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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022

OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _______ to ______
Commission file number 001-36558
Townsquare Media, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
27-1996555
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
One Manhattanville Road
Suite 202
Purchase,
New York
10577
(Address of Principal Executive Offices, including Zip Code)
(203) 861-0900
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value per shareTSQThe New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes ☒    No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes ☒   No  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☐Accelerated filer☒
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☒
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes ☐    No ☒
As of November 4, 2022, the registrant had 17,240,949 outstanding shares of common stock consisting of: (i) 12,964,312 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share; (ii) 815,296 shares of Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share; and (iii) 3,461,341 shares of Class C common stock, par value $0.01 per share.


TOWNSQUARE MEDIA, INC.

INDEX


1

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.    Financial Statements
TOWNSQUARE MEDIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Data)
(unaudited)
September 30,
2022		December 31,
2021
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$27,046 $50,505 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $5,581 and $6,743, respectively
61,677 57,647 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets12,649 12,086 
Total current assets101,372 120,238 
Property and equipment, net110,018 106,717 
Intangible assets, net289,292 278,265 
Goodwill166,324 157,947 
Investments17,933 18,217 
Operating lease right-of-use assets51,433 42,996 
Other assets2,354 1,437 
Restricted cash495 494 
Total assets$739,221 $726,311 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable$5,499 $5,676 
Deferred revenue
10,702 10,208 
Accrued compensation and benefits
10,390 14,411 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities24,437 22,512 
Operating lease liabilities, current8,814 7,396 
Accrued interest6,080 15,754 
Total current liabilities65,922 75,957 
Long-term debt, net of deferred finance costs of $6,844 and $8,479, respectively
523,922 541,521 
Deferred tax liability24,494 20,081 
Operating lease liability, net of current portion45,465 38,743 
Other long-term liabilities16,391 425 
Total liabilities676,194 676,727 
Stockholders’ equity:
Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 300,000,000 shares authorized; 12,881,711 and 12,573,654 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
129 126 
Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 815,296 and 815,296 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
8 8 
Class C common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 3,461,341 and 3,461,341 shares issued and outstanding, respectively
35 35 
    Total common stock172 169 
 Treasury stock, at cost; 25,623 and zero shares of Class A common stock, respectively
(225)— 
    Additional paid-in capital307,751 302,724 
    Accumulated deficit(247,757)(256,635)
    Non-controlling interest3,086 3,326 
Total stockholders’ equity63,027 49,584 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$739,221 $726,311 

See Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
2

TOWNSQUARE MEDIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in Thousands, Except Per Share Data)
(unaudited)
Three Months Ended 
September 30,		Nine Months Ended 
September 30,
2022202120222021
Net revenue$120,635 $111,280 $342,801 $307,379 
Operating costs and expenses:
Direct operating expenses, excluding depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation83,985 75,719 241,581 211,837 
Depreciation and amortization4,467 4,821 13,546 14,546 
Corporate expenses5,744 6,410 15,892 15,996 
Stock-based compensation722 877 2,430 2,833 
Transaction and business realignment costs1,004 486 2,280 5,847 
Impairment of long-lived assets, intangible assets and investments10,300 — 20,197 95 
Net (gain) loss on sale and retirement of assets(119)(14)(338)613 
    Total operating costs and expenses106,103 88,299 295,588 251,767 
    Operating income14,532 22,981 47,213 55,612 
Other expense (income):
Interest expense, net9,967 9,816 30,038 29,780 
(Gain) loss on repurchases, extinguishment and modification of debt— — (108)5,997 
Other (income) expense, net(508)(3,078)1,886 (3,455)
Income from operations before tax5,073 16,243 15,397 23,290 
  Income tax provision2,275 3,349 4,939 6,431 
Net income$2,798 $12,894 $10,458 $16,859 
Net income attributable to:
     Controlling interests$2,260 $12,405 $8,878 $15,288 
     Non-controlling interests$538 $489 $1,580 $1,571 
Basic income per share:
    Attributable to common shares$0.13 $0.75 $0.52 $0.79 
    Attributable to participating shares$— $0.75 $— $0.79 
Diluted income per share$0.13 $0.64 $0.48 $0.71 
Weighted average shares outstanding:
     Basic attributable to common shares17,037 16,386 16,941 16,917 
     Basic attributable to participating shares— 88 — 2,333 
     Diluted17,482 19,384 18,645 21,657 

See Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
3

TOWNSQUARE MEDIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in Thousands, Except Share Data)
(unaudited)

Shares of Common StockTreasury Stock
Class AClass BClass CClass A
SharesSharesSharesSharesCommon
Stock		Treasury StockAdditional
Paid-in Capital		Accumulated
Deficit		Non-
Controlling
Interest		Total
Balance at January 1, 202212,573,654 815,296 3,461,341 — $169 $— $302,724 $(256,635)$3,326 $49,584 
Net income— — — — — — — 2,224 517 2,741 
Stock-based compensation— — — — — — 869 — — 869 
Common stock issued under exercise of stock options94,422 — — — 1 — 646 — — 647 
Issuance of restricted stock (1)
191,456 — — — 2 — 1,807 — — 1,809 
Balance at March 31, 202212,859,532 815,296 3,461,341 — $172 $— $306,046 $(254,411)$3,843 $55,650 
Net income— — — — — — — 4,394 525 4,919 
Stock-based compensation— — — — — — 839 — — 839 
Common stock issued under exercise of stock options17,179 — — — — — 112 — — 112 
Treasury stock acquired at cost (2)
— — — 25,623 — (225)— — — (225)
Cash distributions to non-controlling interests— — — — — — — — (1,820)(1,820)
Balance at June 30, 202212,876,711 815,296 3,461,341 25,623 $172 $(225)$306,997 $(250,017)$2,548 $59,475 
Net income— — — — — — — 2,260 538 2,798 
Stock-based compensation— — — — — — 722 — — 722 
Common stock issued under exercise of stock options5,000 — — — — — 32 — — 32 
Balance at September 30, 202212,881,711 815,296 3,461,341 25,623 $172 $(225)$307,751 $(247,757)$3,086 $63,027 

(1) Includes 150,000 shares issued in the form of stock awards that vested immediately.

(2) Represents shares repurchased under the terms of the Company's stock repurchase plan pursuant to which the Company is authorized to repurchase up to $50 million of the
Company’s issued and outstanding Class A common stock over a three-year period, the "2021 Stock Repurchase Plan."



4

Shares of Common Stock
Class AClass BClass C
SharesSharesSharesWarrantsCommon
Stock		Additional
Paid-in Capital		Accumulated DeficitNon-
Controlling
Interest		Total
Balance at January 1, 202114,436,065 2,966,669 1,636,341 8,977,676 $191 $369,672 $(272,602)$3,494 $100,755 
Net (loss) income— — — — — — (6,549)440 (6,109)
Repurchase of securities (1)
(1,595,224)(2,151,373)— (8,814,980)(38)(81,912)— — (81,950)
Stock-based compensation— — — — — 1,062 — — 1,062 
Common stock issued under exercise of stock options1,022,283 — — — 10 7,936 — — 7,946 
Issuance of restricted stock11,428 — — — — — — — — 
Conversion of common shares800,000 — (800,000)— — — — — — 
Balance at March 31, 202114,674,552 815,296 836,341 162,696 $163 $296,758 $(279,151)$3,934 $21,704 
Net income— — — — —— 9,432 642 10,074 
Stock-based compensation— — — — —894 — — 894 
Common stock issued under exercise of stock options209,873 — — — 21,861 — — 1,863 
Share repurchase (2)
(100,000)— — — (1)(630)(769)— (1,400)
Conversion of common shares (3)
(2,625,000)— 2,625,000 — —— — — — 
Cash distributions to non-controlling interests— — — — —— — (2,216)(2,216)
Balance at June 30, 202112,159,425 815,296 3,461,341 162,696 $164 $298,883 $(270,488)$2,360 $30,919 
Net income— — — — — — 12,405 489 12,894 
Stock-based compensation— — — — — 877 — — 877 
Common stock issued under exercise of stock options128,546 — — — 11,121 — — 1,122 
Warrants exercised (4)
152,074 — — (152,074)2(2)— — — 
Balance at September 30, 202112,440,045 815,296 3,461,341 10,622 $167 $300,879 $(258,083)$2,849 $45,812 

(1) On March 9, 2021, the Company repurchased all outstanding securities previously held by certain affiliates of Oaktree Capital Management L.P. (“Oaktree”), including 1,595,224 shares of Class A Common Stock, 2,151,373 shares of Class B Common Stock and 8,814,980 warrants.

(2) See Note 9, Stockholders' Equity, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion related to the share repurchase.

(3) On May 13, 2021, a direct holder of Class A Common Stock converted 2,625,000 shares into an equal number of Class C Common Stock. Except as expressly provided in our certificate of incorporation, the Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Class C common stock have equal economic rights and rank equally, share ratably and are identical in all respects as to all matters. Class C common stock is not redeemable, but is convertible 1:1 (including automatically upon certain transfers) into Class A common stock.

(4) See Note 9, Stockholders' Equity, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion related to warrants exercised during the period.



See Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

5

TOWNSQUARE MEDIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in Thousands)
(unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20222021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income$10,458 $16,859 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
     Depreciation and amortization13,546 14,546 
     Amortization of deferred financing costs1,359 1,129 
     Non-cash lease income(298)(106)
     Net deferred taxes and other4,413 6,070 
     Provision for doubtful accounts1,429 1,718 
     Stock-based compensation expense2,430 2,833 
    (Gain) loss on repurchases, extinguishment and modification of debt(108)5,997 
     Trade activity, net(3,496)(9,994)
     Impairment of long-lived assets, intangible assets and investments20,197 95 
     Unrealized loss (gain) on investment1,934 (2,924)
  Content rights acquired(19,320)— 
  Amortization of content rights3,124 — 
  Change in content rights liabilities17,397 — 
     Other(815)(199)
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions:
   Accounts receivable(4,900)(1,148)
   Prepaid expenses and other assets(1,253)3,259 
   Accounts payable(123)1,409 
   Accrued expenses(3,916)(569)
   Accrued interest(9,674)(49)
   Other long-term liabilities(278)(789)
Net cash provided by operating activities - continuing operations 32,106 38,137 
      Net cash used in operating activities - discontinued operations— (33)
Net cash provided by operating activities32,106 38,104 
Cash flows from investing activities:
   Payment for acquisition(18,419)— 
   Purchase of property and equipment(13,100)(7,840)
   Purchase of investments(100)(278)
   Purchase of digital assets(4,997)— 
   Proceeds from insurance recoveries452 362 
   Proceeds from sale of assets and investment related transactions810 1,671 
Net cash used in investing activities(35,354)(6,085)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Repurchase of 2026 Notes(18,850)— 
   Repayment of term loans— (272,381)
Repurchase of 2023 Notes— (273,416)
Proceeds from the issuance of 2026 Notes— 550,000 
Prepayment fee on 2023 Notes— (4,443)
   Deferred financing costs— (9,027)
   Repurchase of Oaktree securities— (80,394)
   Transaction costs related to Oaktree securities repurchase— (1,556)
   Proceeds from stock options exercised790 10,931 
   Repurchase of stock(225)(1,400)
   Cash distribution to non-controlling interests(1,820)(2,216)
   Repayments of capitalized obligations(105)(57)
      Net cash used in financing activities(20,210)(83,959)
  Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash:
      Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(23,458)(51,940)
      Beginning of period50,999 83,723 
      End of period$27,541 $31,783 
6

TOWNSQUARE MEDIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(in Thousands)
(unaudited)
Nine Months Ended September 30,
20222021
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information:
Cash payments:
Interest$38,284 $28,693 
Income taxes1,049 634 
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-cash Activities:
Investments acquired in exchange for advertising (1)
$2,750 $6,438 
Property and equipment acquired in exchange for advertising (1)
726 1,945 
Accrued capital expenditures45 120 
Accrued financing fees— 150 
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information relating to Leases:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities, included in operating cash flows
$7,982 $7,695 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations
8,923 2,246 
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
Cash and cash equivalents$27,046 $31,289 
Restricted cash495 494 
$27,541 $31,783 

(1) Represents total advertising services provided by the Company in exchange for equity interests and property and equipment acquired during each of the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

See Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

7

TOWNSQUARE MEDIA, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

Description of the Business

Townsquare is a community-focused digital media and digital marketing solutions company with market leading local radio stations, principally focused outside the top 50 markets in the U.S. Our integrated and diversified products and solutions enable local, regional and national advertisers to target audiences across multiple platforms, including digital, mobile, social, video, streaming, e-commerce, radio and events. Our assets include a subscription digital marketing services business (“Townsquare Interactive”), providing website design, creation and hosting, search engine optimization, social platforms and online reputation management for approximately 29,850 small to medium sized businesses; a robust digital advertising division (“Townsquare Ignite,” or “Ignite”), a powerful combination of a) an owned and operated portfolio of more than 400 local news and entertainment websites and mobile apps along with a network of leading national music and entertainment brands, collecting valuable first party data and b) a proprietary digital programmatic advertising technology stack with an in-house demand and data management platform; and a portfolio of 357 local terrestrial radio stations in 74 U.S. markets strategically situated outside the Top 50 markets in the United States. Our portfolio includes local media brands such as WYRK.com, WJON.com and NJ101.5.com, and premier national music brands such as XXLmag.com, TasteofCountry.com, UltimateClassicRock.com, and Loudwire.com.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (the "2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K"), as well as the Company's Form 10-K/A, for the year ended December 31, 2021. The accompanying unaudited interim Consolidated Financial Statements include the consolidated accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, with all significant intercompany balances and transactions eliminated in consolidation. These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. All adjustments (consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of results of operations and financial condition as of the end of the interim periods have been included. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, and the Company’s financial condition as of such date are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations or cash flows that can be expected for, or the Company’s financial condition as of, any other interim period or for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2022. The Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2021 is derived from the audited Consolidated Financial Statements at that date.

Segment Reporting

The Company’s operations are organized internally by the types of products and services provided. In December of 2021, the Company changed its reporting segments in order to reflect its strategic focus, organizational structure and the information reviewed by its Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") as a digital media and digital marketing solutions company with market leading radio stations, represented by three segments: Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions, which includes the results of the Company’s subscription digital marketing solutions business, Townsquare Interactive; Digital Advertising, which includes digital advertising on its owned and operated digital properties and its digital programmatic advertising platform; and Broadcast Advertising, which includes our local, regional and national advertising products and solutions delivered via terrestrial radio broadcast, and other miscellaneous revenue that is associated with its broadcast advertising platform. The remainder of the Company’s business is reported in the Other category, which includes owned and operated live events. The Company has presented segment information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 in conformity with the current period’s segment information.

Use of Estimates

8

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its significant estimates, including those related to assumptions used in determining the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination, impairment testing of intangible assets, valuation and impairment testing of long-lived tangible assets and investments, the present value of leasing arrangements, share-based payment expense and the calculation of allowance for doubtful accounts and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the result of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.

Actual amounts and results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no significant changes in the Company’s accounting policies since December 31, 2021. For the Company's detailed accounting policies please refer to the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto included in the Company's 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K and 10-K/A.

Recently Issued Standards That Have Not Yet Been Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which adds a new Topic 326 to the Codification and removes the thresholds that companies apply to measure credit losses on financial instruments measured at amortized cost, such as loans, receivables, and held-to-maturity debt securities. The guidance will remove all recognition thresholds and will require companies to recognize an allowance for credit losses for the difference between the amortized cost basis of a financial instrument and the amount of amortized cost that the company expects to collect over the instrument's contractual life. The new guidance is effective for smaller reporting companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption, either of the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify requirements, is permitted. The Company expects to adopt the new guidance in the first quarter of 2023. The Company is evaluating the impacts of the adoption of this ASU and does not anticipate the impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements to be significant.

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act (the "IRA") was signed into law in the U.S. Among other changes, the IRA introduced an excise tax on certain stock repurchases by certain covered corporations for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022 and several tax incentives to promote clean energy. Based on the Company's current analysis and pending future guidance to be issued by the U.S. Treasury, the Company does not anticipate that these provisions will have a significant impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

Note 3. Revenue Recognition

The following tables present a disaggregation of our revenue by reporting segment and revenue from political sources and all other sources (in thousands) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Subscription Digital Marketing SolutionsDigital AdvertisingBroadcast AdvertisingOtherTotalSubscription Digital Marketing SolutionsDigital AdvertisingBroadcast AdvertisingOtherTotal
Net Revenue (ex Political)$23,188 $36,915 $57,780 $1,165 $119,048 $21,130 $30,521 $56,739 $2,315 $110,705 
Political— 100 1,487 — 1,587 — — 575 — 575 
Net Revenue$23,188 $37,015 $59,267 $1,165 $120,635 $21,130 $30,521 $57,314 $2,315 $111,280 

9

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Subscription Digital Marketing SolutionsDigital AdvertisingBroadcast AdvertisingOtherTotalSubscription Digital Marketing SolutionsDigital AdvertisingBroadcast AdvertisingOtherTotal
Net Revenue (ex Political)$68,021 $103,155 $161,209 $6,881 $339,266 $60,347 $85,252 $156,644 $3,358 $305,601 
Political— 297 3,238 — 3,535 — — 1,778 — 1,778 
Net Revenue$68,021 $103,452 $164,447 $6,881 $342,801 $60,347 $85,252 $158,422 $3,358 $307,379 

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized as an obligation until the terms of a customer contract are satisfied; generally this occurs with the transfer of control as we satisfy contractual performance obligations over time. Our contractual performance obligations include the performance of digital marketing solutions, placement of internet-based advertising campaigns, broadcast of commercials on our owned and operated radio stations, and the operation of live events. Revenue is measured at contract inception as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Our contracts are at a fixed price at inception and do not include any variable consideration or financing components by normal course of business practice. Sales, value add, and other taxes that are collected concurrently with revenue producing activities, are excluded from revenue.

The primary sources of net revenue are the sale of digital and broadcast advertising solutions on our owned and operated websites, radio stations’ online streams, and mobile applications, radio stations, and on third-party websites through our in-house digital programmatic advertising platform. Through our digital programmatic advertising platform, we are able to hyper-target audiences for our local, regional and national advertisers by combining first and third-party audience and geographic location data, providing them the ability to reach a high percentage of their online audience. We deliver these solutions across desktop, mobile, connected TV, email, paid search and social media platforms utilizing display, video and native executions. We also offer subscription digital marketing solutions under the brand name Townsquare Interactive to small and mid-sized local and regional businesses in markets outside the top 50 across the United States, including the markets in which we operate radio stations. Townsquare Interactive offers traditional and mobile-enabled website development and hosting services, e-commerce platforms, search engine and online directory optimization services, online reputation monitoring, social media management, and website retargeting.

Political net revenue includes the sale of advertising for political advertisers. Contracted performance obligations under political contracts consist of the broadcast and placement of digital advertisements. Management views political revenue separately based on the episodic nature of election cycles and local issues calendars.

Net revenue for digital and broadcast advertisements are recognized as the contractual performance obligations for Townsquare services are satisfied. We measure progress towards the satisfaction of our contractual performance obligations in accordance with the contractual arrangement. We recognize the associated contractual revenue as delivery takes place and the right to invoice for services performed is met.

Our advertising contracts are short-term (less than one year) and payment terms are generally net 30-60 days for traditional customer contracts and net 60-90 days for national agency customer contracts. Our billing practice is to invoice customers on a monthly basis for services delivered to date (representing the right to invoice). Our contractual arrangements do not include rights of return and do not include any significant judgments by nature of the products and services.

Net revenue from digital subscription-based contractual performance obligations is recognized ratably over time as our performance obligations are satisfied. Subscription-based service fees are typically billed in advance of the month of service at a fixed monthly fee that is contractually agreed upon at contract inception. The measure of progress in such arrangements is the number of days of successful delivery of the contracted service.

For all customer contracts, we evaluate whether we are the principal (i.e., report revenue on a gross basis) or the agent (i.e., report revenue on a net basis). Generally, we report revenue for advertising placed on Townsquare properties on a gross basis (the amount billed to our customers is recorded as revenue, and the amount paid to our publishers is recorded as a cost of revenue). We are the principal because we control the advertising inventory before it is transferred to our customers. Our control is evidenced by our sole ability to monetize the advertising inventory, being primarily responsible to our customers, having discretion in establishing pricing, or a combination of these factors. We also generate revenue through agency relationships in which revenue is reported net of agency commissions. Agency commissions are calculated based on a stated percentage applied to gross billing revenue for advertisers that use agencies.
10


The following tables provides information about receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers (in thousands):

September 30,
2022
December 31, 
2021
Contract receivables (accounts receivable)$61,677 $57,647 
Short-term contract liabilities (deferred revenue)$10,702 $10,208 
Contract Acquisition Costs$6,426 $5,428 

We receive payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules; contract receivables are recognized in the period the Company provides services when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional. Payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer and the products or services offered. Payment terms for amounts invoiced are typically net 30-60 days.

Our contract liabilities include cash payments received or due in advance of satisfying our performance obligations and digital subscriptions in which payment is received in advance of the service and month. These contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as the related performance obligations are satisfied. As of September 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the balance in the contract liabilities was $10.7 million and $10.2 million, respectively. The increase in the contract liabilities balance at September 30, 2022 is primarily driven by cash payments received or due in advance of satisfying our performance obligations, offset by $0.6 million and $8.2 million of recognized revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, we recognized $0.9 million and $7.4 million of revenue that was previously included in our deferred revenue balance. No significant changes in the time frame of the satisfaction of contract liabilities have occurred during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Our capitalized contract acquisition costs include amounts related to sales commissions paid for signed contracts with perceived durations exceeding one year. We defer the related sales commission costs and amortize such costs to expense in a manner that is consistent with how the related revenue is recognized over the duration of the related contracts. We have evaluated the average customer contract duration (initial term and any renewals) to determine the appropriate amortization period for these contractual arrangements. Capitalized contract acquisition costs are recognized in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had a balance of $6.4 million and $5.4 million, respectively, in capitalized contract acquisition costs and recognized $1.3 million and $3.7 million of amortization for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, we recognized $1.1 million and $3.2 million of amortization, respectively. No impairment losses have been recognized or changes made to the time frame for performance of the obligations related to deferred contract assets during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations

In contracts with multiple performance obligations, we identify each performance obligation and evaluate whether the performance obligations are distinct within the context of the contract at contract inception. When multiple performance obligations are identified, we identify how control transfers to the customer for each distinct contract obligation and determine the period when the obligations are satisfied. If obligations are satisfied in the same period, no allocation of revenue is deemed to be necessary. In the event performance obligations within a bundled contract do not run concurrently, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. We generally determine standalone selling prices based on the prices charged to customers or by using expected cost-plus margins. Performance obligations that are not distinct at contract inception are combined.

Performance Obligations

We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed. Amounts related to performance obligations with expected durations of greater than one year are at a fixed price per unit and do not include any upfront or minimum payments requiring any estimation or allocation of revenue.    
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Note 4. Acquisitions and Divestitures

Acquisitions and Divestitures

On March 24, 2022, the Company executed an asset purchase agreement to acquire Cherry Creek Broadcasting LLC (“Cherry Creek”). Following regulatory approval, the acquisition was completed on June 17, 2022 for a cash purchase price of $18.4 million, net of closing adjustments. The purchase price was in excess of the fair value of net assets acquired, resulting in the recognition of goodwill. The Company expects to finalize the allocation of the purchase price for Cherry Creek as soon as possible, but in any event, no later than one year from the acquisition date. The preliminary purchase price allocation is subject to change pending a final valuation of the assets and liabilities acquired. We require additional time specifically related to obtaining information regarding acquired FCC licenses and property and equipment.

The preliminary acquisition date fair values of major classes of net assets acquired are as follows (in thousands):

Preliminary Acquisition Date Fair Value
Net tangible assets acquired$1,366 
Intangible assets, net (1)
8,676 
Goodwill8,377 
Total Purchase Price$18,419 

(1) Intangible assets include FCC licenses and content rights in the amount of $8.0 million and $0.7 million, respectively.

Goodwill totaling $8.4 million represents the excess of the Cherry Creek purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, representing future economic benefits that are expected to be achieved as a result of the acquisition, and is included in the Broadcast Advertising segment. Goodwill generated from the Cherry Creek acquisition is deductible for income tax purposes. The Company believes the acquisition of Cherry Creek, which includes a portfolio of local media brands, will further its goal of becoming the number one local media company in markets outside of the Top 50 in the United States. In addition, the acquisition provides an opportunity to bring our digital assets and solutions to the Cherry Creek markets and accelerate their digital growth with our Digital First strategy.

The results of Cherry Creek's operations have been included in our Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, following the closing of the acquisition on June 17, 2022. Pro forma information has not been presented because the effect of the acquisition is not material.

Simultaneously, due to FCC ownership limitations, the Company sold six radio stations in Missoula, MT for an immaterial amount and has placed one radio station in Tri-Cities, WA in a divestiture trust. On July 19, 2022, the Company acquired a radio station in Tri-Cities, WA for an immaterial amount.

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Note 5. Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

September 30, 2022
December 31, 2021
Land and improvements
$19,919 $20,558 
Buildings and leasehold improvements
56,817 55,192 
Broadcast equipment
103,666 95,962 
Computer and office equipment
24,006 21,819 
Furniture and fixtures
22,537 22,130 
Transportation equipment
20,614 20,427 
Software development costs
38,208 34,776 
Total property and equipment, gross
285,767 270,864 
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
(175,749)(164,147)
Total property and equipment, net
$110,018 $106,717 

Depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment was $4.2 million and $4.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively $12.7 million and $13.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold land and a building in Quincy-Hannibal, IL. The Company recognized $0.8 million in impairment charges related to the sale. There were no impairment charges related to long-lived assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021.

On June 24, 2022, the Company executed a lease for office space of approximately 11,900 square feet in Phoenix, AZ, in order to support the growth of the Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions segment. The lease commenced in the third quarter of 2022 and has an eleven-year term, with the option to extend the lease for two consecutive five-year periods.

The Company had no material right of use assets related to its finance leases as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Note 6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Indefinite-lived intangible assets

Indefinite-lived assets consist of FCC broadcast licenses, goodwill and investment in digital assets.

FCC Broadcast Licenses

FCC licenses represent a substantial portion of the Company’s total assets. The FCC licenses are renewable in the ordinary course of business, generally for a maximum of eight years. The fair value of FCC licenses is primarily dependent on the future cash flows of the radio markets and other assumptions, including, but not limited to, forecasted revenue growth rates, profit margins and a risk-adjusted discount rate. The Company has selected December 31st as the annual testing date.

The Company evaluates its FCC licenses for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the assets might be impaired. Due to changes in forecasted traditional broadcast revenue in the markets in which we operate in and increases in the weighted average cost of capital, the Company quantitatively evaluated the fair value of its FCC licenses at September 30, June 30, and March 31, 2022, respectively.

The key assumptions used in applying the direct valuation method are summarized as follows:
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September 30, 2022
Discount Rate11.6%
Long-term Revenue Growth Rate0.0%
LowHigh
Mature Market Share*19.3%94.7%
Operating Profit Margin20.0%47.0%

June 30, 2022
Discount Rate10.9%
Long-term Revenue Growth Rate0.0%
LowHigh
Mature Market Share*19.3%94.7%
Operating Profit Margin20.0%47.0%

March 31, 2022
Discount Rate10.2%
Long-term Revenue Growth Rate0.0%
LowHigh
Mature Market Share*19.3%94.7%
Operating Profit Margin20.0%47.0%
* Market share assumption used when reliable third-party data is available. Otherwise, Company results and forecasts are utilized.

Based on the results of interim impairment assessments of our FCC licenses, as of September 30, 2022 we incurred impairment charges of $10.3 million and $15.5 million for FCC licenses in eight of our 74 local markets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The impairment charges were primarily driven by increases in the discount rate applied in the valuation of our FCC licenses due to an increase in the weighted average cost of capital and the estimate of initial capital costs due to rising prices. The Company recorded no impairment charges on its FCC licenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021.

Unfavorable changes in key assumptions utilized in the impairment assessment of our FCC licenses may affect future testing results. For example, keeping all other assumptions constant, a 100-basis point increase in the weighted average cost of capital as of the date of our last quantitative assessment would cause the estimated fair values of our FCC licenses to decrease by $51.8 million, which would have resulted in an impairment charge of $25.6 million. Assumptions used to estimate the fair value of our FCC licenses are also dependent upon the expected performance and growth of our traditional broadcast operations. In the event our broadcast revenue experiences actual or anticipated declines, such declines will have a negative impact on the estimated fair value of our FCC licenses, and the Company could recognize additional impairment charges, which could be material.

Goodwill

For goodwill impairment testing, the Company has selected December 31st as the annual testing date. In addition to the annual impairment test, the Company regularly assesses whether a triggering event has occurred, which would require interim impairment testing. As of December 31, 2021, the fair values of our National Digital, Townsquare Ignite, Analytical Services, Townsquare Interactive and Live Events reporting units were in excess of their respective carrying values by approximately 703%, 164%, 281%, 497% and 117%, respectively. The local advertising businesses reporting unit had no goodwill as of December 31, 2021.

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The Company considered whether any events have occurred or circumstances have changed from the last quantitative analysis performed as of December 31, 2021 that would indicate that the fair value of the Company's reporting units may be below their carrying amounts. Based on such analysis, the Company determined that there have been no indicators that the fair value of its reporting units may be below their carrying amounts as of September 30, 2022.

Changes in the carrying value of the Company's goodwill by segment during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 are summarized as follows (in thousands):

Subscription Digital Marketing SolutionsDigital AdvertisingBroadcast AdvertisingOtherTotal
Balance at December 31, 2021$77,000 $76,964 $— $3,983 $157,947 
Cherry Creek acquisition (1)
— — 8,377 — 8,377 
Balance at September 30, 2022
$77,000 $76,964 $8,377 $3,983 $166,324 

(1) Based on the preliminary purchase price allocation. For further information see Note 4, Acquisitions and Divestitures.

Digital Assets

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company invested an aggregate of $5.0 million in digital assets. They are accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, included as a component of intangible assets, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. We have ownership of and control over our digital assets and we use third-party custodial services to secure it. Any decrease in the digital assets' fair values below our carrying values at any time subsequent to acquisition requires the Company to recognize impairment charges. No upward revisions for any market price increases are recognized until a sale of the digital assets occurs.

The fair value of the digital assets was based upon quoted prices (unadjusted) on the active exchange that the Company determined was the principal market for our digital assets, Level 1 measurements under the fair value measurement hierarchy established under Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820). The Company performed an analysis to identify whether events or changes in circumstances, principally decreases in the quoted prices on the active exchange, indicated that it was more likely than not that our digital assets were impaired. In determining if an impairment had occurred, the Company considered the lowest market price of one unit of digital asset quoted on the active exchange since the date the Company acquired the digital assets. Any observed declines in the market values of our digital assets below their current carrying values results in an impairment loss equal to the difference between the digital assets carrying values and the lowest observed market price, even if the overall market values of these assets subsequently increase.

The Company recorded no impairment losses due to changes in the fair value of the Company's digital assets during three months ended September 30, 2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded $2.6 million in impairment losses due to changes in the fair value of the Company's digital assets observed during the period. As of September 30, 2022, the carrying value of the Company's digital assets is $2.4 million. The Company views its investment in digital assets as liquid due to the ability to readily convert the investment to cash through sale on an active exchange. The Company may decrease its holdings of digital assets at any time based on our view of market conditions.

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Definite-lived intangible assets

The Company’s definite-lived intangible assets were acquired primarily in various acquisitions as well as in connection with the acquisition of software and music licenses.

Content Rights

The Company enters into multi-year content licensing agreements pursuant to which the Company is required to make payments over the term of the license agreement. These licensing agreements are accounted for as a license of program material in accordance with ASC 920-350, Broadcasters - Intangibles - Goodwill and Other. The Company capitalizes the content licenses and records a related liability at fair value, which includes a discount, on the effective date of the respective license agreement. Amortization of capitalized content licenses is included as a component of direct operating expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. The difference between the gross and net liability is amortized over the term of the license agreements and reflected as a component of interest expense.

The following tables present details of our intangible assets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively (in thousands):

September 30, 2022
Weighted Average Useful Life (in Years)Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Carrying Amount
Intangible Assets:
FCC licenses
Indefinite$267,855 $— $267,855 
Digital assetsIndefinite2,378 — 2,378 
Content rights and other intangible assets
1 - 10
31,622 (12,563)19,059 
Total
$301,855 $(12,563)$289,292 

December 31, 2021
Weighted Average Useful Life (in Years)Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated AmortizationNet Carrying Amount
Intangible Assets:
FCC licenses
Indefinite$275,321 $— $275,321 
Other intangible assets
2 - 10
11,530 (8,586)2,944 
Total
$286,851 $(8,586)$278,265 

Amortization for definite-lived intangible assets was $1.5 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively and $4.0 million and $0.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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Estimated future amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years and thereafter as of September 30, 2022 is as follows (in thousands):

2022 (remainder)$1,474 
20235,615 
20244,865 
20251,653 
20261,653 
Thereafter3,799 
$19,059 

Note 7. Investments

Long-term investments consists of minority holdings in various companies. As management does not exercise significant control over operating and financial policies of the investees, the investments are not consolidated or accounted for under the equity method of accounting. The initial valuation of equity securities is based upon an estimate of market value at the time of investment, or upon a combination of valuation analyses using both observable and unobservable inputs categorized as Level 2 and Level 3 within the ASC 820 framework, respectively.

In accordance with ASC 321, Investments - Equity Securities, the Company measures its equity securities at cost minus impairment, as their fair values are not readily determinable and the investments do not qualify for the net asset value per share practical expedient. The Company monitors its investments for any subsequent observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same investee, at which time the Company would adjust the then current carrying values of the related investment. Additionally, the Company evaluates its investments for any indicators of impairment.

Equity securities measured at cost minus impairment

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company acquired a $2.1 million interest in three new investees and an additional $0.8 million interest in an existing investee. There were no impairment charges recorded for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The Company recorded a $1.2 million impairment charge for an investee during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, based on the implied fair value of the investee as a result of a private transaction.

There were no impairment charges recorded for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.

Equity securities measured at fair value

On July 2, 2021, one of the Company's investees completed its registration with the SEC and became a publicly traded company. Based on the market price of the investee's common stock as of September 30, 2022, the fair value of the Company's investment in the common stock of the investee was approximately $1.4 million. As a result, the Company recorded an unrealized gain of $0.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded a total net unrealized loss of $1.9 million as a result of changes in the fair value of the investee's common stock during the period. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recorded an unrealized net gain of $2.9 million.

Unrealized gains and losses are included as a component of other expense (income) on the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. The market price of the investee's common stock is categorized as Level 1 within the ASC 820 framework.


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Note 8. Long-Term Debt

Total debt outstanding is summarized as follows (in thousands):

September 30,
2022		December 31,
2021
2026 Notes$530,766 $550,000 
Deferred financing costs(6,844)(8,479)
Total long-term debt$523,922 $541,521 

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company voluntarily repurchased an aggregate $19.2 million principal amount of its 2026 Notes at or below par, plus accrued interest. The Company wrote-off approximately $0.3 million of unamortized deferred financing costs, recognizing a total net gain of $0.1 million in connection with the voluntary repurchases of its 2026 Notes. The repurchased notes were canceled by the Company.

The 2026 Notes indenture contains certain covenants that may limit, among other things, our ability to; incur additional indebtedness, declare or pay dividends, redeem stock, transfer or sell assets, make investments or agree to certain restrictions on the ability of restricted subsidiaries to make payments to the Company. Certain of these covenants will be suspended if the 2026 Notes are assigned an investment grade rating by Standard & Poor’s Investors Ratings Services, Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. or Fitch Ratings, Inc. and no event of default has occurred and is continuing.

The Company was in compliance with its covenants under the 2026 Notes indenture as of September 30, 2022.

As of September 30, 2022, based on available market information, the estimated fair value of the 2026 Notes was $481.7 million. The Company used Level 2 measurements under the fair value measurement hierarchy established under Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820).

Annual maturities of the Company's long-term debt as of September 30, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

2022 (remainder)$— 
2023— 
2024— 
2025— 
2026530,766 
$530,766 

Note 9. Income Taxes

The Company's effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was approximately 44.8% and 20.6%, respectively. The Company's effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was approximately 32.1% and 27.6%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 is primarily driven by discrete items for the period, as well as non deductible expenses and increases in the valuation allowance for certain interest expense carryforwards.

The effective tax rate may vary significantly from period to period, and can be influenced by many factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes to the statutory rates in the jurisdictions where the Company has operations and changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. The difference between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily relates to certain non-deductible items, state and local income taxes and the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.

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Note 10. Net Income Per Share

Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) is generally calculated as income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is generally calculated as income available to common shareholders divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus the dilutive effect of common share equivalents.

The following table sets forth the computations of basic and diluted net income per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except per share data):

Three Months Ended 
September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
Numerator:
Net income$2,798 $12,894 $10,458 $16,859 
Net income from non-controlling interest538 489 1,580 1,571 
Net income attributable to controlling interest$2,260 $12,405 $8,878 $15,288 
Denominator:
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding17,037 16,386 16,941 16,917 
Weighted average shares of participating securities outstanding— 88 — 2,333 
Total weighted average basic shares outstanding17,037 16,474 16,941 19,250 
Effect of dilutive common stock equivalents445 2,910 1,704 2,407 
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding17,482 19,384 18,645 21,657 
Basic income per share:
Attributable to common shares$0.13 $0.75 $0.52 $0.79 
Attributable to participating shares (1)
$— $0.75 $— $0.79 
Diluted income per share$0.13 $0.64 $0.48 $0.71 
(1) On March 9, 2021, the Company repurchased 8,814,980 warrants outstanding from Oaktree. On August 16, 2021, a warrant holder exercised 152,074 warrants, and on December 14, 2021, a warrant holder exercised 10,622 warrants, each as more fully discussed in Note 11, Stockholders' Equity, included in the Company's 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K and 10-K/A. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, there were no warrants outstanding. Income (loss) attributable to participating shares and diluted income (loss) per share for 2021 was calculated utilizing the weighted-average method, as applicable.

The Company had the following dilutive securities that were not included in the computation of diluted net income per share as they were considered anti-dilutive (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
2022202120222021
Stock options5,036 45 45 26 
Restricted Stock8 — 8 — 
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Note 11. Segment Reporting

Operating segments are organized internally by type of products and services provided. Based on the information reviewed by the Company's CEO in his capacity as CODM, the Company has identified three segments: Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions, Digital Advertising and Broadcast Advertising. The remainder of our business is reported in the Other category.

The Company operates in one geographic area. The Company's assets and liabilities are managed within markets outside the top 50 across the United States where the Company conducts its business and are reported internally in the same manner as the Consolidated Financial Statements; thus, no additional information regarding assets and liabilities of the Company’s reportable segments is produced for the Company's CEO or included in these Consolidated Financial Statements. Intangible assets consist principally of FCC broadcast licenses and other definite-lived intangible assets and primarily support the Company’s Broadcast Advertising segment. For further information see Note 6, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net. The Company does not have any material inter-segment sales.

The Company's management evaluates segment operating income, which excludes unallocated corporate expenses and the impact of certain items that are not directly attributable to the reportable segments' underlying operating performance, and primarily includes expenses related to corporate stewardship and administration activities, transaction related costs and non-cash impairment charges.

The following tables present the Company's reportable segment results for the three months ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands):

Subscription Digital Marketing SolutionsDigital AdvertisingBroadcast AdvertisingOtherCorporate and Other Reconciling ItemsTotal
Net revenue$23,188 $37,015 $59,267 $1,165 $— $120,635 
Direct operating expenses, excluding depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation16,744 25,949 39,889 1,403 — 83,985 
Depreciation and amortization321 150 3,301 26 669 4,467 
Corporate expenses— — — — 5,744 5,744 
Stock-based compensation137 20 109 2 454 722 
Transaction and business realignment costs (1)
— — — 6 998 1,004 
Impairment of long-lived assets, intangible assets and investments— — 10,300 — — 10,300 
Net gain on sale and retirement of assets— — (99)— (20)(119)
Operating income (loss)$5,986 $10,896 $5,767 $(272)$(7,845)$14,532 

(1) Includes integration costs of $0.9 million related to the acquisition of Cherry Creek. These costs were predominantly for travel and compensation.
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The following table presents the Company's reportable segment results for the three months ended September 30, 2021 (in thousands):

Subscription Digital Marketing SolutionsDigital AdvertisingBroadcast AdvertisingOtherCorporate and Other Reconciling ItemsTotal
Net revenue$21,130 $30,521 $57,314 $2,315 $— $111,280 
Direct operating expenses, excluding depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation14,954 20,341 38,040 2,384 — 75,719 
Depreciation and amortization143 82 3,224 41 1,331 4,821 
Corporate expenses— — — — 6,410 6,410 
Stock-based compensation128 11 64 2 672 877 
Transaction and business realignment costs— — — 7 479 486 
Net gain on sale and retirement of assets— — — — (14)(14)
Operating income (loss)$5,905 $10,087 $15,986 $(119)$(8,878)$22,981 

The following tables present the Company's reportable segment results for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands):

Subscription Digital Marketing SolutionsDigital AdvertisingBroadcast AdvertisingOtherCorporate and Other Reconciling ItemsTotal
Net revenue$68,021 $103,452 $164,447 $6,881 $— $342,801 
Direct operating expenses, excluding depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation48,513 73,064 113,869 6,135 — 241,581 
Depreciation and amortization911 360 9,603 113 2,559 13,546 
Corporate expenses— — — — 15,892 15,892 
Stock-based compensation402 50 280 8 1,690 2,430 
Transaction and business realignment costs (1)
— — — 18 2,262 2,280 
Impairment of long-lived assets, intangible assets and investments— — 16,258 120 3,819 20,197 
Net gain on sale and retirement of assets— — (282)— (56)(338)
Operating income (loss)$18,195 $29,978 $24,719 $487 $(26,166)$47,213 
(1) Includes integration costs of $1.2 million related to the acquisition of Cherry Creek. These costs were predominantly for travel and compensation.




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The following tables present the Company's reportable segment results for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 (in thousands):

Subscription Digital Marketing SolutionsDigital AdvertisingBroadcast AdvertisingOtherCorporate and Other Reconciling ItemsTotal
Net revenue$60,347 $85,252 $158,422 $3,358 $— $307,379 
Direct operating expenses, excluding depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation42,144 57,884 108,667 3,142 — 211,837 
Depreciation and amortization840 417 9,753 127 3,409 14,546 
Corporate expenses— — — — 15,996 15,996 
Stock-based compensation411 43 254 11 2,114 2,833 
Transaction and business realignment costs— — — 25 5,822 5,847 
Impairment of long-lived and intangible assets— — — — 95 95 
Net loss on sale and retirement of assets— — — — 613 613 
Operating income (loss)$16,952 $26,908 $39,748 $53 $(28,049)$55,612 

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following management’s discussion and analysis is intended to provide the reader with an overall understanding of our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and sources and uses of cash. This section also includes general information about our business and a discussion of our management’s analysis of certain trends, risks and opportunities in our industry. In addition, we also provide a discussion of accounting policies that require critical judgments and estimates. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this quarterly report.

Note About Forward-Looking Statements

This report includes estimates, projections, statements relating to our business plans, objectives and expected operating results that are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Forward-looking statements often discuss our current expectations and projections relating to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance and business. You can identify forward-looking statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. These statements may include words such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “outlook,” “potential,” “project,” “projection,” “plan,” “intend,” “seek,” “believe,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “will,” “should,” “can,” “can have,” “likely,” the negatives thereof and other words and terms. Actual events or results may differ materially from the results anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of factors. While it is impossible to identify all such factors, factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those estimated by us include the impact of general economic conditions in the United States, or in the specific markets in which we currently do business including supply chain disruptions, inflation, labor shortages and the effect on advertising activity, industry conditions, including existing competition and future competitive technologies, the popularity of radio as a broadcasting and advertising medium, cancellations, disruptions or postponements of advertising schedules in response to national or world events, including the COVID-19 pandemic, our ability to develop and maintain digital technologies and hire and retain technical and sales talent, our dependence on key personnel, our capital expenditure requirements, our continued ability to identify suitable acquisition targets, and consummate and integrate any future acquisitions, legislative or regulatory requirements, risks and uncertainties relating to our leverage and changes in interest rates, our ability to obtain financing at times, in amounts and at rates considered appropriate by us, our ability to access the capital markets as and when needed and on terms that we consider favorable to us and other factors discussed in this section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this report and under “Risk Factors” in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, as well as other risks discussed from time to time in our filings with the SEC. Many of these factors are beyond our ability to predict or control. In addition, as a result of these and other factors, our past financial performance should not be relied on as an indication of future performance. The cautionary statements referred to in this section also should be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements that may be issued by us or persons acting on our behalf. The forward-looking statements included in this report are made only as of the date hereof or as of the date specified herein. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

Format of Presentation

Townsquare is a community-focused digital media and digital marketing solutions company with market leading local radio stations, principally focused outside the top 50 markets in the United States. Our integrated and diversified products and solutions enable local, regional and national advertisers to target audiences across multiple platforms, including digital, mobile, social, video, streaming, e-commerce, radio and events. Our assets include a subscription digital marketing services business (“Townsquare Interactive”), providing website design, creation and hosting, search engine optimization, social platforms and online reputation management as well as other monthly digital services for approximately 29,850 small to medium sized businesses; a robust digital advertising division (“Townsquare Ignite,” or “Ignite”), a powerful combination of a) an owned and operated portfolio of more than 400 local news and entertainment websites and mobile apps along with a network of leading national music and entertainment brands, collecting valuable first party data and b) a proprietary digital programmatic advertising technology stack with an in-house demand and data management platform; and a portfolio of 357 local terrestrial radio stations in 74 U.S. markets strategically situated outside the Top 50 markets in the United States. Our portfolio includes local media brands such as WYRK.com, WJON.com and NJ101.5.com, and premier national music brands such as XXLmag.com, TasteofCountry.com, UltimateClassicRock.com, and Loudwire.com.

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We believe that our diversified product offering substantially differentiates us from our competition. This diversification allows us to provide superior solutions to our advertisers and engaging experiences for our audience, underpins our growth strategy and, we believe, helps to mitigate the risks associated with advertising revenue dependency.

The Company has identified three operating segments, which are Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions, Digital Advertising and Broadcast Advertising. The remainder of our business is reported in the Other category.

Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions

Our Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions segment encompasses Townsquare Interactive, our subscription digital marketing solutions business. Townsquare Interactive offers digital marketing solutions, on a subscription basis, to small and medium-sized business (“SMBs”) in markets outside the top 50 across the United States, including but importantly not limited to the markets in which we operate radio stations. We offer a variety of digital marketing solutions, which enables SMBs to choose the optimal features for their specific business.

Digital Advertising

Our Digital Advertising segment, marketed externally as Townsquare Ignite, is a combination of our owned and operated digital properties, our proprietary digital programmatic advertising platform, and an in-house demand and data management platform collecting valuable first party data.

Broadcast Advertising

Our Broadcast Advertising segment includes our portfolio of 357 local terrestrial radio stations. Our primary source of Broadcast Advertising net revenue is the sale of advertising on our local radio stations to local, regional and national spot advertisers, and national network advertisers. We believe we are the largest and best-capitalized owner and operator of radio stations focused solely on markets outside the top 50 markets in the United States. Given the stability of radio’s audience, its broad reach and its relatively low cost as compared to competing advertising media such as television, we believe radio continues to offer an attractive value proposition to advertisers. The price point for radio advertising on a cost per thousand basis is lower than most other local media that deliver similar scale. This makes radio more affordable and accessible for the type of small and mid-sized businesses typically found in our local markets outside the top 50 markets in the U.S.

Other

We report the remainder of our revenue in the Other category, and it includes revenue from our live events. Our primary source of live events net revenue is ticket sales. Our live events also generate substantial revenue through the sale of sponsorships, food and other concessions, merchandise and other ancillary products and services. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic we cancelled the majority of scheduled live events in 2020, and operated a significantly reduced schedule in 2021. We are operating more events in 2022, however, we are still below historical levels.

Overall

We generate a majority of our advertising revenue by selling directly to local advertisers, as well as to local and regional advertising agencies which affords us the opportunity to better present our products, cross-sell products and more directly influence their advertising and marketing expenditure decisions. A significant percentage of our advertising revenue is generated from the sale of advertising to the automotive, financial services, health services, entertainment, and retail industries.

Our most significant expenses are sales personnel, programming, digital, marketing and promotional, engineering, and general and administrative expenses. We strive to control these expenses by closely monitoring and managing each of our local markets and through efficiencies gained from the centralization of finance, accounting, legal and human resources functions and management information systems. We also use our scale and diversified geographic portfolio to negotiate favorable rates with vendors where feasible.

A portion of our expenses are variable. These variable expenses primarily relate to sales costs, such as commissions and inventory costs, as well as certain programming costs, such as music license fees, and certain costs related to production. Other programming, digital, engineering and general and administrative expenses are primarily fixed costs.
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Seasonality

Our revenue varies throughout the year. Typically, we expect that our first calendar quarter will produce the lowest net revenue for the year, as advertising expenditures generally decline following the winter holidays. During even-numbered years, net revenue generally includes increased advertising expenditures by political candidates, political parties and special interest groups. Political spending is typically highest during the fourth quarter. Our operating results in any period may be affected by the incurrence of advertising and promotion expenses that typically do not have an effect on net revenue generation until future periods, if at all.

Macroeconomic Indicators

The U.S. economy and financial markets may continue to experience volatility due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the development of COVID-19 variants, vaccination rates and government legislative and regulatory responses, the subsequent rapid economic expansion which has resulted in significant inflationary pressures, including the anticipation of an economic recession.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic began to impact our operations in early March 2020, and included significant advertising cancellations and material declines in the purchase of new advertising by our clients, impairments to the carrying values of our FCC licenses and the cancellation of live events. As local public health conditions improved, our advertising revenue also improved. The continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including any increases in infection rates, new variants, further actions taken to mitigate the impact of the pandemic and the pace of continued economic recovery cannot be estimated.

OVERVIEW OF OUR PERFORMANCE

Changes in our Business

Acquisition of Cherry Creek

On March 24, 2022, the Company executed an asset purchase agreement to acquire Cherry Creek Broadcasting LLC (“Cherry Creek”). Following regulatory approval, the acquisition was completed on June 17, 2022 for a cash purchase price of $18.4 million, net of closing adjustments. The results of Cherry Creek's operations have been included in our Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, following the closing of the acquisition on June 17, 2022. Pro forma information has not been presented because the effect of the acquisition is not material. For further discussion on the Cherry Creek acquisition, see Note 4, Acquisitions and Divestitures in the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Highlights of Our Financial Performance

Certain key financial developments in our business for the three months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021 are summarized below:

•Net revenue increased $9.4 million, or 8.4%, primarily driven by a $6.5 million increase in our Digital Advertising net revenue, a $2.1 million increase in our Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions net revenue as a result of additional subscribers, and a $2.0 million increase in our Broadcast Advertising net revenue.

•Operating income decreased $8.4 million, or 36.8%, for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Operating income decreased due to non-cash impairment charges to our FCC licenses in the amount of $10.3 million and an increase in direct operating expenses to support the growth of our digital segments. These drivers for decreases in operating income were partially offset by a $9.4 million increase in net revenue.

•The Digital Advertising segment reported operating income of $10.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, which represents an increase of $0.8 million, as compared to operating income of $10.1 million for the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily due to an increase in net revenue of $6.5 million, partially offset by an increase of $5.6 million in direct operating expenses. Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions reported operating income of $6.0 million, an increase of $0.1 million from the three months ended September 30, 2021. Increases in operating income were offset by a decrease in Broadcast Advertising operating income of $10.2 million, primarily due to the non-cash impairment charges to our FCC licenses.
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Certain key financial developments in our business for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to the same period in 2021 are summarized below:

•Net revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021, increased $35.4 million, or 11.5%, primarily driven by a $18.2 million increase in our Digital Advertising net revenue, an increase of $7.7 million in our Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions net revenue as a result of additional subscribers and an increase of $6.0 million in our Broadcast Advertising net revenue due in part as a result of increases in the purchase of new advertising by our clients. Other net revenue increased $3.5 million due to live events held during the period.

•Operating income decreased $8.4 million, or 15.1%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Operating income decreased due to a $29.7 million increase in direct operating expenses and an increase in impairment charges of $20.1 million, partially offset by an increase in net revenue of $35.4 million and a decrease in transaction and business realignment costs of $3.6 million.

•Cash and cash equivalents decreased $23.5 million from $50.5 million as of December 31, 2021 to $27.0 million as of September 30, 2022, primarily due to the acquisition of Cherry Creek for a cash purchase price of $18.4 million, net of closing adjustments, and total repurchases of $19.2 million of our 2026 Notes, at or below par, during the second quarter of 2022.


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Consolidated Results of Operations

Three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to three months ended September 30, 2021

The following table summarizes our historical consolidated results of operations:

($ in thousands)Three Months Ended September 30,
Statement of Operations Data:20222021$ Change% Change
Net revenue$120,635 $111,280 $9,355 8.4 %
Operating costs and expenses:
Direct operating expenses, excluding depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation83,985 75,719 8,266 10.9 %
Depreciation and amortization4,467 4,821 (354)(7.3)%
Corporate expenses5,744 6,410 (666)(10.4)%
Stock-based compensation722 877 (155)(17.7)%
Transaction and business realignment costs1,004 486 518 106.6 %
Impairment of long-lived assets, intangible assets and investments10,300 — 10,300 **
Net gain on sale and retirement of assets(119)(14)(105)**
    Total operating costs and expenses106,103 88,299 17,804 20.2 %
    Operating income14,532 22,981 (8,449)(36.8)%
Other expense (income):
Interest expense, net9,967 9,816 151 1.5 %
Other income, net(508)(3,078)2,570 (83.5)%
Income from operations before tax5,073 16,243 (11,170)(68.8)%
Income tax provision2,275 3,349 (1,074)(32.1)%
      Net income$2,798 $12,894 $(10,096)(78.3)%
** not meaningful

Segment Results

The following table presents the Company's reportable segment net revenue and direct operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

Net RevenueDirect Operating Expenses
Three Months Ended 
September 30,		Three Months Ended 
September 30,
20222021$ Change% Change20222021$ Change% Change
Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions$23,188 $21,130 $2,058 9.7 %$16,744 $14,954 $1,790 12.0 %
Digital Advertising37,015 30,521 6,494 21.3 %25,949 20,341 5,608 27.6 %
Broadcast Advertising59,267 57,314 1,953 3.4 %39,889 38,040 1,849 4.9 %
Other1,165 2,315 (1,150)(49.7)%1,403 2,384 (981)(41.1)%
Total$120,635 $111,280 $9,355 8.4 %$83,985 $75,719 $8,266 10.9 %


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Net Revenue

Net revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2022 increased $9.4 million, or 8.4%, as compared to the same period in 2021. Our Digital Advertising net revenue increased $6.5 million, or 21.3%, and our Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions net revenue increased $2.1 million, or 9.7%, as compared to the same period in 2021 due in part to the addition of approximately 850 net subscribers during the third quarter of 2022.

Our Broadcast Advertising net revenue increased $2.0 million, or 3.4%, as compared to the same period in 2021. Our Other net revenue decreased $1.2 million due to the timing of certain events.

Direct Operating Expenses

Direct operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2022 increased by $8.3 million, or 10.9%, as compared to the same period in 2021. Our Digital Advertising direct operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2022 increased $5.6 million, or 27.6% and our Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions direct operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2022 increased $1.8 million, or 12.0%, as compared to the same period in 2021. These increases were primarily driven by increases in headcount related expenses to support revenue and subscriber growth, as well as higher inventory costs. Our Broadcast Advertising direct operating expenses increased $1.8 million, or 4.9%, driven by higher compensation, as compared to the same period a year ago.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense for the three months ended September 30, 2022 decreased $0.4 million, or 7.3%, as compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to a decreases in the amortization of software development costs.

Corporate Expenses

Corporate expenses are of a general corporate nature or managed on a corporate basis. These costs (net of allocations to the business segments) primarily represent corporate stewardship and administration activities. Corporate expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2022 decreased $0.7 million, or 10.4%, as compared to the same period in 2021 primarily due to lower professional fees.

Transaction and Business Realignment Costs

Transaction and business realignment costs for the three months ended September 30, 2022 increased $0.5 million as compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to the Cherry Creek acquisition.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets, Intangible Assets and Investments

The Company recorded total impairment charges of $10.3 million related to FCC licenses in eight of our 74 local markets during the three months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to no impairment charges to FCC licenses in the same period a year ago. The impairment charge was primarily driven by increases in the discount rate applied in the valuation of our FCC licenses due to an increase in the weighted average cost of capital and the estimate of initial capital costs due to rising prices. For further discussion, see Note 6, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets in the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Unfavorable changes in key assumptions utilized in the impairment assessment of our FCC licenses may affect future testing results. For example, keeping all other assumptions constant, a 100-basis point increase in the weighted average cost of capital as of the date of our last quantitative assessment would cause the estimated fair values of our FCC licenses to decrease by $51.8 million, which would have resulted in an impairment charge of $25.6 million. Assumptions used to estimate the fair value of our FCC licenses are also dependent upon the expected performance and growth of our traditional broadcast operations. In the event our broadcast revenue experiences actual or anticipated declines, such declines will have a negative impact on the estimated fair value of our FCC licenses, and the Company could recognize additional impairment charges, which could be material.

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Interest Expense, net

The following table illustrates the components of our interest expense, net for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Three Months Ended September 30,
20222021
2026 Notes$9,127 $9,348 
Term Loans— 8 
Capital leases and other337 5 
Deferred financing costs504 455 
Interest income(1)— 
      Interest expense, net$9,967 $9,816 

Other income, net

Other expense (income), net includes unrealized losses related to measuring the fair value of one of the Company's investees. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded an unrealized gain of $0.2 million, as compared to an unrealized gain of $2.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2021. See Note 7, Investments, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion related to this investment.

Provision for income taxes

We recognized an income tax provision of $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $3.3 million for the same period in 2021. Our effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was approximately 44.8% and 20.6%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate is primarily driven by discrete items for the period, as well as non deductible expenses and increases in the valuation allowance for certain interest expense carryforwards.

Our effective tax rate may vary significantly from period to period and can be influenced by many factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes to statutory rates in the jurisdictions where we have operations and changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. The difference between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate of 21%, primarily relates to certain non-deductible items, state and local income taxes and the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.


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Consolidated Results of Operations

Nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2021

The following table summarizes our historical consolidated results of operations:

($ in thousands)Nine Months Ended 
September 30,
Statement of Operations Data:20222021$ Change% Change
Net revenue$342,801 $307,379 $35,422 11.5 %
Direct operating expenses, excluding depreciation, amortization, and stock-based compensation241,581 211,837 29,744 14.0 %
Depreciation and amortization13,546 14,546 (1,000)(6.9)%
Corporate expenses15,892 15,996 (104)(0.7)%
Stock-based compensation2,430 2,833 (403)(14.2)%
Transaction and business realignment costs2,280 5,847 (3,567)(61.0)%
Impairment of long-lived assets, intangible assets and investments20,197 95 20,102 **
Net (gain) loss on sale and retirement of assets(338)613 (951)**
    Total operating costs and expenses295,588 251,767 43,821 17.4 %
    Operating income47,213 55,612 (8,399)(15.1)%
Other expense (income):
Interest expense, net30,038 29,780 258 0.9 %
(Gain) loss on repurchases, extinguishment and modification of debt(108)5,997 (6,105)**
Other expense (income), net1,886 (3,455)5,341 **
   Income from operations before income taxes15,397 23,290 (7,893)(33.9)%
Income tax provision4,939 6,431 (1,492)(23.2)%
Net income$10,458 $16,859 $(6,401)(38.0)%
** not meaningful

Segment Results

The following table presents the Company's reportable segment net revenue and direct operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

Net RevenueDirect Operating Expenses
Nine Months Ended 
September 30,		Nine Months Ended 
September 30,
20222021$ Change% Change20222021$ Change% Change
Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions$68,021 $60,347 $7,674 12.7 %$48,513 $42,144 $6,369 15.1 %
Digital Advertising103,452 85,252 18,200 21.3 %73,064 57,884 15,180 26.2 %
Broadcast Advertising164,447 158,422 6,025 3.8 %113,869 108,667 5,202 4.8 %
Other6,881 3,358 3,523 104.9 %6,135 3,142 2,993 95.3 %
Total$342,801 $307,379 $35,422 11.5 %$241,581 $211,837 $29,744 14.0 %


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Net Revenue

Net revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, increased $35.4 million, or 11.5%, as compared to the same period in 2021. Our Digital Advertising net revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, increased $18.2 million, or 21.3% and our Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions net revenue for nine months ended September 30, 2022 increased $7.7 million, or 12.7% as compared to the same period in 2021 due in part to the addition of approximately 3,050 net subscribers during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Our Broadcast Advertising net revenue increased $6.0 million, or 3.8%, due in part to increases in the purchase of new advertising by our clients. Our Other net revenue increased $3.5 million due to the increase in live events held during the period, as compared to the same period a year ago.

Direct Operating Expenses

Direct operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, increased by $29.7 million, or 14.0%, as compared to the same period in 2021. Our Digital Advertising direct operating expenses for nine months ended September 30, 2022 increased $15.2 million, or 26.2%, while our Subscription Digital Marketing Solutions direct operating expenses for nine months ended September 30, 2022 increased $6.4 million, or 15.1%, as compared to the same period in 2021. The increase was primarily driven by increases in headcount related expenses to support revenue and subscriber growth, as well as higher inventory costs.

Our Broadcast Advertising direct operating expenses increased $5.2 million, or 4.8%, driven by higher compensation, as compared to the same period a year ago. Our Other direct operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, increased $3.0 million, as compared to the same period in 2021, due to an increase in live events during the period, as compared to the same period a year ago.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, decreased $1.0 million, or 6.9%, as compared to the same period in 2021 due to a decrease in the amortization of software development costs.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, decreased $0.4 million, or 14.2%, as compared to the same period in 2021 due to awards that vested in 2022.

Transaction and Business Realignment Costs

Transaction and business realignment costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, decreased $3.6 million as compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to $4.5 million paid in 2021 under the terms of the March 2021 settlement agreement related to share repurchase with certain affiliates of Oaktree Capital Management L.P., partially offset by acquisition and integration costs incurred related to the Cherry Creek acquisition in 2022.

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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets, Intangible Assets and Investments

The Company recorded total impairment charges of $20.2 million related to our long-lived and intangible assets, and investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. We recorded total impairment charges of $15.5 million related to FCC licenses in eight of our 74 local markets during the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to no impairment charges to our FCC licenses during the same period a year ago. The impairment charges were primarily driven by increases in the discount rate applied in the valuation of our FCC licenses due to an increase in the weighted average cost of capital and the estimate of initial capital costs due to rising prices. We recorded $2.6 million in impairment losses during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 due to changes in the fair value of the Company's digital assets. For further discussion, see Note 6, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets in the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company recorded an impairment charge of $1.2 million related to one of our investments. For further discussion, see Note 7, Investments in the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company recorded an impairment charge of $0.8 million related to the sale of land and a building in Quincy-Hannibal, IL during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Interest Expense, net

The following table illustrates the components of our interest expense, net for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Nine Months Ended 
September 30,
20222021
2026 Notes$27,877 $27,834 
2023 Notes— 642 
Term Loans— 161 
Capital leases and other803 33 
Deferred financing costs1,359 1,129 
Interest income(1)(19)
      Interest expense, net$30,038 $29,780 

Gain on repurchase of debt

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company voluntarily repurchased an aggregate $19.2 million principal amount of its 2026 Notes at or below par plus accrued interest. The Company wrote-off approximately $0.3 million of unamortized deferred financing costs, recognizing a total net gain of $0.1 million in connection with the voluntary repurchases of its 2026 Notes.

Other expense (income), net

Other expense (income), net includes unrealized gains related to measuring the fair value of one of the Company's investees. Based on the market price of the investee's common stock as of September 30, 2022, the fair value of the Company's investment in the common stock of the investee was approximately $1.4 million resulting in a net unrealized loss of $1.9 million as compared to an unrealized gain of $2.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2021. See Note 7, Investments, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion related to this investment.

Provision for income taxes

We recognized an income tax provision of $4.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $6.4 million for the same period in 2021. Our effective tax rate for the period was approximately 32.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to 27.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in the effective tax rate is primarily driven by discrete items for the period, as well as non deductible expenses and increases in the valuation allowance for certain interest expense carryforwards.

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Our effective tax rate may vary significantly from period to period and can be influenced by many factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes to statutory rates in the jurisdictions where we have operations and changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities. The difference between the effective tax rate and the federal statutory rate of 21.0%, primarily relates to certain non-deductible items, state and local income taxes and the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table summarizes our change in cash and cash equivalents (in thousands):

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20222021
Cash and cash equivalents
$27,046 $31,289 
Restricted cash
495 494 
Cash provided by operating activities
32,106 38,104 
Cash used in investing activities
(35,354)(6,085)
Cash used in financing activities
(20,210)(83,959)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash
$(23,458)$(51,940)

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $32.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $38.1 million for the same period in 2021. This decrease was primarily related to higher cash interest payments in 2022, primarily due to the timing of the refinancing in February 2021, increases in accounts receivable due to higher net revenue in 2022, as compared to 2021, and decreases in accrued expenses due to higher compensation. In 2022, we made two interest payments on the 2026 Notes in February and August, and in 2021 we made only one interest payment on the 2026 Notes in August.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $35.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as compared to $6.1 million for the same period in 2021. The increase in net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to the acquisition of Cherry Creek for $18.4 million, net of closing adjustments, purchases of digital assets, and an increase in the purchase of property and equipment in 2022.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $20.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $84.0 million for the same period in 2021. Net cash used in financing activities in 2022 was primarily used for $18.9 million in voluntary repurchases of our 2026 Notes. Net cash used in financing activities in 2021 was primarily used for: the repayment of $557.4 million of principal amount of the 2023 unsecured senior notes and term loan facility, including total accrued interest of $7.2 million and a $4.4 million prepayment premium; cash consideration for the Company's repurchase of the outstanding shares and warrants of Oaktree in the amount of $80.4 million; partially offset by the issuance of $541.0 million of the 2026 Notes, net of fees, and proceeds from stock option exercises.

Sources of Liquidity and Anticipated Cash Requirements

We fund our working capital requirements through a combination of cash flows from our operating, investing, and financing activities. Based on current and anticipated levels of operations and conditions in our markets and industry, we believe that our cash on hand and cash flows from our operating, investing, and financing activities will enable us to meet our working capital, capital expenditures, debt service, and other funding requirements for at least one year from the date of this report. Future capital requirements may be materially different than those currently planned in our budgeting and forecasting activities and depend on many factors, some of which are beyond our control. In particular during the period of uncertainty related to and following the COVID-19 pandemic, we have focused on and will continue to monitor our liquidity.
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As of September 30, 2022, we had $523.9 million of outstanding indebtedness, net of deferred financing costs of $6.8 million.

Based on the terms of our 2026 Notes, as of September 30, 2022, we expect our debt service requirements to be approximately $36.5 million over the next twelve months. See Note 8, Long-Term Debt, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to our 2026 Notes.

As of September 30, 2022 we had $27.0 million of cash and cash equivalents, and $61.7 million of receivables from customers, which historically have had an average collection cycle of approximately 55 days. We had restricted cash of $0.5 million at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, that was held as collateral in connection with certain agreements. From time to time, such restricted funds could be returned to us or we could be required to pledge additional cash.

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company invested an aggregate of $5.0 million in digital assets. The Company may decrease its holdings of digital assets at any time based on our view of market conditions. For any digital assets held now or in the future, any declines in the market values of these assets below their current carrying values may result in non-cash impairment charges even if the overall market values of these assets subsequently increase. See Note 6, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to our digital assets.

During the second quarter of 2022, the Company voluntarily repurchased an aggregate $19.2 million in principal amount of its 2026 Notes. The Company may repurchase additional amounts in future periods.

Our anticipated uses of cash in the near term include working capital needs, interest payments, other obligations, and capital expenditures. The Company believes that the cash generated by its operations should be sufficient to meet its liquidity needs for at least the next 12 months. However, our ability to fund our working capital needs, debt payments, other obligations, capital expenditures, and to comply with financial covenants under our debt agreements, depends on our future operating performance and cash flow, which are in turn subject to prevailing economic conditions, increases or decreases in advertising spending, changes in the highly competitive industry in which we operate, which may be rapid, and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. To the extent that current and anticipated future sources of liquidity are insufficient to fund our future business activities and requirements, we may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. The sale of additional equity would result in additional dilution to our stockholders, while the incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations. Such debt instruments also could introduce covenants that might restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that we could obtain additional financing on favorable terms or at all.

Additionally, on a continuing basis, we evaluate and consider strategic acquisitions and divestitures to enhance our strategic and competitive position as well as our financial performance. Any future acquisitions, joint ventures or other similar transactions may require additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all.

We closely monitor the impact of capital and credit market conditions on our liquidity as it relates to our debt. We also routinely monitor the changes in the financial condition of our customers and the potential impact on our results of operations.

COVID-19 Response

In response to the challenges and uncertainty in the economy, financial markets, and the Company’s business brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, we have maintained certain precautionary measures that were instituted in 2020 to address the potential impact to our consolidated financial position, consolidated results of operations, and liquidity. These precautionary measures include the deferral of the payment of certain payroll taxes until December 31, 2022 under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”).

Other Liquidity Matters

Material changes to our commitments from those included in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K and 10-K/A are discussed in Note 6, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets - Content Rights, in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements or transactions.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our significant estimates, including those related to determining the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination, impairment testing of intangible assets, valuation and impairment testing of long-lived tangible assets, the present value of leasing arrangements, share-based payment expense and the calculation of allowance for doubtful accounts and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the result of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our estimates may change, however, as new events occur and additional information is obtained, and any such changes will be recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Actual results could differ from such estimates, and any such differences may be material to our financial statements.

We believe the accounting policies and estimates discussed within “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K reflects our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. There have been no material changes to the critical accounting policies and estimates as filed in such report.

Recent Accounting Standards

For a discussion of accounting standards updates that have been adopted or will be adopted in the future, please refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements included under Item 1.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined under Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act) as of the end of the quarter ended September 30, 2022. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 30, 2022 due to the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting summarized below and as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Material Weakness

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, the Company did not maintain adequate documentation of its testing of the functionality of a software package. Thus, the controls over the completeness and accuracy of information prepared by the Company that is used specific to a log produced by one of the Company’s automation systems were not operating effectively.

Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, management believes the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q fairly present, in all material respects, our results of operations and cash flows for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and our financial condition as of such date, in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Plan for Remediation of Material Weakness

The Company and its Board of Directors are committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment. Management has evaluated the material weakness described above and has made significant progress updating its documentation of its testing of the impacted software package to remediate the control deficiency and enhance the Company’s internal control environment. Management is committed to successfully implementing the remediation plan as promptly as possible and progress has been made in the third quarter and will continue into the fourth quarter of 2022 to fully remediate the material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

As required by Rule 13a-15(d) under the Exchange Act, our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated our internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any changes to our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2022, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on that evaluation, except as noted above, no significant changes to our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2022.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any control system, including the potential for human error and the possible circumvention or overriding of controls and procedures. Additionally, judgments in decision-making can be faulty and breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. An effective control system can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control objectives of the system are adequately met. Accordingly, the management of the Company, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that the control system can prevent or detect all error or fraud. Finally, projections of any evaluation or assessment of effectiveness of a control system to future periods are subject to the risks that, over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in an entity’s operating environment or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

There is no current material pending litigation to which we are a party and no material legal proceedings were terminated, settled or otherwise resolved during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to various regulatory proceedings, lawsuits, claims and other matters related to intellectual property, personal injury, employee, or other matters. These matters are subject to many uncertainties and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. However, we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Please refer to Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for information regarding known material risks that could affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. In addition to these risks, other risks that we presently do not consider material, or other unknown risks, could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations in a future period.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits

See Exhibit Index.

EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit
Description
31.1*
31.2*
32.1**
32.2**
101.INSXBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith
** Furnished herewith


38

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 

TOWNSQUARE MEDIA, INC.
Date: November 9, 2022
By:/s/ Stuart Rosenstein
Name: Stuart Rosenstein
Title: Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
By:/s/ Robert Worshek
Name: Robert Worshek
Title: Senior Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer

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