide protection against competing products or processes sufficient to achieve our business objectives.

We depend on third parties for certain construction, maintenance, engineering, transportation, warehousing and logistics services.

We contract, or will contract, with third parties for certain services relating to the design, construction and maintenance of various components of our production facilities and other systems. If these third parties fail to comply with their obligations, the facilities may not operate as intended, which may result in delays in the production of our products and materially adversely affect our ability to meet our production targets and satisfy customer requirements or we may be required to recognize impairment charges. In addition, production delays could cause us to miss deliveries and breach our contracts, which could damage our relationships with our customers and subject us to claims for damages under our contracts. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

We will also rely primarily on third parties for the transportation of our products. In particular, a significant portion of our goods are transported to different countries, which requires sophisticated warehousing, logistics and other resources. If any of the third parties that we use to transport products are unable to deliver the goods in a timely manner, we may be unable to sell these products at full value or at all, which could cause us to miss deliveries and breach our contracts, which could damage our relationships with our customers and subject us to claims for damages under our contracts. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Our sales and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted by risks inherent in international markets.

As we expand in international markets, customers may have difficulty or be unable to integrate our products into their existing systems or may have difficulty complying with foreign regulatory and commercial requirements. As a result, our products may require redesign. Any redesign of the product may delay sales or cause quality issues. In addition, we may be subject to a variety of other risks associated with international business, including import/export restrictions, fluctuations in currency exchange rates and economic or political instability. In addition, doing business internationally subjects us to risks relating to political or social unrest, as well as corruption and government regulation, including U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. If any of these events occur, our businesses may be adversely affected.

Our operations are subject to hazards which could result in significant liability to us.

Our operations are subject to hazards associated with manufacturing and the related use, storage, transportation and disposal of raw materials, products and wastes. These hazards include explosions, fires, severe weather (including but not limited to hurricanes or other adverse weather that may be increasing as a result of climate change) and natural disasters, industrial accidents, mechanical failures, discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases, transportation interruptions, human error and terrorist activities. These hazards can cause personal injury and loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment as well as environmental damage, and may result in suspension of operations and the imposition of civil and criminal liabilities, including penalties and damage awards. While we believe our insurance policies are in accordance with customary industry practices, such insurance may not cover all risks associated with the hazards of our business and is subject to limitations, including deductibles and maximum liabilities covered. We may incur losses beyond the limits, or outside the coverage, of our insurance policies. In the future, we may not be able to obtain coverage at current levels, and our premiums may increase significantly on coverage that we maintain. Costs associated with unanticipated events in excess of our insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, competitive or financial position or our ongoing results of operations.

Complying with numerous health, safety and environmental regulations is both complex and costly.

Our business is subject to numerous health, safety, and environmental requirements in Malaysia. Such laws and regulations govern, among other matters, air emissions, wastewater discharges, solid and hazardous waste management and the use, composition, handling, distribution, and transportation of hazardous materials. Many such laws and regulations are becoming increasingly stringent (and may impose strict liability) and the cost of compliance with these requirements can be expected to increase over time. Although we believe that our operations comply with applicable regulations, any failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in us incurring costs and /or liabilities, including as a result of regulatory enforcement, personal injury, property damage and claims and litigation resulting from such events, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Industrial operations can be hazardous.

Accidents involving the mishandling of heavy equipment or hazardous substances could cause severe or critical damage or injury to property and human health. Such an event could result in civil lawsuits and/or regulatory enforcement proceedings, both of which could lead to significant liabilities. Any damage to persons, equipment or property or other disruption of our business could result in significant additional costs to replace, repair and insure assets, which could negatively affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition.

Our business may be impacted by international instability, war, terrorism, and geopolitical events.

International political and economic instability or volatility, geopolitical regional conflicts, terrorist activity, political unrest, civil strife, acts of war, public corruption, expropriation and other economic or political uncertainties could interrupt and negatively affect the performance of our services, sale of our products or other business operations. A slowdown in economic growth in some emerging markets could result in long sales cycles, greater risk of uncollectible accounts and longer collection cycles. Fluctuations or devaluations in currency values, especially in emerging markets, could have an adverse effect on us, our suppliers, logistics providers and manufacturing vendors. Although our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, we operate in different geographical areas and transact in a range of currencies in addition to the U.S. dollar, such as Malaysian Ringgit. As a result, movements in exchange rates may cause our revenue and expenses to fluctuate, impacting our profitability, financial position and cash flows. All of these factors could result in increased costs or decreased revenues, and could materially and adversely affect our product sales, financial condition and results of operations.

Our projections are subject to significant risks, assumptions, estimates and uncertainties, including assumptions regarding the demand for our products. As a result, our projected revenues, market share, expenses and profitability may differ materially from our expectations in any given quarter or fiscal year.

To date, we have not had any sales of our products, but have three letters of intent with potential customers and on December 27, 2022, we executed ours first supply agreement with Toyoda Trike Inc (“Toyoda”). This supply agreement provides that we will supply graphite and graphene amounting to $30 million to Toyoda for their carbon neutral mobility product. Thus, we are expected to be the key supplier of raw materials for Toyoda’s carbon neutral mobility products as its first customer contract. However, there remains uncertainty as to the timing of delivery of this product and the acquisition of additional contracts and customers. We were unable to export graphite from China in 2023, therefore we did not produce any revenue pursuant to the supply agreement in 2023.

We operate in a rapidly changing and competitive industry and our projections are subject to the risks and assumptions made by management with respect to our industry. Further, the synthetic graphene industry is a dynamic industry, characterized by rapid changes in technology, frequent introduction of new and more advanced solutions as well as evolving industry standards. Market demand advances at a rapid pace and industry standards constantly evolve. We are subject to the risks of inability to incorporate leading technologies and respond to technological advances and emerging industry standards and practices on a timely and cost-effective basis; and inability to maintain, upgrade and develop our systems and infrastructure to cater to rapidly expanding operations.

Operating results are difficult to forecast as they generally depend on our assessment of the timing of orders and delivery of product. Additionally, our business may be affected by reductions in demand for product and the price of competitors product as a result of a number of factors which may be difficult to predict. Similarly, our assumptions and expectations with respect to margins and the pricing of our graphene and graphite product may not prove to be accurate since we do not have any operating history. This may result in decreased revenue, and we may be unable to adopt measures in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected shortfall in revenue. This inability could cause our operating results in a given quarter or year to be higher or lower than expected. If actual results differ from our estimates, analysts or investors may negatively react and our share price could be materially adversely affected.

Our future success depends in part on our ability to increase our production capacity and we may not be able to do so in a cost-effective manner.

We intend to begin construction on a manufacturing plant. Our ability to plan, construct and equip the manufacturing plant, and any future additional manufacturing plants, is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including the following:

If we are unable to expand our manufacturing facilities, we may be unable to further scale our business. If the demand for our product or our production output decreases or does not rise as expected, we may not be able to spread a significant amount of our fixed costs over the production volume, thereby increasing our per unit fixed cost, which would have a negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our business and operating results may suffer.

Our current growth and future growth plans may make it difficult for us to efficiently operate our business, challenging us to effectively manage our capital expenditures and control our costs while we expand our operations to increase our revenue. If we experience significant growth in orders, without improvements in automation and efficiency, we may need additional manufacturing capacity and we and some of our suppliers may need additional and capital intensive equipment. Any growth in manufacturing must include a scaling of quality control as the increase in production increases the possible impact of manufacturing defects. In addition, any growth in the volume of sales of our products may outpace our ability to engage sufficient and experienced personnel to manage the higher number of installations and to engage contractors to complete installations on a timely basis and in accordance with our expectations and standards. Any failure to manage our growth effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. Our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to manage this expansion and growth successfully.

If we are unable to attract and retain key employees and hire qualified management, technical, engineering, and sales personnel, our ability to compete and successfully grow our business could be harmed.

We believe that our success and our ability to reach our strategic objectives are highly dependent on the contributions of our key management, technical, engineering and sales personnel. The performance of the business operation, implementation of on-going projects and successful execution on the business strategy will depend on the expertise, experience, and contribution of the management team. The loss of the services of any of our key executives or employees could disrupt our operations, delay the development and introduction of our products and services, and negatively impact our business, prospects and operating results. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully attract and retain senior leadership necessary to grow our business. Furthermore, there is increasing competition for talented individuals in our field. We cannot assure that we will be able to afford the compensation packages customary in our filed, which may lead to inability to attract and retain leadership and talent. Our failure to attract and retain our executive officers and other key technology, sales, marketing and support personnel, could adversely impact our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results. In addition, we do not have “key person” life insurance policies covering any of our officers or other key employees.

Future litigation or administrative proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be involved in legal proceedings, administrative proceedings, claims and other litigation that arise in the ordinary course of business. In addition, since our products are a new type of graphene and graphite product, we may in the future need to seek the amendment of existing regulations or, in some cases, the creation of new regulations, in order to operate our business in some jurisdictions. Such regulatory processes may require public hearings concerning our business, which could expose us to subsequent litigation.

A substantial number of lawsuits have been filed by SPAC shareholders seeking to contest the terms of, or disclosures surrounding, de-SPAC merger transactions. While shareholders and plaintiffs’ firms have long contested public company M&A transactions, and are bringing similar challenges to de-SPAC merger transactions, certain structural features of SPACs have led shareholders to make new twists on those arguments. For example, shareholders in a SPAC sued in Delaware state court to enjoin a de-SPAC transaction arguing that the SPAC directors and officers breached their fiduciary duties by rushing to sign a deal just before the time limit to return capital to investors expired that was not in the best interests of SPAC shareholders. The plaintiffs also alleged that several of the SPAC’s managers lacked independence because they were promised board membership in the post-transaction company. The lawsuit was voluntarily dismissed after the SPAC issued additional disclosures.

Another SPAC was sued in Delaware to enjoin the merger, where the shareholders argued that the SPAC’s directors breached their fiduciary duties by signing a merger agreement that would give the target’s current owners voting control of the post-merger company, and also by waiving the corporate opportunity doctrine to allow the owners of the target to compete with the post-merger company. According to the plaintiffs, the sponsors permitted these deal terms because they were more focused on their next SPAC than the future of the target company.

Shareholders have also filed dozens of nuisance claims alleging misleading disclosures in proxy statements soliciting shareholder approval of de-SPAC merger transactions. These kinds of proxy statement challenges, which are common in the public M&A setting, are frequently brought under Section 14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and SEC Rule 14a-9. In these actions, plaintiffs’ lawyers threaten to enjoin a shareholder vote until the issuer releases supplemental information. These actions frequently settle or are voluntarily dismissed when the company issues additional disclosures, and plaintiffs’ lawyers then seek a “mootness fee” usually after the closing of the business combination. Commentators and courts have criticized this minuet on the ground that the supplemental disclosures confer no real benefits on shareholders. We can expect plaintiffs’ securities law firms to continue to file these claims in connection with many de-SPAC merger transactions to recoup these fees.

Unfavorable outcomes or developments relating to proceedings to which we are a party or transactions involving our products, such as judgments for monetary damages, injunctions, or denial or revocation of permits, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, settlement of claims could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Cyber-attacks or other failures in our telecommunications or information technology systems, or those of our collaborators, third-party logistics providers, distributors or other contractors or consultants, could result in information theft, data corruption and significant disruption of our business operations.

We, our programs, our collaborators, third-party logistics providers, distributors and other contractors and consultants utilize information technology, or IT, systems and networks to process, transmit and store electronic information, including but not limited to intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information, in connection with our business activities. Our internal IT systems and those of current and future third parties on which we rely may fail and are vulnerable to breakdown, breach, interruption or damage from cyber incidents, employee error or malfeasance, theft or misuse, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures or other compromises. As use of digital technologies has increased, cyber incidents, including third parties gaining access to employee accounts using stolen or inferred credentials, computer malware, viruses, spamming, phishing attacks, denial-of-service attacks or other means, and deliberate attacks and attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer systems and networks, have increased in frequency, intensity, and sophistication. These threats pose a risk to the security of our, our programs’, our collaborators’, third-party logistics providers’, distributors’ and other contractors’ and consultants’ systems and networks, and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in preventing cyber-attacks or successfully mitigating their effects. We may not be able to anticipate all types of security threats, and we may not be able to implement preventive measures effective against all such security threats. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched, and can originate from a wide variety of sources, including outside groups such as external service providers, organized crime affiliates, terrorist organizations or hostile foreign governments or agencies. Similarly, there can be no assurance that our collaborators, third-party logistics providers, distributors and other contractors and consultants will be successful in protecting our clinical and other data that is stored on their systems. Any loss of clinical trial data from our completed or ongoing clinical trials for any of our product candidates could result in delays in our development and regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Although to our knowledge we have not experienced any such material system failure or material security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of development programs and business operations.

Any cyber-attack that leads to unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of personal information, data breach or destruction or loss of data could result in a violation of applicable U.S. and international privacy, data protection and other laws and regulations, subject us to litigation and governmental investigations, proceedings and regulatory actions by federal, state and local regulatory entities in the United States and by international regulatory entities, resulting in exposure to material civil and/or criminal liability, cause us to breach our contractual obligations, which could result in significant legal and financial exposure and reputational damages. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to incur significant additional expenses in order to implement further data protection measures or to remediate any information security vulnerability. Further, our general liability insurance and corporate risk program may not cover all potential claims to which we are exposed and may not be adequate to indemnify us for all liability that maybe imposed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. There can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages as a result of the events referenced above.

We are dependent on the palm oil industry for availability of raw material.

Any fluctuation of the selling price could materially, either positively or negatively, affect our business and financial condition. The processing of graphene is contingent on the availability of raw material such as palm kernel shell, which is a natural commodity that is exposed to price volatility as a result of market demand and supply conditions. As such, we are exposed to the price volatility of raw material. We are also dependent on the palm oil industry to source the raw material such as the palm kernels for our products to ensure successful business operations and financial performance. A slowdown in the palm oil industry due to, among others, a fall in the global market prices of crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil, a decline in demand for palm oil and palm oil product due to among others, trade barriers and restrictions, actions by pressure groups and changing customer preference, adverse changes in the countries where palm oil plantations are located, natural disasters, changes to climatic conditions that adversely affect oil palm cultivation and crop production or other factors that may affect oil palm cultivation, crop production and demand for palm oil and its derivatives and product would have a material adverse effect on our business operations and financial performance if we are not be able to source for sufficient raw material elsewhere.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by risks associated with our international operations.

An important part of targeting international markets is increasing our brand awareness and establishing relationships with customers internationally. However, there are certain risks inherent in doing business in international market, which is heavily regulated in many jurisdictions. These risks include:

Our overall success and ability to continue to expand our business depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these risks and there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so without incurring unexpected or increased costs. If we are not able to manage the risks related to our international operations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. In certain regions, the degree of these risks may be higher due to more volatile economic, political or social conditions, less developed and predictable legal and regulatory regimes and increased potential for various types of adverse governmental action. Our ability to continue to expand our business and to attract talented employees, customers and members in various international markets will require considerable management attention and resources and is subject to the particular challenges of supporting a rapidly growing business. Entering new international markets is expensive, our ability to successfully gain market acceptance or establish a robust customer base in any particular market is uncertain. Further, the potential distraction this could cause our senior management team could lead to other areas of our operations being neglected and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may make investments into or acquire other companies or technologies, which could divert our management’s attention, result in dilution to our shareholders, and otherwise disrupt our operations, and we may have difficulty integrating any such acquisitions successfully or realizing the anticipated benefits therefrom, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not they are consummated. In addition, we have limited experience in acquiring other businesses and may have difficulty integrating acquired businesses or assets, or otherwise realizing any of the anticipated benefits of acquisitions. If we acquire additional businesses, we may not be able to integrate the acquired operations and technologies successfully, or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition. Integration may prove to be difficult due to the necessity of integrating personnel with disparate business backgrounds, different geographical locations and who may be accustomed to different corporate cultures.

We also may not achieve the anticipated benefits from any acquired business due to a number of factors, including:

We may issue equity securities or incur indebtedness to pay for any such acquisition or investment, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Any such issuances of additional shares may cause shareholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our ordinary shares to decline. In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of any companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, which must be assessed for impairment at least annually. In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our results of operations based on this impairment assessment process, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We may be subject to export and import control laws and regulations that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate such laws and regulations.

We and our products may be import and export controls and trade and economic sanctions regulations, which prohibit the shipment or provision of certain products and solutions to certain countries, governments and persons. We are also subject laws and regulations governing our operations, including regulations administered by the governments of Malaysia, including applicable export control regulations, economic sanctions and embargoes on certain countries and persons, anti-money laundering laws, import and customs requirements and currency exchange regulations. While we have mechanisms to identify high-risk individuals and entities before contracting with them, an instance of non-compliance with all such applicable laws could result in our being subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of such laws could also have an adverse impact on our reputation, our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to an Investment in Our Securities

We have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

We cannot specify with certainty how we will use the net proceeds that we receive from this offering. Our management has broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds, and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may disagree or for purposes other than those contemplated at the time of the offering. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

Investors in this offering will experience immediate dilution upon the closing of the offering.

If you purchase our Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering, you will experience immediate dilution of $     per share because the price that you pay will be greater than the pro forma net asset value per share of the common stock you acquire. This dilution is also due to the expenses incurred by us in connection with the consummation of this offering. You will experience additional dilution upon the exercise of options to purchase our common stock or the vesting of other grants of equity awards made by us under the Equity Incentive Plan, or any other equity incentive plan that we may adopt in the future, or if we otherwise issue additional Class A Ordinary Shares at a price below the offering price. See “Dilution.”

An active market for our securities may not develop, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our securities.

The price of our securities may vary significantly due to factors specific to us as well as to general market or economic conditions. Furthermore, an active trading market for our securities may never develop or, if developed, it may not be sustained. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established and sustained.

If securities or industry analysts publish reports that are interpreted negatively by the investment community or publish negative research reports about our business, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares depends, to some extent, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts, or the information contained in their reports. If one or more analysts publish research reports that are interpreted negatively by the investment community, or have a negative tone regarding our business, financial condition or results of operations, industry or end-markets, our share price could decline. In addition, if a majority of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

Future sales of our Class A Ordinary Shares, or the perception of such sales, by us or our shareholders in the public market could cause the market price for our Class A Ordinary Shares to decline.

The sale of our Class A Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that it deems appropriate.

In addition, the Class A Ordinary Shares reserved for future issuance under the Equity Incentive Plan will become eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to any applicable vesting requirements, lockup agreements and other restrictions imposed by law. A total number of shares equal to 13,800,000 have been reserved for future issuance under the Equity Incentive Plan. We intend to file a registration statement on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register Class A Ordinary Shares or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Class A Ordinary Shares issued pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan, which registration statement will automatically become effective upon filing. Accordingly, shares registered under the registration statements will be available for sale in the open market.

In the future, we may also issue its securities in connection with investments or acquisitions. The amount of Class A Ordinary Shares issued in connection with an investment or acquisition could constitute a material portion of the then-outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares. Any issuance of additional securities in connection with investments or acquisitions may result in additional dilution to our shareholders.

Our Class A Ordinary Share price may decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment as a result.

Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of Graphjet Technology’s securities irrespective of its operating performance. The stock market in general has experienced price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. The trading prices and valuations of these stocks, and of Graphjet Technology’s securities, may not be predictable. A loss of investor confidence in the market for retail stocks or the stocks of other companies which investors perceive to be similar to Graphjet Technology could depress Graphjet Technology’s share price regardless of its business, prospects, financial conditions or results of operations. You may not be able to resell your Class A Ordinary Shares at an attractive price due to a number of factors such as those listed in “— Risks Related to Our Business and Industry” and the following:  

A decline in the market price of Graphjet Technology’s securities also could adversely affect its ability to issue additional securities and its ability to obtain additional financing in the future. In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have initiated derivative actions. If we are involved in derivative litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of management from our business regardless of the outcome of the litigation.

Because there are no current plans to pay cash dividends on our Class A Ordinary Shares for the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your Class A Ordinary Shares at a price greater than what you paid for it.

We intend to retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment, and there are no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. The declaration, amount and payment of any future dividends on our Class A Ordinary Shares will be at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors may take into account general and economic conditions, our financial condition and results of operations, our available cash and current and anticipated cash needs, capital requirements, contractual, legal, tax and regulatory restrictions, implications of the payment of dividends by us to our shareholders or by our subsidiaries to us and such other factors as our Board may deem relevant. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares unless you sell your Class A Ordinary Shares for a price greater than that which you paid for them.

Our shareholders may experience dilution in the future.

The percentage of our Class A Ordinary Shares owned by current shareholders may be diluted in the future because of equity issuances for acquisitions, capital market transactions or otherwise, including, without limitation, equity awards that we may grant to our directors, officers and employees, and exercise of our warrants. Such issuances may have a dilutive effect on our earnings per share, which could adversely affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Changes in laws, regulations or rules, or a failure to comply with any laws, regulations or rules, may adversely affect our business, investments and results of operations.

We are subject to laws, regulations and rules enacted by national, regional and local governments and Nasdaq. In particular, we are required to comply with certain SEC, Nasdaq and other legal or regulatory requirements of businesses providing financial services. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations and rules may be difficult, time consuming and costly. These laws, regulations, and rules include, without limitation, the following:

As our business expands to additional states, we will be required to review and comply with those states’ laws that apply to our services and business activities. We will also be required to determine whether we will become subject to additional areas of regulation if we expand the types of activities in which we engage. For example, because we do not hold customer deposits or offer loans for consumer or personal purposes, we are not currently required have a financial institution charter or lending license in the states in which we currently provide services or loans. If we do not identify activities that would require a regulatory application, license or other approval, or if the interpretation and application of the laws to which we are currently subject change, those additional laws, rules, and regulations or changes therein could have a material adverse effect on our business, investments and results of operations. A failure to comply with any applicable laws, regulations or rules, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We may be required to take write-downs or write-offs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on our financial condition, results of operations and our stock price, which could cause you to lose some or all of your investment.

We cannot assure you that as a result of factors outside of Graphjet Technology’s business and outside of Graphjet Technology’s control issues may arise. As a result of these factors, we may be forced to later write down or write off assets, restructure operations, or incur impairment or other charges that could result in losses. Unexpected risks may arise, and previously known risks may materialize in a manner not consistent with our preliminary risk analysis. Even though these charges may be non-cash items and not have an immediate impact on our liquidity, the fact that we report charges of this nature could contribute to negative market perceptions about Graphjet Technology or its securities. Accordingly, our shareholders could suffer a reduction in the value of their shares. Such stockholders are unlikely to have a remedy for such reduction in value.

Graphjet Technology is subject to financial reporting and other requirements as a public company for which its accounting and other management systems and resources may not be adequately prepared adversely impacting stock price.

As a public company with listed equity securities, Graphjet Technology will need to comply with laws, regulations, and requirements, including the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), certain corporate governance provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, related regulations of the SEC and requirements of Nasdaq, with which it was not required to comply as a private company. The Exchange Act requires that Graphjet Technology file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to its business and financial condition. Graphjet Technology did not timely file a Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024. Graphjet Technology might not be able to file timely reports in the future, or its reported financial results may be materially misstated and result in the loss of investor confidence and cause the market price of its securities to decline.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that Graphjet Technology establish and maintain effective internal controls and procedures for financial reporting. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires Graphjet Technology’s management and independent auditors to report annually on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. However, Graphjet Technology is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and, for as long as it continues to be an emerging growth company, it intends to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404. Once Graphjet Technology is no longer an emerging growth company or, if prior to such date, it opts to no longer take advantage of the applicable exemptions, it will be required to include an opinion from its independent auditors on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting.

Graphjet Technology will cease to be an “emerging growth company” upon the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (A) following the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Energem Initial Public Offering (the “IPO”), September 30, 2027, (B) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (C) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our outstanding ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three year period. These reporting and other obligations will place significant demands on management, administrative, operational, and accounting resources and will cause Graphjet Technology to incur significant expenses. It may need to upgrade its systems or create new systems, implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures, create or outsource an internal audit function, and hire additional accounting and finance staff. If it is unable to accomplish these objectives in a timely and effective fashion, its ability to comply with the financial reporting requirements and other rules that apply to reporting companies could be impaired. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on Graphjet Technology’s business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.

As a public company, these rules and regulations make it more expensive for Graphjet Technology to obtain director and officer liability insurance. These factors could also make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified members to the Board of Directors, particularly to serve on the audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers.

As a result of disclosure of information in this prospectus and in filings required of a public company, Graphjet Technology’s business and financial condition is more visible, which it believes may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, Graphjet Technology’s business and operating results could be adversely affected, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in Graphjet Technology’s favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of Graphjet Technology’s management and adversely affect its business and operating results.

As a public company, Graphjet Technology is obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting. Graphjet Technology may not complete its analysis of its internal control over financial reporting in a timely manner, or these internal controls may not be determined to be effective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in Graphjet Technology and, as a result, the value of its securities.

Graphjet Technology is required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of the end of its fiscal year. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by Graphjet Technology’s management in its internal control over financial reporting. Graphjet Technology is in the early stages of the costly and challenging process of compiling the system and processing documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. It may not be able to complete its evaluation, testing, and any required remediation in a timely fashion. During the evaluation and testing process, if Graphjet Technology identifies one or more material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting, it will be unable to assert that its internal controls are effective. If it is unable to assert that its internal control over financial reporting is effective, it could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of its financial reports, which would cause the price of its securities to decline, and it may be subject to investigation or sanctions by the SEC.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly and could fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors due to seasonality and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, resulting in a decline in our stock price.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly because of several factors, including:

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about Graphjet Technology, its business, or its market, or if they change their recommendations regarding the Class A Ordinary Shares Graphjet Technology adversely, then the price and trading volume of the Class A Ordinary Shares of Graphjet Technology could decline.

The trading market for our Class A Ordinary Share will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market, or our competitors. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on the Graphjet Technology. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of Graphjet Technology, the stock price and trading volume of the Class A Ordinary Shares of Graphjet Technology would likely be negatively impacted. If any of the analysts who may cover Graphjet Technology change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of the Class A Ordinary Shares would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover the Company were to cease coverage of Graphjet Technology or fail to regularly publish reports on it, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the stock price or trading volume of the Class A Ordinary Shares to decline.

We may be unable to obtain additional financing to fund the operations and growth of Graphjet Technology.

We may require additional financing to fund the operations or growth of Graphjet Technology. We expect from time to time need additional financing to fund operations and to expand our business. We may, from time to time, explore additional financing sources to lower our cost of capital, which could include equity, equity-linked and debt financing. In addition, from time to time, we may evaluate acquisitions and other strategic opportunities. If we elect to pursue any such investments, we may fund them with internally generated funds, bank financing, the issuance of other debt or equity or a combination thereof. There is no assurance that any such financing or funding would be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Sales of securities registered under the registration statement to which this prospectus forms a part could lower the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. We do not believe this would harm our chances of raising capital, but could affect the sale price and number of securities we need to issue.

The failure to secure additional financing could have a material adverse effect on the continued development or growth of Graphjet Technology.

Our internal controls over financial reporting may not be effective and our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to certify as to their effectiveness, which could have a significant and adverse effect on our business and reputation.

As a public company, we are required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which require management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. To comply with the requirements of being a public company, and we may need to undertake various actions, such as implementing additional internal controls and procedures and hiring additional accounting or internal audit staff. The standards required for a public company under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are significantly more stringent than those required of Graphjet Technology as a privately-held company. Further, as an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until the date we are no longer an emerging growth company. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event that it is not satisfied with the level at which the controls of Graphjet Technology are documented, designed or operating.

Testing and maintaining these controls can divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to the operation of our business. If we identify material weaknesses in the internal control over financial reporting of Graphjet Technology or are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting when we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our ordinary share could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

USE OF PROCEEDS

Our public offering of            Class A Ordinary Shares is being made on a self-underwritten basis. No minimum number of shares must be sold for the offering to proceed. The offering price per Class A Ordinary Share is $              . The following table sets forth the uses of proceeds assuming the sale of one-third, two-thirds, and 100% of the securities offered for sale by the Company. There is no assurance that we will raise the full $1.5 million  as anticipated.

The principal purposes for which the net proceeds to the Company from the sale of shares are intended to be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes, and the approximate amount intended to be used for each such purpose are listed below:

The Company may change the use of proceeds if it feels it is in the best interest of the shareholders to use the proceeds for other purposes.

In the event that any net proceeds are not immediately applied, we may temporarily hold them as cash, deposit them in banks or invest them in cash equivalents or securities.

Determination of Offering Price

The offering price of $             per share has been arbitrarily determined. The price may not relate to our assets, book value, earnings, or other established criteria for valuing our company. In determining the number of shares to be offered and the offering price, we considered our cash on hand and the amount of money we would need to implement our business plan. Accordingly, the offering price should not be considered an indication of the actual value of the securities.

DILUTION

We have fixed the price of our offering of                shares at $              per share. This price is significantly higher than the prices per share paid by our founders and other existing shareholders who purchased the shares before the Business Combination or acquired shares in connection with the Business Combination, collectively representing            of the 146,741,306 total shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2023.

Dilution represents the difference between the offering price and the net tangible book value per share immediately after the completion of this offering. Net tangible book value is the amount that results from subtracting total liabilities and intangible assets from total assets. Dilution arises mainly because of our arbitrary determination of the offering price of the Class A Ordinary Shares being offered. Dilution of the value of the Class A Ordinary Shares you purchase is also a result of the lower book value of the Class A Ordinary Shares held by our existing stockholders. The following tables compare the differences between your investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares and the investment of our existing shareholders.

Our net tangible book value as of June 30, 2024 was $(7.7) million, or $(0.05) per Class A Ordinary Shares. We calculate net tangible book value per share by calculating our total tangible assets less liabilities, and dividing it by the number of outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares.

After giving effect to the sale of           Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering at an offering price of $              per share, and after deducting estimated offering expenses payable by us, our net tangible book value, which we refer to as our pro forma net tangible book value, as of June 30, 2024 would have been approximately $    million, or $    per Class A Ordinary Share.

This amount represents an immediate dilution in our pro forma net tangible book value of $ per share to new investors purchasing Class A Ordinary Shares at the offering price. We calculate dilution per share to new investors by subtracting the pro forma net tangible book value per share from the public offering price paid by the new investor. The following table illustrates the dilution to new investors on a per share basis:

The table below sets forth, as of             , 2024, the number of Class A Ordinary Shares issued, the total consideration paid and the average price per share paid by our existing shareholders and our new investors in this offering and the issuance of                   Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering at the public offering price of $    per share, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and our estimated offering expenses.

Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus:

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES WE ARE OFFERING

We are offering             Class A Ordinary Shares at an offering price of $    per share. See “Description of Capital Stock – Ordinary Shares” in this prospectus for more information regarding our Class A Ordinary Shares.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We have 146,741,306 Class A Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of the date of this prospectus. The Company is registering               Class A Ordinary Shares for sale at $   per share. There is no arrangement to address the possible effect of the offering on the price of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

There are currently no plans or arrangements to enter into any contracts or agreements to sell the shares with a broker or dealer. In offering the securities on our behalf, our officers and directors will rely on the safe harbor from broker dealer registration set out in Rule 3a4-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our officers and directors will not register as a broker-dealer pursuant to Section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, in reliance upon Rule 3a4-1, which sets forth those conditions, as noted herein, under which a person associated with an issuer may participate in the offering of the issuer’s securities and not be deemed to be a broker-dealer:

Our officers and directors do not intend to purchase any shares in this offering.

There is no minimum number of securities that must be sold as a condition to closing this offering, and the actual number/amount of securities sold in this offering is not presently determinable. The Company in good faith determined the offering price for the Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering. The factors considered in determining the price included the history of, and the prospects for the industry in which we compete, our past and present operations, our current market price, and our prospects for future revenues.

Further, the Company will not offer its shares for sale through underwriters, dealers, agents, or anyone who may receive compensation in the form of underwriting discounts, concessions, or commissions from the Company and/or the purchasers of the shares for whom they may act as agents.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers, and controlling persons, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore, unenforceable.

The Company’s securities will be offered or sold in those only if they have been registered or qualified for sale to comply with the applicable securities laws of certain states; exemption from such registration or if the qualification requirement is available and with which we have complied. In addition, and without limiting the foregoing, we will be subject to applicable provisions, rules, and regulations under the Exchange Act with regard to security transactions during the period when this Registration Statement is effective. We will pay all expenses incidental to the registration of the shares (including registration pursuant to the securities laws of certain states).

Terms of the Offering

The Class A Ordinary Shares sold by the Company may occasionally be sold in one or more transactions. All shares sold under this prospectus will be sold at a fixed price of $             per share for the duration of this offering. The Company will receive all proceeds from the sale of the         Class A Ordinary Shares being offered on behalf of the company itself. No minimum amount of subscription is required per investor, and subscriptions, once received, are irrevocable. This offering will commence on the date of this prospectus and continue for a period of 180 days. At the discretion of our board of directors, we may discontinue the offering before the expiration of the 180-day period.

The Company will pay all expenses incidental to the registration of the shares (including registration pursuant to the securities laws of certain states), which we expect to be no more than approximately $      .

Procedures for Subscribing

If you decide to subscribe for any shares in this offering that we offer, you must:

All checks for subscriptions must be either made payable to (i) “Graphjet Technology” or (ii) an escrow agent as agreed upon by the Company. Wire transfer and telegraphic transfer are also accepted. The Company will deliver stock certificates attributable to shares of common stock purchased directly to the purchasers within ninety (90) days of the close of the offering.

Right to Reject Subscriptions

We have the right to accept or reject subscriptions in whole or in part for any reason or no reason. All monies from rejected subscriptions will be returned immediately by us to the subscriber without interest or deductions. Subscriptions for securities will be accepted or rejected with a letter by mail within 48 hours after we receive them.

ERISA Considerations

Special considerations apply when contemplating the purchase of securities on behalf of employee benefit plans that are subject to Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), plans, individual retirement accounts (“IRAs”) and other arrangements that are subject to Section 4975 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or provisions under any federal, state, local, non-U.S. or other laws or regulations that are similar to such provisions of the Code or ERISA, and entities whose underlying assets are considered to include “plan assets” of any such plan, account or arrangement (each, a “Plan”). A person considering the purchase of the offered securities on behalf of a Plan is urged to consult with tax and ERISA counsel regarding the effect of such purchase and, further, to determine that such a purchase will not result in a prohibited transaction under ERISA, the Code or a violation of some other provision of ERISA, the Code or other applicable law. We will rely on such determination made by such persons, although no securities will be sold to any Plans if management believes that such sale will result in a prohibited transaction under ERISA or the Code.

Foreign Regulatory Restrictions on Purchase of the Offered Shares

We have not taken any action to permit a public offering of our securities outside the United States or to permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to this offering of Class A Ordinary Shares and the distribution of the prospectus outside the United States

MARKET INFORMATION FOR ORDINARY SHARE AND DIVIDEND POLICY

Market Information

Our Class A Ordinary Shares are currently listed on the Nasdaq under the symbol “GTI” and our Public Warrants are currently listed on the OTC under the symbol “GTIW”. As of the date of this prospectus, there were 37 holders of record of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Dividend Policy

We have not paid any cash dividends on our Class A Ordinary Shares to date. We may retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and have no current plans to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of the Class A Ordinary Shares in the foreseeable future.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of Graphjet Technology should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements of Graphjet as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, together with the related notes thereto, included in this prospectus. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect Graphjet Technology’s future plans, estimates, beliefs and expected performance. Graphjet Technology’s estimates are based on its assumptions about future events. These statements may be preceded by, followed by or include the words “believes,” “estimates”, “expects”, “projects”, “forecasts”, “may”, “might”, “will”, “should”, “seeks”, “plans”, “scheduled”, “possible”, “anticipates”, “intends”, “aims”, “works”, “focuses”, “aspires”, “strives” or “sets out” or similar expressions.

The forward-looking statements are dependent upon events, risks and uncertainties that may be outside Graphjet Technology’s control. Graphjet Technology’s actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included in this prospectus.

Overview

Graphjet Technology is the owner of the state of the art technology for the manufacture of artificial graphene and graphite use to produce critical raw materials used in a variety of industries. The technology was developed through Graphjet Technology’s collaboration with UKM and UTEM. Graphjet Technology’s breakthrough technology transforms an abundant and renewable waste product, palm kernel shells, into highly valued artificial graphene and graphite. Graphjet Technology prepared patent applications on it bio-mass processes and production methods, and it believes it is the only producer currently capable of using biomass to produce graphite and graphene in mass production scale. Graphjet Technology received approval of its patent application for a palm-based synthetic graphite and the preparation method thereof on September 22, 2022. In addition, Graphjet Technology currently has a pending patent application for its process for producing palm-based graphene.

Graphjet Technology innovative manufacturing process controls the quality of both the graphite and the resulting graphene resulting in higher quality products than are produced using either mined graphite or artificial graphite derived from coal bases or petroleum-based production. Since Graphjet Technology uses a widely available waste product as our source, Graphjet Technology is able to produce our higher quality product at a significant lower cost than other graphite and graphene production methods worldwide.

Graphjet Technology’s current primary business is to develop its palm-based artificial graphene and graphite manufacturing business with its proprietary patentable technology to utilize palm kernel shells in the process of manufacturing and production of artificial graphene (patent pending) and graphite (patented) and related application products. By applying its proprietary technology to graphene and graphite production, Graphjet Technology can provide large-scale output to fulfill customer contracts as market demand increases. In the future, Graphjet Technology believes that upon completion of its initial manufacturing facility, Graphjet Technology can produce 10,000 tons of graphite and 60 tons of graphene using its processing technology from 30,000 tons of dried palm kernel shell waste annually. Palm kernel shells are generated from the production of palm seed oil. Graphjet Technology enjoys a geographic advantage for application of its recycling technology with a readily available feedstock in-region as Malaysia is the second largest supplier of palm seed oil, and the resulting palm kernel shells, in the world.

The palm-based graphite and graphene are expected to serve as a substitute for natural and synthetic graphite and graphene to provide a more sustainable and cost-effective source of supply. Graphjet Technology aims to leverage its patented technology in purpose to create additional value in relation to recycling initiatives of palm waste as well as to set precedence in the manufacturing and production technology of palm-based artificial graphite and graphene.

Graphjet Technology is actively expanding its manufacturing and facilities in-house to support greater annually output of its products. Upon completion of the manufacturing plant in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia, Graphjet Technology management projects the capacity for graphite and graphene are approximately 10,000 to 50,000 tons and 60 to 200 tons per annum, varies by phases. Graphjet Technology management assumes the maximum capacity for graphite and graphene to fulfil customer contracts to increase to approximately 100,000 tons and 1,000 tons per annum, respectively. In addition to the manufacturing plant in Kuantan, Graphjet Technology plans to build a commercial artificial graphite production facility in Nevada. The plant is expected to be capable of recycling up to 30,000 metric tons of palm kernel material equivalent - a widely abundant agricultural waste product in Malaysia - to produce up to 10,000 metric tons of battery-grade, artificial graphite per year. This level of production is expected to be able to support the production of enough batteries to power more 100,000 electric vehicles (EVs) per year. Graphjet Technology’s business strategy is to continue developing related products and efficient manufacturing to deliver a desirable future return.

Technology and Patents

Graphjet Technology uses its patented technology to transform a renewable waste product, palm kernel shells, to artificial graphene and artificial graphite. Graphjet Technology prepared patent applications on it bio-mass processes and production methods, and it believes it is the only producer currently capable of using biomass to produce graphite and graphene in mass production scale. Graphjet Technology received approval of its patent application for a palm-based synthetic graphite and the preparation method thereof on September 22, 2022. In addition, Graphjet Technology currently has a pending patent application for its process for producing palm-based graphene. The following table summarizes Graphjet Technology’s issued and pending patents:

Graphjet Technology uses palm kernel shell as its raw material for producing graphite and graphene, a biomass waste product that is abundant in Malaysia. The palm kernel shells are dried and crushed the to remove the water and oil to get the pure biomass form. Graphjet Technology’s proprietary formula is used for catalyzation to prepare for the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis process, known as thermal cracking, then takes place where the carbon content is extracted from the catalyzed palm kernel shell, producing the Palm kernel-based man-made graphite. Next, it will go through a process known as the material shaping, and followed by graphitization process to make palm kernel based composite man-made graphite. This will be Graphjet Technology’s product which will be able to be sold to the customers or to be continued as raw material as to make palm kernel-based graphene through graphitization preparation process.

A Palm-Based Synthetic Graphite and the Preparation Method produces high quality artificial graphite in a mass production manner which to be able to meet the world demands for applications such as technology usage. This technology is expected to produce a strong alternative option for the market in which artificial graphite can also be made from palm kernel shell. Traditionally in the market, artificial graphite is preferred by the technology industry due to generally higher quality than mineral graphite. The artificial graphite is usually sourced from coal or petroleum coke, which is a byproduct in its respective industries, therefore susceptible to bottlenecks in the supply chain. Graphjet Technology believes that with its disruptive technology and the sufficient supply of palm kernel shells, it will be able to solve the global demand for high quality artificial graphite as well as the supply chain issues for this particular super material.

Graphjet Technology’s process for producing Palm-Based Graphene is a technology which will significantly reduce the cost of producing single layer graphene. With the cost advantage, Graphjet Technology can penetrate the graphene market, wherein Graphjet Technology will be able to produce higher quality graphene at about 80% less than the current market price (market price USD 200 - 450/g), which offers a great reduction to the current market prices. Furthermore, Graphjet Technology can produce higher quality graphene. This will make graphene more accessible and more budget friendly for its applications and making it possible to mass produce graphene applications such as graphene related products like energy storage supercapacitors, graphene batteries and so on. 

Key Relationships

Graphjet Technology has developed its technology in collaboration with the UKM and UTEM. This has enabled Graphjet Technology to bring the technology to commercialization faster than many graphene applications and at a lower cost than would have been possible. Graphjet Technology also has a collaboration with UKM for research and development. Graphjet Technology also collaborates with UTEM for joint research and development in graphene applications in various types of batteries.

Graphjet Technology is also planning to collaborate with the Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University Japan, and Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo for business development and for the appointment of such institutes as technology representative for Graphjet Technology for the UK, US and Japan region respectively.

On September 13, 2022, Graphjet Technology announced its strategic new membership in the Industrial Liaison Program (“ILP”) of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (“MIT”), an educational institution that creates and strengthens relationships between MIT and companies worldwide to harness MIT’s resources to address company’s current challenges and to anticipate future needs. Graphjet Technology is the first ever company from Malaysia, honored to be a member of the MIT ILP. The ILP program will facilitate meetings between Graphjet Technology and leading MIT faculty and researchers, structured as private customized executive briefings, and are designed to enhance strategic planning, examine emerging research and technology, and consider new management approaches to corporate issues.

Path Forward

Graphjet Technology’s patent pending technology produces graphite at cost of approximately $4,500 per ton making it significantly lower cost than both natural and other sources of artificial graphite. Graphjet Technology prepared patent applications on it bio-mass processes and production methods, and it believes it is the only producer currently capable of using biomass to produce graphite and graphene in mass production scale. Graphjet Technology received approval of its patent application for a palm-based synthetic graphite and the preparation method thereof on September 22, 2022. In addition, Graphjet Technology currently has a pending patent application for its process for producing palm-based graphene. Ultimately, Graphjet Technology can sell a better graphene at a price of $15 per gram, a more than 80% savings. Further, Graphjet Technology will be able to obtain all the raw materials it needs from local sources in Malaysia, the second largest producer of palm seed oil globally.

To date, Graphjet Technology has not had any revenues or sales of its products. Graphjet Technology has four letters of intent and has distributed samples of its products to multi-national companies for material acceptance yielding positive feedback for future procurement to replace their current high cost supplier. For example, on December 27, 2022, Graphjet Technology executed its first supply agreement with Toyoda, which Graphjet Technology will supply graphite and graphene in an aggregate amount of revenue of $30 million to Toyoda for their carbon neutral mobility product. We were unable to export graphite from China in 2023, therefore we did not produce any revenue pursuant to the supply agreement in 2023.

Graphjet Technology currently manufactures its products at a contract manufacturing facility. Graphjet expects to open its first manufacturing plant in the Kuantan district of Pahang State, Malaysia with an expected annual output of 10,000 tons of graphite, 60 tons of graphene, and the processing of 30,000 tons of dried palm kernel waste. The land to be purchased, underlying the new facility, has secured local permission to commence construction. Currently, Graphjet Technology believes its first production from this plant will be in the first quarter of fiscal year 2025.

In addition to the manufacturing plant in Kuantan, Graphjet Technology plans to build a commercial artificial graphite production facility in Nevada. The plant is expected to be capable of recycling up to 30,000 metric tons of palm kernel material equivalent - a widely abundant agricultural waste product in Malaysia - to produce up to 10,000 metric tons of battery-grade, artificial graphite per year. This level of production is expected to be able to support the production of enough batteries to power more 100,000 electric vehicles (EVs) per year.

On August 17, 2022, Graphjet Technology received a Graphene Verified Certificate from NanoMalaysia, a government body that was established by the Government of Malaysia to foster nanotechnology and graphene industry. The certification will play a part for product quality assurance to the customers.

On August 23, 2022, Graphjet Technology received approval for its manufacturing license from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Malaysia to produce palm based artificial graphite and graphene.

Components of Results of Operations

Expenses

Expenses consist of general and administrative expenses.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of staff cost, marketing event, audit fees, consulting and legal fees, plus amortization of intangible assets. 

Results of Operations

The following information includes, in Graphjet Technology’s opinion, all adjustments necessary to state fairly its results of operations for these periods. This data should be read in conjunction with Graphjet Technology’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto. These results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the future results of operations that may be expected for any future period.

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 to the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023

Meaningful variances in the Company’s components of operations are explained below. The following table sets forth Graphjet Technology’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations data for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 (000’s).

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense included only general and administrative expenses in both the three months ended June 30, and 2024 and 2023 as the company currently has no sales or selling expenses. General and Administrative expenses increased from $427 in the three months ended June 30, 2024 to $2,133 in the three months ended June 30, 2024, a $1,706, or 400%, increase, primarily due to an increase in staff cost, marketing event, audit fees, consulting and legal fees, plus amortization of intangible assets.

Net Loss

Net Loss for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 expenses increased from $433 in the three months ended June 30, 2023 to $2,139 in the three months ended June 30, 2024, a $1,706 or 394%, increase, primarily due to staff cost, marketing event, audit fees, consulting and legal fees, plus amortization of intangible assets.

Comparison of the Nine Months Ended June 30, 2024 to the Nine Months Ended June 30, 2023

Meaningful variances in the Company’s components of operations are explained below. The following table sets forth Graphjet Technology’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations data for the nine months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023 (000’s).

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense included only general and administrative expenses in both the nine months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 as the company currently has no sales or selling expenses. General and Administrative expenses increased from $1,411 in the nine months ended June 30, 2023 to $14,139 in the nine months ended June 30, 2024, a $12,728, or 902%, increase, primarily due to an increase in staff cost inclusive provision for gratitude, marketing event, audit fees, consulting and legal fees, plus amortization of intangible assets.

Net Loss

Net Loss for the nine months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 expenses increased from $1,429 in the nine months ended June 30, 2023 to $14,157 in the nine months ended June 30, 2024, a $12,728 or 891%, increase, primarily due to staff cost inclusive provision for gratitude, marketing event, audit fees, consulting and legal fees, plus amortization of intangible assets.

Cash Flows

The following tables set forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated (000’s):

Net Cash used in Operating Activities

We had cash of approximately $88 at June 30, 2024 compared to $8 at June 30, 2023.

Operating activities

Cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $4,346. The change in operating activities is attributable to deposits, accrued expenses, accrued bonus, other payables, related party payable, deferred underwriting fee and the payable to directors.

Cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 was approximately $217. Cash used in operations consisted primarily of prepaid expenses, accrued expenses and payables to a director. 

Investing activities

Cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended June 30, 2024 was approximately $1,272. The change in investing activities is mainly due to purchase of fixed assets.

Cash used in investing activities during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 was $0.

Financing activities

Cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended June 30, 2024 was $5,705. The change in investing activities is attributable to proceeds from issuance of shares.

Cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended June 30, 2023 was $0.

Sources of Liquidity

We currently finance our internal operations primarily with self-funding. Our fundamental principles are to build and maintain a financial base for the purpose of maintaining soundness and efficiency of operations and achieving sustainable growth. Our liquidity requirements are primarily to fund our business operations, including capital expenditures and working capital requirements. Our primary sources of liquidity are additional capital investment and debt.

The source, timing and availability of any future financing will depend principally upon market conditions, and, more specifically, on the market acceptance of our products. Funding may not be available when needed, at all, or on terms acceptable to us. Lack of necessary funds may require us to, among other things, delay, scale back or eliminate expenses including some or all of our planned development, including the production of plant.

Graphjet Technology’s short-term liquidity requirements are primarily linked to the business operations, including payments for operating costs, production costs, staffing expenses and marketing expenses. Graphjet Technology’s long-term liquidity requirements are primarily linked to the expenses incurred in connection with our contract manufacturing facility and the construction of our manufacturing facility. With the successful completion of the Business Combination on March 14, 2024, and the $2,500,000 PIPE Investment received pursuant to the PIPE Investment Purchase Agreement, Graphjet Technology believes it will have sufficient working capital for 9-12 months. If additional funds are required to support our working capital requirements, construction plans, and other purposes, we may seek to raise additional funds through equity and debt financing or from other sources. If we raise additional funds by obtaining loans from third parties, the terms of those financing arrangements may include negative covenants or other restrictions on our business that could impair our operating flexibility and would also require us to incur interest expense. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, the percentage ownership of our equity holders could be diluted. We can provide no assurance that additional financing will be available at all or, if available, that we would be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us.

Graphjet Technology is an early stage, emerging growth company and has limited operating history, lack of revenues or sales, and net losses to date. Based on Graphjet Technology’s financial history since inception, Graphjet Technology’s auditor has expressed substantial doubt about Graphjet Technology’s ability to continue as a going concern. The continuation of Graphjet Technology as a going concern is dependent upon Graphjet Technology’s ability to operate profitably in the foreseeable future and continue to receive adequate financial support from its shareholders. These conditions indicate the existence of a material uncertainty which may cast substantial doubt on Graphjet Technology’s ability to continue as a going concern. However, the financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis as the shareholders have given assurance that they will provide adequate financial support for Graphjet Technology to settle its liabilities as and when they fall due. To date, Graphjet Technology has funded its operations through equity investments from its current shareholders. If additional funds are required, we will seek to raise additional funds through equity and debt financing or from other sources. Because substantial doubt exists as to whether the company can continue as a going concern, it may be more difficult for the company to attract investors. Our future is dependent upon our ability to obtain financing to continue operations and attain profitable operations. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets, or the amounts of and classification of liabilities that might be necessary in the event we cannot continue in existence.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of June 30, 2024.

Going Concern and Liquidity

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), which contemplates continuation of the Company as a going concern and the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company has incurred and expects to continue to incur significant costs in pursuit of the Company’s development plans.

Through June 30, 2024, we have incurred cumulative losses from operations, negative cash flows from operating activities, and have an accumulated deficit of $17.4 million. Graphjet Technology is a pre-revenue organization which possesses patented technologies and in production testing phase of operation at the factory located at Kampung Baru Subang district of Selangor State in Central Malaysia. While management expects that the net impact of the Business Combination along with our cash balances held prior to the Closing Date will be sufficient to fund our current operating plan for 9-12 months from the date these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements were available to be issued, there is significant uncertainty around the Company’s ability to meet the going concern assumption beyond that period without raising additional capital.

There can be no assurance that we will be successful in achieving our business plans, that our current capital will be sufficient to support our ongoing operations, or that any additional financing will be available in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, if at all. If events or circumstances occur such that we do not meet our business plans, we may be required to raise additional capital, production design or be unable to fund capital expenditures. Any such events would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and ability to achieve our intended business plans.

Critical Accounting Policies

This management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgements that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgements, including those related to fair value of financial instruments and accrued expenses. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgements about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We have identified the following critical accounting policies:

Reverse Recapitalization

Pursuant to ASC 805-40 Reverse Acquisition, for financial accounting and reporting purposes, Graphjet was deemed the accounting acquirer with Graphjet Technology being treated as the accounting acquiree, and the Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization (the “Reverse Recapitalization”). Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company represent a continuation of the financial statements of Graphjet, with the Merger being treated as the equivalent of Graphjet issuing stock for the net assets of Graphjet Technology, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Graphjet Technology were stated at historical costs, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded, and were consolidated with Graphjet financial statements on the Closing Date. The number of Graphjet common shares for all periods prior to the Closing Date have been retrospectively increased using the exchange ratio that was established in accordance with the Merger Agreement (the “Exchange Ratio”).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period.

Making estimates requires management to exercise significant judgment. It is at least reasonably possible that the estimate of the effect of a condition, situation or set of circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements, which management considered in formulating its estimate, could change in the near term due to one or more future confirming events. Accordingly, the actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Net income (loss) per share

The Company complies with accounting and disclosure requirements of ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share.” Net loss per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period, excluding ordinary shares subject to forfeiture. As of June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the calculation of diluted income (loss) per share does not consider the effect of the warrants issued in connection with the Initial Public Offering and warrants issued as components of the Private Placement Units (the “Placement Warrants”) since the exercise of the warrants are contingent upon the occurrence of future events and the inclusion of such warrants would be anti-dilutive. As a result, diluted income (loss) per share is the same as basic loss per share for the periods presented.

There are no potential dilutive securities outstanding for the nine months period ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, as a result, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share for the periods presented.

Emerging Growth Company

The Company is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and it may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in its periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”)) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of the Company’s financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Reverse Recapitalization

Pursuant to ASC 805-40 Reverse Acquisition, for financial accounting and reporting purposes, Graphjet was deemed the accounting acquirer with Graphjet Technology being treated as the accounting acquiree, and the Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization (the “Reverse Recapitalization”). Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company represent a continuation of the financial statements of Graphjet, with the Merger being treated as the equivalent of Graphjet issuing stock for the net assets of Graphjet Technology, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Graphjet Technology were stated at historical costs, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded, and were consolidated with Graphjet financial statements on the Closing Date. The number of Graphjet common shares for all periods prior to the Closing Date have been retrospectively increased using the exchange ratio that was established in accordance with the Merger Agreement (the “Exchange Ratio”).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period.

Making estimates requires management to exercise significant judgment. It is at least reasonably possible that the estimate of the effect of a condition, situation or set of circumstances that existed at the date of the financial statements, which management considered in formulating its estimate, could change in the near term due to one or more future confirming events. Accordingly, the actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received for sale of an asset or paid for transfer of a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. GAAP establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). These tiers include:

Foreign Currency

For Graphjet, Malaysian Ringgit have been determined to be the functional currency. The functional currency assets and liabilities are translated to their U.S. dollar equivalents at exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet date and income and expense amounts at the average exchange rates for the period. The U.S. dollar’s effects that arise from changing translation rates are recorded in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

Intangible Assets

Intangible Assets held by Graphjet consist of Graphene and Graphite patents and are included in the non-current assets in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Since they lack physical substance and have a limit on their useful life, the patents are considered to be finite-lived intangible assets under ASC 350 Intangibles- Goodwill and Other. Finite-lived intangible assets are subject to amortization over 15 years estimated useful life.

Income Taxes

The Company complies with the accounting and reporting requirements of ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes,” which requires an asset and liability approach to financial accounting and reporting for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed for differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in future taxable or deductible amounts, based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

ASC Topic 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company’s management determined Cayman Islands and Malaysia are the Company’s only major tax jurisdiction. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, as income tax expense. There were no unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, and no amounts accrued for interest and penalties. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals, or material deviation from its position.

The Company is an exempted Cayman Islands company with no connection to any other taxable jurisdiction and is presently not subject to income taxes or income tax filing requirements in the Cayman Islands or the United States. In Malaysia, current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. As such, the Company’s tax provision was zero for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and for the year ended September 30, 2023.

Net income (loss) per share

The Company complies with accounting and disclosure requirements of ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share.” Net loss per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period, excluding ordinary shares subject to forfeiture. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the calculation of diluted income (loss) per share does not consider the effect of the warrants issued in connection with the Initial Public Offering and warrants issued as components of the Private Placement Units (the “Placement Warrants”) since the exercise of the warrants are contingent upon the occurrence of future events and the inclusion of such warrants would be anti-dilutive. As a result, diluted income (loss) per share is the same as basic loss per share for the periods presented.

There are no potential dilutive securities outstanding for the six months period ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, as a result, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share for the periods presented.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents that can subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk. Accounts at United States financial institutions are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(“FDIC”) up to $250,000. Accounts at Malaysian financial institutions are insured by the Perbadanan Insurans Deposit Malaysia (“PIDM”) up to RM250,000. At March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the Company did not exceed the FDIC insured limits. At March 31, 2024, the Company had cash in excess of RM5,155,493, approximately $1,109,216, PIDM insured limits. The Company had no cash in excess of PIDM insured limits at September 30, 2023 and cash equivalents as at March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment is stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments are capitalized, while minor replacements, maintenance, and repairs, which do not extend the asset lives, are charged to operations as incurred. Upon sale or disposition, the cost and related accumulated depreciation is removed from the accounts, and any difference between the selling price and net carrying amount is recorded as a gain or loss in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Depreciation on property and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Recent Accounting Standards

Risks and Uncertainties

We are subject to risks and sustained uncertainties about, or worsening of, geopolitical tensions, including further escalation of the war between Russia and Ukraine, further escalation of the conflict between the State of Israel and Hamas, as well as further escalation of tensions between the State of Israel and various countries in the Middle East and North Africa, could result in a global economic slow down and long-term changes to global trade. As a result, the Company’s ability to procure raw materials at the desired price may be affected. Furthermore, the Company’s ability to raise equity and debt financing may be impacted by these events, including as a result of increased market volatility, or decreased market liquidity in third-party financing being unavailable on terms acceptable to the Company or at all. The impact of these events on the world economy and the specific impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations and its cash flows are not yet determinable. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

BUSINESS

Unless the context otherwise requires, for purposes of this section, the terms “we,” “us,” “the Company” or “Graphjet Technology” refer to Graphjet and its subsidiaries prior to the Business Combination and to the Company and Graphjet, on a consolidated basis, after giving effect to the Business Combination.

Overview

Graphjet is the owner of the state of the art technology for the manufacture of artificial graphene and graphite, critical raw materials used in a variety of industries. The technology was developed through Graphjet’s collaboration with UKM and UTEM. Graphjet’s breakthrough technology transforms an abundant and renewable waste product, palm kernel shells, into highly valued artificial graphene and graphite. Graphjet prepared patent applications on it bio-mass processes and production methods, and it believes it is the only producer currently capable of using biomass to produce graphite and graphene in mass production scale. Graphjet received approval of its patent application for a palm-based synthetic graphite and the preparation method thereof on September 22, 2022. In addition, Graphjet currently has a pending patent application for its process for producing palm-based graphene.

Graphjet’s innovative manufacturing process controls the quality of both the graphite and the resulting graphene, resulting in higher quality products than are produced using either mined graphite or artificial graphite derived from coal -based or petroleum-based production. Since Graphjet uses a widely available waste product as its source, Graphjet is able to produce a higher quality product at a significantly lower cost than other graphite and graphene production methods currently in use worldwide.

Market Opportunity

Graphite is a mineral form of the element carbon and is either mined as a naturally occurring mineral or artificially produced. Presently, the largest producer and consumer of graphite is The People’s Republic of China. To date, artificial graphite has been produced by either using coal-based or petroleum-based methods. Mined graphite is a naturally occurring resource, however, the cost of mined graphite is high and while widely available, it is concentrated in certain geographic regions. Coal or petroleum-based graphite is even more costly than natural graphite, and the market price is highly volatile, as it tracks the price of the underlying raw material. This makes graphite difficult to obtain under long-term contracts for users. Recently, there have been several biomass-based graphite products, but none of them have been able to mass produce graphite or produce at industry standard.

Graphene was discovered in 2004 by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics for this in 2010. It is a material made of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, bound together by overlapping sp2 hybrid bonds. Being a million times thinner than a human hair, it is the thinnest object ever created. Not only is graphene lightweight and flexible, but it is also the world’s strongest material, being 200 times stronger than steel and conducts electricity faster than most other materials and if stacked in layers it forms graphite.⁴ Graphene has been called the “miracle nanomaterial,” the “king of new materials” as well as “black gold,” indicating strong prospects for the graphene industry. Given graphene’s downstream demand in areas of energy, anti-corrosion coating, and sensors, it is critical that graphene be as pure as possible. Graphene’s technological application is dependent on its purity. Graphene’s purity is highly dependent on the quality of the graphite from which it is derived. Natural graphite is not the most efficient source for carbon production because only about 10 to 15% of naturally occurring graphite is graphitic carbon. Graphene can be processed from graphite using multiple different processes, such as chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) or exfoliation. While the use of artificial graphite derived from petroleum coke has not been extensively explored, petroleum coke may provide an additional source of graphite for graphene production.

Driven by demand from the lithium-ion battery industry, where graphite is the single largest component, the global graphite market is anticipated to grow at a compound annual growth rate (“CAGR”) of 8.5% over the period from 2021 to 2031, to $50 billion, from $22 billion in 2021.⁵ According to Insight Partners, the global graphene market is expected to grow more rapidly from $821.2 million in 2021 to $7.56 billion in 2028, a CAGR of 37.3%. To date the market for graphene has been limited by the inability to mass produce graphene on a commercial scale at a consistent, high enough quality for its many uses.⁶ In addition to that, with the recent passage of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 in the United States, which provides a tax credit on personal electric vehicles (“EV”) of up to $7,500, the demand for EV and the graphite and graphene to construct them is expected to follow.

At this critical time, Graphjet intends to fill this supply gap for graphite and graphene, which EVs require; EV batteries contain four basic components, an anode, cathode (e.g., lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, etc.), electrolyte, and separator. The predominant anode material used in virtually all EV batteries is graphite. Considering the supply chain for graphite, historically, 70-80% of the natural graphite used in EV batteries has been sourced in China, and almost all midstream processing of graphite has been done in China. Without graphite, the EV car industry will be facing a bottleneck. Therefore, EV companies must be able to source the material to produce anode for the battery, which makes up approximately 25-35% of the overall cost of an EV. Graphjet seeks to be one of the suppliers or producers that will be able to consistently supply high-quality graphite in mass quantities at lower cost, as compared to its competitors.

Supply of Raw Materials for Production

Graphjet’s technology allows it to produce graphite and graphene from palm kernel shells, which are a by-product of the production of palm seed oil. Each year, Malaysia alone produces approximately five million tons of palm kernel shells. This would be sufficient to produce approximately 1.67 tons of graphite and 10,000 tons of graphene. Agricultural waste, such as palm seed kernels, can generally not be exported or imported. However, Graphjet is currently producing graphite and graphene on a small scale by beginning the first part of production at a facility in Malaysia and then completing the process at a contract manufacturing facility in China. Thus, Graphjet has the strategy and manufacturing process in place to mass produce high quality and consistent graphite and graphene at competitive prices. Graphjet intends to construct its first facility in Malaysia and believes that the facility will manufacture 10,000 tons of graphite and 60 tons of graphene annually by processing 30,000 tons of dried palm kernel waste.

Graphjet intends to be a low-cost producer of the highest quality artificial graphite and graphene. Graphjet has a patent on it bio-mass process and production method for graphite and a patent pending for graphene, and it believes it is the only producer currently capable of using biomass to produce graphite and graphene in mass production scale.

To date, Graphjet has not had any sales of its products, but plans to sample its product to multinational companies within the industry for market acceptance and procurement purposes, intending to replace current high cost suppliers.

On December 27, 2022, Graphjet executed its first supply agreement with Toyoda. This supply agreement provides that Graphjet will supply graphite and graphene amounting to $30 annually to Toyoda for use on their carbon neutral mobility product. We were unable to export graphite from China in 2023, therefore we did not produce any revenue pursuant to the supply agreement in 2023.

Industry Overview

Graphite is a naturally occurring material with deposits all around the world. For naturally recoverable graphite, the 2021 United States Geological Survey indicated the world’s current inferred resources exceed 800 million short tons. Turkey has the most reserves, but China ranks first in excavation and second in reserves. In 2020, the global production of natural graphite was around 1.1 million short tons, and China accounted for approximately 97% of the world’s total. Generally, the market cost of a ton of graphite ranges between $8,000 and $11,000, depending on market conditions and the quality of the mineral in question.⁸

Artificial graphite can also be produced from coal or crude oil in the refinery process. However, it is of limited utility and cannot be processed into higher value products, like graphene. The price of artificial graphite is even higher, and given the volatility in the oil markets, is approximately $20,000 per ton.⁹ Graphite is used in the production of pencils, steel manufacturing, electronics, such as smartphones and as a lubricant for machinery. Graphjet’s most important application is currently lithium-ion batteries. Rising demand for lithium-ion batteries, from the growing number of end-users in sectors such as transportation, energy, and others that require battery-grade graphite, is driving demand for spherical graphite. A major driving force of growth is from the market for electric vehicles. Industry analysts estimate that a typical Li-ion High-Energy (100 Ah) cell of around 3,400 grams requires over 650 grams of graphite and each electric vehicle contains approximately 70 kilograms of graphite.

Currently, over 70% of the graphite used in electric vehicles is produced in China. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the consequences of supply chain namely making products unavailable and causing global inflation spikes. General concerns over supply chains have also led to growing geopolitical concerns regarding a global dependence on China for rare earth elements and other materials that are necessary for producing the advanced products of the 21^st century. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 that provides a credit of $7,500 for the purchase of electric vehicles requires that the materials must be produced in the United States to be eligible for the credit. These are only two of the many factors driving a desire for diversification in graphite production.

Graphene is processed from natural graphite in a variety of methods. However, generally graphene is still sold as graphite, just at a purer level than naturally occurring graphite. Graphene conducts electricity 100 times more efficiently than silicon or nano-carbon; conducts heat 10 times better than metals such as copper and aluminium; its strength exceeds diamonds, and its fracture strength is 100 times that of steel. It is highly transparent transmitting up to 97.7% of light and has a high specific surface area, which is important for industrial processes and chemical reactions. These properties make graphene a critical product for a variety of uses.

Graphene can be used in dozens of biomedical devices and drug delivery applications. It can be used in automobiles, paint and tires, and it has numerous applications in electronics and home appliances. Graphene also has a superconductor properties, making it a useful electrical engineering material. Ultra-sensitive sensors made from graphene can detect very fine and minute particles allowing such sensors to notify humans of dangerous environments and can be used in image sensing to detect ultra-violet, infrared and even terahertz frequencies. Graphene can also be used to enhance the strength of materials while reducing product weight, making it a useful material in the production of aviation products. However, its principal initial use will be to improve energy storage and batteries for electric vehicles and for storing wind and solar power. It will help to make possible the green economy, in addition to its other uses.

However, graphene remains costly. At an acceptable purity level, the market price of graphene ranges from $167 to $450 per gram. The cost of the raw materials, as well as the equipment and technology used to manufacture graphene are the principal factors behind its cost.

Graphjet’s Products

Graphjet produces its artificial graphite and graphene from palm seed kernels, a waste product widely available in Malaysia and other countries that produce palm seed oil. Unlike mineral or coal-based or petroleum-based graphite that is ultimately limited and must be mined and processed to produce commercial grade graphite, Graphjet’s raw materials are renewable, and effectively unlimited. Graphjet makes use of waste from a product that is used in food production and would otherwise need to be disposed. Graphjet’s proven technology produces graphite at cost of approximately $4,500 per ton making it significantly cheaper than both natural and other sources of artificial graphite.

Graphjet’s process to produce graphene from palm seed kernel based graphite is also simpler. Taking advantage of the purer graphite produced from palmylation, Graphjet can produce highly consistent graphene at a higher purity level, in excess of 99.99% purity. Its other physical and chemical properties of Graphjet’s graphene are more consistent than graphene produced from natural graphite as well. The end result is that Graphjet can sell a better product at a price of $15 per gram, an over 80% savings.

While it is not possible under current laws to ship the raw palm seed kernels overseas, it is possible to transfer the intermediate product overseas, which would allow manufacturers to meet domestic production requirements. Import and export restriction cans be different for different country, due to the regulations regarding different handling practices of palm kernel seeds, one concern being inadvertently introducing foreign bacteria into a country.

Graphjet will be able to obtain all the raw materials it needs from local sources in Malaysia. Malaysia is the second largest producer of palm seed oil globally, producing approximately 26% of global palm seed oil. As a result, the Malaysian palm seed industry produces over five million tons of palm kernel shells annually. While Graphjet is in the process of finalizing agreements with suppliers for long term contracts to secure its raw materials, Graphjet believes palm kernel shells will remain readily available as there are currently no other users of palm kernel shells and Malaysia produces 5 million tons of palm kernel shell yearly. Considering Graphjet’s planned production capacity of 10,000 tons of graphite and 60 tons of graphene only required 30,000 tons of dried palm kernel shell, Graphjet does not foresee obstacles sourcing its raw materials.

Graphjet believes that its cost and quality will allow an acceleration of the growth of the graphite and graphene market, and will make graphite and graphene available for more uses than is possible at current prices and quality. This will allow Graphjet’s customers to offer their products at lower prices accelerating their market adoption.

Graphjet’s Strategy

Graphjet was founded in 2019 to commercialize technology developed by our Chief Technology Officer. To date, our efforts have been focused on proving the efficacy of the technology and obtaining intellectual property protection.

On December 27, 2022, Graphjet entered into a supply agreement with Toyoda. Pursuant to the supply agreement, Graphjet will supply Toyoda with graphite and graphene in an aggregate amount of revenue of $30 million to Toyoda for their carbon neutral mobility product. Toyoda’s main business is to develop, manufacture and sell hydrogen energy vehicles, pure electric vehicles, electric bicycles (including electric motorcycles), drones, electric agriculture vehicles, yachts and hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle. Toyoda possess all the proprietary and patent right pertaining to such technology. We were unable to export graphite from China in 2023, therefore we did not produce any revenue pursuant to the supply agreement in 2023.

Graphjet intends to open its first manufacturing plant in the Kuantan district of Pahang State in Northern Malaysia in the next 18 months. This will put Graphjet’s manufacturing plant in the heart of the palm seed oil industry, giving Graphjet ready access to a supply of raw materials. This will give Graphjet compete control of the manufacturing process. As Graphjet grows, we will construct additional manufacturing plants in different states of Malaysia and also take consider building a manufacturing plant in North America to work with EV automakers in the United States of America.

Graphjet intends to differentiate itself from its competitors based on the quality and price of graphite and graphene, as well as sustainability. To accomplish this, it will continue to invest in research and development and build out its sales and marketing team. It currently delivers high quality graphite and graphene at the lowest cost and with the only sustainable manufacturing process currently in use.

Graphjet is currently capable of producing 10,000 tons of graphite and 60 tons of graphene annually at its contracted manufacturing facility. Upon completion of the manufacturing plant in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia, Graphjet management projects the capacity for graphite and graphene will be approximately 10,000 to 50,000 tons and 60 to 200 tons per annum, respectively. Graphjet management assumes the maximum capacity for graphite and graphene to fulfil customer contracts to increase to approximately 100,000 tons and 1,000 tons per annum, respectively.

In addition to the manufacturing plant in Kuantan, Graphjet Technology plans to build a commercial artificial graphite production facility in Nevada. The plant is expected to be capable of recycling up to 30,000 metric tons of palm kernel material equivalent - a widely abundant agricultural waste product in Malaysia - to produce up to 10,000 metric tons of battery-grade, artificial graphite per year. This level of production is expected to be able to support the production of enough batteries to power more 100,000 electric vehicles (EVs) per year.

Graphjet’s Manufacturing Process

Graphjet uses palm kernel shell, a biomass waste product that is abundant in Malaysia, as its raw material for producing graphite and graphene. The palm kernel shells are dried and crushed to remove the water and oil to get the pure biomass form. Next Graphjet’s formula is added to the biomass to go through a catalyzation to prepare for the pyrolysis process. Then the pyrolysis process, known as thermal cracking process, extracts the carbon content out from the catalyzed palm kernel shell, producing graphite raw material. The graphite then goes through a process known as material shaping, followed by graphitization process to obtain the palm-based synthetic graphite. This will be Graphjet’s product to be sold to the customers or used as raw material as to make palm kernel-based graphene through graphitization preparation process.

Research and Development

Graphjet has developed its technology in collaboration with UKM and UTEM. This allowed it to bring the technology to commercialization faster for more graphene applications, and at a lower cost than would have been possible. While Graphjet does not have a formal agreement with UTEM, Graphjet signed a Memorandum of Understanding with UKM, which is ranked 129^th in the world for best university, for the purpose of research and development collaboration, on February 1, 2021. The Memorandum of Understanding with UKM provides for the following collaborative activities, synthesis and characterization of palm kernel shells biomass-based precursors to produce graphite and graphene; project of preparing high quality and high purity man-made graphite from palm-based biomass; project on biomass man-made graphite as raw material to produce high-quality single-layer graphene; and diversified research and development based on man-made graphene application products, amongst other.

In addition, Graphjet appointed UKM UTEM, ranked 450^th, Kwansei Gakuin University, ranked 1350^th, and Shibaura Institute of Technology, rank 1201^th, as technology representatives for the Japan region, Imperial College London, world ranked 7^th, for the United Kingdom region and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ranked number 1 in the world, for the United States region, Graphjet is also involved in joint research and development in graphite and graphene applications for various types of batteries.

Sales and Marketing

On December 27, 2022, Graphjet entered into a supply agreement with Toyoda. Pursuant to the supply agreement, Graphjet will supply Toyoda with graphite and graphene in an aggregate amount of revenue of $30 million to Toyoda for their carbon neutral mobility product. We were unable to export graphite from China in 2023, therefore we did not produce any revenue pursuant to the supply agreement in 2023.

Graphjet uses technology that drives the cost advantage to produce graphite and graphene. With the cost advantage, Graphjet can penetrate the graphene market, offering higher quality graphene at about 80-90% less than the current market price (market price USD $200 to $450 per gram) offered by the existing suppliers. Furthermore, Graphjet can produce higher quality graphene which provides customers with a superior product for downstream production uses such as for energy storage, and the production of supercapacitors and graphene batteries.

Intellectual Property

On March 28, 2022, Graphjet entered into a Deed of Assignment, as supplemented by the Supplemental Deed dated July 29, 2022, with ZhongHe Tiancheng Technology Development (Beijing) Co. Ltd, pursuant to which Graphjet acquired a palm-based synthetic graphite and the preparation method thereof with the application no. PI2021002802, a palm-based synthetic graphite and the preparation method thereof with the application no. CN111892048A and a preparation system of palm-based synthetic graphite with the application no. CN111675214A and all the intellectual property rights attached thereto. On March 10, 2022, Graphjet entered into Intellectual Property Sales Agreement with Liu Yu, as supplemented by the letter from Liu Yu to Graphjet dated July 29, 2022, pursuant to which Graphjet purchased the process for producing palm-based graphene. Graphjet currently owns all of the intellectual property rights to its technology and manufacturing process and Graphjet’s technology is not subject to any ownership, intellectual property, or other rights of any parties other than Graphjet. Graphjet has submitted the following patent applications:

Graphjet’s technology will provide a strong alternative option in the artificial graphite market. Traditionally in the market, artificial graphite is preferred by the technology industry due to its higher quality as compared to mineral graphite. Artificial graphite is usually sourced from coal or petroleum coke, which is a byproduct in its respective industry. Therefore, traditional artificial graphite may be limited by shortages or supply chain issues related to coal and petroleum coke. At this time, there are no similar supply chain issues that would affect Graphjet’s access to palm kernel shells used to produce its version of artificial graphite.

Competition

Graphjet competes with several manufacturers of graphene and graphite. Principally, these producers are based in China and use either natural or man-made graphite from coal and petrol as the source of their graphene products. All of these competitors are significantly larger than Graphjet and have sufficient capital and government support. They have developed long-term relationships with many of their customers. Many of the battery producers for electric vehicles and energy storage are based in China, and despite Graphjet’s superior product and pricing, may elect to continue to purchase from local suppliers. Graphjet will need to extend extra efforts to create awareness in the market through promotional activities to achieve market acceptance as Graphjet is the world first company to produce high quality and consistent graphite and graphene from palm kernel shell. Graphjet believes it will be able to gain market acceptance in light of its more affordable and superior-quality products.

Graphjet believes that it can change the dynamic of the graphite and graphene supply chain industry by providing an alternative source of supply of graphite and graphene, decreasing dependency on monopoly suppliers such as those located in China, making up an estimated 92% of the market. By providing a disruptive pricing strategy which significantly reduces the costs, and with the skyrocketing price in the market for graphite and graphene, Graphjet will be a strong alternative choice to meet the growing international demand from countries such as the United States, Japan, Europe and other regions as their respective technologies initiatives require graphite and graphene for technology advancement. Graphjet also will contribute to a more decentralized supply chain for graphite and graphene, decreasing the potential effects of sanctions in order to avoid the risks of possible sanctions, tariffs, and other supply chain that can be caused by a monopolistic industry.

Graphjet believes that at the unprecedented CAGR market growth according to numerous reputable market studies, it will be able to readily find customers given the high demand of its products.

Graphjet also believes that it will be able to expand production capacity as needed, and that there are sufficient raw materials in Malaysia for the foreseeable future.

Employees

Graphjet has 20 employees in the following departments: research and development, sales and marketing, administration, and believes its relationship with its employees is cooperative and its employees share the same goals as management to industrialize palm kernel shell-based graphite and graphene, making the products available worldwide.

As Graphjet expands, it believes it will be able to source personnel that can contribute to the technical, marketing and business development aspects of the Company.

Facilities

Graphjet leases an office space in Selangor that is approximately 90,000 sq. ft. It intends to construct its first manufacturing facility in the Kuantan district of Pahang State. It estimates the cost of constructing the facility and the acquisition of the necessary equipment will be approximately $400 million. The new facility is projected to be located on 20 acres of land to accommodate the equipment and facilities required for the company to produce at a capacity of 10,000 tons of graphite and 60 tons of graphene annually by processing 30,000 tons of palm kernel waste annually. The land underlying the new facility has been acquired and local permission to commence construction has been secured. Currently, Graphjet believes its first production from this plant will be in the first quarter of fiscal year 2025.

In addition to the manufacturing plant in Kuantan, Graphjet Technology plans to build a commercial artificial graphite production facility in Nevada. The plant is expected to be capable of recycling up to 30,000 metric tons of palm kernel material equivalent - a widely abundant agricultural waste product in Malaysia - to produce up to 10,000 metric tons of battery-grade, artificial graphite per year. This level of production is expected to be able to support the production of enough batteries to power more 100,000 electric vehicles (EVs) per year.

Regulatory Environment

The graphene and graphite industry are governed by laws, which continue to evolve and change over time. The costs and resources necessary to comply with these laws are significant. Our profitability depends in part upon our ability, and that of our affiliated providers and independent contractors, to operate in compliance with applicable laws and to maintain all applicable licenses. To the extent any of our employees or third-party contractors engages in any misconduct or activity in violation of an applicable law, we may be subject to increased liability under the law or increased government scrutiny. If any such action is instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, such action could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions. Complying with any new legislation and regulations could be time-intensive and expensive, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may become a party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. While the outcomes of these matters are uncertain, management does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

MANAGEMENT

Management and Board of Directors

Our directors and executive officers (as of the date of this prospectus) are as follows:

Information about Executive Officers and Directors

Certain biographical information about our executive officers and directors is provided below:

Aiden Lee Ping Wei has served as Graphjet’s Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director since its inception. Previously, Mr. Lee served as a director at MW Renewable Energy Solutions Sdn Bhd, a renewable energy company focusing on providing engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning (“EPCC”) and advisory services to customers, including private and government agencies, from June 2017 to January 2020. In addition, Mr. Lee has served as a member of the board of directors of HB Global Ltd. and Sand Nisko Capital Bhd. (KLSE: SNC) since February 2022 and March 2021, respectively. From December 2017 to July 2020, he served as a director at C&M Renewable Energy Technology Sdn. Bhd., a company that provides engineering services, EPCC, advisory works, designs and builds businesses with more than RM200 million projects with local companies as well as prestigious universities in Malaysia, involving renewable energies. Mr. Lee has more than 10 years of experience in engineering, construction, property development, telecommunications, energy and utilities industries serving in various capacities as Project Director and Corporate Finance Director of various listed companies handling corporate finance and group finance. He was the Director and Managing Director of several local energy and utilities companies. He has managed and completed billions worth of highly claimed projects in China, Hong Kong and Malaysia. Mr. Lee graduated from Tunku Abdul Rahman University College with a degree in E-Commerce and Marketing and advanced degree in Corporate Finance from Tunku Abdul Rahman University College as well.

Aw Jeen Rong has served as an Executive Director of Graphjet since March 2022. Prior to that, he served as a director at Klasik Ikthiar Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of a Malaysian bursa main board listed company focused on property development and construction, from January 2017 to December 2019. Mr Aw was the Vice President of Linton University College from January 2016 to December 2017. Mr. Aw Graduated from Dubai College of Business Administration, where he obtained his Bachelor of Business Administration.

Hoo Swee Guan has served as Energem’s Chief Executive Officer and Director since its inception. Mr. Hoo brings more than 12 years of accounting and finance experience as a registered and certified professional accountant with CPA Australia and the Malaysian Institute of Accountants. Mr. Hoo’s extensive experience traverses numerous industries of audit and advisory services involving steel and hardware, oil and gas, the renewable energy sector, the personal services and retail industry, the freight and logistics industry, the food and beverage industry and the manufacturing industry. Mr. Hoo has been serving as the Executive Director of BCM Alliance Bhd since January 2021, where he manages the day-to-day business, strategic planning, legal, secretarial and audit affairs of the company. Mr. Hoo has also been the executive director of Fitters Diversified Bhd and Computer Forms (Malaysia) Bhd, since May 2022 and November 2021, respectively.

Since April 2017, Mr. Hoo has served as an Independent Director and Audit Committee Chairman of PDZ Holdings Bhd. Where he reviews, assesses, and communicates with external and internal auditors for financial reporting, undertakes audit planning in accordance with the approved Financial Reporting Standards and terms of reference and/or approved relevant rules. His expertise in taxation, business development, strategic planning and experiences in mergers and acquisitions contributes to his success. Mr. Hoo is a graduate of Victoria University, Australia where he obtained his master’s degree in business administration (MBA) and he received an undergraduate degree from the University of Adelaide.

Non-Executive Directors

Ng Keok Chai has served as a director since the Business Combination. Mr. Ng served with the Royal Malaysia Police from December 1982 until he retired as Assistant Commissioner of Police in March 2019. Since April 2019 he has been the Lead Independent Director of Southern Archipelago Ltd. (SGX: A33), an investment holding company. Southern Archipelago Ltd. operates through four segments: Investment Holding, Sterilization, Property, and Hospitality and Wellness. The Investment Holding segment is engaged in investment in transferable securities including but not limited to marketable shares, warrants and debentures. Mr. Ng holds a Bachelor of Laws (Hons.) from the University of Wolverhampton, London and a Certificate of Legal Practice from the Legal Profession Qualifying Board, Malaysia. His last held position was Principal Assistant Director in Forensic Accounting Investigation Division, Commercial Crime Investigation Department, Royal Malaysia Police, Bukit Aman. Throughout his 36 years of service with the Royal Malaysia Police, he was very much involved in police investigations due to his legal background. He specialized in criminal investigations across various fields which include commercial crime, general crime and forensic accounting with ample management and special operations experience.

Ng Ah Lek has served as a director since the Business Combination. Since March 2019, Mr. Ng has served as an Advocate for Kho Siew Chua Voon & Co. Advocates, an advocate firm undertaking civil and criminal litigation, conveyancing, financial institutions’ loan agreements, sale and purchase, charge and transfer of properties agreements and others. Prior to that, from May 1980 to February 2019, he served as Assistant Commissioner of Police with the Royal Malaysia Police with distinction. Mr. Ng earned a Certificate of Legal Practice from the Legal Profession Qualifying Board, Malaysia.

Kok Seong Wong has served as a director since the Business Combination and served as Energem’s Chairman of the Board, Chair of the Compensation Committee and an Independent Director since Energem’s inception. Mr. Wong is a Chartered Accountant and a member of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) and is currently serving on the boards of Bursa Malaysia-listed corporations, MNC Wireless Berhad as an Independent Director and Chairman of the Board and PNE PCB Berhad, Fitters Diversified Berhad, PDZ Holdings Berhad and Computer Forms (Malaysia) Berhad as their Independent Director and Chairman of the Audit Committee. With 15 years’ experience in the United Kingdom, Mr. Wong gained extensive exposure with several companies. During his tenure there and currently, he was responsible for the preparation of business plans, budgets and organizational financial statements, due diligence, accounting and taxation, management, project financing and implementation. Over the last few years, he has extensively been involved in a wide range of businesses, such as cross border trading, manufacturing and property development.

Since January 2006, Mr. Wong has been serving as the Managing Partner of Hasnan THL Wong & Partners where he manages a portfolio of clients, develops new client relationships, develops and implements firm goals, and oversees all financial activities and performance. Since 2006, Mr. Wong has also served as Director of TH Law Consultants Sdn. Bhd. where he manages the portfolio and new client relationships, cooperating with all staff of the firm and oversees hiring activities and approval of contracts. Since January 2013, Mr. Wong has also served as a Partner at McMillan Woods, an auditing firm. From 1999 to 2005, Mr. Wong served as an Audit Partner at Appleby & Wood, an English accounting firm, where he worked with multinational companies. Mr. Wong was appointed as Finance Director of several UK-based companies and is currently a director of various companies. Mr. Wong was educated in Emile Woolf College of Accountancy London from 1991 to 1994. He received his master’s degree in business administration from the Open University in the United Kingdom in 1999.

Doris Wong Sing Ee has served as an Independent Director and Member of the Audit Committee and the Compensation Committee of Energem since its initial public offering until her appointment as Executive Director on January 27, 2023. Ms. Wong brings more than 20 years of experience in management across various industries ranging from oil and gas, property development, solar, engineering, advertising and food and beverages. She specialized in business development, strategic consultancy and corporate advisory in mergers and acquisition and joint venture across Malaysia, Singapore, China, Japan, Thailand and Indonesia.

Since October 2020, Ms. Wong has been serving as an Executive Director of Metronic Global Bhd, an investment holding company, where she has been optimizing financial operations, establishing business goals, advising the board of directors on organizational activities and executing special business projects. She has also been involved in various investment opportunities in business diversification, generating new revenue and increasing shareholders’ wealth. Since February 2017, Ms. Wong has been a non-independent non-executive director at Trive Property Group Bhd. From January 2019 to September 2020, Ms. Wong served as Chief Corporate Officer in Metronic Engineering Sdn. Bhd. where she oversaw HR operations, set objectives for the HR team and helped shape the brand strategy of the company.

Ms. Wong served as General Manager from 2015 to 2016 in Dai-Ichi Kikaku Sdn. Bhd. where she was overseeing and handling business development, client strategy and direction, creative, production, media planning, procurement and research. From 2012 to 2015, Ms. Wong served as Strategic Business Consultant for JLPW Law Firm where she handled mergers and acquisitions and joint venture deals internationally for various industries. From 2002 to 2012, Ms. Wong started her career as a Managing Director at Niagamatic Sdn. Bhd., where she controlled all business operations to give strategic guidance and directions to the board and staff to ensure the company achieved its financial vison, mission and long-term goals.

Executive Officers

Boh Woan Yun has served as Graphjet’s Senior Finance Manager since February 2022. From February 2014 to January 2022, she served as an assistant manager at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Tax Services Sdn. Bhd., a company specialized in providing tax services. She is a member of Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) since 2018. She obtained First Class of Bachelor’s Degree in Finance and Accountancy from the University of Greenwich in 2012.

Lim Seh Jiang has served as Graphjet’s General Manager since August 2022. Additionally, Mr. Lim has served as a director of AdvanceTC Marketing Sdn. Bhd., a regional marketing arm of the smartphone company AdvanteTC Limited since July 2015. From March 2021 to February 2022, he served on the board of directors of Zhonghe Industries Sdn Bhd, a company that specializes in the renewal of used lubricant oil into base oil. Mr Lim graduated from Lancaster University where he obtained his bachelor’s degree in Accounting and Finance.

Liu Yu has served as Graphjet’s Head of Research and Chief Scientific Officer since inception. From September 2018 until February 2022, Mr. Liu served on the board of directors of Zhonghe Industries Sdn. Bhd., a company that specializes in the renewal of used lubricant oil into base oil. He has been a director on the board of Zhonghe Tiancheng Beijing Technology Development Co. Ltd. since 2018. Mr. Liu served as general manager of Beijing Anda Century Investment Consulting Co. Ltd., a company that involves investment and trading, from February 2011 to September 2017. From September 2005 until May 2010, Mr. Liu served as deputy general manager at Chi Feng Tuo Industrial Co. Ltd, a business specializing in mining products development and surveyance of mining sites. From April 2002 to August 2005, Mr. Liu was a manager at Beijing Anjiabao Co., Ltd., which specializes in real estate and property brokerage and sales. Mr. Liu worked as a sales executive for Beijing Capital Gold Network Real Estate Company, a real estate and property development business, from June 2000 to March 2002. Mr. Liu graduated from Beijing Science Technology and Management College in 1999.

Director Independence

The Board of Directors has determined that Ng Keok Chai, Ng Ah Lek, Wong Kok Seong, and Doris Wong Sing Ee qualifies as an independent director, as defined under Nasdaq Listing Rules, and the Board of Directors consists of a majority of “independent directors,” as defined under the rules of the SEC and the Nasdaq Listing Rules relating to director independence requirements. In addition, Graphjet Technology is subject to the rules of the SEC and Nasdaq relating to the membership, qualifications, and operations of the audit committee, as discussed below.

Role of the Board in Risk Oversight

One of the key functions of the Board of Directors is informed oversight of Graphjet Technology’s risk management process. The Board of Directors administers this oversight function directly through the Board of Directors as a whole, as well as through various standing committees of the Board of Directors that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. In particular, the Board of Directors is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure and the audit committee has the responsibility to consider and discuss Graphjet Technology’s major financial risk exposures and the steps its management should take to monitor and control such exposures, including guidelines and policies to govern the process by which risk assessment and management is undertaken. The audit committee also monitors compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. The compensation committee assesses and monitors whether Graphjet Technology’s compensation plans, policies and programs comply with applicable legal and regulatory requirements.

Committees of the Board of Directors

The Board of Directors has three standing committees: an audit committee (the “Audit Committee”), a remuneration committee (the “Remuneration Committee”), and a nominating and corporate governance committee (the “Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee”). Each of the committees report to the Board. While the Audit Committee has primary responsibility for risk oversight, both the Audit Committee and the entire Board of Directors are actively involved in risk oversight on behalf of the Company, and both receive reports on the Company’s risk management activities from the Company’s executive management team on a regular basis. The members of both the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors also engage in periodic discussions with the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, General Counsel, and other senior officers as they deem appropriate to ensure that risk is being properly managed at the Company. In addition, it is expected that each committee of the Board of Directors will consider risks associated with its respective area of responsibility.

Audit Committee

Our Audit Committee consists of Ng Keok Chai, Ng Ah Lek and Wong Kok Seong, with Ng Keok Chai, serving as the chairperson of the Audit Committee. Under Nasdaq Global Market listing standards and applicable SEC rules, we are required to have at least three members of the Audit Committee, all of whom must be independent. Mr. Keok Chai, Mr. Ah Lek, and Mr. Kok Seong each meet the independent director standard under the Nasdaq Global Market listing standards and under Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Exchange Act. The Board of Directors will ensure that each member of the Audit Committee has the requisite financial expertise required under the applicable requirements of Nasdaq. In arriving at such determination, the Board of Directors has examined each Audit Committee member’s scope of experience and the nature of their prior and/or current employment.

The Board has determined that Mr. Enoch qualifies as an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of SEC regulations and all members meet the financial sophistication requirements of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Both our independent registered public accounting firm and management will periodically meet privately with the Audit Committee.

The functions of this committee include, among other things:

The composition and function of the Audit Committee is expected to comply with all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and all applicable SEC and Nasdaq rules and regulations.

Remuneration Committee

Ng Keok Chai, Ng Ah Lek and Wong Kok Seong serve as members of our Remuneration Committee, with Ng Keok Chai serving as the chairperson of the Remuneration Committee. Under the Nasdaq Global Market listing standards and applicable SEC rules, our Remuneration Committee must consist of all independent members. The Board has determined that Mr. Keok Chai, Mr. Ah Lek, and Mr. Kok Seong are each non-employee directors, as defined in Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act and satisfy the independence requirements of Nasdaq. The functions of the committee include, among other things:

The composition and function of the Remuneration Committee is expected to comply with all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and all applicable SEC and Nasdaq rules and regulations.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee consists of Ng Keok Chai, Ng Ah Lek and Wong Kok Seong, with Ng Keok Chai serving as the chairperson of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Under the Nasdaq Global Market listing standards and applicable SEC rules, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee must consist of all independent members. Mr. Keok Chai, Mr. Ah Lek, and Mr. Kok Seong meet the independent director standard under the Nasdaq Global Market listing standards.

The functions of this committee include, among other things:

The composition and function of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is expected to comply with all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and all applicable SEC and Nasdaq rules and regulations.

Remuneration Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

None of the members of our Remuneration Committee has ever been an executive officer or employee of Graphjet Technology. None of our executive officers currently serve, or have served during the last completed fiscal year, on the Remuneration Committee or Board of Directors of any other entity that has one or more executive officers that serves as a member of the Board of Directors or Remuneration Committee of Graphjet Technology.

Limitation on Liability and Indemnification of Directors and Officers

The Amended and Restated Articles limits directors’ liability to the fullest extent permitted under the Companies Act. The Companies Act provides that directors of a corporation will not be personally liable for monetary damages for breach of their fiduciary duties as directors, except for liability:

If the Companies Act is amended to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of directors, then the liability of Graphjet Technology’s directors will be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the Companies Act, as so amended.

The Amended and Restated Articles provides that Graphjet Technology will, in certain situations, indemnify its directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by law. An indemnitee is also entitled, subject to certain limitations, to advancement and reimbursement of expenses (including attorney’s fees) incurred by such indemnitee in defending or otherwise participating in any proceeding in advance of its final disposition.

Graphjet Technology maintains a directors’ and officers’ insurance policy pursuant to which its directors and officers are insured against liability for actions taken in their capacities as directors and officers. Graphjet Technology believes the indemnification provisions in the amended and restated certificate of incorporation are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

References to the “Company,” “Graphjet Technology,” “our,” “us” or “we” in the following section refer to Graphjet prior to the Business Combination.

Executive Compensation

We are currently considered an “emerging growth Company” within the meaning of the Securities Act for purposes of the SEC’s executive compensation disclosure rules. Accordingly, we are required to provide a Summary Compensation Table, as well as limited narrative disclosures regarding executive compensation for our last two completed fiscal years and an Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year End Table for our last completed fiscal year. These reporting obligations extend only to the following “named executive officers,” who are the individuals who served as our principal executive officer and the next two most highly compensated executive officers at the end of the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

This section discusses material components of the executive compensation programs for Graphjet Technology’s executive officers who area named in the “Summary Compensation Table” below. In the fiscal year 2024, Graphjet Technology’s “named executive officers” and their positions were as follows:

This discussion may contain forward-looking statements that are based on Graphjet Technology’s current plans, considerations, expectations, and determinations regarding future compensation programs.

Summary Compensation Table

The following table contains information pertaining to the compensation of Graphjet Technology’s named executives for the years ending September 30, 2024 and 2023.

Narrative to the Summary Compensation Table

Annual Base Salary

We pay our named executive officers a base salary to compensate them for services rendered to our company. The base salary payable to our named executive officers is intended to provide a fixed component of compensation reflecting the executive’s skill set, experience, role and responsibilities.

Equity Compensation

In connection with the Business Combination, we adopted the Equity Incentive Plan. For additional information about the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan, see the section titled “—Summary of the Equity Incentive Plan” section of this prospectus.

Other Elements of Compensation

Perquisites and Other Personal Benefits

We determine perquisites on a case-by-case basis and will provide a perquisite to a named executive officer when we believe it is necessary to attract or retain the named executive officer. We did not provide any perquisites or personal benefits to our named executive officers not otherwise made available to our other employees in fiscal year 2024.

Executive Compensation Arrangements 

Employment Agreements

As a result of the Business Combination, Graphjet Technology entered into employment agreements with the following of Graphjet Technology’s executive officers: (Chief Executive Officer), Aw Jeen Rong (Executive Director), Boh Woan Yun (Senior Finance Manager), Lim I Jiang (General Manager), Liu Yu (Head of Research and Chief Scientific Officer), and Hoo Swee Guan (Executive Director), (each an “Employment Agreement, and collectively, the “Employment Agreements”).

Each of the Employment Agreements provides that the employment is at will and will continue until either the executive officer or Graphjet Technology notifies the other party at least 60 days written notice of intent to terminate employment. If the employment is terminated by Graphjet Technology without “cause”, the executive is entitled to receive (i) continued base salary payments for 6 months following termination; (ii) accrued but unpaid base salary through the termination date; (iii) reimbursement for any unreimbursed pre-approved reasonable business expenses incurred through the termination date; (iv) accrued but unused annual leave days; and (v) all other payments, benefits, or fringe benefits to which the executive shall be entitled as of the termination date under the terms of any applicable compensation arrangement or benefit, equity, or fringe benefit plan or program or grant.

“Cause” is defined in the executive employment agreement as (i) a breach by the executive of his or her fiduciary duties to Graphjet Technology; (ii) the executive’s breach of the executive employment agreement, which, if curable, remains uncured or continues after ten days’ notice by Graphjet Technology thereof; (iii) the commission of (A) any crime constituting a felony in the jurisdiction in which committed, (B) any crime involving moral turpitude (whether or not a felony), or (C) any other criminal act involving embezzlement, misappropriation of money, fraud, theft, or bribery (whether or not a felony); (iv) illegal or controlled substance abuse or insobriety by the executive; (v) the executive’s material negligence or dereliction in the performance of, or failure to perform the executive’s duties of employment with Graphjet Technology, which remains uncured or continues after ten days’ notice by Graphjet Technology thereof; (vi) the executive’s refusal or failure to carry out a lawful directive of Graphjet Technology or any member of the Board or any of their respective designees, which directive is consistent with the scope and nature of the executive’s responsibilities; or (vii) any conduct, action or behavior by the executive that is, or is reasonably expected to be, materially damaging to Graphjet Technology, whether to the business interests, finance or reputation. In addition, Further, the executive’s employment shall be deemed to have terminated for Cause if, on the date the executive’s employment terminates, facts and circumstances exist that would have justified a termination for Cause, even if such facts and circumstances are discovered after such termination.

The Employment Agreements provide for a base salary of USD $250,000 for Aiden Lee Ping Wei; USD $125,000 for Aw Jeen Rong; USD $12,500 for Boh Woan Yun; USD $31,250 for LISeh Jiang; USD $93,750 for Liu Yu; and USD $62,500 for Hoo Swee Guan (each a “Base Salary”). Possible annual performance bonuses and equity grants under the Equity Incentive Plan are to be determined by Graphjet Technology’s Remuneration Committee.

Outstanding Equity Awards as of September 30, 2024

There were no outstanding equity awards held by our named executive officers as of September 30, 2024.

Director Compensation

We have not historically maintained a formal non-employee director compensation program but have made stock and option grants to non-employee directors when determined appropriate. Additionally, we provide reimbursement to our non-employee directors for their reasonable expenses incurred in attending meetings of our Board and its committees. We intend to approve and implement a compensation program for our non-employee directors.

Summary of the Equity Incentive Plan

Overview

The Equity Incentive Plan allows Graphjet Technology to make equity and equity-based incentive awards to employees, directors and consultants of Graphjet Technology or any of its subsidiaries. The Board anticipates that providing such persons with a direct stake in Graphjet Technology will assure a closer alignment of the interests of such individuals with those of Graphjet Technology and its shareholders, thereby stimulating their efforts on Graphjet Technology’s behalf and strengthening their desire to remain with Graphjet Technology.

The aggregate number of the Class A Ordinary Shares that may be issued or used for reference purposes under the Equity Incentive Plan or with respect to which Awards (as defined below), including but not limited to incentive equity options (“ISO”), may be granted by Graphjet Technology shall not exceed 13,800,000 Ordinary Shares (the “Share Reserve”).

This section summarizes certain principal features of the Equity Incentive Plan, which may be subject to change.

Purpose of the Equity Incentive Plan

The purpose of the Equity Incentive Plan is to promote the long-term success of Graphjet Technology and the creation of shareholder value by (a) encouraging service providers to focus on critical long-range corporate objectives, (b) encouraging the attraction and retention of service providers with exceptional qualifications, and (c) linking service providers directly to shareholder interests through increased equity ownership.

Eligibility and Administration

Graphjet Technology’s employees, consultants and directors, and employees, consultants and directors of its subsidiaries will be eligible to receive awards under the Equity Incentive Plan. The Equity Incentive Plan is expected to be administered by the Graphjet Technology Board with respect to awards to non-employee directors and by Graphjet Technology’s remuneration committee with respect to other participants, each of which may delegate its duties and responsibilities to committees of Graphjet Technology directors and/or officers (referred to collectively as the “plan administrator” below), subject to certain limitations that may be imposed under stock exchange rules. The plan administrator will have the authority to interpret and adopt rules for the administration of the Equity Incentive Plan, subject to its express terms and conditions. The plan administrator will also set the terms and conditions of all awards under the Equity Incentive Plan, including any vesting and vesting acceleration conditions.

Limitation on Awards and Shares Available

The maximum number of Class A Ordinary Shares initially available for issuance under the Equity Incentive Plan will be equal to 10% of the fully diluted issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares immediately after the Closing. Subject to the shareholders of Graphjet Technology resolving to increase the authorized share capital if required pursuant to applicable law and the memorandum and articles of association then in force, the Share Reserve (other than with respect to ISOs) will automatically increase on January 1^st annually for the duration of the Equity Incentive Plan beginning on January 1^st of the year following the year in which the Closing occurs, in an amount equal to 10% of the fully diluted issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares outstanding on December 31^st of the preceding calendar year, provided, that the Board may act prior to January 1^st of a given year to provide that there will be no January 1^st increase in the Share Reserve for such year or that the increase in the Share Reserve for such year will be a lesser number of Shares than would otherwise occur as provided above.

The Share Reserve shall in all events be subject to further adjustment as provided in the Equity Incentive Plan. In no event shall fractional Shares be issued under the Equity Incentive Plan. For clarity, the Share Reserve is a limitation on the number of Shares that may be issued pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan. Shares may be issued in connection with a merger or acquisition as permitted by Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c) or other applicable exchange rule, and any such issuance will not reduce the number of Shares available for issuance under this Plan.

Subject to adjustment, as provided in the Equity Incentive Plan, the maximum dollar value of Shares underlying Awards that may be granted to a director in any financial year shall be $250,000, or during a director’s initial financial year with Graphjet Technology or its Subsidiary, 200% of such amount. In addition, the Board may provide for a limit on the dollar value or maximum aggregate number of Shares underlying Awards that may be granted to any one Named Executive Officer (as defined in the Equity Incentive Plan) of the Graphjet Technology or any Subsidiary in any financial year, subject to adjustment as provided in the Equity Incentive Plan.

Awards

The Equity Incentive Plan will provide for the grant of Nonqualified Share Options, Incentive Share Options, Share Appreciation Rights, Restricted Shares, Restricted Share Units, Performance Shares, or Performance Units (collectively or individually, an “Award”). No determination has been made as to the types or amounts of Awards that will be granted to certain individuals pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan. All awards under the Equity Incentive Plan will be set forth in an “Award Agreement,” which will detail all terms and conditions of the awards, including any applicable vesting and payment terms and post-termination exercise limitations.

A brief description of each award type follows.

Vesting and Holding Period

As part of making any Award, the Remuneration Committee may determine the time and conditions under which the Award will vest and may specify partial vesting in one or more vesting Tranches, which may be based solely upon continued employment or service for a specified period of time or may be based upon the achievement of specific performance goals established by the Remuneration Committee in its discretion.

For all purposes of this Plan, “vesting” of an Award shall mean:

Vesting need not be uniform among Awards granted at the same time or to persons similarly situated. Vesting requirements shall be set forth in the applicable Award Agreement. Each Award Agreement and each certificate representing securities granted pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan may bear such restrictive legend(s) as Graphjet Technology deems necessary or advisable under applicable law. No participant shall have the right to defer the amount of Shares or cash payable upon the exercise or settlement of any Option or SAR, or the transfer of any Restricted Shares upon the vesting thereof.

With respect to an Award of Restricted Shares or RSU, the participant may direct that any withholding of taxes, domestic or foreign, resulting from vesting of such Award occur as set forth in the Equity Incentive Plan. If the date of the vesting of any Award, other than an Option or SAR, held by Participant who is subject to Graphjet Technology’s policy regarding trading of its Shares by its officers and directors and Shares is not within a “window period” applicable to the Participant, then withholding shall be at the applicable statutory withholding amount accomplished by one or more of the methods provided for in the Equity Incentive Plan.

If the date of the vesting of any Award, other than an Option or SAR, held by participant who is subject to Graphjet Technology’s policy regarding trading of its Shares by its officers and directors and Shares is not within a “window period” applicable to the participant, as determined by Graphjet Technology in accordance with such policy, then the vesting of such Award shall not occur on such original vesting date and shall instead occur on the first day of the next “window period” applicable to the participant pursuant to such policy.

Certain Transactions

Unless prohibited by applicable law, the Amended and Restated Articles or the applicable rules of a stock exchange, the Remuneration Committee may delegate all or some of its responsibilities and powers to any one or more of its members. The Remuneration Committee also may delegate some or all of its administrative duties to any officer of Graphjet Technology and may delegate some or all of its administrative powers to the CEO to grant Awards under the Plan to participants and potential participants who are not Directors or Named Executive Officers of Graphjet Technology or any Subsidiaries, provided that the terms and conditions of such Awards shall be set forth in an Award Agreement approved in substantial form by the Remuneration Committee prior to the grant of said Awards, the Remuneration Committee in its delegation shall specify the maximum Shares that may be awarded to one participant pursuant to such delegation in any calendar year, and the CEO shall report any such grants to the Committee at its next meeting.

Subplans, Malus and Claw-Back Provisions, Transferability

Graphjet Technology or any Subsidiary may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, deduct from and set off against any amounts Graphjet Technology or Subsidiary may owe to the participant from time to time, including amounts payable in connection with any Award, owed as wages, fringe benefits, or other compensation owed to the participant, such amounts as may be owed by the participant to Graphjet Technology or a Subsidiary, although the participant shall remain liable for any part of the participant’s payment obligation not satisfied through such deduction and setoff. All Awards (including any proceeds, gains or other economic benefit the participant actually or constructively receives upon receipt or exercise of any Award) will be subject to any claw-back policy of Graphjet Technology, as set forth in such claw-back policy or the Award Agreement. By accepting any Award granted hereunder, the participant agrees to any deduction, claw-back or setoff under the Equity Incentive Plan, as set forth in the Award Agreement.

Plan Amendment and Termination

Except as otherwise provided in the Equity Incentive Plan, at any time the Board may wholly or partially amend, modify, suspend or terminate the Equity Incentive Plan or the Remuneration Committee’s authority to grant Awards under the Equity Incentive Plan without the consent of shareholders or participants. However, without the approval of Graphjet Technology’s shareholders given twelve months before or after the action by the Board if such shareholder approval is required by any federal or state law or regulation or the rules of any share exchange or automated quotation system on which the Shares may then be listed or quoted, no action of the Board may (i) increase the limit on the Share Reserve, (ii) reduce the exercise price per share of any outstanding Option or SAR granted under this Plan, (iii) cancel any Option or SAR in exchange for cash, another Award or an Option or SAR with a price per share that is less than the price per share of the original Option or SAR, or (iv) materially modify the requirements as to eligibility for participation in the Equity Incentive Plan. The Remuneration Committee shall have no authority to waive or modify any other Award term after the Award has been granted to the extent that the waived or modified term was mandatory under the Equity Incentive Plan.

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS

Transactions Related to the Business Combination

Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement

In connection of the Closing of the Business Combination, the holders of the Energem Class B Ordinary Shares and private placement shares (and any Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon the conversion of the Founder Shares) entered a registration rights agreement signed November 18, 2021 (the “Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement), requiring the Company to register such securities for resale (in the case of the Founder Shares, only after conversion to Class A Ordinary Shares). The holders of these securities are entitled to make up to three demands, excluding short form demands, that the Company register such securities. In addition, the holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements filed subsequent to the completion of the Company’s Business Combination and rights to require the Company to register for resale such securities pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act. The Company will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any such registration statements.

Indemnification Agreements

Upon the Closing of the Business Combination the Company’s Amended and Restated Articles provided for certain indemnification rights for the Company’s directors and executive officers, and the Company entered into an indemnification agreement with each of the executive officers and directors providing for procedures for indemnification and advancements by the Company of certain expenses and costs relating to claims, suits or proceedings arising from his or her service to the Company or, at the Company’s request, service to other entities, as officers or directors to the maximum extent permitted by Cayman law.

The Companies Act does not limit the extent to which a company’s memorandum and articles of association may provide for indemnification of officers and directors. However, such provision may be held by the Cayman Islands courts to be unenforceable, to the extent it seeks to indemnify or exculpate a fiduciary in respect of their actual fraud or willful default, or for the consequences of committing a crime.

Presently, the Amended and Restated Articles provide for indemnification of officers and directors for losses, damages, costs and expenses incurred in their capacities as such, except through their own actual fraud, willful default or willful neglect. Such limitation of liability and indemnification does not affect the availability of equitable remedies.

Employment Agreements with Executive Officers

Graphjet Technology has entered into employment agreements with certain of its executive officers and reimburses affiliates for reasonable travel related expenses incurred while conducting business on behalf of Graphjet Technology. See the section entitled “Executive Compensation - Employment Agreements.”

Pre-Business Combination Related Party Transactions - Energem

Founder Shares and Private Placement Shares

On August 16, 2021, the Sponsor purchased an aggregate of 2,875,000 Class B Ordinary Shares for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000, or approximately $0.009 per share. The number of Class B Ordinary Shares issued to the Sponsor was determined based on the expectation that such Class B Ordinary Shares would represent at least 20% of the issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares upon completion of the Energem IPO. The Energem Class B Ordinary Shares (including the Energem Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon exercise thereof) may not, subject to certain limited exceptions, be transferred, assigned or sold by the holder.

The Sponsor purchased 528,075 placement units from Energem for $10.00 per unit raising $5,280,750. Each placement unit consists of one Energem Class A Ordinary Share and one warrant. Each Energem Warrant is exercisable to purchase one whole Energem Class A Ordinary Share at $11.50 per share. This purchase took place on a private placement basis simultaneously with the consummation of the Energem IPO. All of the proceeds Energem received from the Energem IPO and substantially all of the proceeds from the sale of the placement units were placed in the Trust Account. Each outstanding Energem Warrant is exercisable to purchase one Class A Ordinary Share in Graphjet Technology.

Registration Rights

The holders of the Founder Shares and private placement shares (and any Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon the conversion of the Founder Shares) are entitled to registration rights pursuant to a registration rights agreement signed November 18, 2021 requiring Energem to register such securities for resale (in the case of the Founder Shares, only after conversion to Class A Ordinary Shares). The holders of these securities are entitled to make up to three demands, excluding short form demands, that Energem register such securities. In addition, the holders have certain “piggy-back” registration rights with respect to registration statements and rights to require Energem to register for resale such securities pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act. Graphjet Technology will bear the expenses incurred in connection with the filing of any such registration statements.

In connection with the Business Combination, the registration rights agreement was amended and restated. For additional information, see “- Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement.”

Material Agreements

On August 16, 2021, the Sponsor purchased 2,875,000 Founder Shares for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000, or approximately $0.009 per share. On September 7, 2021, the Sponsor transferred 12,500 shares among our Chief Financial Officer and three independent director nominees. Prior to the Business Combination, there were 2,875,000 Energem Class B Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding, which Energem Class B Ordinary Shares automatically converted into Class A Ordinary Shares at the time of the Business Combination on a one-for-one basis. Such Energem Class B Ordinary Shares, which do not include any public Energem Warrants or the Placement Warrants, had an aggregate market value of approximately $32,918,750 based upon the closing price of Energem’s Class A Ordinary Shares of $11.45 per share on Nasdaq on December 15, 2023. The Placement Warrants have terms and provisions that are identical to those of the Public Warrants, including as to exercise price, exercisability and exercise period except that the Placement Warrants (i) are non-redeemable so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees, and (ii) may be exercised by the Sponsor and its permitted transferees for cash or on a cashless basis.

On November 18, 2021, Energem entered into an Administrative Services Agreement with its Sponsor in which Energem agreed to pay the Sponsor a total of $10,000 per month for office space, utilities and secretarial and administrative support. These payments have accrued owed to the Sponsor in the amount of $120,000 and were paid by Energem at the Closing of the Business Combination.

On September 7, 2021, the Sponsor assigned 5,000 Energem Class B Ordinary Shares to Cu Seng Kiu, our Chief Financial Officer, and 2,500 Energem Class B Ordinary Shares to each of our three independent directors.

On November 18, 2021, Energem entered into a Private Placement Unit Purchase Agreement pursuant to which the Sponsor purchased an aggregate of 528,075 placement units, each consists of one Class A Ordinary Share, $0.0001 par value per share, and one warrant (the “Placement Warrants”), each whole Placement Warrant entitling the holder thereof to purchase one Energem Class A Ordinary Share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (the “Placement Units”).

Key shareholders of Graphjet (including its executive officers) originally agreed to be subject to a six-month lockup in respect of their Energem Ordinary Shares commencing from the Closing and ending on the earlier of six months after the Closing and the date after the Closing on which Energem consummates a liquidation, merger, capital share exchange, reorganization, or other similar transaction with an unaffiliated third party that results in all of Energem’s shareholders having the right to exchange each Energem ordinary share for cash, securities, or other property, subject to certain customary exceptions, which would provide important stability to the leadership and governance of Graphjet.

The lock-up agreement was amended by the First Amendment to the Share Purchase Agreement with respect to 85.5% of the 2,875,000 Founder Shares entered into as of September 4, 2023 to six (6) months from the Closing of the Business Combination or such earlier date (x) if the closing price of the Class A Shares equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after the Closing of the Business Combination or (y) the date on which the Company completes a liquidation, merger, share exchange, reorganization or other similar transaction that results in all of the Company’s shareholders having the right to exchange their Class A Shares for cash, securities or other property.

The lock-up was increased to a nine-month lock up with respect to 15.5% of the Founder Shares held by Arc Group Limited, financial adviser to the Purchaser, and its nominees and transferees, as set forth in that certain Lock-Up Agreement (attached at Exhibit 10.28) entered into as of September 4, 2023 between Energem, ARC Group Limited and certain of its nominees and transferees.

On August 6, 2021, the Sponsor issued an unsecured promissory note to Energem, pursuant to which Energem could borrow up to an aggregate principal amount of $300,000, to be used for payment of costs related to the Proposed Offering. The note was non-interest bearing and payable on the earlier of (i) December 31, 2021 or (ii) the consummation of the Proposed Offering. As of December 15, 2023, Energem had borrowed $88,542 under the promissory note with the Sponsor, which amount was paid to the Sponsor by Energem at the Closing of the Business Combination.

In order to finance transaction costs in connection with a Business Combination, including to fund the extension payments to the Trust Account, the Sponsor or an affiliate of the Sponsor, or Energem’s officers and directors could, but were not obligated to, loan Energem funds as may be required (“Working Capital Loans”). Such Working Capital Loans were evidenced by promissory notes and as of March 31, 2024, there was $96 borrowed under the Working Capital Loans.

Given the differential in the purchase price that our Sponsor paid for the Founder Shares as compared to the price of the Energem Units sold in the Energem IPO and the number Class A Ordinary Shares that our Sponsor received upon Closing of the Business Combination, our Sponsor and its affiliates may earn a positive rate of return on their investment even if the Class A Ordinary Shares trades below the price initially paid for the Energem Units in the Energem IPO, and the public shareholders experienced a negative rate of return following the completion of the Business Combination.

Related Party Notes and Advances

On August 6, 2021, Energem issued an unsecured promissory note (the “Promissory Note”) to the Sponsor whereby the Sponsor agreed to loan Energem up to an aggregate of $300,000 to be used for a portion of the expenses of the Energem IPO. Energem had borrowed $123,253 under such promissory note and repaid $123,253 upon the closing of the Energem IPO out of the offering proceeds that had been allocated to the payment of offering expenses (other than underwriting commissions) not held in the Trust Account.

In addition, in order to finance transaction costs in connection with an intended initial business combination, the Sponsor or an affiliate of the Sponsor or certain of Energem’s officers and directors could, but were not obligated to, loan Energem funds as may be required. As of March 31, 2024, there was $96 borrowed under the working capital loan.

Prior to Energem’s initial business combination Energem’s audit committee reviewed on a quarterly basis all payments that were made to the Sponsor, officers, directors or our or their affiliates and determined which expenses and the amount of expenses that would be reimbursed. There is no cap or ceiling on the reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses incurred by such persons in connection with activities on Energem’s behalf.

In order to fund working capital deficiencies or finance transaction costs in connection with a business combination, the Sponsor or an affiliate of the Sponsor or certain of Energem’s officers and directors could, but were not obligated to (other than pursuant to the Energem Promissory Note), loan Energem funds as may be required.

Related Party Transactions - Graphjet

On September 20, 2021, Graphjet entered into a Contract of Commission Processing with ZhongHe Industries Sdn. Bhd., in which Liu Yu is a shareholder and director, pursuant to which Graphjet appointed ZhongHe Industries Sdn. Bhd. for the provision of services as further stipulated in such Contract of Commission Processing.

On March 28, 2022, Graphjet entered into a Deed of Assignment, as supplemented by the Supplemental Deed dated July 29, 2022, with Zhong He Tiancheng Technology Development (Beijing) Co. Ltd., in which Liu Yu is a shareholder and director, pursuant to which Graphjet acquired all the intellectual property of Zhong He Tiancheng Technology Development (Beijing) Co. Ltd., as listed in the said Deed of Assignment and Supplemental Deed for $222.

On March 10, 2022, Graphjet entered into Intellectual Property Sales Agreement with Liu Yu, as supplemented by the letter from Liu Yu to Graphjet dated July 29, 2022, pursuant to which Graphjet purchased the process for producing palm-based graphene, an intellectual property held by Liu Yu for RM29,000,000, payable within the 19th to 36th month period from July 29, 2022.

On July 1, 2022, Graphjet entered into a Tenancy Agreement with ZhongHe Industries Sdn. Bhd., in which Liu Yu is a shareholder and director, with respect to the demised premises located at L4-E-8 Enterprise 4, Technology Park Malaysia, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur. Pursuant to the terms of the Tenancy Agreement, the tenancy is subject to an initial term of 2 years with a monthly rental of RM3,500 per month.

Policies and Procedures for Related Party Transactions

Graphjet Technology’s Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is designated with the authority to review and approve related party transactions, defined as a transaction, arrangement or relationship that would require disclosure pursuant to Item 404 of Regulation S-K, or transaction between Graphjet Technology and (i) any director or executive officer of Graphjet Technology; (ii) any nominee for election as a director; (iii) any holder of Graphjet Technology securities owning more than 5% of any class of Graphjet Technology stock and (iv) any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing. In evaluating related party transactions, Graphjet Technology’s Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers the relevant facts and circumstances available and deemed relevant to Graphjet Technology’s Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, including whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances and the extent of the related party’s interest in the transaction.

PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of the Company’s voting securities, consisting of Class A and Class B Ordinary Shares, as of the date of this prospectus by:

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with SEC rules and includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Except as indicated by the footnotes below, we believe, based on the information furnished to us, that the persons and entities named in the table below will have sole voting and investment power with respect to all stock that they beneficially own, subject to applicable community property laws.

In the table below, percentage ownership is based on 146,741,306 Class A Ordinary Shares outstanding as of the date of this prospectus, including 137,750,000 Class A Ordinary Shares issued as Transaction Consideration, 250,000 Class A Ordinary Shares issued in connection with the PIPE financing, and reflects the valid redemption of 13,487,570 Energem Class A ordinary shares by public shareholders of Energem. This table also assumes that there are no issuances of equity securities in connection with the Closing, including equity awards that may be issued under the Equity Incentive Plan.

Unless otherwise indicated, Graphjet Technology believes that all persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all Class A Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by them. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each of the following entities or individuals is Unit No. L4-E-8, Enterprise 4, Technology Park Malaysia, 5700 Bukut Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

The following summary of the material terms of our securities is not intended to be a complete summary of the rights and preferences of such securities and is qualified by reference to our Amended and Restated Articles and the Warrant-related documents described herein, which are exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. We urge you to read each of our Amended and Restated Articles and the Warrant-related documents described herein in their entirety for a complete description of the rights and preferences of our securities.

Authorized and Outstanding Stock

Our Amended and Restated Articles authorizes the issuance of a total of 500,000,000 shares of capital stock, each with par value $0.0001 per share, consisting of 479,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares, 20,000 Class B Ordinary Shares, and 1,000 Preferred Shares. As of the date of this prospectus, there were 146,741,306 Class A Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding, and none Class B Ordinary Shares and Preferred Shares issued and outstanding.

Ordinary Shares

General