As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 13, 2025
Securities Act Registration No. 333-284227
Investment Company Registration No. 811-21467
 
 
 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
 
FORM N-2
 
 
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933
Pre‑Effective Amendment No. 1
Post-Effective Amendment No.
and/or
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940
Amendment No. 7
 
 
LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)
 
 
620 Eighth Avenue, 47th Floor
New York, New York 10018
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
(888) 777‑0102
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Jane Trust
Franklin Templeton
1 Madison Avenue, 17th Floor
New York, New York 10010
(Name and Address of Agent for Service)
 
 
Copies to:
 
David W. Blass, Esq.
Ryan P. Brizek, Esq.
Debra Sutter, Esq.
Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP
900 G Street NW
Washington, DC 20001
 
Marc A. De Oliveira, Esq.
Franklin Templeton
100 First Stamford Place
Stamford, CT 06902
 
 
Approximate Date of Proposed Public Offering: From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement.
If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box .
If any of the securities being registered on this form will be offered on a delayed or continuous basis in reliance on Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered in connection with a dividend reinvestment plan, check the following box. 
If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction A.2 or a post-effective amendment thereto, check the following box .
If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction B or a post-effective amendment thereto that will become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box .
If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction B to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box .
It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box)
 
 
when declared effective pursuant to Section 8(c)
If appropriate, check the following box:
 
 
This post-effective amendment designates a new effective date for a previously filed registration statement.
 
 
This form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act and the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering is      .
 
 
This Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, and the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering is      .
 
 
This Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, and the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering is      .
Check each box that appropriately characterizes the Registrant:
 
 
Registered Closed‑End Fund (closed‑end company that is registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (“Investment Company Act”)).
 
 
Business Development Company (closed‑end company that intends or has elected to be regulated as a business development company under the Investment Company Act).
 
 
Interval Fund (Registered Closed‑End Fund or a Business Development Company that makes periodic repurchase offers under Rule 23c‑3 under the Investment Company Act).
 
 
A.2 Qualified (qualified to register securities pursuant to General Instruction A.2 of this Form).
 
 
Well-Known Seasoned Issuer (as defined by Rule 405 under the Securities Act).
 
 
Emerging Growth Company (as defined by Rule 12b‑2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”).
 
 
If an Emerging Growth Company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of Securities Act.
 
 
New Registrant (registered or regulated under the Investment Company Act for less than 12 calendar months preceding this filing).
 
 
The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that the Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such dates as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.
 
 
 

The information in this Preliminary Prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This Preliminary Prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
 
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION DATED MARCH 13, 2025
PRELIMINARY BASE PROSPECTUS
$150,000,000
LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.
Common Stock
Subscription Rights to Purchase Common Stock
 
 
The Fund. LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Fund”), is a non‑diversified, closed‑end management investment company.
Investment Objective. The Fund’s primary investment objective is total return with an emphasis on income. There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
Investment Strategies. Under normal market conditions, the Fund seeks to maximize total return by investing at least 80% of its Managed Assets (defined below) in a broad range of equity and fixed income securities of both U.S. and foreign issuers. The Fund will vary its allocation between equity and fixed income securities depending on ClearBridge Investments, LLC’s (“ClearBridge”) view of economic, market or political conditions, fiscal and monetary policy and security valuation. “Managed Assets” means the Fund’s average daily net assets plus the proceeds of any outstanding borrowings used for leverage and any proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock.
The Fund’s shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”), are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the trading or “ticker” symbol “SCD.” The net asset value of our Common Stock at the close of business on February 21, 2025 was $17.69 per share, and the last sale price per share of our Common Stock on the NYSE on that date was $17.12.
Offering. The Fund may offer, from time to time, in one or more offerings, our Common Stock, which we also refer to as our securities, at prices and on terms to be set forth in one or more Prospectus Supplements to this Prospectus.
We may offer and sell our securities to or through underwriters, through dealers or agents that we designate from time to time, directly to purchasers, through at‑the‑market offerings or through a combination of these methods. An at‑the‑market offering is an offering where the price per share of the Fund’s common stock is determined by the market price per share of the Fund’s outstanding common stock as of the time of each take-down offering. If an offering of securities involves any underwriters, dealers or agents, then the applicable Prospectus Supplement will name the underwriters, dealers or agents and will provide information regarding any applicable purchase price, fee, commission or discount arrangements made with those underwriters, dealers or agents or the basis upon which such amount may be calculated. See “Plan of Distribution—Distribution Through Agents,” “—Distribution Through Underwriters” and “—Distribution Through Dealers.” We may not sell any of our securities through agents, underwriters or dealers without delivery of a Prospectus Supplement describing the method and terms of the offering of our securities. For information pertaining to distributions by the Fund to Common Stockholders, see “Distributions” on page 66 of this Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement.Investment Manager and Subadviser. Franklin Templeton Fund Adviser, LLC (formerly known as Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC) (“FTFA” or the “Investment Manager”), the Fund’s investment manager, supervises the day‑to‑day management of the Fund’s portfolio by ClearBridge, Western Asset Management Company, LLC (“Western Asset”) and Western Asset Management Company Limited (“Western Asset London,” and with ClearBridge and Western Asset, collectively, the “Subadvisers”) and provides administrative and management services to the Fund.
Investing in the Fund’s securities involves certain risks, including risks that make the offering of securities speculative (See “Risks—Below Investment Grade (High-Yield or Junk Bond) Securities Risk”). You could lose some or all of your investment. See “Risks” beginning on page 41 of this Prospectus and any Prospectus Supplement.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this Prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
 
 
Prospectus dated     , 2025.
 
(continued on following page)
 

(continued from previous page)
 
ClearBridge provides investment advisory services to the Fund by both determining the allocation of the Fund’s assets between equity and fixed income investments and performing the day‑to‑day management of the Fund’s investments in equity securities. As of December 31, 2024, ClearBridge and its supervised affiliates had approximately $189.18 billion in assets under management.
Western Asset is responsible for the day‑to‑day portfolio management of the Fund’s fixed income securities, subject to the supervision of the Fund’s Board of Directors and FTFA. As of December 31, 2024, Western Asset and its supervised affiliates total assets under management were approximately $280.02 billion.
Western Asset London provides certain subadvisory services to the Fund relating to currency transactions and investments in non‑U.S. dollar denominated debt securities. FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset and Western Asset London are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Franklin Resources, Inc., a global investment management organization operating as Franklin Templeton.
Leverage. The Fund may seek to enhance the level of its current distributions to holders of Common Stock (“Common Stockholders”) through the use of leverage. The Fund may use leverage directly at the fund level through borrowings, including loans from certain financial institutions, the use of reverse repurchase agreements and/or the issuance of debt securities (collectively, “Borrowings”), and possibly through the issuance of preferred stock (“Preferred Stock”). The Fund may use leverage through Borrowings in an aggregate amount of up to approximately 33 1/3% of the Fund’s total assets less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities (for these purposes, “total net assets”) immediately after such Borrowings. Furthermore, the Fund may use leverage through the issuance of Preferred Stock in an aggregate amount of liquidation preference attributable to the Preferred Stock combined with the aggregate amount of any Borrowings of up to approximately 50% of the Fund’s total net assets immediately after such issuance. Currently, the Fund has no intention to issue notes or debt securities or Preferred Stock. In addition, the Fund may enter into additional reverse repurchase agreements and/or use similar investment management techniques that may provide leverage, subject to the requirements of Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act. Under Rule 18f‑4(d), the Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions in reliance on the rule if the Fund either (i) complies with the asset coverage requirements of Section 18 of the 1940 Act, and combines the aggregate amount of indebtedness associated with all reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions with the aggregate amount of any other senior securities representing indebtedness when calculating its asset coverage ratio; or (ii) treats all reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions as derivatives transactions for all purposes under the rule.
A distribution by the Fund consisting of a return of capital should not be considered a dividend yield or total return of an investment in the Fund’s Common Stock. Common Stockholders who receive the payment of a distribution consisting of a return of capital may be under the impression that they are receiving net profits when they are not. Stockholders should not assume that the source of a distribution from the Fund is net profits. In general terms, a return of capital would involve a situation in which a Fund distribution (or a portion thereof) represents a return of a portion of a stockholder’s investment in the Fund, rather than making a distribution that is funded from the Fund’s earned income or other profits. Although return of capital distributions may not be currently taxable, such distributions would decrease the basis of a stockholder’s shares (but not below zero), and therefore may increase a stockholder’s tax liability for capital gains upon a sale of shares, even if sold at a loss to the stockholder’s original investment.
The Fund currently uses leverage through Borrowings and as of November 30, 2024, 17.3% of the Fund’s gross assets were levered. See “Leverage,” “Description of Shares—Preferred Stock” and “Risks—Leverage Risk.”
This Prospectus is part of a registration statement that we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), using the “shelf” registration process. Under the shelf registration process, we may offer, from time to time, separately or together in one or more offerings, the securities described in this Prospectus. The securities may be offered at prices and on terms described in one or more supplements to this Prospectus. This Prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities that we may offer. Each time we use this Prospectus to offer securities, we will provide a Prospectus Supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of that offering. The Prospectus Supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this Prospectus. This Prospectus, together with any Prospectus Supplement, sets forth concisely the information about us that a prospective investor ought to know before investing. You should read this Prospectus and the related Prospectus Supplement before deciding whether to invest and retain them for future reference. A Statement of Additional Information, dated     , 2025 (the “SAI”), containing additional information about us, has been filed with the SEC and is incorporated by reference in its entirety into this Prospectus. You may request a free copy of the SAI (the table of contents of which is on page i of this Prospectus), annual and semi-annual reports to stockholders (when available), and additional information about the Fund by calling (888) 777‑0102, by writing to the Fund at 620 Eighth Avenue, 47th Floor, New York, NY 10018 or visiting the Fund’s website (http://www.franklintempleton.com/investments/options/closed‑end‑funds).
The information contained in, or accessed through, the Fund’s website is not part of this Prospectus. You may also obtain a copy of the SAI (and other information regarding the Fund) from the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. Information relating to the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at (202) 551‑8090.

Such materials, as well as the Fund’s annual and semi-annual reports (when available) and other information regarding the Fund, are also available on the SEC’s website (http://www.sec.gov). You may also e‑mail requests for these documents to publicinfo@sec.gov or make a request in writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Room, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549-0102.
As permitted by regulations adopted by the SEC, the Fund does not intend to mail paper copies of the Fund’s stockholder reports, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary (such as a broker-dealer or bank). Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report. If you invest through a financial intermediary and you already elected to receive stockholder reports electronically (“e‑delivery”), you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. If you have not already elected e‑delivery, you may elect to receive stockholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary. You may elect to receive all reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can contact your financial intermediary to request that you receive paper copies of your stockholder reports. That election will apply to all legacy Legg Mason funds held in your account at that financial intermediary. If you are a direct stockholder with the Fund, you can call the Fund at 1‑888‑888‑0151, or write to the Fund by regular mail at P.O. Box 505000, Louisville, KY 40233 or by overnight delivery to Computershare, 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600, Louisville, KY 40202 to let the Fund know you wish to receive paper copies of your stockholder reports. That election will apply to all legacy Legg Mason funds held in your account held directly with the fund complex.
Shares of common stock of closed‑end investment companies frequently trade at discounts to their net asset values. If our Common Stock trades at a discount to our net asset value, the risk of loss may increase for purchasers of our Common Stock, especially for those investors who expect to sell their shares of Common Stock in a relatively short period after purchasing shares in this offering. See “Risks—Market Price Discount from Net Asset Value Risk.”
The Fund’s securities do not represent a deposit or obligation of, and are not guaranteed or endorsed by, any bank or other insured depository institution, and are not federally insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Reserve Board or any other governmental agency.
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
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You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement. We have not authorized any other person to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted or where the person making the offer or sale is not qualified to do so or to any person to whom it is not permitted to make such offer or sale. You should assume that the information appearing in this Prospectus and any Prospectus Supplement is accurate only as of the respective dates on their front covers, regardless of the time of delivery of this Prospectus, any Prospectus Supplement, or any sale of our securities. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
This is only a summary. This summary does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in the Fund’s Common Stock. You should review the more detailed information contained elsewhere in this Prospectus, any related Prospectus Supplements and in the Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”), especially the information under the heading “Risks.” Unless otherwise indicated or the content otherwise requires, references to “we,” “us” and “our” refer to LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.
 
The Fund
LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Fund”), is a non‑diversified, closed‑end management investment company.
 
The Offering
The Fund may offer, from time to time, in one or more offerings, up to $150 million of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”), which we also refer to as our securities, at prices and on terms to be set forth in one or more prospectus supplements (each, a “Prospectus Supplement”) to this Prospectus. We may also offer subscription rights to purchase shares of our Common Stock.
 
  We may offer and sell our securities to or through underwriters, through dealers or agents that we designate from time to time, directly to purchasers, through at‑the‑market offerings or through a combination of these methods. If an offering of securities involves any underwriters, dealers or agents, then the applicable Prospectus Supplement will name the underwriters, dealers or agents and will provide information regarding any applicable purchase price, fee, commission or discount arrangements made with those underwriters, dealers or agents or the basis upon which such amount may be calculated. See “Plan of Distribution.” We may not sell any of our securities through agents, underwriters or dealers without delivery of a Prospectus Supplement describing the method and terms of the offering of our securities. The offering price per share of Common Stock will not be less than the net asset value per share of Common Stock at the time we make the offering, exclusive of any underwriting commissions or discounts, provided that rights offerings that meet certain conditions may be offered at a price below the then current net asset value. See “Preliminary Prospectus Supplement—Subscription Rights to Acquire Shares of Common Stock.”
 
Investment Objectives and Strategies
The Fund’s investment objective is total return with an emphasis on income. There can be no assurance the Fund will achieve its investment objective. See “The Fund’s Investments.”
 
 
Under normal market conditions, the Fund seeks to maximize total return by investing at least 80% of its Managed Assets (defined below) in a broad range of equity and fixed income securities of both U.S. and foreign issuers. The Fund will vary its allocation between equity and fixed income securities depending on ClearBridge Investments, LLC’s (“ClearBridge”) view of economic, market and political conditions, fiscal and monetary policy and security
 
1

 
valuation. Franklin Templeton Fund Adviser, LLC (“FTFA” or the “Investment Manager”) has delegated to ClearBridge, one of the Fund’s subadvisers, the Fund’s allocation between equity and fixed income securities, as well as the Fund’s equity investments in general. A portfolio management team at Western Asset Management Company, LLC (“Western Asset”), the Fund’s other subadviser, manages the fixed income portion of the Fund. Depending on ClearBridge’s view of these factors, which may vary from time to time, ClearBridge may allocate substantially all of the investments in the portfolio to equity securities or fixed income securities.
 
  The Fund’s investments in equity securities will include, among other securities, common stock traded on an exchange or in the over‑the‑counter market, preferred stocks, warrants, rights, convertible securities, depositary receipts, trust certificates, real estate investment trusts (“REITs”), limited partnership interests, equity-linked debt securities and shares of other investment companies. The Fund’s investments in fixed income securities will include, among other securities, corporate bonds, mortgage and asset backed securities, U.S. government obligations, investment grade and high yield debt, including emerging market debt and high yield sovereign debt, and loans. The Fund may invest without limit in both energy and non‑energy master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), so long as no more than 25% of the Fund’s total assets are invested in MLPs that are treated as qualified publicly traded partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
 
  As noted above, the Fund may depart from its principal investment strategy in response to adverse economic, market or political conditions by taking temporary defensive positions in any non‑corporate issuer, including high-quality, short-term debt securities or cash. If the Fund takes a temporary defensive position, it may be unable to achieve its investment objective.
 
  The Fund may invest up to 15% of its Managed Assets in illiquid securities, which are securities that cannot be sold within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the value at which the Fund has valued the securities. See “The Fund’s Investments” for additional information on the types of securities in which the Fund may invest.
 
  As used throughout this Prospectus, “Managed Assets” means the net assets of the Fund plus the amount of any Borrowings and assets attributable to Preferred Stock that may be outstanding.
 
 
With respect to the Fund’s fixed income portion of the Fund, the Fund usually will attempt to maintain a portfolio with a weighted average credit quality rated between Ba3 and A2 by Moody’s Investor Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”) or between BB‑ and A by Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”). As applicable, Western Asset determines the Fund’s average credit quality by calculating on a daily
 
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basis the weighted average of the credit ratings of the Fund’s investments. Securities are rated by different agencies and if a security receives different ratings from these agencies, the Fund will treat the securities as being rated in the highest rating category. Credit rating criteria are applied at the time the Fund purchases a security.
 
  The average portfolio duration of the fixed income securities held by the Fund will normally be within one and seven years, including the effect of leverage, based on Western Asset’s forecast for interest rates.
 
  The Fund may also use reverse repurchase agreements as part of its investment strategy.
 
  The Fund may engage in currency transactions with counterparties to hedge the value of portfolio securities denominated in particular currencies against fluctuations in relative value or to generate income or gain. Currency transactions include currency forward contracts, exchange-listed currency futures contracts and options thereon, exchange listed and over‑the‑counter options on currencies and currency swaps.
 
  The Fund may use a variety of derivative instruments as part of its investment strategies or for hedging or risk management purposes. Examples of derivative instruments that the Fund may use include options contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, credit default swaps and swap agreements. As part of its strategies, the Fund may purchase and sell futures contracts, purchase and sell (or write) exchange-listed and over‑the‑counter put and call options on securities, financial indices and futures contracts, enter into interest rate and currency transactions and enter into other similar transactions which may be developed in the future to the extent the applicable subadviser determines that they are consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and policies and applicable regulatory requirements (collectively, “derivative transactions”). The Fund may use any or all of these techniques at any time, and the use of any particular derivative transaction will depend on market conditions.
 
  In selecting investments for the Fund, ClearBridge and Western Asset employ fundamental research and due diligence to an issuer’s: growth potential, stock price, potential appreciation and valuation; credit quality, taking into account financial condition and profitability; future capital needs; potential for change in bond rating and industry outlook; and competitive environment and management ability.
 
  For a more complete discussion of the Fund’s portfolio composition, see “The Fund’s Investments.”
 
Leverage
The Fund may seek to enhance the level of its current distributions to Common Stockholders through the use of leverage.
 
 
The Fund may use leverage through borrowings, including loans from certain financial institutions, the use of reverse repurchase agreements
 
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and/or the issuance of debt securities (collectively, “Borrowings”), and possibly through the issuance of preferred stock (“Preferred Stock”) . The Fund may use leverage through Borrowings in an aggregate amount of up to approximately 33 1/3 % of the Fund’s total assets less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities (for these purposes, “total net assets”) immediately after such Borrowings. The Fund has a Margin Loan and Security Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A. (“BofA”) that allows the Fund to borrow up to an aggregate amount of $80,000,000 and renews daily for a 179‑day term unless notice to the contrary is given to the Fund. The Fund pays interest on Borrowings calculated based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus applicable margin. As of November 30, 2024, the Fund had $67,000,000 of Borrowings outstanding. Furthermore, the Fund may use leverage through the issuance of Preferred Stock in an aggregate amount of liquidation preference attributable to the Preferred Stock combined with the aggregate amount of any Borrowings of up to approximately 50% of the Fund’s total net assets immediately after such issuance. Currently, the Fund has no intention to use leverage through the issuance of notes or debt securities or Preferred Stock. In addition, the Fund may enter into additional reverse repurchase agreements and/or use similar investment management techniques that may provide leverage, subject to the requirements of Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act. Under Rule 18f‑4(d), the Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions in reliance on the rule if the Fund either (i) complies with the asset coverage requirements of Section 18 of the 1940 Act, and combines the aggregate amount of indebtedness associated with all reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions with the aggregate amount of any other senior securities representing indebtedness when calculating its asset coverage ratio; or (ii) treats all reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions as derivatives transactions for all purposes under the rule. See “Leverage,” “Description of Shares—Preferred Stock” and “Risks—Leverage Risk.”
 
  The Fund currently uses leverage through Borrowings and as of November 30, 2024, 17.3% of the Fund’s gross assets were levered.
 
  The Fund may establish a standby credit facility in an amount up to 5% of its Managed Assets as a temporary measure for purposes of making distributions to stockholders in order to maintain its favorable tax treatment as a regulated investment company. In addition, the Fund may borrow for temporary, emergency or other purposes as permitted under the 1940 Act. Any such indebtedness would be in addition to the leverage limit on Borrowings of up to 33 1/3% of the Fund’s Managed Assets.
 
 
During periods when the Fund is using leverage through Borrowings or the issuance of Preferred Stock, the fees paid to FTFA,
 
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ClearBridge, Western Asset, and Western Asset London for advisory services will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage because the fees paid will be calculated on the basis of the Fund’s Managed Assets, which includes the principal amount of the Borrowings and any assets attributable to the issuance of Preferred Stock. This means that FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset, and Western Asset London may have a financial incentive to increase the Fund’s use of leverage. See “Leverage” and “Risks—Leverage Risk.”
 
  There can be no assurance that the Fund’s leverage strategy will be successful. The use of leverage creates special risks for Common Stockholders. See “Leverage” and “Risks—Leverage Risk.”
 
Derivatives
Generally, derivatives are financial contracts whose values depend upon, or are derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index, and may relate to individual debt or equity instruments, interest rates, currencies or currency exchange rates and related indexes. The Fund may invest in derivative instruments, such as options contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, indexed securities, credit linked notes, credit default swaps and other swap agreements for investment, hedging and risk management purposes.
 
  Effective August 19, 2022, the Fund began operating under Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act which, among other things, governs the use of derivative investments and certain financing transactions (e.g., reverse repurchase agreements) by registered investment companies. Among other things, Rule 18f‑4 requires funds that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a value at risk (“VaR”) based limit to their use of certain derivative instruments and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. Rule 18f‑4 may limit the Fund’s ability to use derivatives as part of its investment strategy. Using derivatives also can have a leveraging effect and increase Fund volatility. See “Leverage” and “Risks—Leverage Risk.”
 
Distributions
The Fund’s Board of Directors (the “Board” or “Board of Directors”) has authorized a managed distribution plan pursuant to which the Fund makes monthly distributions to stockholders at a fixed rate of $0.1130 per share of Common Stock, which rate may be adjusted from time to time by the Fund’s Board (the “Policy”). The Policy is intended to provide stockholders with a constant, but not guaranteed, fixed minimum rate of distribution each month. The Fund is managed with a goal of generating as much of the distribution as possible from net ordinary income and short-term capital gains that is consistent with the Fund’s investment strategy and risk profile. To the extent that sufficient distributable income is not available on a monthly basis, the Fund will distribute long-term capital gains and/or return of capital in order to maintain its managed distribution rate. A return of capital may occur, for example, when some or all of the money that
 
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was invested in the Fund is paid back to stockholders. A return of capital distribution does not necessarily reflect the Fund’s investment performance and should not be confused with “yield” or “income”. Even though the Fund may realize current year capital gains, such gains may be offset, in whole or in part, by the Fund’s capital loss carryovers from prior years.
 
  The Board may amend the terms of the Policy or terminate the Policy at any time without prior notice to the Fund’s stockholders, however, at this time there are no reasonably foreseeable circumstances that might cause the termination of the Policy. The amendment or termination of the Policy could have an adverse effect on the market price of the Fund’s Common Stock. The Policy is subject to the periodic review by the Board to determine if an adjustment should be made.
 
  Stockholders should not draw any conclusions about the Fund’s investment performance from the amount of the current distribution or from the terms of the Fund’s Plan. The Fund will send a Form 1099‑DIV to stockholders for the calendar year that will describe how to report the Fund’s distributions for federal income tax purposes.
 
  The Fund has elected to be treated, and intends to qualify annually, as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), which generally relieves the Fund of any liability for federal income tax to the extent its earnings are distributed to stockholders. The Fund intends to distribute to its stockholders, at least annually, substantially all of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code, but determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid) and net capital gain (the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss).
 
  The Fund reserves the right to change its distribution policy and the basis for establishing the rate of its monthly distributions at any time and may do so without prior notice to Common Stockholders.
 
Investment Manager
FTFA is the Fund’s investment manager. FTFA, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc., a global investment management organization operating as Franklin Templeton, is a registered investment adviser and provides administrative and management services to the Fund. In addition, FTFA performs administrative and management services necessary for the operation of the Fund, such as (1) supervising the overall administration of the Fund, including negotiation of contracts and fees with, and the monitoring of performance and billings of, the Fund’s transfer agent, stockholder servicing agents, custodian and other independent contractors or agents; (2) providing certain compliance, Fund accounting, regulatory reporting and tax reporting services; (3) preparing or participating in the preparation of Board materials,
 
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registration statements, proxy statements and reports and other communications to stockholders; (4) maintaining the Fund’s existence and (5) during such times as shares are publicly offered, maintaining the registration and qualification of the Fund’s shares under federal and state laws. As of December 31, 2024, FTFA’s total assets under management were approximately $157.78 billion. Franklin Templeton is a global asset management firm. As of January 31, 2025, Franklin Templeton’s asset management operation had aggregate assets under management over $1.6 trillion.
 
  FTFA receives an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.85% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets.
 
  The Fund will pay all of its offering expenses. The Fund’s management fees and other expenses are borne by the Common Stockholders. See “Summary of Fund Expenses” and “Management of the Fund.”
 
Subadvisers
ClearBridge, the Fund’s subadviser, provides investment advisory services to the Fund by both determining the allocation of the Fund’s assets between equity and fixed income investments and performing the day‑to‑day management of the Fund’s investments in equity securities.
 
  As of December 31, 2024, ClearBridge and its supervised affiliates had approximately $189.18 billion in assets under management.
 
  ClearBridge receives an annual subadvisory fee, payable monthly, from FTFA in an amount equal to 70% of the management fee paid to FTFA. This fee is divided on a pro rata basis, based on assets allocated to each subadviser. See “Management of the Fund.”
 
  Western Asset, the Fund’s other subadviser, has day‑to‑day responsibility for managing the fixed income portion of the Fund’s direct investments, subject to the supervision of the Fund’s Board of Directors and FTFA.
 
  As of December 31, 2024, Western Asset and its supervised affiliates had approximately $280.02 billion in assets under management.
 
  Western Asset receives an annual subadvisory fee, payable monthly, from FTFA in an amount equal to 70% of the management fee paid to FTFA. This fee is divided on a pro rata basis, based on assets allocated to each subadviser. See “Management of the Fund.”
 
Non‑U.S. Subadviser
In connection with Western Assets service to the Fund, Western Asset Management Company Limited (“Western Asset London” and with ClearBridge and Western Asset, collectively, the “Subadvisers”) provides certain subadvisory services to the Fund pursuant to a subadvisory agreement with Western Asset (the “Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement”). Western Asset London is
 
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generally responsible for managing investments denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
 
  Western Asset pays Western Asset London a fee for its services at no additional expense to the Fund. Western Asset pays Western Asset London a monthly subadvisory fee of 0.30% on the assets managed by Western Asset London. See “Management of the Fund.”
 
Listing
The Fund’s shares of Common Stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the trading or “ticker” symbol “SCD.” The net asset value of our Common Stock at the close of business on February 21, 2025 was $17.69 per share, and the last sale price per share of our Common Stock on the NYSE on that date was $17.12.
 
Custodian and Transfer Agent
The Bank of New York Mellon serves as custodian of the Fund’s assets. Computershare Inc. serves as the Fund’s transfer agent. See “Custodian and Transfer Agent.”
 
Special Principal Risk Considerations
An investment in the Fund’s securities involves various principal risks. The following is a summary of certain of these risks. It is not complete and you should read and consider carefully the more complete list of risks described below under “Risks” before purchasing Common Stock in this offering.
 
  Investment and Market Risk. An investment in the Fund is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire amount that you invest. Your investment in the Common Stock is not intended to constitute a complete investment program and should not be viewed as such. The value of the Fund’s portfolio securities may move up or down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. At any point in time, your Common Stock may be worth less than your original investment. The Fund is primarily a long-term investment vehicle and should not be used for short-term trading.
 
  Equity Securities and Related Market Risk. The stock markets are volatile and the market prices of the Fund’s equity securities may decline generally. Equity securities may have greater price volatility than other asset classes, such as fixed income securities, and may fluctuate in price based on actual or perceived changes in a company’s financial condition and overall market and economic conditions and perceptions. If the market prices of the equity securities owned by the Fund fall, the value of your investment in the Fund will decline. If the Fund holds equity securities in a company that becomes insolvent, the Fund’s interests in the company will be subordinated to the interests of debtholders and general creditors of the company, and the Fund may lose its entire investment.
 
 
Information Technology Sector Risks. To the extent the Fund focuses its investments in the information technology sector, it is vulnerable to the particular risks that may affect companies in that sector.
 
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Information technology companies face intense competition, both domestically and internationally, which may have an adverse effect on profit margins. Like other technology companies, information technology companies may have limited product lines, markets, financial resources or personnel. The products of information technology companies may face obsolescence due to rapid technological developments, frequent new product introduction, unpredictable changes in growth rates and competition for the services of qualified personnel. Companies in the information technology sector are heavily dependent on patent and intellectual property rights. The loss, or impairment of, or inability to enforce, these rights may adversely affect the profitability of these companies.
 
  Risks of Investing in MLP Units. An investment in MLP units involves risks that differ from a similar investment in equity securities, such as common stock, of a corporation. Holders of MLP units have the rights typically afforded to limited partners in a limited partnership. As compared to common stockholders of a corporation, holders of MLP units have more limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting the partnership. Holders of MLP units are also exposed to the risk that they will be required to repay amounts to the MLP that are wrongfully distributed to them. Additionally, conflicts of interest may exist among common unit holders, subordinated unit holders and the general partner or managing member of an MLP; for example, a conflict may arise as a result of incentive distribution payments, and the general partner does not generally have any duty to the limited partners beyond a “good faith” standard. For example, over the last few years there have been several “simplification” transactions in which the incentive distribution rights were eliminated by either (i) a purchase of the outstanding MLP units by the general partner or (ii) by the purchase of the incentive distribution rights by the MLP. These simplification transactions present a conflict of interest between the general partner and the MLP and may be structured in a way that is unfavorable to the MLP. There are also certain tax risks associated with an investment in MLP units (described below).
 
 
Tax Risks of Investing in Equity Securities of MLPs. Partnerships do not pay United States federal income tax at the partnership level. Rather, each partner of a partnership, in computing its United States federal income tax liability, will include its allocable share of the partnership’s income, gains, losses, deductions and expenses. A change in current tax law, a change in the business of a given MLP, or a change in the types of income earned by a given MLP, could result in an MLP being treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes, which would result in such MLP being required to pay United States federal income tax on its taxable income. The classification of an MLP as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes would have the effect of reducing the amount of cash available for distribution by the MLP and causing any such
 
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distributions received by the Fund to be taxed as dividend income to the extent of the MLP’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. Thus, if any of the MLPs owned by the Fund were treated as corporations for United States federal income tax purposes, the after‑tax return to the Fund with respect to its investment in such MLPs could be materially reduced, which could cause a substantial decline in the value of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock.
 
  Energy Sector Risks. To the extent the Fund focuses its investments in the energy sector, it is vulnerable to the particular risks that may affect companies in that sector. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector are subject to many operating risks, including: equipment failure causing outages; structural, maintenance, impairment and safety problems; transmission or transportation constraints, inoperability or inefficiencies; dependence on a specified fuel source; changes in electricity and fuel usage; availability of competitively priced alternative energy sources; changes in generation efficiency and market heat rates; lack of sufficient capital to maintain facilities; significant capital expenditures to keep older assets operating efficiently; seasonality; changes in supply and demand for energy; catastrophic and/or weather-related events such as spills, leaks, well blowouts, uncontrollable flows, ruptures, fires, explosions, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, discharges of toxic gases and similar occurrences; storage, handling, disposal and decommissioning costs; and environmental compliance. Breakdown or failure of an energy company’s assets may prevent it from performing under applicable sales agreements, which in certain situations, could result in termination of the agreement or incurring a liability for liquidated damages. As a result of the above risks and other potential hazards associated with energy companies, certain companies may become exposed to significant liabilities for which they may not have adequate insurance coverage. Any of the aforementioned risks could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of energy companies.
 
  A downturn in the energy sector of the economy, adverse political, legislative or regulatory developments, material declines in energy-related commodity prices (such as those experienced over the last few years) or other events could have a larger impact on the Fund than on an investment company that does not focus in the sector. At times, the performance of securities of companies in the sector may lag the performance of other sectors or the broader market as a whole. In addition, there are several specific risks associated with investments in the energy sector, including the following:
 
 
Distribution Risk For Equity Income Securities. In selecting equity income securities in which the Fund will invest, ClearBridge will consider the issuer’s history of making regular periodic distributions (i.e., dividends) to its equity holders. An issuer’s history of paying
 
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dividends, however, does not guarantee that the issuer will continue to pay dividends in the future. The dividend income stream associated with equity income securities generally is not guaranteed and is subordinate to payment obligations of the issuer on its debt and other liabilities. Accordingly, in the event the issuer does not realize sufficient income in a particular period both to service its liabilities and to pay dividends on its equity securities, it may forgo paying dividends on its equity securities. In addition, because in most instances issuers are not obligated to make periodic distributions to the holders of their equity securities, such distributions or dividends generally may be discontinued at the issuer’s discretion.
 
  Convertible Securities Risk. A convertible security is a bond, debenture, note, preferred stock or other security that may be converted into or exchanged for a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity security of the same or a different issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to nonconvertible income securities in that they ordinarily provide a stable stream of income with generally higher yields than those of common stocks of the same or similar issuers, but lower yields than comparable nonconvertible securities. The value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors also may have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure but are usually subordinated to comparable nonconvertible securities. Convertible securities may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument.
 
  Preferred Stock Risk. Generally, the Fund has a greater flexibility to invest in equity securities. Preferred stocks are unique securities that combine some of the characteristics of both common stocks and bonds. Preferred stocks generally pay a fixed rate of return and are sold on the basis of current yield, like bonds. However, because they are equity securities, preferred stock provides equity ownership of a company, and the income is paid in the form of dividends. Preferred stocks typically have a yield advantage over common stocks as well as comparably-rated fixed income investments. Preferred stocks are typically subordinated to bonds and other debt instruments in a company’s capital structure, in terms of priority to corporate income, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt instruments. Unlike interest payments on debt securities, preferred stock dividends are payable only if declared by the issuer’s board of directors. Preferred stocks also may be subject to optional or mandatory redemption provisions.
 
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  Fixed Income Securities Risk. In addition to the risks described elsewhere in this section with respect to valuations and liquidity, fixed income securities, including high-yield securities, are also subject to certain risks, including:
 
   
Issuer Risk. The value of fixed income securities may decline for a number of reasons that directly relate to the issuer, such as management performance, financial leverage and reduced demand for the issuer’s goods and services.
 
   
Interest Rate Risk. The market price of the Fund’s investments will change in response to changes in interest rates and other factors. During periods of declining interest rates, the market price of fixed income securities generally rises. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the market price of such securities generally declines. The magnitude of these fluctuations in the market price of fixed income securities is generally greater for securities with longer maturities. Fluctuations in the market price of the Fund’s securities will not affect interest income derived from securities already owned by the Fund, but will be reflected in the Fund’s net asset value. The Fund may utilize certain strategies, including investments in structured notes or interest rate swap or cap transactions, for the purpose of reducing the interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio and decreasing the Fund’s exposure to interest rate risk, although there is no assurance that it will do so or that such strategies will be successful.
 
   
Prepayment Risk. During periods of declining interest rates, the issuer of a security may exercise its option to prepay principal earlier than scheduled, forcing the Fund to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayment in lower yielding securities, which may result in a decline in the Fund’s income and distributions to stockholders. This is known as prepayment or “call” risk. Debt securities frequently have call features that allow the issuer to redeem the security at dates prior to its stated maturity at a specified price (typically greater than par) only if certain prescribed conditions are met. An issuer may choose to redeem a debt security if, for example, the issuer can refinance the debt at a lower cost due to declining interest rates or an improvement in the credit standing of the issuer.
 
   
Reinvestment Risk. Reinvestment risk is the risk that income from the Fund’s portfolio will decline if and when the Fund invests the proceeds from matured, traded or called fixed income securities at market interest rates that are below the portfolio’s current earnings rate. A decline in income could affect the market price of Common Stock or overall returns.
 
 
Leverage Risk. The Fund’s use of leverage will magnify investment, market and certain other risks. Leverage involves risks and special considerations for holders of the Common Stock including: the likelihood of greater volatility of net asset value and market price of
 
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the Common Stock than a comparable portfolio without leverage; the risk that fluctuations in interest rates on Borrowings and short-term debt or in the dividend rates on any Preferred Stock that the Fund may pay will reduce the return to Common Stockholders or will result in fluctuations in the dividends paid on the Common Stock; the effect of leverage in a declining market, which is likely to cause a greater decline in the net asset value of the Common Stock than if the Fund were not leveraged, which may result in a greater decline in the market price of the Common Stock; and when the Fund uses leverage, the investment advisory fee payable by the Fund to FTFA (and by FTFA to Western Asset) will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage.
 
  The use of borrowing, reverse repurchase agreements and derivatives, as well as the issuance of Preferred Stock, creates leverage (i.e., a fund’s investment exposures exceed its net asset value). Leverage increases a fund’s losses when the value of its investments (including derivatives) declines. Because many derivatives have a leverage component (i.e., a notional value in excess of the assets needed to establish or maintain the derivative position), adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, rate, or index may result in a loss substantially greater than the amount required to establish the derivative position.
 
  Below Investment Grade (High-Yield or Junk Bond) Securities Risk. The Fund may invest in high-yield debt securities. Debt securities rated below investment grade are commonly referred to as “high-yield” securities or “junk bonds” and are regarded as having predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligations and involve major risk exposure to adverse conditions. Debt securities rated C or lower by Moody’s, CCC or lower by S&P or CC or lower by Fitch IBCA, Inc. (“Fitch”) or comparably rated by another NRSRO or, if unrated, determined by Western Asset to be of comparable quality are considered to have extremely poor prospects of ever attaining any real investment standing, to have a current identifiable vulnerability to default, to be unlikely to have the capacity to pay interest and repay principal when due in the event of adverse business, financial or economic conditions and/or to be in default or not current in the payment of interest or principal. Ratings may not accurately reflect the actual credit risk associated with a corporate security.
 
 
Debt securities rated below investment grade generally offer a higher current yield than that available from higher grade issues, but typically involve greater risk. These securities are especially sensitive to adverse changes in general economic conditions, to changes in the financial condition of their issuers and to price fluctuation in response to changes in interest rates. During periods of economic downturn or rising interest rates, issuers of below investment grade instruments
 
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may experience financial stress that could adversely affect their ability to make payments of principal and interest and increase the possibility of default. The secondary market for high-yield securities may not be as liquid as the secondary market for more highly rated securities, a factor which may have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to dispose of a particular security. There are fewer dealers in the market for high-yield securities than for investment grade obligations. The prices quoted by different dealers may vary significantly, and the spread between the bid and asked price is generally much larger for high-yield securities than for higher quality instruments. Under continuing adverse market or economic conditions, the secondary market for high-yield securities could contract further, independent of any specific adverse changes in the condition of a particular issuer, and these securities may become illiquid. In addition, adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the values and liquidity of below investment grade securities, especially in a market characterized by a low volume of trading.
 
  Low Rated and Unrated Securities Risk. Low rated and unrated debt instruments generally offer a higher current yield than that available from higher grade issues, but typically involve greater risk. Low rated and unrated securities are especially subject to adverse changes in general economic conditions, to changes in the financial condition of their issuers and to price fluctuation in response to changes in interest rates. During periods of economic downturn or rising interest rates, issuers of low rated and unrated instruments may experience financial stress that could adversely affect their ability to make payments of principal and interest and increase the possibility of default. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the values and liquidity of low rated and unrated securities especially in a market characterized by a low volume of trading.
 
 
Derivatives Risk. The Fund may utilize a variety of derivative instruments for investment or risk management purposes, such as options, futures contracts, swap agreements and credit default swaps. Using derivatives can increase Fund losses and reduce opportunities for gains when market prices, interest rates, currencies, or the derivatives themselves behave in a way not anticipated by the Fund. Using derivatives also can have a leveraging effect and increase Fund volatility. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Derivatives may not be available at the time or price desired, may be difficult to sell, unwind or value, and the counterparty may default on its obligations to the Fund. Derivatives are generally subject to the risks applicable to the assets, rates, indices or other indicators underlying the derivative. The value of a derivative may fluctuate more than the underlying assets, rates, indices or other indicators to which it relates. Use of derivatives may have different tax consequences for the Fund than an investment
 
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in the underlying security, and those differences may affect the amount, timing and character of income distributed to stockholders. The U.S. government and foreign governments are in the process of adopting and implementing regulations governing derivatives markets, including mandatory clearing of certain derivatives, margin and reporting requirements. The ultimate impact of the regulations remains unclear. Additional regulation of derivatives may make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, otherwise adversely affect their performance or disrupt markets.
 
  Effective August 19, 2022, the Fund began operating under Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act which, among other things, governs the use of derivative investments and certain financing transactions (e.g., reverse repurchase agreements) by registered investment companies. Among other things, Rule 18f‑4 requires funds that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a value at risk (VaR) based limit to their use of certain derivative instruments and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. A fund that uses derivative instruments in a limited amount is not subject to the full requirements of Rule 18f‑4. Compliance with Rule 18f‑4 by the Fund could, among other things, make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, or otherwise adversely affect their performance. Rule 18f‑4 may limit the Fund’s ability to use derivatives as part of its investment strategy.
 
  Credit default swap contracts involve heightened risks and may result in losses to the Fund. Credit default swaps may be illiquid and difficult to value. When the Fund sells credit protection via a credit default swap, credit risk increases since the Fund has exposure to both the issuer whose credit is the subject of the swap and the counterparty to the swap.
 
  Credit Risk and Counterparty Risk. If an issuer or guarantor of a security held by the Fund or a counterparty to a financial contract with the Fund defaults or its credit is downgraded, or is perceived to be less creditworthy, or if the value of the assets underlying a security declines, the value of your investment will typically decline. Changes in actual or perceived creditworthiness may occur quickly. The Fund could be delayed or hindered in its enforcement of rights against an issuer, guarantor or counterparty. Subordinated securities are more likely to suffer a credit loss than non‑subordinated securities of the same issuer and will be disproportionately affected by a default, downgrade or perceived decline in creditworthiness.
 
 
Smaller Company Risk. The general risks associated with income-producing securities are particularly pronounced for securities issued by companies with smaller market capitalizations. These companies may have limited product lines, markets or financial resources or they may depend on a few key employees. As a result, they may be subject to greater levels of credit, market and issuer risk. Securities of smaller
 
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companies may trade less frequently and in lesser volume than more widely held securities and their values may fluctuate more sharply than other securities. Companies with medium‑sized market capitalizations may have risks similar to those of smaller companies.
 
  Foreign Securities and Emerging Markets Risk. A fund that invests in foreign (non‑U.S.) securities may experience more rapid and extreme changes in value than a fund that invests exclusively in securities of U.S. companies. The securities markets of many foreign countries are relatively small, with a limited number of companies representing a small number of industries. Investments in foreign securities (including those denominated in U.S. dollars) are subject to economic and political developments in the countries and regions where the issuers operate or are domiciled, or where the securities are traded, such as changes in economic or monetary policies. Values may also be affected by restrictions on receiving the investment proceeds from a foreign country. Less information may be publicly available about foreign companies than about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are generally not subject to the same accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards as are U.S. companies. In addition, the Fund’s investments in foreign securities may be subject to the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets, imposition of currency exchange controls or restrictions on the repatriation of foreign currency, confiscatory taxation, political or financial instability and adverse diplomatic developments. In addition, there may be difficulty in obtaining or enforcing a court judgment abroad. Dividends or interest on, or proceeds from the sale of, foreign securities may be subject to non‑U.S. withholding taxes, and special U.S. tax considerations may apply.
 
  The risks of foreign investment are greater for investments in emerging markets. The Fund considers an investment to be in an emerging market if the local currency long-term debt rating assigned by all NRSROs to debt issued by that country is below A‑. Emerging market countries typically have economic and political systems that are less fully developed, and that can be expected to be less stable, than those of more advanced countries. Low trading volumes may result in a lack of liquidity and in price volatility. Emerging market countries may have policies that restrict investment by foreigners, that require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons, or that prevent foreign investors from withdrawing their money at will. An investment in emerging market securities should be considered speculative.
 
 
Fund Distribution Risk. Pursuant to its distribution policy, the Fund intends to make regular distributions on its Common Stock. To the extent the total distributions for a year exceed the Fund’s investment company taxable income and net capital gain for that year, the excess will generally constitute a return of capital. Return of capital distributions are generally tax‑free up to the amount of a Common
 
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Stockholder’s tax basis in the Common Stock. In addition, such excess distributions may have the effect of decreasing the Fund’s total assets and may increase the Fund’s expense ratio as the Fund’s fixed expenses may become a larger percentage of the Fund’s average net assets. In order to make such distributions, the Fund might have to sell a portion of its investment portfolio at a time when independent investment judgment may not dictate such action. For instance, these sales may result in the Fund recognizing short-term capital gains, which are taxed to stockholders at ordinary income rates.
 
  Inflation/Deflation Risk. Inflation risk is the risk that the value of certain assets or income from the Fund’s investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. As inflation increases, the real value of the Common Stock and distributions on the Common Stock can decline. In addition, during any periods of rising inflation, the dividend rates or borrowing costs associated with the Fund’s use of leverage would likely increase, which would tend to further reduce returns to stockholders. Deflation risk is the risk that prices throughout the economy decline over time—the opposite of inflation. Deflation may have an adverse affect on the creditworthiness of issuers and may make issuer defaults more likely, which may result in a decline in the value of the Fund’s portfolio.
 
  Illiquidity Risk. Some assets held by the Fund may be impossible or difficult to sell and some assets that the Fund wants to invest in may be impossible or difficult to purchase, particularly during times of market turmoil or due to adverse changes in the conditions of a particular issuer. These illiquid assets may also be difficult to value. Markets may become illiquid when, for instance, there are few, if any, interested buyers or sellers or when dealers are unwilling or unable to make a market for certain securities. As a general matter, dealers recently have been less willing to make markets for fixed income securities.
 
 
Market Events Risk. The market values of securities or other assets will fluctuate, sometimes sharply and unpredictably, due to factors such as economic events, governmental actions or intervention, actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve or foreign central banks, market disruptions caused by trade disputes or other factors, political developments, armed conflicts, economic sanctions and countermeasures in response to sanctions, major cybersecurity events, the global and domestic effects of widespread or local health, weather or climate events, and other factors that may or may not be related to the issuer of the security or other asset. Economies and financial markets throughout the world are increasingly interconnected. Economic, financial or political events, trading and tariff arrangements, public health events, terrorism, wars, natural disasters and other circumstances in one country or region could have profound impacts on global economies or markets. As a result, whether or not
 
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the Fund invests in securities of issuers located in or with significant exposure to the countries or markets directly affected, the value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments may be negatively affected.
 
  Raising the ceiling on U.S. government debt has become increasingly politicized. Any failure to increase the total amount that the U.S. government is authorized to borrow could lead to a default on U.S. government obligations, with unpredictable consequences for economies and markets in the U.S. and elsewhere. Recently, inflation and interest rates have increased and may rise further. These circumstances could adversely affect the value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments, impair the Fund’s ability to satisfy redemption requests, and negatively impact the Fund’s performance.
 
  The United States and other countries are periodically involved in disputes over trade and other matters, which may result in tariffs, investment restrictions and adverse impacts on affected companies and securities. For example, the United States has imposed tariffs and other trade barriers on Chinese exports, has restricted sales of certain categories of goods to China, and has established barriers to investments in China. Trade disputes may adversely affect the economies of the United States and its trading partners, as well as companies directly or indirectly affected and financial markets generally. The United States government has prohibited U.S. persons from investing in Chinese companies designated as related to the Chinese military. These and possible future restrictions could limit the Fund’s opportunities for investment and require the sale of securities at a loss or make them illiquid. Moreover, the Chinese government is involved in a longstanding dispute with Taiwan that has included threats of invasion. If the political climate between the United States and China does not improve or continues to deteriorate, if China were to attempt unification of Taiwan by force, or if other geopolitical conflicts develop or get worse, economies, markets and individual securities may be severely affected both regionally and globally, and the value of the Fund’s assets may go down.
 
  Currency Risk. The value of investments in securities denominated in foreign currencies increases or decreases as the rates of exchange between those currencies and the U.S. dollar change. Currency conversion costs and currency fluctuations could erase investment gains or add to investment losses. Currency exchange rates can be volatile, and are affected by factors such as general economic conditions, the actions of the U.S. and foreign governments or central banks, the imposition of currency controls and speculation. The Fund may be unable or may choose not to hedge its foreign currency exposure.
 
 
REITs Risk. Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. An equity or hybrid REIT may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying properties owned by the REIT.
 
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A mortgage or hybrid REIT may be affected by changes in interest rates and the ability of the issuers of its portfolio mortgages to repay their obligations. Mortgage and hybrid REITs are subject to the risks of accelerated prepayments of mortgage pools or pass-through securities, reliance on short-term financing and more highly leveraged capital structures. REITs are dependent upon the skills of their managers and are not diversified.
 
  REITs are generally dependent upon maintaining cash flows to repay borrowings and to make distributions to stockholders and are subject to the risk of default by lessees and borrowers. REITs whose underlying assets are concentrated in properties used by a particular industry, such as healthcare, are also subject to industry related risks. Certain “special purpose” REITs may invest their assets in specific real estate sectors, such as hotels, nursing homes or warehouses, and are therefore subject to the risks associated with adverse developments in any such sectors.
 
  REITs are subject to management fees and other expenses. Therefore, investments in REITs will cause CRO to bear its proportionate share of the costs of the REITs’ operations. At the same time, CRO will continue to pay its own management fees and expenses with respect to all of its assets, including any portion invested in REITs.
 
  Risks of Warrants and Rights. Warrants and rights are subject to the same market risks as stocks, but may be more volatile in price. Warrants and rights do not carry the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to their underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. An investment in warrants or rights may be considered speculative. In addition, the value of a warrant or right does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying security and a warrant or right ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. The purchase of warrants or rights involves the risk that the Fund could lose the purchase value of a warrant or right if the right to subscribe to additional shares is not exercised prior to the warrants’ or rights’ expiration. Also, the purchase of warrants and rights involves the risk that the effective price paid for the warrant or right added to the subscription price of the related security may exceed the value of the subscribed security’s market price such as when there is no movement in the price of the underlying security.
 
  Management Risk. The Fund is subject to management risk because it is an actively managed investment portfolio. Each subadviser will apply investment techniques and risk analyses in making investment decisions for the Fund, but there can be no guarantee that these will produce the desired results.
 
 
Interest Rate Transactions Risk. The Fund may enter into a swap or cap transaction to attempt to protect itself from increasing interest expenses on Borrowings resulting from increasing short-term interest
 
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rates or dividend expenses on Preferred Stock. A decline in interest rates may result in a decline in net amounts receivable by the Fund from the counterparty under the swap or cap (or an increase in the net amounts payable by the Fund to the counterparty under the swap), which may result in a decline in the net asset value of the Fund.
 
  Risks of Futures and Options on Futures. The use by the Fund of futures contracts and options on futures contracts to hedge interest rate risks involves special considerations and risks, as described below.
 
   
Successful use of hedging transactions depends upon the applicable subadviser’s ability to correctly predict the direction of changes in interest rates. There can be no assurance that any particular hedging strategy will succeed.
 
   
There might be imperfect correlation, or even no correlation, between the price movements of a futures or option contract and the movements of the interest rates being hedged. Such a lack of correlation might occur due to factors unrelated to the interest rates being hedged, such as market liquidity and speculative or other pressures on the markets in which the hedging instrument is traded.
 
   
Hedging strategies, if successful, can reduce risk of loss by wholly or partially offsetting the negative effect of unfavorable movements in the interest rates being hedged. However, hedging strategies can also reduce opportunity for gain by offsetting the positive effect of favorable movements in the hedged interest rates.
 
   
There is no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular futures contract or option thereon at any particular time. If the Fund were unable to liquidate a futures contract or an option on a futures contract position due to the absence of a liquid secondary market or the imposition of price limits, it could incur substantial losses. The Fund would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the position.
 
   
There is no assurance that the Fund will use hedging transactions. For example, if the Fund determines that the cost of hedging will exceed the potential benefit to the Fund, the Fund will not enter into such transactions.
 
 
Market Price Discount from Net Asset Value Risk. Shares of closed‑end investment companies frequently trade at a discount to their net asset value. This characteristic is a risk separate and distinct from the risk that the Fund’s net asset value could decrease as a result of the Fund’s investment activities and may be greater for investors expecting to sell their shares in a relatively short period following completion of any offering under this Prospectus. Although the value of the Fund’s net assets is generally considered by market participants in determining whether to purchase or sell shares, whether investors
 
20

 
will realize gains or losses upon the sale of the Common Stock depends upon whether the market price of the Common Stock at the time of sale is above or below the investor’s purchase price for the Common Stock. Because the market price of the Common Stock is affected by factors such as net asset value, dividend or distribution levels (which are dependent, in part, on expenses), supply of and demand for the Common Stock, stability of distributions, trading volume of the Common Stock, general market and economic conditions, and other factors beyond our control, the Fund cannot predict whether the Common Stock will trade at, below or above net asset value or at, below or above the offering price. The Fund is designed primarily for long-term investors and you should not view the Fund as a vehicle for trading purposes.
 
  Non‑Diversification Risk. The Fund is classified as “non‑diversified” under the 1940 Act. As a result, it can invest a greater portion of its assets in obligations of a single issuer than a “diversified” fund. The Fund may therefore be more susceptible than a diversified fund to being adversely affected by any single corporate, economic, political or regulatory occurrence. The Fund intends to qualify for the special tax treatment available to “regulated investment companies” under Subchapter M of the Code, and thus intends to satisfy the diversification requirements of Subchapter M, including the less stringent diversification requirement that applies to the percent of its total assets that are represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and certain other securities.
 
  Valuation Risk. The sales price the Fund could receive for any particular portfolio investment may differ from the Fund’s valuation of the investment, particularly for securities that trade in thin or volatile markets or that are valued using a fair value methodology. These differences may increase significantly and affect Fund investments more broadly during periods of market volatility. The Fund’s ability to value its investments may be impacted by technological issues and/or errors by pricing services or other third party service providers. The valuation of the Fund’s investments involves subjective judgment.
 
  Tax Risks. To qualify for the favorable U.S. federal income tax treatment generally accorded to regulated investment companies, among other things, the Fund must derive in each taxable year at least 90% of its gross income from certain prescribed sources and satisfy certain distribution and asset diversification requirements. If for any taxable year the Fund does not qualify as a regulated investment company, all of its taxable income (including its net capital gain) would be subject to tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for distributions to stockholders, and such distributions would be taxable as ordinary dividends to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits.
 
21

  Anti-Takeover Provisions Risk. The Charter and Bylaws of the Fund include provisions that are designed to limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund for short-term objectives, including by converting the Fund to open‑end status or changing the composition of the Board. The Bylaws also contain a provision providing that the Board of Directors has adopted a resolution to opt in the Fund to the provisions of the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act (“MCSAA”). There can be no assurance, however, that such provisions will be sufficient to deter professional arbitrageurs that seek to cause the Fund to take actions that may not be consistent with its investment objective or aligned with the interests of long-term stockholders, such as liquidating debt investments prior to maturity, triggering taxable events for stockholders and decreasing the size of the Fund. Such provisions may limit the ability of stockholders to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging an investor from seeking to obtain control of the Fund.
 
  Operational Risk. The valuation of the Fund’s investments may be negatively impacted because of the operational risks arising from factors such as processing errors and human errors, inadequate or failed internal or external processes, failures in systems and technology, changes in personnel, and errors caused by third party service providers or trading counterparties. It is not possible to identify all of the operational risks that may affect the Fund or to develop processes and controls that completely eliminate or mitigate the occurrence of such failures. The Fund and its stockholders could be negatively impacted as a result.
 
  Cybersecurity Risk. Cybersecurity incidents, both intentional and unintentional, may allow an unauthorized party to gain access to Fund assets, Fund or proprietary information, cause the Fund, the Fund’s manager and subadvisers and/or their service providers to suffer data breaches, data corruption or loss of operational functionality or prevent fund investors from purchasing, redeeming or exchanging shares or receiving distributions. The Fund, manager and subadvisers have limited ability to prevent or mitigate cybersecurity incidents affecting third party service providers, and such third party service providers may have limited indemnification obligations to the Fund or Investment Manager. Cybersecurity incidents may result in financial losses to the Fund and its stockholders, and substantial costs may be incurred in an effort to prevent or mitigate future cybersecurity incidents. Issuers of securities in which the Fund invests are also subject to cybersecurity risks, and the value of these securities could decline if the issuers experience cybersecurity incidents.
 
22

SUMMARY OF FUND EXPENSES
The purpose of the following table and example is to help you understand all fees and expenses holders of Common Stock would bear directly or indirectly. The table below is based on the capital structure of the Fund as of November 30, 2024 (except as noted below) and assumes the issuance of $150 million of additional shares of Common Stock.
 
STOCKHOLDER TRANSACTION EXPENSES
  
Sales Load (percentage of offering price)
     %(1) 
Offering Expenses Borne by the Fund (percentage of offering price)
     %(2) 
Dividend Reinvestment Plan Per Transaction Fee to Sell Shares Obtained Pursuant to the Plan
   $ 5.00 (3) 
TOTAL TRANSACTION EXPENSES (as a percentage of offering price)(4)
  
 
     Percentage of
Net Assets
Attributable to
Common
Stock
(Assumes
Leverage
is Used)
 
ANNUAL EXPENSES
  
Management Fees(5)
     1.05%  
Interest Payment on Borrowed Funds(6)
     1.44%  
Other Expenses(7)
     0.16%  
  
 
 
 
TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENSES
     2.65%  
  
 
 
 
 
(1)
The sales load will apply only if the securities to which this Prospectus relates are sold to or through underwriters. In such case, a corresponding Prospectus Supplement will disclose the applicable sales load.
(2)
The related Prospectus Supplement will disclose the estimated amount of offering expenses, the offering price and the offering expenses borne by the Fund as a percentage of the offering price.
(3)
Common Stockholders will pay brokerage charges if they direct the Plan Agent (defined below) to sell Common Stock held in a dividend reinvestment account. See “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.” There are no fees charged to stockholders for participating in the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. However, stockholders participating in the plan that elect to sell their shares obtained pursuant to the plan would pay $5.00 per transaction to sell shares.
(4)
The related Prospectus Supplement will disclose the offering price and the total stockholder transaction expenses as a percentage of the offering price.
(5)
The Investment Manager receives an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.85% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets. “Managed Assets” means net assets plus the amount of any outstanding Borrowings used for leverage and assets attributable to any Preferred Stock that may be outstanding. For the purposes of this table, we have assumed that the Fund has utilized leverage in an aggregate amount of 19.04% of its Managed Assets (the actual average amount of Borrowings during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024). If the Fund were to use leverage in excess of 19.04% of its Managed Assets, the management fees shown would be higher
(6)
For the purposes of this table, we have assumed that the Fund has utilized Borrowings in an aggregate amount of 19.04% of its Managed Assets (which equals the average level of leverage for the Fund’s fiscal year ended November 30, 2024). The expenses and rates associated with leverage may vary as and when Borrowings or issuances of Preferred Stock are made.
(7)
Expenses based on amounts incurred in the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024.
 
23

Example1
The following example illustrates the hypothetical expenses that you would pay on a $1,000 investment in Common Stock, assuming (i) “Total Annual Expenses” of 2.65% of net assets attributable to Common Stock (which assumes the Fund’s use of leverage in an aggregate amount equal to 19.04% of the Fund’s Managed Assets) and (ii) a 5% annual return:
 
1 Year     3 Years     5 Years     10 Years  
$ 27     $ 82     $  140     $  298  
 
1 
The example above should not be considered a representation of future expenses. Actual expenses may be higher or lower than those shown. The example assumes that all dividends and distributions are reinvested at net asset value. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. Moreover, the Fund’s actual rate of return may be greater or less than the hypothetical 5% return shown in the example.
 
24

FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
The financial highlights table is intended to help you understand the Fund’s financial performance. Unless otherwise noted, the information in this table has been derived from and should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s financial statements and the notes thereto. The financial information for the fiscal years ended November 30, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018 and 2017 have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (“PwC”), the independent registered accounting firm of the Fund. PwC’s report on such financial statements, including the financial highlights for the fiscal years ended November 30, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021 and 2020, together with the financial statements of the Fund, is contained in the Fund’s Annual Report for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024 and is incorporated by reference into this Prospectus and the SAI. The information for the years prior to the fiscal year ended 2017 was audited by the Fund’s prior independent registered public accounting firm.
For a common share of capital stock outstanding throughout each year ended November 30, unless otherwise noted:
 
      2024(1)      2023(1)      2022(1)      2021(1)      2020(1)      2019(1)  
Net asset value, beginning of period
   $ 14.90     $ 14.74     $ 15.93     $ 13.12     $ 15.60     $ 14.24  
Income (loss) from operations:
            
Net investment income
     0.19       0.03       0.37       0.50       0.56       0.44  
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss)
     4.91       1.45       (0.55     3.33       (1.80     2.16  
Total income (loss) from operations
     5.10       1.48       (0.18     3.83       (1.24     2.60  
Less distributions from:
            
Net investment income
     (0.45     (0.33 )(2)      (0.33     (0.52     (0.46     (0.45
Net realized gains
     (0.91     (0.38 )(2)      —        —        —        —   
Return of capital
     —        (0.64     (0.71     (0.52     (0.78     (0.79
Total distributions
     (1.36     (1.35     (1.04     (1.04     (1.24     (1.24
Anti-dilutive impact of repurchase plan
     —        0.03 (3)      0.03 (3)      0.02 (3)      —        —   
Capital Contributions
     —        —        —        —        0.00 (4)      —   
Net asset value, end of period
   $ 18.64     $ 14.90     $ 14.74     $ 15.93     $ 13.12     $ 15.60  
Market price, end of period
   $ 17.83     $ 13.16     $ 13.04     $ 14.27     $ 11.33     $ 14.62  
Total return, based on NAV(5)(6)
     35.75     11.18     (0.71 )%      30.38     (5.82 )%(7)      19.45
Total return, based on Market Price(8)
     47.81     12.51     (1.32 )%      36.28     (12.83 )%      29.56
Net assets, end of period (millions)
   $ 319     $ 255     $ 257     $ 282     $ 236     $ 281  
Ratios to average net assets:
            
Gross expenses
     2.70     2.62     1.67     1.33     1.65     2.18
Net expenses
     2.70       2.62       1.67       1.33       1.65 (9)      2.11 (9) 
Net investment income
     1.18       0.22       2.45       3.35       4.40       2.98  
Portfolio turnover rate
     44     41     16     33     52     36
Supplemental data:
            
Loan Outstanding, End of Period (000s)
   $ 67,000     $ 61,000     $ 61,000     $ 61,000     $ 55,000     $ 82,000  
Asset Coverage Ratio for Loan Outstanding(10)
     577     519     521     562     529     442
Asset Coverage, per $1,000 Principal Amount of Loan Outstanding(10)
   $ 5,769     $ 5,187     $ 5,205     $ 5,619     $ 5,289     $ 4,421  
Weighted Average Loan (000s)
   $ 66,672     $ 61,000     $ 61,000     $ 57,663     $ 62,973     $ 82,548  
Weighted Average Interest Rate on Loan
     6.01     5.60     2.03     0.79     1.44     2.98
 
25

 
(1)
Per share amounts have been calculated using the average shares method.
(2)
Per share amounts for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2023, has been updated to reflect the final character of distributions paid.
(3)
The repurchase plan was completed at an average repurchase price of $12.22 for 267,305 shares and $3,265,764 for the year ended November 30, 2023, $14.15 for 281,609 shares and $3,984,968 for the year ended November 30, 2022, and $14.15 for 296,622 shares and $4,197,215 for the year ended November 30, 2021.
(4)
Amount represents less than $0.005 or greater than $(0.005) per share.
(5)
Performance figures may reflect compensating balance arrangements, fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements. In the absence of compensating balance arrangements, fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements, the total return would have been lower. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
(6)
The total return calculation assumes that distributions are reinvested at NAV. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
(7)
Includes the effect of a capital contribution. Absent the capital contribution, the total return would have been unchanged.
(8)
The total return calculation assumes that distributions are reinvested in accordance with the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
(9)
Reflects fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements.
(10)
Represents value of net assets plus the loan outstanding at the end of the period divided by the loan outstanding at the end of the period.
 
       2018(1)         2017(1)         2016(1)         2015(1)    
Net asset value, beginning of year
   $ 15.34     $ 15.33     $ 15.31     $ 19.37  
Income (loss) from operations:
        
Net investment income
     0.53       0.47       0.50       0.58  
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss)
     (0.39     0.78       0.76       (3.52
Total income (loss) from operations
     0.14       1.25       1.26       (2.94
Less distributions from:
        
Net investment income
     (0.54     (0.57     (0.46     (1.12
Return of capital
     (0.70     (0.67     (0.78     —   
Total distributions
     (1.24     (1.24     (1.24     (1.12
Net asset value, end of year
   $ 14.24     $ 15.34     $ 15.33     $ 15.31  
Market price, end of year
   $ 12.42     $ 13.76     $ 13.11     $ 12.80  
Total return, based on NAV(2)(3)
     0.99     8.40     8.84     (15.80 )% 
Total return, based on Market Price(4)
     (1.04 )%      14.47     12.88     (20.38 )% 
Net assets, end of year (millions)
   $ 256     $ 276     $ 276     $ 275  
Ratios to average net assets:
        
Gross expenses
     2.18     1.80     1.54     1.35
Net expenses
     2.18       1.80       1.54       1.35  
Net investment income
     3.62       3.00       3.38       3.27  
Portfolio turnover rate
     26     37     29     30
Supplemental data:
        
Loans Outstanding, End of Year (000s)
   $ 90,000     $ 90,000     $ 82,500     $ 75,000  
Asset Coverage Ratio for Loan Outstanding(5)
     384     407     434     467
Asset Coverage, per $1,000 Principal Amount of Loan Outstanding(5)
   $ 3,845     $ 4,065     $ 4,343     $ 4,672  
Weighted Average Loan (000s)
   $ 90,000     $ 88,849     $ 75,307     $ 69,096  
Weighted Average Interest Rate on Loans
     2.63     1.72     1.13     0.90
 
(1)
Per share amounts have been calculated using the average shares method.
(2)
Performance figures may reflect compensating balance arrangements, fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements. In the absence of compensating balance arrangements, fee waivers and/or expense reimbursements, the total return would have been lower. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
 
26

(3)
The total return calculation assumes that distributions are reinvested at NAV. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
(4)
The total return calculation assumes that distributions are reinvested in accordance with the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.
(5)
Represents value of net assets plus the loan outstanding at the end of the period divided by the loan outstanding at the end of the period.
 
27

SENIOR SECURITIES
The table below sets forth the senior securities outstanding as of the end of the Fund’s fiscal years or periods ended 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024. The senior securities information for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018 and 2017 have been audited by PwC. The information for the years prior to the fiscal year ended 2017 was audited by the Fund’s prior independent registered public accounting firm.
 
Year    Name Of Loan    Total Amount
Outstanding
     Asset
Coverage Per
$1,000 Of
Indebtedness
     Average
Market
Value Per
Unit*
 
2015
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 75,000,000      $ 4,672        N/A  
2016
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 82,500,000      $ 4,343        N/A  
2017
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 90,000,000      $ 4,065        N/A  
2018
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 90,000,000      $ 3,845        N/A  
2019
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 82,000,000      $ 4,421        N/A  
2020
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 55,000,000      $ 5,289        N/A  
2021
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 61,000,000      $ 5,619        N/A  
2022
   Margin Loan and Security
Agreement
   $ 61,000,000      $ 5,205        N/A  
2023
   Margin Loan and Security
Agreement
   $ 61,000,000      $ 5,187        N/A  
2024
   Margin Loan and Security
Agreement
   $ 67,000,000      $ 5,769        N/A  
 
*
Not applicable, as these senior securities were not registered for public trading.
 
28

THE FUND
The Fund is a non‑diversified, closed‑end management investment company registered under the 1940 Act. The Fund was incorporated as a Maryland corporation on November 12, 2003. The Fund’s principal executive office is located at 620 Eighth Avenue, 47th Floor, New York, New York 10018, and its telephone number is (888) 777‑0102.
 
29

USE OF PROCEEDS
Unless otherwise specified in a Prospectus Supplement, the Fund intends to invest the net proceeds of any offering of its securities in accordance with its investment objective and policies as stated herein. It is currently anticipated that the Fund will be able to invest substantially all of the net proceeds in accordance with its investment objective and policies within three months after the completion of any offering.
 
30

MARKET AND NET ASSET VALUE INFORMATION
The Fund’s currently outstanding Common Stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “SCD.” Our Common Stock commenced trading on the NYSE on February 25, 2004.
Our Common Stock has traded both at a premium and at a discount in relation to the Fund’s net asset value per share. Although our Common Stock has traded at a premium to net asset value, we cannot assure that this will occur after any offering or that the Common Stock will not trade at a discount in the future. Our issuance of additional Common Stock may have an adverse effect on prices in the secondary market for our Common Stock by increasing the number of shares of Common Stock available, which may create downward pressure on the market price for our Common Stock. Shares of closed‑end investment companies frequently trade at a discount to net asset value. See “Risks—Market Price Discount from Net Asset Value Risk.”
The following table sets forth for each of the periods indicated the range of high and low closing sale price of our Common Stock, each as reported on the NYSE, the net asset value per share of Common Stock and the premium or discount to net asset value per share at which our shares were trading. Net asset value is generally determined on each business day that the NYSE is open for business. See “Net Asset Value” for information as to the determination of our net asset value.
 
            Price Range         
     NAV(1)      High      Low      Premium /
(Discount) of
High Sales
Price to
NAV
    Premium /
(Discount) of
Low Sales
Price to
NAV
 
Fiscal Year Ending November 30, 2025
             
First Quarter
   $ 17.73      $ 17.80      $ 16.46        0.39     (7.16 )% 
Fiscal Year Ending November 30, 2024
             
Fourth Quarter
   $ 18.64      $ 17.93      $ 16.05        (3.81 )%      (13.89 )% 
Third Quarter
   $ 17.41      $ 16.46      $ 14.87        (5.46 )%      (14.62 )% 
Second Quarter
   $ 16.34      $ 15.64      $ 14.26        (4.28 )%      (12.73 )% 
First Quarter
   $ 16.02      $ 14.40      $ 13.07        (10.11 )%      (18.41 )% 
Fiscal Year Ending November 30, 2023
             
Fourth Quarter
   $ 14.90      $ 13.28      $ 11.42        (10.87 )%      (23.36 )% 
Third Quarter
   $ 14.98      $ 13.28      $ 12.06        (11.35 )%      (19.49 )% 
Second Quarter
   $ 14.14      $ 12.56      $ 11.40        (11.17 )%      (19.38 )% 
First Quarter
   $ 14.30      $ 12.98      $ 11.69        (9.23 )%      (18.25 )% 
 
Source of market prices: NYSE
(1)
Net asset value per share is determined as of close of business on the last day of the relevant quarter and therefore may not reflect the net asset value per share on the date of the high and low closing sales prices, which may or may not fall on the last day of the quarter. Net asset value per share is calculated as described in “Net Asset Value.”
On February 21, 2025, the last reported sale price of our Common Stock on the NYSE was $17.12, which represented a discount of approximately 3.22% to the net asset value per share reported by us on that date.
As of February 21, 2025, we had approximately 17 million shares of Common Stock outstanding and we had net assets applicable to Common Stockholders of approximately $303 million.
 
31

THE FUND’S INVESTMENTS
Investment Objective
The Fund’s investment objective is total return with an emphasis on income. There can be no assurance the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
This section provides additional information about the Fund’s investments and certain portfolio management techniques the Fund may use. More information about the Fund’s investments and portfolio management techniques and the associated risks is included in the SAI.
Investment Strategies
Under normal market conditions, the Fund seeks to maximize total return by investing at least 80% of its Managed Assets in a broad range of equity and fixed income securities of both U.S. and foreign issuers. The Fund will vary its allocation between equity and fixed income securities depending on ClearBridge’s view of economic, market and political conditions, fiscal and monetary policy and security valuation. The Investment Manager has delegated to ClearBridge, one of the Fund’s subadvisers, the Fund’s allocation between equity and fixed income securities, as well as the Fund’s equity investments in general. A portfolio management team at Western Asset, the Fund’s other subadviser, manages the fixed income portion of the Fund. Depending on ClearBridge’s view of these factors, which may vary from time to time, ClearBridge may allocate substantially all of the investments in the portfolio to equity securities or fixed income securities.
The Fund’s investments in equity securities will include, among other securities, common stock traded on an exchange or in the over‑the‑counter market, preferred stocks, warrants, rights, convertible securities, depositary receipts, trust certificates, real estate investment trusts, limited partnership interests, equity-linked debt securities and shares of other investment companies. The Fund’s investments in fixed income securities will include, among other securities, corporate bonds, mortgage and asset backed securities, U.S. government obligations, investment grade and high yield debt, including emerging market debt and high yield sovereign debt, and loans. The Fund may invest without limit in both energy and non‑energy master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), so long as no more than 25% of the Fund’s total assets are invested in MLPs that are treated as qualified publicly traded partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
As noted above, the Fund may depart from its principal investment strategy in response to adverse economic, market or political conditions by taking temporary defensive positions in any non‑corporate issuer, including high-quality, short-term debt securities or cash. If the Fund takes a temporary defensive position, it may be unable to achieve its investment objective.
The Fund may invest up to 15% of its Managed Assets in illiquid securities, which are securities that cannot be sold within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the value at which the Fund has valued the securities. See “The Fund’s Investments” for additional information on the types of securities in which the Fund may invest.
In selecting investments for the Fund, ClearBridge and Western Asset employ fundamental research and due diligence to an issuer’s: growth potential, stock price, potential appreciation and valuation; credit quality, taking into account financial condition and profitability; future capital needs; potential for change in bond rating and industry outlook; and competitive environment and management ability.
Percentage Limitations. Compliance with any policy or limitation for the Fund that is expressed as a percentage of assets is determined at the time of purchase of portfolio securities. The policy will not be violated if these limitations are exceeded because of changes in the market value of the Fund’s assets or for any other reason.
 
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Credit Quality. The Fund usually will attempt to maintain a portfolio with a weighted average credit quality rated between Ba3 and A2 by Moody’s or between BB‑ and A by S&P. The Investment Manager determines the Fund’s average credit quality by calculating on a daily basis the weighted average of the credit ratings of the Fund’s investments. Securities are rated by different agencies and if a security receives different ratings from these agencies, the Fund will treat the securities as being rated in the highest rating category. Credit rating criteria are applied at the time the Fund purchases a security. There is no guarantee that the Fund will be able to maintain the average credit quality mentioned above. The Fund may choose not to sell securities that are downgraded after their purchase below the Fund’s minimum acceptable credit rating. The Fund’s credit standards also apply to counterparties to over‑the‑counter derivatives contracts. Unrated securities will be assigned a rating by the Investment Manager in its reasonable judgment.
Duration Management. The average portfolio duration of the fixed income securities held by the Fund will normally be within one and seven years, including the effect of leverage, based on the Investment Manager’s forecast for interest rates. Initially the average portfolio duration of the fixed income securities held by the Fund will be four years, including the effect of leverage. Duration is a measure of the expected life of a debt security that is used to determine the sensitivity of a security’s price to changes in interest rates. The longer a security’s duration, the more sensitive it will be to changes in interest rates. For example, the market price of a bond with a duration of two years would be expected to decline 2% if interest rates rose 1%. Conversely, the market price of the same bond would be expected to increase 2% if interest rates fell 1%. The market price of a bond with a duration of four years would be expected to increase or decline twice as much as the market price of a bond with a two‑year duration. The maturity of a security, another commonly used measure of price sensitivity, measures only the time until final payment is due, whereas duration takes into account the pattern of all payments of interest and principal on a security over time, including how these payments are affected by prepayments and by changes in interest rates.
Independent Credit Analysis. The Investment Manager relies heavily on its own analysis of the credit quality and risks associated with individual securities considered for the Fund, rather than relying exclusively on rating agencies. The Investment Manager has a dedicated team of professionals that conducts fundamental credit research and analysis of individual issuers, industries and sectors and uses proprietary analytical tools (such as computer databases and Web‑based applications) to assess and monitor credit risk. The individuals managing the Fund utilize this information in an attempt to minimize credit risk and identify issuers, industries or sectors that are undervalued or that offer attractive yields relative to the Investment Manager’s assessment of their credit characteristics.
Portfolio Contents
Under normal market conditions, the Fund intends to invest at least 80% of its Managed Assets in a broad range of equity and fixed income securities of both U.S. and foreign issuers. Equity securities include, among other securities, common stocks traded on an exchange or in the over‑the‑counter market, preferred stocks, warrants, rights, convertible securities, depositary receipts, trust certificates, real estate investment trusts, limited partnership interests, equity-linked debt securities and shares of other investment companies. Except as otherwise indicated, convertible securities are not subject to any minimum credit quality requirements. Fixed income securities include, among other securities, corporate bonds, mortgage and asset backed securities, U.S. government obligations, investment grade and high yield debt, including emerging market debt and high yield sovereign debt, and loans. See “Investment Policies and Techniques” in the Statement of Additional Information for additional information regarding the Fund’s investments and their related risks.
Common Stocks. Common stocks generally represent an ownership interest in an issuer, without preference over any other class of securities, including such issuer’s debt securities, preferred stock and other senior equity securities. Dividend payments generally are not guaranteed and so may be discontinued by the issuer at its discretion or because of the issuer’s inability to satisfy its liabilities. Further, an issuer’s history of paying dividends does not guarantee that it will continue to pay dividends in the future. In addition to dividends, under
 
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certain circumstances the Fund may benefit from capital appreciation of an issuer. The Fund may hold or have exposure to common stock of issuers of any size (in terms of market capitalization or otherwise) and in any industry or sector. The common stock may be traded on an exchange or in the over‑the‑counter market.
Although common stocks historically have generated higher average returns than fixed income securities, common stocks also have experienced significantly more volatility in those returns. An adverse event, such as an unfavorable earnings report, may depress the value of a particular common stock held by the Fund. Also, prices of common stocks are sensitive to general movements in the stock market and a drop in the stock market may depress the prices of common stocks held by the Fund or to which it has exposure.
Preferred Stock. The Fund may invest in preferred stocks, which represent an equity interest in a company that generally entitles the holder to receive, in preference to the holders of other stocks such as common stocks, dividends and a fixed share of the proceeds resulting from liquidation of the company. Some preferred stocks also entitle their holders to receive additional liquidation proceeds on the same basis as holders of a company’s common stock, and thus also represent an ownership interest in the company. Some preferred stocks offer a fixed rate of return with no maturity date. Because they never mature, these preferred stocks act like long-term bonds and can be more volatile than other types of preferred stocks and may have heightened sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Other preferred stocks have a variable dividend, generally determined on a quarterly or other periodic basis, either according to a formula based upon a specified premium or discount to the yield on particular U.S. Treasury securities or based on an auction process, involving bids submitted by holders and prospective purchasers of such stocks. Because preferred stocks represent an equity ownership interest in a company, their value usually will react more strongly than bonds and other debt instruments to actual or perceived changes in a company’s financial condition or prospects, or to fluctuations in the equity markets.
Convertible Securities. Convertible securities are typically preferred stock or bonds that are convertible into common stock at a specified price or conversion ratio. Because they have the characteristics of both fixed income securities and common stock, convertible securities are sometimes called “hybrid” securities. Convertible bonds, debentures and notes are debt obligations offering a stated interest rate. Convertible preferred stocks are senior securities of a company offering a stated dividend rate. Convertible securities will at times be priced in the market like other fixed income securities—that is, their prices will tend to rise when interest rates decline and will tend to fall when interest rates rise. However, because a convertible security provides an option to the holder to exchange the security for either a specified number of the issuer’s common stock at a stated price per share or the cash value of such common stock, the security market price will tend to fluctuate in relationship to the price of the common stock into which it is convertible. Thus, convertible securities will ordinarily provide opportunities for producing both current income and longer-term capital appreciation. Because convertible securities are usually viewed by the issuer as future common stock, they are generally subordinated to other senior securities and therefore are rated one category lower than the issuer’s non‑convertible debt obligations or preferred stock.
REITs. The Fund may invest in REITs, which are Real Estate Companies that pool investors’ funds for investment primarily in income-producing real estate or in real estate related loans (such as mortgages) or other interests. REITs generally pay relatively high dividends (as compared to other types of companies). REITs can generally be classified as Equity REITs, Mortgage REITs and Hybrid REITs. Equity REITs generally invest a majority of their assets in income-producing real estate properties in order to generate cash flow from rental income and gradual asset appreciation. The income-producing real estate properties in which Equity REITs invest typically include properties such as office, retail, industrial, hotel and apartment buildings and healthcare facilities. Equity REITs can realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive their income primarily from interest payments on the mortgages. Hybrid REITs combine the characteristics of both Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. REITs can be listed and traded on national securities exchanges or can be traded privately between individual owners. The Fund may invest in both publicly and privately traded REITs.
 
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American Depositary Receipts. The Fund may invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADR”). ADRs are U.S. dollar-denominated receipts issued generally by domestic banks and representing the deposit with the bank of a security of a foreign issuer. ADRs are publicly traded on exchanges or over the counter in the U.S.
Fixed Income Securities. Fixed income securities include, among other securities, corporate bonds, mortgage and asset backed securities, U.S. government obligations, investment grade and high yield debt, including emerging market debt and high yield sovereign debt, and loans. Changes in market yields will affect the Fund’s net asset value as prices of fixed income securities generally increase when interest rates decline and decrease when interest rates rise. Prices of longer term securities generally increase or decrease more sharply than those of shorter term securities in response to interest rate changes, particularly if such securities were purchased at a discount. It should be noted that the market values of securities rated below investment grade, and comparable unrated securities tend to react less to fluctuations in interest rate levels than do those of higher-rated securities. Except to the extent that values are affected independently by other factors such as developments relating to a specific issuer, when interest rates decline, the value of a fixed-income portfolio can generally be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a fixed-income portfolio can generally be expected to decline.
Investment Grade Securities. Securities are investment grade if they are rated in one of the top four long-term rating categories of a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, they have received a comparable short-term or other rating or they are unrated securities that the Investment Manager reasonably determines are of comparable quality to investment grade securities.
High Yield, Lower Quality Securities. The Fund may invest a portion of its Managed Assets in high yield, lower quality securities. High yield, lower quality securities are securities that are rated by a recognized rating organization below its top four long-term rating categories or unrated securities determined by the Investment Manager to be of equivalent quality. The issuers of lower quality securities may be highly leveraged and have difficulty servicing their debt, especially during prolonged economic recessions or periods of rising interest rates. The prices of lower quality securities are volatile and may go down due to market perceptions of deteriorating issuer creditworthiness or economic conditions. Lower quality securities may become illiquid and hard to value in down markets. Securities rated below investment grade are considered speculative and, compared to investment grade securities, tend to have more volatile prices and increased price sensitivity to changing interest rates and to adverse economic and business developments, greater risk of loss due to default or declining credit quality, greater likelihood that adverse economic or company specific events will make the issuer unable to make interest and/or principal payments, and greater susceptibility to negative market sentiments leading to depressed prices and decrease in liquidity.
Sovereign Government and Supranational Debt. The Fund may invest in all types of fixed income securities of governmental issuers in all countries, including emerging markets countries. These sovereign fixed income securities may include: fixed income securities issued or guaranteed by governments, governmental agencies or instrumentalities and political subdivisions located in foreign countries; fixed income securities issued by government owned, controlled or sponsored entities located in foreign countries; interests in entities organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of instruments issued by any of the above issuers; Brady Bonds, which are debt securities issued under the framework of the Brady Plan as a means for debtor nations to restructure their outstanding external indebtedness; participations in loans between emerging market governments and financial institutions; or fixed income securities issued by supranational entities such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the “World Bank”) or the European Economic Community. A supranational entity is a bank, commission or company established or financially supported by the national governments of one or more countries to promote reconstruction or development. Sovereign government and supranational debt involve all the risks described herein regarding foreign and emerging markets investments as well as the risk of debt moratorium, repudiation or renegotiation and the Fund may be unable to enforce its rights against the issuers.
 
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Asset-Backed Securities. The Fund may invest in asset-backed securities. Asset-backed securities represent participations in, or are secured by and payable from, assets such as installment sales or loan contracts, leases, credit card receivables and other categories of receivables. The Fund may invest in asset-backed securities that may only pay principal at maturity or may only represent the right to receive payments of principal or payments of interest on underlying pools of assets or government securities, but not both. The value of these types of instruments may change more drastically than debt securities that pay both principal and interest during periods of changing interest rates. The Fund may obtain a below market yield or incur a loss on such instruments during periods of declining interest rates. In addition, principal only and interest only instruments are particularly subject to extension risk.
Reverse Repurchase Agreement Transactions. The Fund may utilize a variety of derivative instruments for investment or risk management purposes, such as options, futures contracts, swap agreements and credit default swaps. Generally derivatives are financial contracts whose value depends on, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index, and may relate to individual debt or equity instruments, interest rates, currencies or currency exchange rates and related indexes. Effective August 19, 2022, the Fund began operating under Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act which, among other things, governs the use of derivative investments and certain financing transactions (e.g., reverse repurchase agreements) by registered investment companies. Among other things, Rule 18f‑4 requires funds that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a VaR based limit to their use of certain derivative instruments and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. Compliance with Rule 18f‑4 by the Fund could, among other things, make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, or otherwise adversely affect their performance. Rule 18f‑4 may limit the Fund’s ability to use derivatives as part of its investment strategy.
Loan Participations and Assignments. The Fund may invest in loans issued by banks and other corporations, which investments generally will be in the form of loan participations and assignments of portions of such loans. Participations and assignments involve credit risk, interest rate risk, illiquidity risk, and the risks of being a lender. If the Fund purchases a participation, it may only be able to enforce its rights through the lender, and may assume the credit risk of both the lender and the borrower.
Currency Transactions. The Fund may engage in currency transactions with counterparties to hedge the value of portfolio securities denominated in particular currencies against fluctuations in relative value or to generate income or gain. Currency transactions include currency forward contracts, exchange-listed currency futures contracts and options thereon, exchange listed and over‑the‑counter options on currencies and currency swaps. A currency forward contract involves a privately negotiated obligation to purchase or sell (with delivery generally required) a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. A currency swap is an agreement to exchange cash flows based on the notional difference among two or more currencies and operate similarly to an interest rate swap. The Fund may enter into currency transactions only with counterparties that the Investment Manager deems to be creditworthy.
Derivatives. The Fund may use a variety of derivative instruments as part of its investment strategies or for hedging or risk management purposes. Generally, derivatives are financial contracts whose values depend upon, or are derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index, and may relate to individual debt or equity instruments, interest rates, currencies or currency exchange rates and related indexes. The Fund may invest in derivative instruments, such as options contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, indexed securities, credit linked notes, credit default swaps and other swap agreements for investment, hedging and risk management purposes.
Effective August 19, 2022, the Fund began operating under Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act which, among other things, governs the use of derivative investments and certain financing transactions (e.g., reverse repurchase agreements) by registered investment companies. Among other things, Rule 18f‑4 requires funds that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a value at risk (“VaR”) based limit to
 
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their use of certain derivative instruments and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. Rule 18f‑4 may limit the Fund’s ability to use derivatives as part of its investment strategy. Using derivatives also can have a leveraging effect and increase Fund volatility.
Investment Objective Policies
The Fund’s investment objective is a fundamental investment policy, as discussed below in “— Fundamental Investment Policies.” Upon the Investment Manager’s recommendation, for temporary defensive purposes and in order to keep the Fund’s cash fully invested, including during the period in which the net proceeds of this offering are being invested, the Fund may deviate from its investment objective and policies and invest some or all of its Managed Assets in investments of non‑corporate issuers, including high-quality, short-term debt securities or cash. The Fund may not achieve its investment objective when it does so.
The Fund may engage in active and frequent trading to achieve its principal investment strategies. This may lead to the realization and distribution to stockholders of higher capital gains, which would increase their tax liability. Frequent trading also increases transaction costs, which could detract from the Fund’s performance.
Fundamental Investment Policies
The Fund has adopted certain fundamental investment policies designed to limit investment risk. These fundamental investment policies may not be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Common Stock and, if issued, Preferred Stock voting as a single class. A “majority of the outstanding” shares means (i) 67% or more of the shares present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of the shares outstanding are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the shares outstanding, whichever of (i) or (ii) is less. See “Investment Objective” and “Investment Policies and Techniques” in the Statement of Additional Information for a complete list of the fundamental and non‑fundamental investment policies of the Fund. See “Description of SharesFund Preferred StockVoting Rights” for additional information with respect to the voting rights of holders of Preferred Stock.
The Fund may become subject to guidelines which are more limiting than the fundamental investment policies referenced above in order to obtain and maintain ratings from a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO) on the Preferred Stock that it may issue. The Fund does not anticipate that such guidelines would have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s Common Stockholders or the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective.
 
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LEVERAGE
The Fund may seek to enhance the level of its current distributions to Common Stockholders through the use of leverage.
The Fund may use leverage through Borrowings, and through the issuance of shares of Preferred Stock. The Fund may use leverage through Borrowings in an aggregate amount of up to approximately 33 1/3% of the Fund’s total net assets immediately after such Borrowings. The Fund has a Margin Loan and Security Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A. (“BofA”) that allows the Fund to borrow up to an aggregate amount of $80,000,000 and renews daily for a 179‑day term unless notice to the contrary is given to the Fund. The Fund pays interest on Borrowings calculated based on SOFR plus applicable margin. As of November 30, 2024, the Fund had $67,000,000 of Borrowings outstanding. Furthermore, the Fund may use leverage through the issuance of Preferred Stock in an aggregate amount of liquidation preference attributable to the Preferred Stock combined with the aggregate amount of any Borrowings of up to approximately 50% of the Fund’s total net assets immediately after such issuance. The Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements and use similar investment management techniques that may provide leverage, subject to the requirements of Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act. Under Rule 18f‑4(d), the Fund may enter into reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions in reliance on the rule if the Fund either (i) complies with the asset coverage requirements of Section 18 of the 1940 Act, and combines the aggregate amount of indebtedness associated with all reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions with the aggregate amount of any other senior securities representing indebtedness when calculating its asset coverage ratio; or (ii) treats all reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions as derivatives transactions for all purposes under the rule. The Fund may not use leverage at all times and the amount of leverage may vary depending upon a number of factors, including FTFA’s and the Subadvisers’ outlook for the market and the costs that the Fund would incur as a result of such leverage.
The Fund currently uses leverage through Borrowings and as of November 30, 2024, 17.3% of the Fund’s gross assets were levered.
The Fund operates under Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act which, among other things, governs the use of derivative investments and certain financing transactions (e.g., reverse repurchase agreements) by registered investment companies. Among other things, Rule 18f‑4 requires funds that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a VaR based limit to their use of certain derivative instruments and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. Compliance with Rule 18f‑4 by the Fund could, among other things, make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, or otherwise adversely affect their performance. Rule 18f‑4 may limit the Fund’s ability to use derivatives as part of its investment strategy. Using derivatives also can have a leveraging effect and increase Fund volatility.
Currently, the Fund has no intention to use leverage through the issuance of notes or debt securities or Preferred Stock, but circumstances may arise such that the Fund may choose to issue Preferred Stock. Borrowings (and any Preferred Stock) will have seniority over Common Stock. Any Borrowings and Preferred Stock (if issued) will leverage your investment in Common Stock. Holders of Common Stock will bear the costs associated with any Borrowings, and if the Fund issues Preferred Stock, Common Stockholders will bear the offering costs of the Preferred Stock issuance. The Board of Directors may authorize the use of leverage through Borrowings and Preferred Stock without the approval of the Common Stockholders.
Changes in the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities, including costs attributable to Borrowings or Preferred Stock, will be borne entirely by the holders of the Common Stock. If there is a net decrease (or increase) in the value of the Fund’s investment portfolio, the leverage will decrease (or increase) the net asset value per Common Stock to a greater extent than if the Fund were not leveraged. During periods when the Fund is using leverage through Borrowings or the issuance of Preferred Stock the fees paid to FTFA and the Subadvisers for advisory services will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage because the fees paid will
 
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be calculated on the basis of the Fund’s Managed Assets, which includes the principal amount of the Borrowings and any assets attributable to the issuance of Preferred Stock. This means that FTFA and the Subadvisers may have a financial incentive to increase the Fund’s use of leverage.
Under the 1940 Act, the Fund generally is not permitted to issue commercial paper or notes or borrow unless immediately after the borrowing or commercial paper or note issuance the value of the Fund’s total assets less liabilities other than the principal amount represented by commercial paper, notes or borrowings is at least 300% of such principal amount. In addition, the Fund is not permitted to declare any cash dividend or other distribution on its Common Stock unless, at the time of such declaration, the value of the Fund’s total assets, less liabilities other than the principal amount represented by commercial paper, notes or borrowings, is at least 300% of such principal amount after deducting the amount of such dividend or distribution. If the Fund borrows, the Fund intends, to the extent possible, to prepay all or a portion of the principal amount of any outstanding commercial paper, notes or borrowing to the extent necessary to maintain the required asset coverage. Failure to maintain certain asset coverage requirements could result in an event of default and entitle the debt holders to elect a majority of the Board of Directors.
Utilization of leverage is a speculative investment technique and involves certain risks to the holders of Common Stock. These include the possibility of higher volatility of the net asset value of the Common Stock and potentially more volatility in the market value of, and distributions on, the Common Stock. So long as the Fund is able to realize a higher net return on its investment portfolio than the then-current cost of any leverage together with other related expenses, the effect of the leverage will be to cause holders of Common Stock to realize a higher rate of return than if the Fund were not so leveraged. On the other hand, to the extent that the then-current cost of any leverage, together with other related expenses, approaches the net return on the Fund’s investment portfolio, the benefit of leverage to holders of Common Stock will be reduced, and if the then-current cost of any leverage together with related expenses were to exceed the net return on the Fund’s portfolio, the Fund’s leveraged capital structure would result in a lower rate of return to holders of Common Stock than if the Fund were not so leveraged. There can be no assurance that the Fund’s leveraging strategy will be successful.
Under the 1940 Act, the Fund is not permitted to issue Preferred Stock unless immediately after such issuance the value of the Fund’s asset coverage is at least 200% of the liquidation value of the outstanding Preferred Stock (i.e., such liquidation value may not exceed 50% of the Fund’s asset coverage less all liabilities other than borrowings).
In addition, the Fund is not permitted to declare any cash dividend or other distribution on its Common Stock unless, at the time of such declaration, the value of the Fund’s asset coverage less liabilities other than borrowings satisfies the above-referenced 200% coverage requirement. If Preferred Stock is issued, the Fund intends, to the extent possible, to purchase or redeem Preferred Stock from time to time to the extent necessary in order to maintain coverage of at least 200%.
If Preferred Stock is outstanding, two of the Fund’s Directors will be elected by the holders of Preferred Stock, voting separately as a class. The remaining Directors of the Fund will be elected by holders of Common Stock and Preferred Stock voting together as a single class. In the unlikely event that the Fund fails to pay dividends on the Preferred Stock for two years, holders of Preferred Stock would be entitled to elect a majority of the Directors of the Fund. The failure to pay dividends or make distributions could result in the Fund ceasing to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company under the Code, which could have a material adverse effect on the value of the Common Stock.
The Fund may be subject to certain restrictions imposed either by guidelines of a lender, if the Fund borrows from a lender, or by one or more rating agencies which may issue ratings for Preferred Stock or debt securities. These guidelines may impose asset coverage or portfolio composition requirements that are more stringent than those imposed on the Fund by the 1940 Act. It is not anticipated that these covenants or guidelines will impede FTFA and the Subadvisers from managing the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s investment
 
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objectives and policies. In addition to other considerations, to the extent that the Fund believes that the covenants and guidelines required by the rating agencies would impede its ability to meet its investment objectives, or if the Fund is unable to obtain its desired rating on Preferred Stock or debt securities, the Fund will not issue Preferred Stock or debt securities.
Effects of Leverage
The following table is furnished in response to requirements of the SEC. It is designed to illustrate the effect of leverage on Common Stock total return, assuming investment portfolio total returns (comprised of income and changes in the value of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio) of ‑10%, ‑5%, 0%, 5% and 10%. These assumed investment portfolio returns are hypothetical figures and are not necessarily indicative of the investment portfolio returns experienced or expected to be experienced by the Fund. See “Risks.”
The table further reflects the issuance of leverage representing 17.3% of the Fund’s Managed Assets, net of expenses, the Fund’s currently projected annual interest on its leverage of 5.38%.
 
Assumed Portfolio Total Return (Net of Expenses)
     -10     -5     0     5     10
Common Stock Total Return
     -13.23     -7.18     -1.13     4.92     10.97
Common Stock Total Return is composed of two elements: the Common Stock dividends paid by the Fund (the amount of which is largely determined by the net investment income of the Fund after paying dividends or interest on its leverage) and gains or losses on the value of the securities the Fund owns. As required by SEC rules, the table above assumes that the Fund is more likely to suffer capital losses than to enjoy capital appreciation. For example, to assume a total return of 0% the Fund must assume that the interest it receives on its debt security investments is entirely offset by losses in the value of those investments.
 
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RISKS
The Fund is a non‑diversified, closed‑end management investment company designed primarily as a long-term investment and not as a trading vehicle. The Fund is not intended to be a complete investment program and, due to the uncertainty inherent in all investments, there can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objectives. The Fund’s performance and the value of its investments will vary in response to changes in interest rates, inflation, the financial condition of a security’s issuer, ratings on a security and other market factors. Your securities at any point in time may be worth less than you invested, even after taking into account the reinvestment of Fund dividends and distributions. Below are the principal risks associated with an investment in the Fund.
Investment and Market Risk
An investment in the Fund is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire amount that you invest. An investment in our Common Stock is not intended to constitute a complete investment program and should not be viewed as such. The value of the Fund’s portfolio securities may move up or down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. At any point in time, your securities may be worth less than your original investment. We are primarily a long-term investment vehicle and should not be used for short-term trading.
Equity Securities and Related Market Risk
The market price of equity securities, including common and preferred stocks, may go up or down, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably. Equity securities may decline in value due to factors affecting equity securities markets generally, particular industries represented in those markets or the issuer itself, including the historical and prospective earnings of the issuer and the value of its assets. The values of equity securities may decline due to general market conditions which are not specifically related to a particular company, such as real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates or adverse investor sentiment generally. They may also decline due to factors which affect a particular industry or industries, such as labor shortages or increased production costs and competitive conditions within an industry. Equity securities, and particularly common stocks, generally have greater price volatility than bonds and other debt securities.
Information Technology Sector Risks
To the extent the Fund focuses its investments in the information technology sector, it is vulnerable to the particular risks that may affect companies in that sector. Information technology companies face intense competition, both domestically and internationally, which may have an adverse effect on profit margins. Like other technology companies, information technology companies may have limited product lines, markets, financial resources or personnel. The products of information technology companies may face obsolescence due to rapid technological developments, frequent new product introduction, unpredictable changes in growth rates and competition for the services of qualified personnel. Companies in the information technology sector are heavily dependent on patent and intellectual property rights. The loss, or impairment of, or inability to enforce, these rights may adversely affect the profitability of these companies.
Risks of Investing in MLP Units
An investment in MLP units involves risks that differ from a similar investment in equity securities, such as common stock, of a corporation. Holders of MLP units have the rights typically afforded to limited partners in a limited partnership. As compared to common stockholders of a corporation, holders of MLP units have more limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting the partnership. Holders of MLP units are also exposed to the risk that they will be required to repay amounts to the MLP that are wrongfully distributed to them. Additionally, conflicts of interest may exist among common unit holders, subordinated unit holders and the
 
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general partner or managing member of an MLP; for example, a conflict may arise as a result of incentive distribution payments, and the general partner does not generally have any duty to the limited partners beyond a “good faith” standard. For example, over the last few years there have been several “simplification” transactions in which the incentive distribution rights were eliminated by either (i) a purchase of the outstanding MLP units by the general partner or (ii) by the purchase of the incentive distribution rights by the MLP. These simplification transactions present a conflict of interest between the general partner and the MLP and may be structured in a way that is unfavorable to the MLP. There are also certain tax risks associated with an investment in MLP units (described below).
Tax Risks of Investing in Equity Securities of MLPs
Partnerships do not pay United States federal income tax at the partnership level. Rather, each partner of a partnership, in computing its United States federal income tax liability, will include its allocable share of the partnership’s income, gains, losses, deductions and expenses. A change in current tax law, a change in the business of a given MLP, or a change in the types of income earned by a given MLP, could result in an MLP being treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes, which would result in such MLP being required to pay United States federal income tax on its taxable income. The classification of an MLP as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes would have the effect of reducing the amount of cash available for distribution by the MLP and causing any such distributions received by the Fund to be taxed as dividend income to the extent of the MLP’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. Thus, if any of the MLPs owned by the Fund were treated as corporations for United States federal income tax purposes, the after‑tax return to the Fund with respect to its investment in such MLPs could be materially reduced, which could cause a substantial decline in the value of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock.
Energy Sector Risks
To the extent the Fund focuses its investments in the energy sector, it is vulnerable to the particular risks that may affect companies in that sector. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector are subject to many operating risks, including: equipment failure causing outages; structural, maintenance, impairment and safety problems; transmission or transportation constraints, inoperability or inefficiencies; dependence on a specified fuel source; changes in electricity and fuel usage; availability of competitively priced alternative energy sources; changes in generation efficiency and market heat rates; lack of sufficient capital to maintain facilities; significant capital expenditures to keep older assets operating efficiently; seasonality; changes in supply and demand for energy; catastrophic and/or weather-related events such as spills, leaks, well blowouts, uncontrollable flows, ruptures, fires, explosions, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, discharges of toxic gases and similar occurrences; storage, handling, disposal and decommissioning costs; and environmental compliance. Breakdown or failure of an energy company’s assets may prevent it from performing under applicable sales agreements, which in certain situations, could result in termination of the agreement or incurring a liability for liquidated damages. As a result of the above risks and other potential hazards associated with energy companies, certain companies may become exposed to significant liabilities for which they may not have adequate insurance coverage. Any of the aforementioned risks could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of energy companies.
A downturn in the energy sector of the economy, adverse political, legislative or regulatory developments, material declines in energy-related commodity prices (such as those experienced over the last few years) or other events could have a larger impact on the Fund than on an investment company that does not focus in the sector. At times, the performance of securities of companies in the sector may lag the performance of other sectors or the broader market as a whole. In addition, there are several specific risks associated with investments in the energy sector, including the following:
Regulatory Risk. The energy sector is highly regulated. MLPs and other entities operating in the energy sector are subject to significant regulation of nearly every aspect of their operations by federal, state and local
 
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governmental agencies. Such regulation can change rapidly or over time in both scope and intensity. For example, a particular by‑product or process, including hydraulic fracturing, may be declared hazardous—sometimes retroactively—by a regulatory agency and unexpectedly increase production costs or limit ability to develop some reserves. Various governmental authorities have the power to enforce compliance with these regulations and the permits issued under them, and violators are subject to administrative, civil and criminal penalties, including civil fines, injunctions or both. Stricter laws, regulations or enforcement policies could be enacted in the future which would likely increase compliance costs and may materially adversely affect the financial performance of MLPs and midstream entities.
Specifically, the operations of wells, gathering systems, pipelines, refineries and other facilities are subject to stringent and complex federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. These include, for example:
 
   
the federal Clean Air Act and comparable state laws and regulations that impose obligations related to air emissions;
 
   
the federal Clean Water Act and comparable state laws and regulations that impose obligations related to discharges of pollutants into regulated bodies of water;
 
   
RCRA and comparable state laws and regulations that impose requirements for the handling and disposal of waste from facilities; and
 
   
CERCLA, also known as “Superfund,” and comparable state laws and regulations that regulate the cleanup of hazardous substances that may have been released at properties currently or previously owned or operated by MLPs or at locations to which they have sent waste for disposal.
Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may trigger a variety of administrative, civil and criminal enforcement measures, including the assessment of monetary penalties, the imposition of remedial requirements, and the issuance of orders enjoining future operations. Certain environmental statutes, including RCRA, CERCLA, the federal Oil Pollution Act and analogous state laws and regulations, impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed of or otherwise released. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances or other waste products into the environment.
There is an inherent risk that entities may incur environmental costs and liabilities due to the nature of their businesses and the substances they handle. For example, an accidental release from wells or gathering pipelines could subject them to substantial liabilities for environmental cleanup and restoration costs, claims made by neighboring landowners and other third parties for personal injury and property damage, and fines or penalties for related violations of environmental laws or regulations. Moreover, the possibility exists that stricter laws, regulations or enforcement policies could significantly increase the compliance costs of entities or limit their ability to develop some reserves. For example, hydraulic fracturing, a technique used in the completion of certain oil and gas wells, has become a subject of increasing regulatory scrutiny and may be subject in the future to more stringent, and more costly to comply with, requirements. Similarly, the implementation of more stringent environmental requirements could significantly increase the cost of any remediation that may become necessary. Entities may not be able to recover these costs from insurance.
Voluntary initiatives and mandatory controls have been adopted or are being discussed both in the United States and worldwide to reduce emissions of “greenhouse gases” such as carbon dioxide, a by‑product of burning fossil fuels, and methane, the major constituent of natural gas, which many scientists and policymakers believe contribute to global climate change. These measures and future measures could result in increased costs to certain companies in which the Fund may invest to operate and maintain facilities and administer and manage a greenhouse gas emissions program and may reduce demand for fuels that generate greenhouse gases and that are managed or produced by companies in which the Fund may invest.
 
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Federal, state and local governments may enact laws, and federal, state and local agencies (such as the Environmental Protection Agency) may promulgate rules or regulations, that prohibit or significantly regulate the operation of energy assets. For instance, in the wake of a Supreme Court decision holding that the EPA has some legal authority to deal with climate change under the Clean Air Act, the EPA and the Department of Transportation jointly wrote regulations to cut gasoline use and control greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks. The EPA has also taken action to require certain entities to measure and report greenhouse gas emissions and certain facilities may be required to control emissions of greenhouse gases pursuant to EPA air permitting and other regulatory programs. These measures, and other programs addressing greenhouse gas emissions, could reduce demand for energy or raise prices, which may adversely affect the total return of certain of the Fund’s investments.
Commodity Price Risk. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector may be affected by fluctuations in the prices of energy commodities, including, for example, natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil and coal, in the short‑and long-term. Fluctuations in energy commodity prices would impact directly companies that own such energy commodities and could impact indirectly companies that engage in transportation, storage, processing, distribution or marketing of such energy commodities. Fluctuations in energy commodity prices can result from changes in general economic conditions or political circumstances (especially of key energy producing and consuming countries); market conditions; weather patterns; domestic production levels; volume of imports; energy conservation; domestic and foreign governmental regulation; international politics; policies of OPEC; taxation; tariffs; and the availability and costs of local, intrastate and interstate transportation methods. The energy sector as a whole may also be impacted by the perception that the performance of energy sector companies is directly linked to commodity prices. High commodity prices may drive further energy conservation efforts, and a slowing economy may adversely impact energy consumption, which may adversely affect the performance of MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector. Recent economic and market events have fueled concerns regarding potential liquidations of commodity futures and options positions.
Depletion Risk. Entities engaged in the exploration, development, management or production of energy commodities face the risk that commodity reserves are depleted over time. Such companies seek to increase their reserves through expansion of their current businesses, acquisitions, further development of their existing sources of energy commodities, exploration of new sources of energy commodities or by entering into long-term contracts for additional reserves; however, there are risks associated with each of these potential strategies. If such companies fail to acquire additional reserves in a cost-effective manner and at a rate at least equal to the rate at which their existing reserves decline, their financial performance may suffer. Additionally, failure to replenish reserves could reduce the amount and affect the tax characterization of the distributions paid by such companies.
Supply and Demand Risk. Entities operating in the energy sector could be adversely affected by reductions in the supply of or demand for energy commodities. The volume of production of energy commodities and the volume of energy commodities available for transportation, storage, processing or distribution could be affected by a variety of factors, including depletion of resources; depressed commodity prices; catastrophic events; labor relations; increased environmental or other governmental regulation; equipment malfunctions and maintenance difficulties; import volumes; international politics, policies of OPEC; and increased competition from alternative energy sources. Alternatively, a decline in demand for energy commodities could result from factors such as adverse economic conditions (especially in key energy-consuming countries); increased taxation; increased environmental or other governmental regulation; increased fuel economy; increased energy conservation or use of alternative energy sources; legislation intended to promote the use of alternative energy sources; or increased commodity prices.
Acquisition Risk. MLP and midstream entity investments owned by the Fund may depend on their ability to make acquisitions that increase adjusted operating surplus per unit in order to increase distributions to unit holders. The ability of such MLPs and midstream entities to make future acquisitions is dependent on their ability to identify suitable targets, negotiate favorable purchase contracts, obtain acceptable financing and outbid
 
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competing potential acquirers. To the extent that such MLPs and midstream entities are unable to make future acquisitions, or such future acquisitions fail to increase the adjusted operating surplus per unit, their growth and ability to make distributions to unit holders will be limited. There are risks inherent in any acquisition, including erroneous assumptions regarding revenues, acquisition expenses, operating expenses, cost savings and synergies; assumption of liabilities; indemnification; customer losses; key employee defections; distraction from other business operations; and unanticipated difficulties in operating or integrating new product areas and geographic regions.
Weather Risks. Weather plays a role in the seasonality of some entities’ cash flows. Entities in the propane industry, for example, rely on the winter season to generate almost all of their earnings. In an unusually warm winter season, propane MLPs experience decreased demand for their product. Although most entities can reasonably predict seasonal weather demand based on normal weather patterns, extreme weather conditions, such as the hurricanes that severely damaged cities along the U.S. Gulf Coast in recent years, demonstrate that no amount of preparation can protect an entity from the unpredictability of the weather or possible climate change. The damage done by extreme weather also may serve to increase many entities’ insurance premiums and could adversely affect such companies’ financial condition and ability to pay distributions to stockholders.
Cyclical Industry Risk. The energy industry is cyclical and from time to time may experience a shortage of drilling rigs, equipment, supplies, or qualified personnel, or due to significant demand, such services may not be available on commercially reasonable terms. An entity’s ability to successfully and timely complete capital improvements to existing or other capital projects is contingent upon many variables. Should any such efforts be unsuccessful, an entity could be subject to additional costs and/or the write‑off of its investment in the project or improvement. The marketability of oil and gas production depends in large part on the availability, proximity and capacity of pipeline systems owned by third parties. Oil and gas properties are subject to royalty interests, liens and other burdens, encumbrances, easements or restrictions, all of which could impact the production of a particular entity. Oil and gas entities operate in a highly competitive and cyclical industry, with intense price competition. A significant portion of their revenues may depend on a relatively small number of customers, including governmental entities and utilities.
Catastrophic Event Risk. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector are subject to many dangers inherent in the production, exploration, management, transportation, processing and distribution of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined petroleum and petroleum products and other hydrocarbons. These dangers include leaks, fires, explosions, damage to facilities and equipment resulting from natural disasters, inadvertent damage to facilities and equipment (such as those suffered by BP’s Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in 2010 or spills by various onshore oil pipelines) and terrorist acts. Since the September 11th terrorist attacks, the U.S. government has issued warnings that energy assets, specifically U.S. pipeline infrastructure, may be targeted in future terrorist attacks. These dangers give rise to risks of substantial losses as a result of loss or destruction of commodity reserves; damage to or destruction of property, facilities and equipment; pollution and environmental damage; and personal injury or loss of life. Any occurrence of such catastrophic events could bring about a limitation, suspension or discontinuation of the operations of MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector may not be fully insured against all risks inherent in their business operations and therefore accidents and catastrophic events could adversely affect such companies’ financial condition and ability to pay distributions to stockholders. It is expected that increased governmental regulation will mitigate such catastrophic risk, such as the recent oil spills referred to above, which could increase insurance premiums and other operating costs for MLPs and midstream entities.
Distribution Risk For Equity Income Securities
In selecting equity income securities in which the Fund will invest, ClearBridge will consider the issuer’s history of making regular periodic distributions (i.e., dividends) to its equity holders. An issuer’s history of paying dividends, however, does not guarantee that the issuer will continue to pay dividends in the future. The dividend income stream associated with equity income securities generally is not guaranteed and is subordinate
 
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to payment obligations of the issuer on its debt and other liabilities. Accordingly, in the event the issuer does not realize sufficient income in a particular period both to service its liabilities and to pay dividends on its equity securities, it may forgo paying dividends on its equity securities. In addition, because in most instances issuers are not obligated to make periodic distributions to the holders of their equity securities, such distributions or dividends generally may be discontinued at the issuer’s discretion.
Convertible Securities Risk
A convertible security is a bond, debenture, note, preferred stock or other security that may be converted into or exchanged for a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity security of the same or a different issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to nonconvertible income securities in that they ordinarily provide a stable stream of income with generally higher yields than those of common stocks of the same or similar issuers, but lower yields than comparable nonconvertible securities. The value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors also may have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure but are usually subordinated to comparable nonconvertible securities. Convertible securities may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument.
Preferred Stock Risk
Generally, the Fund has a greater flexibility to invest in equity securities. Preferred stocks are unique securities that combine some of the characteristics of both common stocks and bonds. Preferred stocks generally pay a fixed rate of return and are sold on the basis of current yield, like bonds. However, because they are equity securities, preferred stock provides equity ownership of a company, and the income is paid in the form of dividends. Preferred stocks typically have a yield advantage over common stocks as well as comparably-rated fixed income investments. Preferred stocks are typically subordinated to bonds and other debt instruments in a company’s capital structure, in terms of priority to corporate income, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt instruments. Unlike interest payments on debt securities, preferred stock dividends are payable only if declared by the issuer’s board of directors. Preferred stocks also may be subject to optional or mandatory redemption provisions.
Fixed Income Securities Risk
In addition to the risks described elsewhere in this section with respect to valuations and liquidity, fixed income securities, including high-yield securities, are also subject to certain risks, including:
 
   
Issuer Risk. The value of fixed income securities may decline for a number of reasons that directly relate to the issuer, such as management performance, financial leverage and reduced demand for the issuer’s goods and services.
 
   
Interest Rate Risk. The market price of the Fund’s investments will change in response to changes in interest rates and other factors. During periods of declining interest rates, the market price of fixed income securities generally rises. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the market price of such securities generally declines. The magnitude of these fluctuations in the market price of fixed income securities is generally greater for securities with longer maturities. Fluctuations in the market price of the Fund’s securities will not affect interest income derived from securities already owned by the Fund, but will be reflected in the Fund’s net asset value. The Fund may utilize certain strategies, including investments in structured notes or interest rate swap or cap transactions, for the purpose of reducing the interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio and decreasing the Fund’s exposure to interest rate risk, although there is no assurance that it will do so or that such strategies will be successful.
 
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Prepayment Risk. During periods of declining interest rates, the issuer of a security may exercise its option to prepay principal earlier than scheduled, forcing the Fund to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayment in lower yielding securities, which may result in a decline in the Fund’s income and distributions to stockholders. This is known as prepayment or “call” risk. Debt securities frequently have call features that allow the issuer to redeem the security at dates prior to its stated maturity at a specified price (typically greater than par) only if certain prescribed conditions are met. An issuer may choose to redeem a debt security if, for example, the issuer can refinance the debt at a lower cost due to declining interest rates or an improvement in the credit standing of the issuer.
 
   
Reinvestment Risk. Reinvestment risk is the risk that income from the Fund’s portfolio will decline if and when the Fund invests the proceeds from matured, traded or called fixed income securities at market interest rates that are below the portfolio’s current earnings rate. A decline in income could affect the market price of Common Stock or overall returns.
Leverage Risk
The Fund’s use of leverage will magnify investment, market and certain other risks. Leverage involves risks and special considerations for holders of the Common Stock including: the likelihood of greater volatility of net asset value and market price of the Common Stock than a comparable portfolio without leverage; the risk that fluctuations in interest rates on borrowings and short-term debt or in the dividend rates on any Preferred Stock that the Fund may pay will reduce the return to Common Stockholders or will result in fluctuations in the dividends paid on the Common Stock; the effect of leverage in a declining market, which is likely to cause a greater decline in the net asset value of the Common Stock than if the Fund were not leveraged, which may result in a greater decline in the market price of the Common Stock; and when the Fund uses leverage, the investment advisory fee payable by the Fund to FTFA (and by FTFA to Western Asset) will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage.
The use of borrowing, reverse repurchase agreements and derivatives, as well as the issuance of Preferred Stock, creates leverage (i.e., a fund’s investment exposures exceed its net asset value). Leverage increases a fund’s losses when the value of its investments (including derivatives) declines. Because many derivatives have a leverage component (i.e., a notional value in excess of the assets needed to establish or maintain the derivative position), adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, rate, or index may result in a loss substantially greater than the amount required to establish the derivative position.
Below Investment Grade (High-Yield or Junk Bond) Securities Risk
The Fund may invest in high-yield debt securities. Debt securities rated below investment grade are commonly referred to as “high-yield” securities or “junk bonds” and are regarded as having predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligations and involve major risk exposure to adverse conditions. Debt securities rated C or lower by Moody’s, CCC or lower by S&P or CC or lower by Fitch or comparably rated by another NRSRO or, if unrated, determined by Western Asset to be of comparable quality are considered to have extremely poor prospects of ever attaining any real investment standing, to have a current identifiable vulnerability to default, to be unlikely to have the capacity to pay interest and repay principal when due in the event of adverse business, financial or economic conditions and/or to be in default or not current in the payment of interest or principal. Ratings may not accurately reflect the actual credit risk associated with a corporate security.
Debt securities rated below investment grade generally offer a higher current yield than that available from higher grade issues, but typically involve greater risk. These securities are especially sensitive to adverse changes in general economic conditions, to changes in the financial condition of their issuers and to price fluctuation in response to changes in interest rates. During periods of economic downturn or rising interest rates, issuers of below investment grade instruments may experience financial stress that could adversely affect their ability to make payments of principal and interest and increase the possibility of default. The secondary market for high-
 
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yield securities may not be as liquid as the secondary market for more highly rated securities, a factor which may have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to dispose of a particular security. There are fewer dealers in the market for high-yield securities than for investment grade obligations. The prices quoted by different dealers may vary significantly, and the spread between the bid and asked price is generally much larger for high-yield securities than for higher quality instruments. Under continuing adverse market or economic conditions, the secondary market for high-yield securities could contract further, independent of any specific adverse changes in the condition of a particular issuer, and these securities may become illiquid. In addition, adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the values and liquidity of below investment grade securities, especially in a market characterized by a low volume of trading.
Default, or the market’s perception that an issuer is likely to default, could reduce the value and liquidity of securities held by the Fund, thereby reducing the value of your investment in the Fund’s Common Stock. In addition, default may cause the Fund to incur expenses in seeking recovery of principal or interest on its portfolio holdings. In any reorganization or liquidation proceeding relating to a portfolio company, the Fund may lose its entire investment or may be required to accept cash or securities with a value less than its original investment. Among the risks inherent in investments in a troubled entity is the fact that it frequently may be difficult to obtain information as to the true financial condition of such issuer. Western Asset’s judgment about the credit quality of an issuer and the relative value of its securities may prove to be wrong. Investments in below investment grade securities may present special tax issues for the Fund to the extent that the issuers of these securities default on their obligations pertaining thereto, and the U.S. federal income tax consequences to the Fund as a holder of such distressed securities may not be clear.
Low Rated and Unrated Securities Risk
Low rated and unrated debt instruments generally offer a higher current yield than that available from higher grade issues, but typically involve greater risk. Low rated and unrated securities are especially subject to adverse changes in general economic conditions, to changes in the financial condition of their issuers and to price fluctuation in response to changes in interest rates. During periods of economic downturn or rising interest rates, issuers of low rated and unrated instruments may experience financial stress that could adversely affect their ability to make payments of principal and interest and increase the possibility of default. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the values and liquidity of low rated and unrated securities especially in a market characterized by a low volume of trading.
Derivatives Risk
The Fund may utilize a variety of derivative instruments for investment or risk management purposes, such as options, futures contracts, swap agreements and credit default swaps. Using derivatives can increase Fund losses and reduce opportunities for gains when market prices, interest rates, currencies, or the derivatives themselves behave in a way not anticipated by the Fund. Using derivatives also can have a leveraging effect and increase Fund volatility. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Derivatives may not be available at the time or price desired, may be difficult to sell, unwind or value, and the counterparty may default on its obligations to the Fund. Derivatives are generally subject to the risks applicable to the assets, rates, indices or other indicators underlying the derivative. The value of a derivative may fluctuate more than the underlying assets, rates, indices or other indicators to which it relates. Use of derivatives may have different tax consequences for the Fund than an investment in the underlying security, and those differences may affect the amount, timing and character of income distributed to stockholders. The U.S. government and foreign governments are in the process of adopting and implementing regulations governing derivatives markets, including mandatory clearing of certain derivatives, margin and reporting requirements. The ultimate impact of the regulations remains unclear. Additional regulation of derivatives may make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, otherwise adversely affect their performance or disrupt markets.
Effective August 19, 2022, the Fund began operating under Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act which, among other things, governs the use of derivative investments and certain financing transactions (e.g., reverse
 
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repurchase agreements) by registered investment companies. Among other things, Rule 18f‑4 requires funds that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a value at risk (VaR) based limit to their use of certain derivative instruments and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. A fund that uses derivative instruments in a limited amount is not subject to the full requirements of Rule 18f‑4. Compliance with Rule 18f‑4 by the Fund could, among other things, make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, or otherwise adversely affect their performance. Rule 18f‑4 may limit the Fund’s ability to use derivatives as part of its investment strategy.
Credit default swap contracts involve heightened risks and may result in losses to the Fund. Credit default swaps may be illiquid and difficult to value. When the Fund sells credit protection via a credit default swap, credit risk increases since the Fund has exposure to both the issuer whose credit is the subject of the swap and the counterparty to the swap.
Credit Risk and Counterparty Risk
If an issuer or guarantor of a security held by the Fund or a counterparty to a financial contract with the Fund defaults or its credit is downgraded, or is perceived to be less creditworthy, or if the value of the assets underlying a security declines, the value of your investment will typically decline. Changes in actual or perceived creditworthiness may occur quickly. The Fund could be delayed or hindered in its enforcement of rights against an issuer, guarantor or counterparty. Subordinated securities are more likely to suffer a credit loss than non‑subordinated securities of the same issuer and will be disproportionately affected by a default, downgrade or perceived decline in creditworthiness.
Smaller Company Risk
The general risks associated with income-producing securities are particularly pronounced for securities issued by companies with smaller market capitalizations. These companies may have limited product lines, markets or financial resources or they may depend on a few key employees. As a result, they may be subject to greater levels of credit, market and issuer risk. Securities of smaller companies may trade less frequently and in lesser volume than more widely held securities and their values may fluctuate more sharply than other securities. Companies with medium‑sized market capitalizations may have risks similar to those of smaller companies.
Foreign Securities and Emerging Markets Risk
A fund that invests in foreign (non‑U.S.) securities may experience more rapid and extreme changes in value than a fund that invests exclusively in securities of U.S. companies. The securities markets of many foreign countries are relatively small, with a limited number of companies representing a small number of industries. Investments in foreign securities (including those denominated in U.S. dollars) are subject to economic and political developments in the countries and regions where the issuers operate or are domiciled, or where the securities are traded, such as changes in economic or monetary policies. Values may also be affected by restrictions on receiving the investment proceeds from a foreign country. Less information may be publicly available about foreign companies than about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are generally not subject to the same accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards as are U.S. companies. In addition, the Fund’s investments in foreign securities may be subject to the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets, imposition of currency exchange controls or restrictions on the repatriation of foreign currency, confiscatory taxation, political or financial instability and adverse diplomatic developments. In addition, there may be difficulty in obtaining or enforcing a court judgment abroad. Dividends or interest on, or proceeds from the sale of, foreign securities may be subject to non‑U.S. withholding taxes, and special U.S. tax considerations may apply.
The risks of foreign investment are greater for investments in emerging markets. The Fund considers an investment to be in an emerging market if the local currency long-term debt rating assigned by all NRSROs to
 
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debt issued by that country is below A‑. Emerging market countries typically have economic and political systems that are less fully developed, and that can be expected to be less stable, than those of more advanced countries. Low trading volumes may result in a lack of liquidity and in price volatility. Emerging market countries may have policies that restrict investment by foreigners, that require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons, or that prevent foreign investors from withdrawing their money at will. An investment in emerging market securities should be considered speculative.
Fund Distribution Risk
Pursuant to its distribution policy, the Fund intends to make regular distributions on its Common Stock. To the extent the total distributions for a year exceed the Fund’s investment company taxable income and net capital gain for that year, the excess will generally constitute a return of capital. Return of capital distributions are generally tax‑free up to the amount of a Common Stockholder’s tax basis in the Common Stock. In addition, such excess distributions may have the effect of decreasing the Fund’s total assets and may increase the Fund’s expense ratio as the Fund’s fixed expenses may become a larger percentage of the Fund’s average net assets. In order to make such distributions, the Fund might have to sell a portion of its investment portfolio at a time when independent investment judgment may not dictate such action. For instance, these sales may result in the Fund recognizing short-term capital gains, which are taxed to stockholders at ordinary income rates.
Inflation/Deflation Risk
Inflation risk is the risk that the value of certain assets or income from the Fund’s investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. As inflation increases, the real value of the Common Stock and distributions on the Common Stock can decline. In addition, during any periods of rising inflation, the dividend rates or borrowing costs associated with the Fund’s use of leverage would likely increase, which would tend to further reduce returns to stockholders. Deflation risk is the risk that prices throughout the economy decline over time—the opposite of inflation. Deflation may have an adverse affect on the creditworthiness of issuers and may make issuer defaults more likely, which may result in a decline in the value of the Fund’s portfolio.
Illiquidity Risk
Illiquidity risk exists when particular investments are impossible or difficult to sell and some assets that the Fund wants to invest in may be impossible or difficult to purchase. Markets may become illiquid when, for instance, there are few, if any, interested buyers or sellers or when dealers are unwilling or unable to make a market for certain assets. As a general matter, dealers recently have been less willing to make markets for fixed income securities. Recent federal banking regulations may also cause certain dealers to reduce their inventories of certain securities, which may further decrease the ability to buy or sell such securities. When the Fund holds illiquid investments, the portfolio may be harder to value, especially in changing markets, and if the Fund is forced to sell these investments for cash needs, the Fund may suffer a loss. The liquidity of certain assets, particularly of privately- issued and non‑investment grade mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, may be difficult to ascertain and may change over time. Transactions in less liquid or illiquid securities may entail transaction costs that are higher than those for transactions in liquid securities. Further, such securities, once sold, may not settle for an extended period (for example, several weeks or even longer). The Fund will not receive its sales proceeds until that time, which may constrain the Fund’s ability to meet its obligations.
Market Events Risk
The market values of securities or other assets will fluctuate, sometimes sharply and unpredictably, due to factors such as economic events, governmental actions or intervention, actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve or foreign central banks, market disruptions caused by trade disputes or other factors, political developments,
 
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armed conflicts, economic sanctions and countermeasures in response to sanctions, major cybersecurity events, the global and domestic effects of widespread or local health, weather or climate events, and other factors that may or may not be related to the issuer of the security or other asset. Economies and financial markets throughout the world are increasingly interconnected. Economic, financial or political events, trading and tariff arrangements, public health events, terrorism, wars, natural disasters and other circumstances in one country or region could have profound impacts on global economies or markets. As a result, whether or not the Fund invests in securities of issuers located in or with significant exposure to the countries or markets directly affected, the value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments may be negatively affected.
Raising the ceiling on U.S. government debt has become increasingly politicized. Any failure to increase the total amount that the U.S. government is authorized to borrow could lead to a default on U.S. government obligations, with unpredictable consequences for economies and markets in the U.S. and elsewhere. Recently, inflation and interest rates have increased and may rise further. These circumstances could adversely affect the value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments, impair the Fund’s ability to satisfy redemption requests, and negatively impact the Fund’s performance.
The United States and other countries are periodically involved in disputes over trade and other matters, which may result in tariffs, investment restrictions and adverse impacts on affected companies and securities. For example, the United States has imposed tariffs and other trade barriers on Chinese exports, has restricted sales of certain categories of goods to China, and has established barriers to investments in China. Trade disputes may adversely affect the economies of the United States and its trading partners, as well as companies directly or indirectly affected and financial markets generally. The United States government has prohibited U.S. persons from investing in Chinese companies designated as related to the Chinese military. These and possible future restrictions could limit the Fund’s opportunities for investment and require the sale of securities at a loss or make them illiquid. Moreover, the Chinese government is involved in a longstanding dispute with Taiwan that has included threats of invasion. If the political climate between the United States and China does not improve or continues to deteriorate, if China were to attempt unification of Taiwan by force, or if other geopolitical conflicts develop or get worse, economies, markets and individual securities may be severely affected both regionally and globally, and the value of the Fund’s assets may go down.
Currency Risk
The Fund may invest in non‑dollar‑denominated investments. The Fund may be limited in its ability to hedge the value of its non‑dollar‑denominated investments against currency fluctuations. As a result, a decline in the value of currencies in which the Fund’s investments are denominated against the dollar will result in a corresponding decline in the dollar value of the Fund’s assets. These declines will in turn affect the Fund’s income and net asset value. The Fund will compute its income on the date of its receipt by the Fund at the exchange rate in effect with respect to the relevant currency on that date. If the value of the currency declines relative to the dollar between the date income is accrued and the date the Fund makes a distribution, the amount available for distribution to the Fund’s stockholders would be reduced. If the exchange rate against the dollar of a currency in which a portfolio security of the Fund is denominated declines between the time the Fund accrues expenses in dollars and the time expenses are paid, the amount of the currency required to be converted into dollars in order to pay expenses in dollars will be greater than the equivalent amount in the currency of the expenses at the time they are incurred. A decline in the value of non‑U.S. currencies relative to the dollar may also result in foreign currency losses that will reduce distributable net investment income.
REITs Risk
Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. An equity or hybrid REIT may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying properties owned by the REIT. A mortgage or hybrid REIT may be affected by changes in interest rates and the ability of the issuers of its portfolio mortgages to repay their obligations. Mortgage and hybrid
 
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REITs are subject to the risks of accelerated prepayments of mortgage pools or pass-through securities, reliance on short-term financing and more highly leveraged capital structures. REITs are dependent upon the skills of their managers and are not diversified.
REITs are generally dependent upon maintaining cash flows to repay borrowings and to make distributions to stockholders and are subject to the risk of default by lessees and borrowers. REITs whose underlying assets are concentrated in properties used by a particular industry, such as healthcare, are also subject to industry related risks. Certain “special purpose” REITs may invest their assets in specific real estate sectors, such as hotels, nursing homes or warehouses, and are therefore subject to the risks associated with adverse developments in any such sectors.
REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are also subject to interest rate risks. When interest rates decline, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to rise, but mortgages are often refinanced, which may reduce the yield on investments in mortgage REITs. Rising interest rates may cause REIT investors to demand a higher annual yield, which may, in turn, cause a decline in the market price of the equity securities issued by a REIT. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to decline. If the REIT invests in adjustable rate mortgage loans (the interest rates on which are reset periodically), yields on a REIT’s investments in such loans will gradually align themselves to reflect changes in market interest rates. This causes the value of such investments to fluctuate less dramatically in response to interest rate fluctuations than would investments in fixed rate obligations.
REITs may have limited financial resources, may trade less frequently and in a limited volume and maybe subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than larger company securities. In addition to these risks, REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the trusts or by the quality of any credit they extend. Further, REITs are dependent upon management skills and generally may not be diversified. REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation.
REITs are subject to management fees and other expenses. Therefore, investments in REITs will cause CRO to bear its proportionate share of the costs of the REITs’ operations. At the same time, CRO will continue to pay its own management fees and expenses with respect to all of its assets, including any portion invested in REITs.
Risks of Warrants and Rights
Warrants and rights are subject to the same market risks as stocks, but may be more volatile in price. Warrants and rights do not carry the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to their underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. An investment in warrants or rights may be considered speculative. In addition, the value of a warrant or right does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying security and a warrant or right ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. The purchase of warrants or rights involves the risk that the Fund could lose the purchase value of a warrant or right if the right to subscribe to additional shares is not exercised prior to the warrants’ or rights’ expiration. Also, the purchase of warrants and rights involves the risk that the effective price paid for the warrant or right added to the subscription price of the related security may exceed the value of the subscribed security’s market price such as when there is no movement in the price of the underlying security.
Management Risk
The Fund is subject to management risk because it is an actively managed investment portfolio. Each subadviser will apply investment techniques and risk analyses in making investment decisions for the Fund, but there can be no guarantee that these will produce the desired results.
 
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Interest Rate Transactions Risk
The Fund may enter into a swap or cap transaction to attempt to protect itself from increasing interest expenses on Borrowings resulting from increasing short-term interest rates or dividend expenses on Preferred Stock. A decline in interest rates may result in a decline in net amounts receivable by the Fund from the counterparty under the swap or cap (or an increase in the net amounts payable by the Fund to the counterparty under the swap), which may result in a decline in the net asset value of the Fund.
Risks of Futures and Options on Futures
The use by the Fund of futures contracts and options on futures contracts to hedge interest rate risks involves special considerations and risks, as described below.
 
   
Successful use of hedging transactions depends upon the applicable subadviser’s ability to correctly predict the direction of changes in interest rates. There can be no assurance that any particular hedging strategy will succeed.
 
   
There might be imperfect correlation, or even no correlation, between the price movements of a futures or option contract and the movements of the interest rates being hedged. Such a lack of correlation might occur due to factors unrelated to the interest rates being hedged, such as market liquidity and speculative or other pressures on the markets in which the hedging instrument is traded.
 
   
Hedging strategies, if successful, can reduce risk of loss by wholly or partially offsetting the negative effect of unfavorable movements in the interest rates being hedged. However, hedging strategies can also reduce opportunity for gain by offsetting the positive effect of favorable movements in the hedged interest rates.
 
   
There is no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular futures contract or option thereon at any particular time. If the Fund were unable to liquidate a futures contract or an option on a futures contract position due to the absence of a liquid secondary market or the imposition of price limits, it could incur substantial losses. The Fund would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the position.
 
   
There is no assurance that the Fund will use hedging transactions. For example, if the Fund determines that the cost of hedging will exceed the potential benefit to the Fund, the Fund will not enter into such transactions.
Market Price Discount from Net Asset Value Risk
Shares of closed‑end investment companies frequently trade at a discount to their net asset value. This characteristic is a risk separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value could decrease as a result of the Fund’s investment activities and may be greater for investors expecting to sell their shares in a relatively short period following completion of any offering under this Prospectus. Although the value of the Fund’s net assets is generally considered by market participants in determining whether to purchase or sell shares, whether investors will realize gains or losses upon the sale of the Common Stock depends upon whether the market price of the Common Stock at the time of sale is above or below the investor’s purchase price for the Common Stock. Because the market price of the Common Stock is affected by factors such as net asset value, dividend or distribution levels (which are dependent, in part, on expenses), supply of and demand for the Common Stock, stability of distributions, trading volume of the Common Stock, general market and economic conditions, and other factors beyond our control, the Fund cannot predict whether the Common Stock will trade at, below or above net asset value or at, below or above the offering price. The Common Stock is designed primarily for long-term investors and you should not view the Fund as a vehicle for trading purposes.
 
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Non‑Diversification Risk
The Fund is classified as “non‑diversified” under the 1940 Act. As a result, it can invest a greater portion of its assets in obligations of a single issuer than a “diversified” fund. The Fund may therefore be more susceptible than a diversified fund to being adversely affected by any single corporate, economic, political or regulatory occurrence. The Fund intends to qualify for the special tax treatment available to “regulated investment companies” under Subchapter M of the Code, and thus intends to satisfy the diversification requirements of Subchapter M, including the less stringent diversification requirement that applies to the percent of its total assets that are represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and certain other securities.
Valuation Risk
The sales price the Fund could receive for any particular portfolio investment may differ from the Fund’s valuation of the investment, particularly for securities that trade in thin or volatile markets or that are valued using a fair value methodology. These differences may increase significantly and affect Fund investments more broadly during periods of market volatility. The Fund’s ability to value its investments may be impacted by technological issues and/or errors by pricing services or other third party service providers. The valuation of the Fund’s investments involves subjective judgment.
Tax Risks
To qualify for the favorable U.S. federal income tax treatment generally accorded to regulated investment companies, among other things, the Fund must derive in each taxable year at least 90% of its gross income from certain prescribed sources and satisfy certain distribution and asset diversification requirements. If for any taxable year the Fund does not qualify as a regulated investment company, all of its taxable income (including its net capital gain) would be subject to tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for distributions to stockholders, and such distributions would be taxable as ordinary dividends to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits.
Risk of Taxable Income in Excess of Economic Income. The Fund may acquire debt instruments in the secondary market for less than their stated redemption price at maturity (or, in the case of a debt instrument issued with original issue discount, its revised issue price). The discount at which such debt instruments are acquired may reflect doubts about their ultimate collectability rather than current market interest rates. The amount of such discount will nevertheless generally be treated as “market discount” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, unless it is less than a statutory de minimis amount. Market discount on a debt instrument accrues ratably on a daily basis, unless an election is made to accrue market discount on the basis of the constant yield to maturity of the debt instrument, in each case based generally on the assumption that all future payments on the debt instrument will be made. The Fund has made an election to include accrued market discount in income on a current basis, and accrued market discount for a debt instrument will generally have to be included in income each year as if the debt instrument were assured of ultimately being collected in full.
Similarly, debt instruments that the Fund purchases may have been issued with original issue discount (“OID”), which discount might reflect doubt as to whether the entire principal amount of such debt instruments will ultimately prove to be collectible. The Fund will be required to report such OID based on a constant yield method and income will be accrued and be currently taxable based on the assumption that all future projected payments due on such debt instruments will be made.
Finally, in the event that any debt instruments acquired by the Fund are delinquent as to mandatory principal and interest payments, or in the event payments with respect to a particular debt instrument are not made when due, the Fund may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income as it accrues, despite doubt as to its ultimate collectability.
 
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Status as Regulated Investment Company. As described under the heading “Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations,” the Fund must satisfy, among other requirements, an asset diversification test in order to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. Under that test, the Fund must diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of each taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s assets is represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and other securities, with such other securities of any one issuer limited for the purposes of this calculation to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and not greater than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other regulated investment companies) of a single issuer, or two or more issuers that the Fund controls and are engaged in the same, similar or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships.
If the Fund fails to satisfy as of the close of any quarter the asset diversification test referred to in the preceding paragraph, it will have 30 days to cure the failure by, for example, selling securities that are the source of the violation. Other cure provisions are available in the Code for a failure to satisfy the asset diversification test, but any such cure provision may involve the payment of a penalty excise tax. If the Fund fails to cure an asset diversification violation, it may lose its status as a regulated investment company under the Code. In that case, all of its taxable income would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for distributions to stockholders. In addition, all distributions (including distributions of net capital gain) would be taxed to the Fund’s Common Stockholders as ordinary dividend income to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. Accordingly, disqualification as a regulated investment company could have a material adverse effect on the value of the Fund’s Common Stock and the amount of Fund distributions.
Risks Associated with the Fund’s Ability To Satisfy Regulated Investment Company Distribution Requirements. The Fund generally must distribute annually at least 90% of its taxable income, excluding any net capital gain, in order to maintain its treatment as a regulated investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes. To the extent that the Fund satisfies this distribution requirement, but distributes less than 100% of its taxable income, including any net capital gain, the Fund will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on the Fund’s undistributed taxable income. In addition, the Fund will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that the Fund distributes to its stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal income tax laws. The Fund intends to make distributions to its stockholders to comply with the requirements of the Code and to avoid paying U.S. federal income taxes and, if practicable, excise taxes, on undistributed taxable income.
However, due to each of the potential timing differences between income recognition or expense deduction and cash receipts or disbursements, there is a significant risk that the Fund may have substantial taxable income in excess of cash available for distribution. To satisfy its distribution requirements, the Fund may sell securities that it would not otherwise desire to sell, borrow on unfavorable terms or distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, capital expenditures or repayment of debt. In addition, the Fund may make distributions in its Common Stock to satisfy the distribution requirements necessary to maintain the Fund’s treatment as a regulated investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes, but no assurances can be given in this regard.
Despite undertaking the efforts mentioned in the previous paragraph, the Fund may not be able to distribute the amounts necessary to satisfy the distribution requirements necessary to maintain its treatment as a regulated investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes. If the Fund were unable to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement or otherwise were to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company in any year, material adverse tax consequences would result to investors. The Fund would be taxed in the same manner as an ordinary corporation and distributions to the Fund’s Common Stockholders would not be deductible by the Fund in computing its taxable income. In addition, the Fund could
 
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be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay taxes and make distributions (which could be subject to interest charges) before requalifying for taxation as a regulated investment company.
Cash/Stock Dividend Risks. The Fund may distribute taxable dividends that are payable in cash and Common Stock at the election of each Common Stockholder. Under Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) Revenue Procedure 2017‑45, up to 80% of the aggregate of any such taxable dividends could be payable in the Fund’s Common Stock with the 20% or greater balance paid in cash. Common Stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as taxable income to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, Common Stockholders may be required to pay U.S. federal income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received. If a Common Stockholder sells the Common Stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of the Fund’s Common Stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non‑U.S. Common Stockholders, the Fund may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in Common Stock. In addition, if a significant number of the Fund’s Common Stockholders determine to sell shares of the Fund’s Common Stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of the Fund’s Common Stock. It is unclear whether and to what extent the Fund will be able to pay taxable dividends in cash and Common Stock (whether pursuant to Revenue Procedure 2017‑45 or otherwise).
Anti-Takeover Provisions Risk
The Fund’s Charter and Bylaws include provisions that are designed to limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund for short-term objectives, including by converting the Fund to open‑end status or changing the composition of the Board. The Bylaws also contain a provision providing that the Board of Directors has adopted a resolution to opt in the Fund to the provisions of the MCSAA. There can be no assurance, however, that such provisions will be sufficient to deter professional arbitrageurs that seek to cause the Fund to take actions that may not be consistent with its investment objective or aligned with the interests of long-term stockholders, such as liquidating debt investments prior to maturity, triggering taxable events for stockholders and decreasing the size of the Fund. See “Certain Provisions in the Charter and Bylaws” and “Certain Provisions in the Charter and Bylaws—Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act.” (“MCSAA”). Such provisions may limit the ability of stockholders to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging an investor from seeking to obtain control of the Fund.
In determining to opt in to the MCSAA, the Board of Directors considered its fiduciary obligations to the Fund. In particular, the Board of Directors considered whether the interests of a short-term professional investor seeking to arbitrage the Fund’s market price would be consistent with the interests of stockholders that invested in the Fund due to its investment objective of total return with an emphasis on income. In order to seek to allow the Fund to achieve its investment objective for those long-term stockholders, the Board of Directors determined that it would be in the best interests of the Fund to opt in to the MCSAA. In making this decision, the Board of Directors considered a decision in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, which had the effect of allowing a closed‑end fund organized in Maryland to remain opted in to the MCSAA notwithstanding a counterclaim alleging that the fund’s decision to opt in to the MCSAA violated Section 18(i) of the 1940 Act. A recent decision by the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, however, held that certain Funds that opted into the MCSAA violated Section 18(i) of the 1940 Act. The decision has been affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. These decisions are incompatible with the prior decision in Maryland federal court that allowed a registered closed‑end fund organized as a Maryland corporation to remain opted into the MCSAA, resulting in a circuit split on the issue. There is a risk that a court could follow the reasoning of the New York federal court, as opposed to the decision of the Maryland federal court, when determining whether a closed‑end fund organized in Maryland can opt in to the MCSAA.
 
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Operational Risk
The valuation of the Fund’s investments may be negatively impacted because of the operational risks arising from factors such as processing errors and human errors, inadequate or failed internal or external processes, failures in systems and technology, changes in personnel, and errors caused by third party service providers or trading counterparties. It is not possible to identify all of the operational risks that may affect the Fund or to develop processes and controls that completely eliminate or mitigate the occurrence of such failures. The Fund and its stockholders could be negatively impacted as a result.
Cybersecurity Risk
Cybersecurity incidents, both intentional and unintentional, may allow an unauthorized party to gain access to Fund assets, Fund or proprietary information, cause the Fund, the Fund’s manager and subadvisers and/or their service providers to suffer data breaches, data corruption or loss of operational functionality or prevent fund investors from purchasing, redeeming or exchanging shares or receiving distributions. The Fund, manager and subadvisers have limited ability to prevent or mitigate cybersecurity incidents affecting third party service providers, and such third party service providers may have limited indemnification obligations to the Fund or Investment Manager. Cybersecurity incidents may result in financial losses to the Fund and its stockholders, and substantial costs may be incurred in an effort to prevent or mitigate future cybersecurity incidents. Issuers of securities in which the Fund invests are also subject to cybersecurity risks, and the value of these securities could decline if the issuers experience cybersecurity incidents.
 
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MANAGEMENT OF THE FUND
Directors and Officers
The overall management of the business and affairs of the Fund is vested in the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors approves all significant agreements between the Fund and persons or companies furnishing services to the Fund. The day‑to‑day operation of the Fund is delegated to the officers of the Fund, FTFA and the Subadvisers, subject always to the investment objectives, restrictions and policies of the Fund and to the general supervision of the Board of Directors. Certain Directors and officers of the Fund are affiliated with Franklin Templeton, the parent corporation of FTFA and the Subadvisers. All of the Fund’s executive officers hold similar offices with some or all of the other funds advised by FTFA.
Investment Manager
FTFA, located at 1 Madison Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10010, serves as the Fund’s investment manager. FTFA is a registered investment adviser and provides administrative and management services to the Fund. As of December 31, 2024, FTFA’s total assets under management were approximately $157.78 billion. FTFA is a wholly owned subsidiary of Franklin Templeton. Franklin Templeton is a global asset management firm. As of January 31, 2025, Franklin Templeton’s asset management operation had aggregate assets under management over $1.6 trillion.
Subadvisers
ClearBridge, located at 1 Madison Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10010, is one of the Fund’s subadvisers. ClearBridge is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Templeton, and provides investment advisory services to the Fund by both determining the allocation of the Fund’s assets between equity and fixed income investments and performing the day‑to‑day management of the Fund’s investments in equity securities.
As of December 31, 2024, ClearBridge and its supervised affiliates had approximately $189.18 billion in assets under management.
ClearBridge receives an annual subadvisory fee, payable monthly, from FTFA in an amount equal to 70% of the management fee paid to FTFA. This fee is divided on a pro rata basis, based on assets allocated to each subadviser.
See “Portfolio Managers—Investment Professional Compensation (ClearBridge)—Potential Conflicts of Interest” in the SAI for discussion of potential conflicts of interest between ClearBridge and the Fund.
Western Asset, located at 385 East Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91101, serves as the Fund’s other subadviser. Western Asset, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Templeton, is a registered investment adviser and has day‑to‑day responsibility for managing the fixed income portion of the Fund’s direct investments, subject to the supervision of the Fund’s Board of Directors and FTFA.
As of December 31, 2024, Western Asset and its investment advisory affiliates over which Western Asset has operational responsibility, or its supervised affiliates, had approximately $280.02 billion in assets under management.
However, investors should be aware that the investments made by the Fund and the results achieved by the Fund at any given time are not expected to be the same as those made by other funds for which Western Asset or ClearBridge act as investment advisers, including funds with names, investment objectives and policies similar to the Fund.
See “Portfolio Managers—Investment Professional Compensation (Western Asset)—Conflicts of Interest” in the SAI for discussion of potential conflicts of interest between Western Asset and the Fund.
 
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Non‑U.S. Subadviser
In connection with Western Asset’s service to the Fund, Western Asset London provides certain subadvisory services pursuant to the Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement. Western Asset London was founded in 1984 and has offices at 10 Exchange Square, Primrose Street, London EC2A2EN.
Western Asset London is a corporation organized under the laws of England and is registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, and has irrevocably designated the Secretary of the SEC, as its agent to accept service of process in any suit, action or proceeding to enforce the provisions of U.S. securities laws. There can be no assurance that Western Asset London will have any assets in the United States that could be attached in connection with any action, suit or proceeding. In addition, it may not be possible to enforce judgments of U.S. courts or liabilities in original actions predicated upon civil liability provisions of U.S. law in foreign courts against Western Asset London. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that such foreign courts would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against Western Asset London predicated solely upon the federal securities laws.
Western Asset London is generally responsible for managing investments denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, including the related portions of Western Asset’s broader portfolios, as well as servicing these relationships. Western Asset London undertakes investment-related activities including investment management, research and analysis and securities settlement.
While ClearBridge and Western Asset will remain ultimately responsible for investment decisions relating to the Fund’s portfolio, Western Asset London provides certain subadvisory services to the Fund relating to currency transactions and investments in non‑U.S. dollar-denominated securities and related foreign currency instruments.
Western Asset London is a registered investment adviser and is an affiliate of Franklin Templeton, FTFA, ClearBridge and Western Asset.
Investment Management Agreement and Sub‑Advisory Agreement
Investment Management Agreement
Under the Fund’s management agreement with FTFA (the “Investment Management Agreement”), subject to the supervision and direction of the Fund’s Board, FTFA is delegated the responsibility of managing the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s stated investment objectives and policies, making investment decisions for the Fund and placing orders to purchase and sell securities. FTFA performs administrative and management services necessary for the operation of the Fund, such as (1) supervising the overall administration of the Fund, including negotiation of contracts and fees with, and the monitoring of performance and billings of, the Fund’s transfer agent, stockholder servicing agents, custodian and other independent contractors or agents; (2) providing certain compliance, Fund accounting, regulatory reporting and tax reporting services; (3) preparing or participating in the preparation of materials for the Fund’s Board of Directors, registration statements, proxy statements and reports and other communications to stockholders; (4) maintaining the Fund’s existence and (5) maintaining the registration and qualification of the Fund’s shares under federal and (if required) state laws.
FTFA also provides the office space, facilities, equipment and personnel necessary to perform the following services for the Fund: SEC compliance, including record keeping, reporting requirements and registration statements and proxies; supervision of Fund operations, including coordination of functions of the transfer agent, custodian, accountants, counsel and other parties performing services or operational functions for the Fund; and certain administrative and clerical services, including certain accounting services and maintenance of certain books and records.
The Investment Management Agreement will continue in effect, unless otherwise terminated, until July 31, 2025 and then will continue from year to year provided such continuance is specifically approved at least
 
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annually (a) by the Fund’s Board of Directors or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act) and (b) in either event, by a majority of the Directors of the Fund who are not “interested persons” of the Fund within the meaning of Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act (the “Independent Directors”) with such Independent Directors casting votes in person at a meeting called for such purpose. The Investment Management Agreement provides that FTFA may render services to others. The Investment Management Agreement is terminable without penalty on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice by the Fund when authorized either by a vote of holders of shares representing a majority of the voting power of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act) or by a vote of a majority of the Fund’s Directors, or by FTFA on not less than 90 days’ written notice, and will automatically terminate in the event of its assignment. The Investment Management Agreement provides that neither FTFA nor its personnel or affiliates shall be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law or for any loss arising out of any investment or for any act or omission in the execution of security transactions for the Fund, except for willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence or reckless disregard of its or their obligations and duties.
Other than the cash management services it provides for certain equity funds, FTFA does not provide day‑to‑day portfolio management services. Rather, portfolio management for the Fund is provided by ClearBridge and Western Asset.
ClearBridge Sub‑Advisory Agreement
ClearBridge provides services to the Fund pursuant to a subadvisory agreement between FTFA and ClearBridge (the “ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement”). Under the ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement, subject to the supervision and direction of the Fund’s Board of Directors and FTFA, ClearBridge will manage the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies, make investment decisions for the Fund, place orders to purchase and sell securities, and employ professional portfolio managers and securities analysts who provide research services to the Fund.
The ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement for the Fund will continue in effect, unless otherwise terminated, until July 31, 2025 and then will continue from year to year provided such continuance is specifically approved at least annually (a) by the Board of Directors or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act), and (b) in either event, by a majority of the Independent Directors with such Independent Directors casting votes in person at a meeting called for such purpose. The Board of Directors or a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act) may terminate the ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement without penalty, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice to ClearBridge. ClearBridge may terminate the ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement on 90 days’ written notice to the Fund and FTFA. FTFA and ClearBridge may terminate the ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement upon their mutual written consent. The ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment.
Western Asset Sub‑Advisory Agreement
Western Asset provides services to the Fund pursuant to a subadvisory agreement between FTFA and Western Asset (the “Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement”). Under the Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement, subject to the supervision and direction of the Fund’s Board of Directors and FTFA, Western Asset will manage the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies, make investment decisions for the Fund, place orders to purchase and sell securities, and employ professional portfolio managers and securities analysts who provide research services to the Fund.
The Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement for the Fund will continue in effect, unless otherwise terminated, until July 31, 2025 and then will continue from year to year provided such continuance is specifically approved at least annually (a) by the Board of Directors or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act), and (b) in either event, by a majority of the Independent Directors with
 
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such Independent Directors casting votes in person at a meeting called for such purpose. The Board of Directors or a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act) may terminate the Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement without penalty, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice to Western Asset. Western Asset may terminate the subadvisory agreement on 90 days’ written notice to the Fund and FTFA. FTFA and Western Asset may terminate the Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement upon their mutual written consent. The Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment.
Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement
Western Asset London provides services to the Fund pursuant to a subadvisory agreement between Western Asset London and Western Asset (the “Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement”). The Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement provides that, subject to the supervision and direction of the Fund’s Board of Directors and FTFA, Western Asset London will manage the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies, make investment decisions for the Fund, place orders to purchase and sell securities and employ professional portfolio managers and securities analysts who provide research services to the Fund.
The Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement for the Fund will continue in effect, unless otherwise terminated, until July 31, 2025 and then will continue from year to year provided such continuance is specifically approved at least annually (a) by the Board of Directors or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act), and (b) in either event, by a majority of the Independent Directors with such Independent Directors casting votes in person at a meeting called for such purpose. The Board of Directors or a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act) may terminate the Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement without penalty, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice to Western Asset London. Western Asset London may terminate the Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement on 90 days’ written notice to the Fund and Western Asset. Western Asset and Western Asset London may terminate the Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement upon their mutual written consent. The Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment.
Advisory Fees
For its services, the Fund has agreed to pay FTFA an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.85% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets. The Fund’s management fee and other expenses are borne by the stockholders.
ClearBridge and Western Asset each receive an annual subadvisory fee from FTFA, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 70% of the management fee paid to FTFA. This fee will be divided on a pro rata basis, based on assets allocated to each subadviser. No advisory fee will be paid by the Fund directly to ClearBridge or Western Asset.
Western Asset pays Western Asset London a fee for its services at no additional expense to the Fund. Western Asset pays Western Asset London monthly a subadvisory fee of 0.30% on the assets managed by Western Asset London.
The basis for the Board of Directors’ approval of the continuance of the Investment Management Agreement, ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement, Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement and Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement is provided in the Fund’s annual or semi-annual stockholder report for the periods during which such continuance occurs. The basis for subsequent continuations of such agreements will be provided in annual or semi-annual reports to stockholders for the periods during which such continuations occur.
 
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Subadviser Philosophy
The Fund’s portfolio managers at ClearBridge believe that constructing a well-diversified portfolio of income producing securities can offer an attractive investment opportunity for the long-term investor. The portfolio managers believe that equity securities which offer an attractive current yield combined with the potential for income growth or capital appreciation can be attractive candidates for investment purposes. The portfolio managers further believe that seeking such equity income opportunities in a diverse set of asset classes, such as dividend paying stocks, REITs and MLPs, can help diversify the portfolio and mitigate risk.
Western Asset’s portfolios are constructed using top‑down economic and industry knowledge integrated with bottom‑up fundamental credit research. Portfolio managers combine Western Asset’s economic assessment along with industry sector insights from its dedicated research staff to derive the general framework for portfolio construction. This framework provides the foundation for how the portfolio will be positioned with respect to risk (aggressive, neutral, conservative) as well as identifying sector overweights and underweights. Risk and weightings are formally re‑visited on a monthly basis, but informally evaluated on a continual basis.
Subadviser Investment Process
The Fund’s portfolio managers at ClearBridge believe that companies which are well positioned in their market sector, exhibit sound or improving balance sheets, and have attractive dividend or distribution profiles can be attractive candidates for investment purposes. The Fund’s portfolio managers believe that these securities can offer an attractive opportunity for total return given their typically high or growing cash distributions coupled with the potential for capital appreciation over time. The Fund’s portfolio managers further believe that these investment candidates can be found in a number of different sectors and asset classes, including, but not limited to, common stocks, MLPs, REITs, Convertible securities and Preferred securities.
Peter Vanderlee, CFA, of ClearBridge, oversees the Fund’s allocation between equity and fixed income securities, as well as the Fund’s equity investments in general, with a focus on dividend-paying securities. The ClearBridge portfolio management team also includes Patrick McElroy, CFA, with particular expertise in REITs and MLPs, and together they manage the equity side of the Fund with a “bottom‑up” approach focused on the risk and reward of each investment opportunity.
ClearBridge employs a rigorous, bottom‑up research process focused on seeking to find securities that adhere to its investment philosophy. ClearBridge uses a comprehensive valuation framework to assess the attractiveness of an investment. Valuation metrics can include, among others, price earnings ratios, free cash yields, EV/EBITDA ratios, dividend yield and forecasted growth rates in areas such as revenues, earnings, dividends or free cash flow. Other areas that the portfolio managers analyze include the stability of the cash flows a company generates, the stability of its dividend or distribution, the ability to increase the dividend or distribution over time, the quality of the company’s management team and the attractiveness of the market in which the company operates.
ClearBridge places strong emphasis on risk management around its investment process. Risk management considerations are contemplated at both the level of the individual investment and the portfolio as a whole. For example, individual position sizes are evaluated from a risk perspective. In addition, at the level of the individual investment, a risk assessment is performed around the sustainability of the dividend or distribution. In evaluating the dividend or distribution sustainability, the portfolio managers utilize balance sheet analysis, the amount of financial leverage employed, free cash flow analysis and financial modeling. At the portfolio level, ClearBridge pays close attention to sector weightings and asset allocation, as well ell as macroeconomic and broader market considerations.
ClearBridge will evaluate the Fund’s current individual investments on an on‑going basis to ensure they meet the Fund’s investment objective, strategies and risk management profile. When an individual security, in ClearBridge’s assessment, no longer offers attractive dividend or distribution, exhibits a deteriorating balance
 
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sheet or free cash flow profile, or does no longer offer an attractive risk/reward proposition, the Fund may sell the security. In addition, the Fund may also sell securities in instances where more attractive investments, based on ClearBridge’s assessment of risk-adjusted total return, become available to the Fund.
A portfolio management team at Western Asset manages the fixed income portion of the Fund. The fixed income portfolio management team includes portfolio managers Christopher F. Kilpatrick, Mark Lindbloom, Michael C. Buchanan and Ryan Brist. Their focus is on portfolio structure, including sector allocation, duration weighting and term structure decisions.
Western Asset’s construction process begins with Western Asset’s view regarding the global macroeconomic environment. Western Asset’s view is determined by the U.S. Broad Strategy Committee. This Committee includes Western Asset’s senior portfolio managers, the heads of the various fixed-income asset classes and senior officers of Western Asset. This Committee discusses debates and determines Western Asset’s broad market portfolio strategies while considering various inputs including central bank policies, strength of the economy, direction of interest rates and shape of the yield curve.
The Global Credit Committee (“GCC”) considers the output of the U.S. Broad Strategy Committee particularly as it relates to setting the overall risk profile for credit portfolios as well as when considering gaining non‑benchmark sector exposure, if allowed by a fund’s guidelines. The members of the GCC include the heads of the various credit asset classes including U.S. high-yield, U.S. investment-grade, U.S. bank loan, emerging market credit, non‑U.S. high‑yield and non‑U.S. investment‑grade credit. The GCC meets monthly, or as needed, with the primary objectives of rating the relative value characteristics of the credit asset classes and providing guidance as to a portfolios relative risk profile.
Investment Management Team
Set forth below is information regarding the team of professionals at ClearBridge and Western Asset responsible for overseeing the day‑to‑day operations of the Fund.
 
Name, Address and Title   
Principal Occupation(s)
During Past 5 Years
Peter Vanderlee
ClearBridge
300 S.E. 2nd Street
Fort Lauderdale, FL 33301
   Portfolio manager of the Fund and responsible for overseeing the Fund’s allocation between equity and fixed income securities, as well as the Fund’s equity investments in general; Managing Director and Portfolio Manager with ClearBridge Investments. Mr. Vanderlee has 23 years of investment management experience and thirteen years of related investment experience.
Patrick McElroy
ClearBridge
1 Madison Avenue, 17th Floor
New York, NY 10010
   Portfolio manager of the Fund; Mr. McElroy is a Director and a Portfolio Manager of ClearBridge. Mr. McElroy joined the subadviser in 2007 and was previously a Convertible Securities Research Analyst for Palisade Capital Management, a Convertible Securities and Equities Research Analyst at Jefferies & Co., a Research Associate for Fixed Income at Standard & Poor’s and prior to that, worked in Fixed Income Division Sales at Donaldson, Lufkin and Jenrette Securities. He has 31 years of investment industry experience.
 
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Name, Address and Title   
Principal Occupation(s)
During Past 5 Years
Michael C. Buchanan
Western Asset
385 East Colorado Blvd.
Pasadena, CA 91101
  
Responsible for the day‑to‑day management with other members of Western Asset’s portfolio management team of the fixed income portion of the Fund; Chief Investment Officer of Western Asset since 2023; employed by Western Asset as an investment professional for at least the past five years Managing Director and head of U.S. Credit Products from 2003-2005 at Credit Suisse Asset Management.
 
Ryan Brist
Western Asset
385 East Colorado Blvd.
Pasadena, CA 91101
  
Responsible for the day‑to‑day management with other members of Western Asset’s portfolio management team of the fixed income portion of the Fund; Head of U.S. Investment Grade Credit of Western Asset since 2009; Chief Investment Officer and Portfolio Manager at Logan Circle Partners, L.P. from 2007-2009; Co‑Chief Investment Officer and Senior Portfolio Manager at Delaware Investment Advisors from 2000-2007.
 
Mark Lindbloom
Western Asset
385 East Colorado Blvd.
Pasadena, CA 91101
  
Co‑portfolio manager of the fixed income portion of the Fund; Portfolio Manager with Western Asset since 2006. Formerly, a Managing Director of Citigroup Asset Management and its predecessors from 1986-2006.
 
Christopher F. Kilpatrick
Western Asset
385 East Colorado Blvd.
Pasadena, CA 91101
   Responsible for the day‑to‑day management with other members of Western Asset’s portfolio management team of the fixed income portion of the Fund; employed by Western Asset Management as an investment professional for at least the past five years.
Additional information about the portfolio managers’ compensation, other accounts managed by them and other information is provided in the SAI.
Control Persons
A control person is a person who beneficially owns more than 25% of the voting securities of a company. The Fund currently has no control person.
 
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NET ASSET VALUE
The Fund determines the net asset value of its Common Stock on each day the NYSE is open for business, as of the close of the customary trading session (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time), or any earlier closing time that day. The Fund determines the net asset value per share of Common Stock by dividing the value of the Fund’s securities, cash and other assets (including the value of derivatives and interest accrued but not collected) less all its liabilities (including accrued expenses, the liquidation preference of any outstanding preferred stock and dividends payable) by the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. Securities are valued at the mean between the last quoted bid and asked prices provided by an independent pricing service that are based on transactions in corporate obligations, quotations from corporate bond dealers, market transactions in comparable securities and various other relationships between securities. The Fund values portfolio securities for which market quotations are readily available at the last reported sales price or official closing price on the primary market or exchange on which they trade. Under the Fund’s valuation policies and procedures, which were adopted by the Board, the Fund’s short-term investments are valued at amortized cost when the security has 60 days or less to maturity. Determination of the Common Stock’s net asset value is made in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
The Fund values all other securities and assets at their fair value. If events occur that materially affect the value of a security between the time trading ends on the security and the close of the customary trading session of the NYSE, the Fund may value the security at its fair value as determined in good faith by or under the supervision of the Board of Directors. The effect of using fair value pricing is that the Common Stock’s net asset value will be subject to the judgment of the Board of Directors or its designee instead of being determined by the market.
Any swap transaction that the Fund enters into may, depending on the applicable interest rate environment, have a positive or negative value for purposes of calculating net asset value. Any cap transaction that the Fund enters into may, depending on the applicable interest rate environment, have no value or a positive value. In addition, accrued payments to the Fund under such transactions will be assets of the Fund and accrued payments by the Fund will be liabilities of the Fund.
The Fund’s Board of Directors has adopted valuation policies and procedures in accordance with SEC Rule 2a‑5. The Investment Manager has been designated as the valuation designee and is responsible for the oversight of the daily valuation process. The Investment Manager is assisted by the Global Fund Valuation Committee. The Global Fund Valuation Committee is responsible for making fair value determinations, evaluating the effectiveness of the Fund’s pricing policies, and reporting to the Investment Manager and the Board of Directors. When determining the reliability of third party pricing information for investments owned by the Fund, the Global Fund Valuation Committee, among other things, conducts due diligence reviews of pricing vendors, monitors the daily change in prices and reviews transactions among market participants. Because the Investment Manager will receive fees from the Fund based on the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets, there is a potential conflict of interest related to the Investment Manager’s role in valuing the Fund’s investments. These fees could influence the valuation advice the Investment Manager provides to the Global Fund Valuation Committee.
For each portfolio security that has been fair valued pursuant to the policies adopted by the Board of Directors, the fair value price is compared against the last available and next available market quotations. The Global Fund Valuation Committee reviews the results of such back testing monthly and fair valuation occurrences are reported to the Board of Directors quarterly.
The Fund uses valuation techniques to measure fair value that are consistent with the market approach and/or income approach, depending on the type of security and the particular circumstance. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable securities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to discount estimated future cash flows to present value.
 
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DISTRIBUTIONS
The Fund’s Board of Directors has authorized a managed distribution plan pursuant to which the Fund makes monthly distributions to stockholders at a fixed rate of $0.1130 per share of Common Stock, which rate may be adjusted from time to time by the Fund’s Board (the “Policy”). The Policy is intended to provide stockholders with a constant, but not guaranteed, fixed minimum rate of distribution each month. The Fund is managed with a goal of generating as much of the distribution as possible from net ordinary income and short-term capital gains that is consistent with the Fund’s investment strategy and risk profile. To the extent that sufficient distributable income is not available on a monthly basis, the Fund will distribute long-term capital gains and/or return of capital in order to maintain its managed distribution rate. A return of capital may occur, for example, when some or all of the money that was invested in the Fund is paid back to stockholders. A return of capital distribution does not necessarily reflect the Fund’s investment performance and should not be confused with “yield” or “income”. Even though the Fund may realize current year capital gains, such gains may be offset, in whole or in part, by the Fund’s capital loss carryovers from prior years.
The Board may amend the terms of the Policy or terminate the Policy at any time without prior notice to the Fund’s stockholders, however, at this time there are no reasonably foreseeable circumstances that might cause the termination of the Policy. The amendment or termination of the Policy could have an adverse effect on the market price of the Fund’s Common Stock. The Policy is subject to the periodic review by the Board to determine if an adjustment should be made.
Stockholders should not draw any conclusions about the Fund’s investment performance from the amount of the current distribution or from the terms of the Fund’s Policy. The Fund will send a Form 1099‑DIV to stockholders for the calendar year that will describe how to report the Fund’s distributions for federal income tax purposes.
 
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The following table sets forth information about distributions we paid to our Common Stockholders during the past three fiscal years, percentage participation by Common Stockholders in our dividend reinvestment program and reinvestments and related issuances of additional shares of Common Stock as a result of such participation (the information in the table is unaudited):
 
Distribution Payable Date to Common
Shareholders
  Amount of
Distribution Per
Share
    Percentage of
Common
Shareholders
Electing to
Participate in
Dividend
Reinvestment
Program
    Amount of
Corresponding
Reinvestment through
Dividend Reinvestment
Program
    Additional Shares of
Common Share Issued
through Dividend
Reinvestment Program
 
December 31, 2021
  $ 0.26000       4.54   $ 207,754       —   
April 1, 2022
  $ 0.26000       4.35   $ 198,424       —   
July 1, 2022
  $ 0.26000       4.45   $ 199,942       —   
October 3, 2022
  $ 0.26000       4.45   $ 201,781       —   
December 30, 2022
  $ 0.26000       4.29   $ 193,506       —   
April 3, 2023
  $ 0.26000       4.27   $ 191,561       —   
July 3, 2023
  $ 0.26000       4.27   $ 190,080       —   
October 2, 2023
  $ 0.34000       4.67   $ 272,243       —   
November 1, 2023
  $ 0.11300       4.84   $ 93,673       —   
December 1, 2023
  $ 0.11300       4.74   $ 91,799       —   
December 29, 2023
  $ 0.11300       4.63   $ 89,677       —   
February 1, 2024
  $ 0.11300       4.72   $ 91,499       —   
March 1, 2024
  $ 0.11300       4.68   $ 90,601       —   
April 1, 2024
  $ 0.11300       4.77   $ 92,350       —   
May 1, 2024
  $ 0.11300       4.85   $ 93,868       —   
June 3, 2024
  $ 0.11300       4.93   $ 95,500       —   
July 1, 2024
  $ 0.11300       4.92   $ 95,365       —   
August 1, 2024
  $ 0.11300       5.03   $ 97,409       —   
September 3, 2024
  $ 0.11300       4.93   $ 95,508       —   
October 1, 2024
  $ 0.11300       4.95   $ 95,952       5,451  
November 1, 2024
  $ 0.11300       5.00   $ 96,855       —   
December 2, 2024
  $ 0.11300       5.01   $ 97,084       —   
December 31, 2024
  $ 0.11300       4.89   $ 94,669       —   
February 3, 2025
  $ 0.11300       4.81   $ 93,251       —   
A distribution by the Fund consisting of a return of capital should not be considered a dividend yield or total return of an investment in the Fund’s Common Stock. Common Stockholders who receive the payment of a distribution consisting of a return of capital may be under the impression that they are receiving net profits when they are not. Stockholders should not assume that the source of a distribution from the Fund is net profits. The Fund has previously made distributions that included a return of capital. A return of capital is a return to investors of a portion of their original investment in the Fund. In general terms, a return of capital would involve a situation in which a Fund distribution (or a portion thereof) represents a return of a portion of a stockholder’s investment in the Fund, rather than making a distribution that is funded from the Fund’s earned income or other profits. Although return of capital distributions may not be currently taxable, such distributions would decrease the basis of a stockholder’s shares (but not below zero), and therefore may increase a stockholder’s tax liability for capital gains upon a sale of shares, even if sold at a loss to the stockholder’s original investment.
Unless a Common Stockholder elects to receive distributions in cash (i.e., opt out), all of such Common Stockholder’s distributions, including any capital gains distributions on Common Stock, will be automatically reinvested in additional shares of Common Stock under the Fund’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan. See “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.”
 
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DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN
Unless you elect to receive distributions in cash (i.e., opt‑out), all dividends, including any capital gain dividends and return of capital distributions, on your Common Stock will be automatically reinvested by Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as agent for the stockholders (the “Plan Agent”), in additional shares of Common Stock under the Fund’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the “Plan”). You may elect not to participate in the Plan by contacting the Plan Agent. If you do not participate, you will receive all cash distributions paid by check mailed directly to you by Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as dividend paying agent.
If you participate in the Plan, the number of shares of Common Stock you will receive will be determined as follows:
(1) If the market price of the Common Stock (plus $0.03 per share commission) on the payment date (or, if the payment date is not a NYSE trading day, the immediately preceding trading day) is equal to or exceeds the net asset value per share of the Common Stock at the close of trading on the NYSE on the payment date, the Fund will issue new Common Stock at a price equal to the greater of
(a) the net asset value per share at the close of trading on the NYSE on the payment date or
(b) 95% of the market price per share of the Common Stock on the payment date.
(2) If the net asset value per share of the Common Stock exceeds the market price of the Common Stock (plus $0.03 per share commission) at the close of trading on the NYSE on the payment date, the Plan Agent will receive the dividend or distribution in cash and will buy Common Stock in the open market, on the NYSE or elsewhere, for your account as soon as practicable commencing on the trading day following the payment date and terminating no later than the earlier of (a) 30 days after the dividend or distribution payment date, or (b) the payment date for the next succeeding dividend or distribution to be made to the stockholders; except when necessary to comply with applicable provisions of the federal securities laws. If during this period: (i) the market price (plus $0.03 per share commission) rises so that it equals or exceeds the net asset value per share of the Common Stock at the close of trading on the NYSE on the payment date before the Plan Agent has completed the open market purchases or (ii) if the Plan Agent is unable to invest the full amount eligible to be reinvested in open market purchases, the Plan Agent will cease purchasing Common Stock in the open market and the Fund shall issue the remaining Common Stock at a price per share equal to the greater of (a) the net asset value per share at the close of trading on the NYSE on the day prior to the issuance of shares for reinvestment or (b) 95% of the then current market price per share.
Common Stock in your account will be held by the Plan Agent in non‑certificated form. Any proxy you receive will include all shares of Common Stock you have received under the Plan.
You may withdraw from the Plan (i.e., opt‑out) by notifying the Plan Agent in writing at 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600, Louisville, KY 40202 or by calling the Plan Agent at 1‑888‑888‑0151. Such withdrawal will be effective immediately if notice is received by the Plan Agent not less than ten business days prior to any dividend or distribution record date; otherwise such withdrawal will be effective as soon as practicable after the Plan Agent’s investment of the most recently declared dividend or distribution on the Common Stock.
Plan participants who sell their shares will be charged a service charge (currently $5.00 per transaction) and the Plan Agent is authorized to deduct brokerage charges actually incurred from the proceeds (currently $0.05 per share commission). There is no service charge for reinvestment of your dividends or distributions in Common Stock. However, all participants will pay a pro rata share of brokerage commissions incurred by the Plan Agent when it makes open market purchases. Because all dividends and distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional shares of Common Stock, this allows you to add to your investment through dollar cost averaging, which may lower the average cost of your Common Stock over time. Dollar cost averaging is a technique for lowering the average cost per share over time if the Fund’s net asset value declines. While dollar cost averaging has definite advantages, it cannot assure profit or protect against loss in declining markets.
 
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Automatically reinvesting dividends and distributions does not mean that you do not have to pay income taxes due upon receiving dividends and distributions. Investors will be subject to income tax on amounts reinvested under the Plan.
The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate the Plan if, in the judgment of the Board of Directors, the change is warranted. The Plan may be terminated, amended or supplemented by the Fund upon notice in writing mailed to stockholders at least 30 days prior to the record date for the payment of any dividend or distribution by the Fund for which the termination or amendment is to be effective. Upon any termination, you will be sent cash for any fractional share of Common Stock in your account. You may elect to notify the Plan Agent in advance of such termination to have the Plan Agent sell part or all of your Common Stock on your behalf. Additional information about the Plan and your account may be obtained from the Plan Agent at 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600, Louisville, KY 40202 or by calling the Plan Agent at 1‑888‑888‑0151.
 
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DESCRIPTION OF SHARES
Common Stock
As of February 21, 2025, we had approximately 17 million shares of Common Stock outstanding. All Common Stock offered pursuant to this Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement will be, upon issuance, duly authorized, fully paid and nonassessable, and will have no pre‑emptive, conversion or appraisal rights or rights to cumulative voting. All Common Stock offered pursuant to this Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement will be of the same class and will have identical rights, as described below.
The Charter authorizes the issuance of 100,000,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share. All shares of Common Stock have equal rights with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon liquidation. Common Stock will, when issued, be fully paid and nonassessable, and will have no preemptive or conversion rights or rights to cumulative voting. The Board of Directors, without a stockholder vote, may amend the Charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock authorized and can reclassify any authorized but unissued shares.
The Fund’s Common Stock is listed on the NYSE under the trading or “ticker” symbol “SCD.” The Fund intends to hold annual meetings of stockholders so long as the Common Stock is listed on a national securities exchange and such meetings are required as a condition to such listing. The Fund must continue to meet the NYSE requirements in order for the Common Stock to remain listed.
Unlike open‑end funds, closed‑end funds, like the Fund, do not continuously offer shares and do not provide daily redemptions. Rather, if a stockholder determines to buy additional shares of Common Stock or sell shares of Common Stock already held, the stockholder may do so by trading on the NYSE through a broker or otherwise. Shares of closed‑end funds may frequently trade on an exchange at prices lower than net asset value. The market value of the Common Stock may be influenced by such factors as dividend levels (which are in turn affected by expenses), call protection, dividend stability, portfolio credit quality, net asset value, relative demand for and supply of such Common Stock in the market, general market and economic conditions, and other factors beyond the control of the Fund. The Fund cannot assure you that Common Stock will trade at a price equal to or higher than net asset value in the future. The Fund’s Common Stock is designed primarily for long-term investors, and investors in Common Stock should not view the Fund as a vehicle for trading purposes. See “Repurchase of Fund Shares.”
The Fund may also issue shares of Common Stock in a rights offering at a price below the then current net asset value so long as certain conditions are met, including: (i) a good faith determination by the Fund’s Board of Directors that such offering would result in a net benefit to existing stockholders; (ii) the offering fully protects stockholders’ preemptive rights and does not discriminate among stockholders (except for the possible effect of not offering fractional rights); (iii) management uses its best efforts to ensure an adequate trading market in the rights for use by stockholders who do not exercise such rights; and (iv) the ratio of a transferable rights offering does not exceed one new share for each three rights held. The specific terms of any rights offering conducted by the Fund will be provided in a Prospectus Supplement.
Each outstanding share of Common Stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of Common Stockholders, including the election of Directors. Except as provided with respect to any other class or series, the Common Stockholders will possess the exclusive voting power. Each director shall be elected by a majority of the votes entitled to be cast in the election of directors. There is no cumulative voting in the election of Directors, which means that the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock can elect all of the Directors then standing for election, and the holders of the remaining shares of Common Stock will not be able to elect any Directors.
 
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Preferred Stock
The Charter provides that the Fund’s Board of Directors may classify and issue additional classes or series of capital stock, including preferred stock, with rights as determined by the Board of Directors, by action of the Board of Directors without the approval of the Common Stockholders. We do not currently have any authorized shares of Preferred Stock. Common Stockholders have no preemptive right to purchase any Preferred Stock that might be issued.
The Fund may elect to issue Preferred Stock as part of its leverage strategy. The Board of Directors also reserves the right to authorize the Fund to issue Preferred Stock to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act, which currently limits the aggregate liquidation preference of all outstanding Preferred Stock plus the principal amount of any outstanding leverage consisting of debt to 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets less liabilities and indebtedness of the Fund (other than leverage consisting of Preferred Stock). However, under current conditions it is unlikely that the Fund will issue Preferred Stock. Although the terms of any Preferred Stock, including dividend rate, liquidation preference and redemption provisions, will be set forth in articles supplementary classifying and designating such Preferred Stock, the Fund believes that it is likely that the liquidation preference, voting rights and redemption provisions of the Preferred Stock may be similar to those stated below.
Liquidation Preference
In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Fund, the holders of Preferred Stock, if any, will be entitled to receive a preferential liquidating distribution, which is expected to equal the original purchase price per share of Preferred Stock plus accrued and unpaid dividends, whether or not declared, before any distribution of assets is made to Common Stockholders. After payment of the full amount of the liquidating distribution to which they are entitled, the holders of Preferred Stock will not be entitled to any further participation in any distribution of assets by the Fund.
Voting Rights
The 1940 Act requires that the holders of any Preferred Stock, voting separately as a single class, have the right to elect at least two directors at all times. The remaining directors will be elected by holders of Common Stock and Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class. In addition, subject to the prior rights, if any, of the holders of any other class of senior securities outstanding, the holders of any Preferred Stock have the right to elect a majority of the directors of the Fund at any time that two years of dividends on any Preferred Stock are unpaid. The 1940 Act also requires that, in addition to any approval by the stockholders that might otherwise be required, the approval of the holders of a majority of any outstanding Preferred Stock, voting separately as a class, would be required to: (i) adopt any plan of reorganization that would adversely affect the Preferred Stock and (ii) take any action requiring a vote of security holders under Section 13(a) of the 1940 Act, including, among other things, changes in the Fund’s subclassification as a closed‑end investment company or changes in its fundamental investment restrictions. See “Certain Provisions in the Charter and Bylaws.” As a result of these voting rights, the Fund’s ability to take any such actions may be impeded to the extent that there are any shares of Preferred Stock outstanding. Except as otherwise indicated in this prospectus and except as otherwise required by applicable law or the Charter, holders of Preferred Stock will have equal voting rights with Common Stockholders (one vote per share, unless otherwise required by the 1940 Act) and will vote together with Common Stockholders as a single class.
The affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Preferred Stock, voting as a separate class, will be required to amend, alter or repeal any of the preferences, rights or powers of holders of Preferred Stock so as to affect materially and adversely such preferences, rights or powers, or to increase or decrease the authorized number of shares of Preferred Stock. The class vote of holders of Preferred Stock described above will in each case be in addition to any other vote required to authorize the action in question.
 
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Redemption, Purchase and Sale of Preferred Stock by the Fund
The terms of any Preferred Stock issued are expected to provide that: (i) they are redeemable by the Fund in whole or in part at the original purchase price per share plus accrued dividends per share; (ii) the Fund may tender for or purchase Preferred Stock; and (iii) the Fund may subsequently resell any shares so tendered for or purchased. Any redemption or purchase of Preferred Stock by the Fund will reduce any leverage applicable to the Common Stock, while any resale of shares by the Fund will increase that leverage.
The discussion above describes the possible offering of Preferred Stock by the Fund. If the Board of Directors determines to proceed with such an offering, the terms of the Preferred Stock may be the same as, or different from, the terms described above, subject to applicable law and the Fund’s Charter. The Board of Directors, without the approval of the Common Stockholders, may authorize an offering of Preferred Stock or may determine not to authorize such an offering, and may fix the terms of the Preferred Stock to be offered.
 
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CERTAIN PROVISIONS IN THE CHARTER AND BYLAWS
The Fund has provisions in its Charter and Bylaws that could have the effect of limiting the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund, to cause it to engage in certain transactions or to modify its structure. These provisions could have the effect of depriving Common Stockholders of opportunities to sell their Common Stock at a premium over the then-current market price of the Common Stock. At the Fund’s first annual meeting of stockholders, the Board of Directors was divided into three classes, having initial terms ending at the first, second and third annual meeting of stockholders thereafter, respectively. At the annual meeting of stockholders in each year thereafter, the term of one class will expire and Directors will be elected to serve in that class for terms ending at the third annual meeting of stockholders following their election and until their representative successors are duly elected and qualify. This provision could delay for up to two years the replacement of a majority of the Board of Directors. A Director may be removed from office only for cause and then only by a vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes entitled to be cast for the election of Directors.
The Fund’s Bylaws provide that with respect to any annual or special meeting of the stockholders, only such business shall be conducted as shall have been properly brought before the meeting. To be properly brought before an annual meeting, the business must be pursuant to the Fund’s notice of meeting, by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or properly brought by a stockholder who was a stockholder of record as of the record date for the meeting, at the time of giving notice and at the time of the annual meeting (and any postponement or adjournment thereof), who is entitled to vote at the meeting in the election of each individual nominated or on such other business and who complied with the advance notice procedures of the Bylaws. To be properly brought before a special meeting, the business must be pursuant to the Fund’s notice of meeting. Nominations of individuals for election to the Board of Directors may be properly brought before a special meeting of stockholders by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or properly brought by a stockholder who was a stockholder of record as of the record date for the meeting, at the time of giving notice and at the time of the special meeting (and any postponement or adjournment thereof), who is entitled to vote at the meeting in the election of each individual so nominated and who complied with the advance notice procedures of the Bylaws.
The affirmative vote of at least 75% of the entire Board of Directors is required to authorize the conversion of the Fund from a closed‑end to an open‑end investment company, or any Charter amendments related thereto. Such conversion or amendment also requires the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 75% of the votes entitled to be cast thereon by the stockholders of the Fund unless it is approved by a vote of at least 75% of the Continuing Directors (as defined below), in which event such conversion will require the approval of the holders of a majority of the votes entitled to be cast thereon by the stockholders of the Fund. A “Continuing Director” is any member of the Board of Directors who (i) is not a person or affiliate of a person, other than an investment company advised by FTFA or any of its affiliates, who enters or proposes to enter into a Business Combination (as defined below) with the Fund (an “Interested Party”) and (ii) who has been a member of the Board of Directors for a period of at least 12 months, or is a successor of a Continuing Director who is unaffiliated with an Interested Party and is recommended to succeed a Continuing Director by a majority of the Continuing Directors then on the Board of Directors. To amend the Charter to change any of the provisions of the first paragraph under this heading, or this paragraph, the Charter requires the affirmative vote of at least 75% of the entire Board of Directors and at least 75% of the votes entitled to be cast by stockholders.
The affirmative votes of at least 75% of the entire Board of Directors and the holders of at least (i) 80% of the votes entitled to be cast thereon by the stockholders of the Fund and (ii) in the case of a Business Combination (as defined below), 6623% of the votes entitled to be cast thereon by the stockholders of the Fund other than votes held by an Interested Party who is (or whose affiliate is) a party to a Business Combination or an affiliate or associate of the Interested Party, are required to authorize any of the following transactions:
(i) a merger, consolidation or statutory share exchange of the Fund with or into any other person;
(ii) an issuance or transfer by the Fund (in one or a series of transactions in any 12‑month period) of any securities of the Fund to any person or entity for cash, securities or other property (or combination
 
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thereof) having an aggregate fair market value of $1,000,000 or more, excluding issuances or transfers of debt securities of the Fund, sales of securities of the Fund in connection with a public offering, issuances of securities of the Fund pursuant to a dividend reinvestment plan adopted by the Fund, issuances of securities of the Fund upon the exercise of any stock subscription rights distributed by the Fund and portfolio transactions effected by the Fund in the ordinary course of business;
(iii) the sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer or other disposition by the Fund (in one or a series of transactions in any 12‑month period) to or with any person or entity of any assets of the Fund having an aggregate fair market value of $1,000,000 or more except for portfolio transactions (including pledges of portfolio securities in connection with borrowings) effected by the Fund in the ordinary course of its business (transactions within clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) above being known individually as a “Business Combination”);
(iv) the voluntary liquidation or dissolution of the Fund or an amendment to the Charter to terminate the Fund’s existence; or
(v) unless the 1940 Act or federal law requires a lesser vote, any stockholder proposal as to specific investment decisions made or to be made with respect to the Fund’s assets as to which stockholder approval is required under federal or Maryland law.
However, the stockholder vote described above will not be required with respect to the foregoing transactions (other than those set forth in (v) above) if they are approved by a vote of at least 75% of the Continuing Directors. In that case, if Maryland law requires stockholder approval, the affirmative vote of a majority of votes entitled to be cast thereon shall be required.
The Charter and Bylaws contain provisions the effect of which is to prevent matters, including nominations of Directors, from being considered at an annual stockholders’ meeting where the Fund has not received notice of the matters generally at least 120 but no more than 150 days prior to the first anniversary of the date of the proxy statement for the preceding year’s annual meeting.
Maryland law permits a Maryland corporation to include in its charter a provision eliminating the liability of its directors and officers to the corporation and its stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or active and deliberate dishonesty that is established by a final judgment and is material to the cause of action. The Fund’s Charter contains such a provision that eliminates such liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. In addition, the Fund has provisions in its Charter and Bylaws that obligate the Fund, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify any present or former Director or officer from and against any claim or liability to which that person may become subject or which that person may incur by reason of his or her status as a present or former Director or officer of the Fund and to pay or reimburse their reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding.
Reference is made to the Charter and Bylaws of the Fund, on file with the SEC, for the full text of these provisions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving Common Stockholders of an opportunity to sell their Common Stock at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging a third party from seeking to obtain control of the Fund in a tender offer or similar transaction. These provisions, however, offer several possible advantages. They may require persons seeking control of the Fund to negotiate with its management regarding the price to be paid for the Common Stock required to obtain such control, they promote continuity and stability and they enhance the Fund’s ability to pursue long-term strategies that are consistent with its investment objectives.
Maryland Business Combination Act
The Maryland Business Combination Act will not be applicable to the Fund as a registered closed‑end investment company unless and until its Board of Directors adopts a resolution to be subject to the statute,
 
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provided that the resolution will not be effective with respect to a “business combination” with any person who has become an interested stockholder before the time that the resolution is adopted.
Under the Maryland Business Combination Act, “business combinations” between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:
 
   
any person who beneficially owns ten percent or more of the voting power of the corporation’s shares; or
 
   
an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two‑year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of ten percent or more of the voting power of the then outstanding voting stock of the corporation.
A person is not an interested stockholder under the statute if the board of directors of the corporation approved in advance the transaction by which he otherwise would have become an interested stockholder.
After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:
 
   
80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of voting stock of the corporation; and
 
   
6623% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom, or with whose affiliate, the business combination is to be effected, or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested stockholder.
These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the corporation’s Common Stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares. The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations that are exempted by the board of directors of the corporation prior to the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder.
If adopted by the Board of Directors, the Maryland Business Combination Act could discourage others from trying to acquire control of the Fund and increase the difficulty of consummating any offer.
Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act
The Fund has elected, by resolution unanimously adopted by the Board of Directors, to be subject to the MCSAA. The MCSAA provides that a holder of control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition will not be entitled to vote its control shares except to the extent approved by a vote of two‑thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter (i.e., entitled to vote on the restoration of voting rights for the holder of the control shares). Shares owned by the acquiror, by officers or by directors who are employees of the corporation are excluded from shares entitled to vote on the matter. Control shares are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the following ranges of voting power:
 
   
one‑tenth or more but less than one‑third,
 
   
one‑third or more but less than a majority, or
 
   
a majority or more of all voting power.
 
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Control shares do not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously obtained stockholder approval as described above. A control share acquisition means the acquisition of control shares, subject to certain exceptions.
A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition may compel the board of directors of the corporation to call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to consider the voting rights of the holder of control shares. The right to compel the calling of a special meeting is subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions, including an undertaking to pay the expenses of the meeting. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the question at any stockholders meeting.
If voting rights for the holder of control shares are approved at a stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as determined for purposes of appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition.
The MCSAA does not apply (a) to shares acquired in a merger, consolidation or share exchange if the Fund is a party to the transaction, (b) to shares acquired under the satisfaction of a pledge or other security interest created in good faith and not for the purpose of circumventing the MCSAA, or (c) to acquisitions of shares approved or exempted by a provision contained in the Charter or Bylaws of the Fund and adopted at any time before the acquisition of the shares. The Bylaws provide that the MCSAA will not apply to any acquisition or proposed acquisition of shares of the Fund by any company that, in accordance with the 1940 Act or SEC exemptive order or other regulatory relief or guidance, votes the shares held by it in the same proportion as the vote of all other holders of such security or all securities.
The MCSAA is designed to discourage others from trying to acquire control of the Fund for short-term objectives, including by converting the Fund to open‑end status or changing the composition of the Board, that may be detrimental to the Fund’s ability to achieve its primary investment objective of total return with an emphasis on income. Such provisions may limit the ability of stockholders to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging a third party from seeking to obtain control of the Fund. There can be no assurance, however, that such provisions will be sufficient to deter activist investors that seek to cause the Fund to take actions that may not be aligned with the interests of long-term stockholders.
 
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REPURCHASE OF FUND SHARES
The Fund is a closed‑end investment company, and as such the Common Stockholders do not have the right to cause the Fund to redeem their Common Stock. Instead, liquidity will be provided through trading in the open market. Notice is hereby given in accordance with Section 23(c) of the 1940 Act that the Fund may purchase at market prices from time to time shares of its Common Stock in the open market but is under no obligation to do so.
On November 16, 2015, the Fund announced that the Fund’s Board of Directors had authorized the Fund to repurchase in the open market up to approximately 10% of the Fund’s outstanding Common Stock when the Fund’s shares are trading at a discount to net asset value. The Board has directed management of the Fund to repurchase shares of Common Stock at such times and in such amounts as management reasonably believes may enhance stockholder value. The Fund is under no obligation to purchase shares at any specific discount levels or in any specific amounts. During the year ended November 30, 2024, the Fund did not repurchase any shares. During the year ended November 30, 2023, the Fund repurchased and retired 1.49% of its Common Stock outstanding under the repurchase plan. The weighted average discount per share on these repurchases was 13.27% for the year ended November 30, 2023. During the year ended November 30, 2022, the Fund repurchased and retired 1.57% of its Common Stock outstanding under the repurchase plan. The weighted average discount per share on these repurchases was 10.44% for the year ended November 30, 2022. Since the commencement of the stock repurchase program through November 30, 2023, the Fund repurchased 845,536 shares or 4.70% of its Common Stock outstanding for a total amount of $11,447,947.
 
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CERTAIN UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The discussion below and certain disclosure in the SAI provide general tax information related to an investment in the Fund’s Common Stock. Because tax laws are complex and often change, stockholders should consult their tax advisors about the tax consequences of an investment in the Common Stock. Unless otherwise noted, the following tax discussion applies only to U.S. stockholders that hold the Common Stock as capital assets. A U.S. stockholder is a Common Stockholder who is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a U.S. corporation, (iii) a trust if it (a) is subject to the primary supervision of a court in the United States and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (b) has made a valid election to be treated as a U.S. person, or (iv) any estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source. This discussion is based upon present provisions of the Code, the regulations promulgated thereunder, and judicial and administrative ruling authorities, all of which are subject to change or differing interpretations (possibly with retroactive effect). This discussion does not represent a detailed description of the U.S. federal income tax consequences relevant to special classes of taxpayers including, without limitation, financial institutions, insurance companies, partnerships or other pass-through entities (or investors therein), U.S. stockholders whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar, tax‑exempt organizations, dealers in securities or currencies, traders in securities that elect mark to market treatment, or persons that will hold Common Stock as a position in a “straddle,” “hedge” or as part of a “constructive sale” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, this discussion does not address U.S. federal estate or gift taxes or the application of the Medicare tax on net investment income or any U.S. federal alternative minimum tax.
Taxation of the Fund
The Fund has elected to be treated, and intends to qualify each taxable year, as a regulated investment company (a “RIC”) under Subchapter M of the Code. To qualify under Subchapter M for the favorable U.S. federal income tax treatment generally accorded to RICs, the Fund must, among other things: (1) distribute to its stockholders in each taxable year at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code, but determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid) and its net tax‑exempt income; (2) derive in each taxable year at least 90% of its gross income from (a) dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies; and (b) net income derived from interests in certain publicly traded partnerships that are treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and that derive less than 90% of their gross income from the items described in (a) above (each a “Qualified Publicly Traded Partnership”); and (3) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of each taxable year, (a) at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets is represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, the securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, with respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater in value than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets, and to not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (b) not more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s total assets is represented by the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of (I) any one issuer, (II) any two or more issuers that the Fund controls and that are determined to be engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or (III) any one or more Qualified Publicly Traded Partnerships. As a RIC, the Fund generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its investment company taxable income and net capital gain (the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), if any, that it distributes in each taxable year to its stockholders. The Fund intends to distribute to its stockholders, at least annually, substantially all of its investment company taxable income and net capital gain.
If the Fund fails to satisfy as of the close of any quarter the asset diversification test referred to in the preceding paragraph, it will have 30 days to cure the failure by, for example, selling securities that are the source of the violation. Other cure provisions are available in the Code for a failure to satisfy the asset diversification test, but any such cure provision may involve the payment of a penalty excise tax.
 
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If the Fund failed to qualify for the favorable tax treatment accorded to RICs in any taxable year, the Fund would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates on its taxable income (including distributions of net capital gain), even if such income were distributed to its stockholders, and all distributions out of earnings and profits would be taxed to stockholders as ordinary dividend income. Such distributions generally would be eligible (i) to be treated as “qualified dividend income” in the case of individual and other non‑corporate stockholders and (ii) for the dividends received deduction in the case of corporate stockholders. To qualify again to be taxed as a RIC in a subsequent year, the Fund would be required to distribute to its stockholders its earnings and profits attributable to non‑RIC years reduced by an interest charge on 50% of such earnings and profits payable by the Fund to the IRS. In addition, if the Fund failed to qualify as a RIC for a period greater than two taxable years, then the Fund would be required to elect to recognize and pay tax on any net built‑in gain (the excess of aggregate gain, including items of income, over aggregate loss that would have been realized if the Fund had been liquidated) or, alternatively, be subject to taxation on such built‑in gain recognized for a period of 5 years, in order to qualify as a RIC in a subsequent year.
A RIC that fails to distribute, by the close of each calendar year, an amount at least equal to the sum of 98% of its ordinary taxable income for such calendar year and 98.2% of its capital gain net income (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one‑year period ending on October 31 of such calendar year, plus any shortfalls from any prior year’s required distribution, is liable for a 4% excise tax on the portion of the undistributed amounts of such income that are less than the required distributions. For these purposes, the Fund will be deemed to have distributed any income or gain on which it paid U.S. federal income tax.
The following discussion assumes that the Fund qualifies as a RIC and satisfies the 90% distribution requirement for each taxable year.
Distributions
Subject to the discussion of “qualified dividend income” below, distributions to Common Stockholders by the Fund of its net investment income (including accrued market discount), and of net short-term capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund will generally be taxable to Common Stockholders as ordinary income to the extent such distributions are paid out of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. Distributions, if any, of net capital gains properly reported as “capital gain dividends” will be taxable as long-term capital gains, regardless of the length of time the Common Stockholder has owned Common Stock. A distribution of an amount in excess of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) will be treated by a Common Stockholder as a return of capital which will be applied against and reduce the Common Stockholder’s basis in its Common Stock. To the extent that the amount of any such distribution exceeds the Common Stockholder’s basis in its Common Stock, the excess will be treated by the Common Stockholder as gain from a sale or exchange of the Common Stock.
A portion of the dividends paid by the Fund to corporate stockholders, to the extent attributable to dividends received by the Fund from domestic corporations (not including corporations qualifying as REITs) and properly reported by the Fund, may be eligible for the corporate dividends received deduction allowed to corporations under the Code. In addition, distributions by the Fund to its stockholders that the Fund properly reports as derived from “qualified dividend income” are taxed to individual or other non‑corporate stockholders at the rates applicable to long-term capital gain. Qualified dividend income generally includes dividends received from domestic corporations and dividends received from foreign corporations that meet certain specified criteria. Certain holding period and other requirements must be met by both the stockholder and the Fund for distributions to be eligible for the corporate dividends received deduction or the preferential tax rates that apply to qualified dividend income, as the case may be.
Distributions by the Fund to its stockholders that the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” as defined below, are treated as qualified REIT dividends in the hands of individual or other non‑corporate stockholders. Non‑corporate stockholders are generally permitted a U.S. federal income tax deduction equal to
 
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20% of qualified REIT dividends received by them. Very generally, a “section 199A dividend” is any dividend or portion thereof that is attributable to certain dividends received by the Fund from REITs (other than capital gain dividends), to the extent such dividends are properly reported as such by the Fund in a written notice to its stockholders. Certain holding period and other requirements must be met by both the stockholder and the Fund for distributions to be eligible for treatment as qualified REIT dividends. There can be no assurance that the Fund will report any distributions as section 199A dividends.
Distributions will be treated in the manner described above regardless of whether such distributions are paid in cash or invested in additional Common Stock pursuant to the Dividend Reinvestment Plan. Common Stockholders receiving distributions in the form of additional Common Stock will be treated as receiving a distribution in the amount of cash that they would have received if they had elected to receive the distribution in cash, unless the Fund issues additional Common Stock with a fair market value equal to or greater than net asset value, in which case such Common Stockholders will be treated as receiving a distribution in the amount of the fair market value of the distributed Common Stock. The additional Common Stock received by a Common Stockholder pursuant to the Dividend Reinvestment Plan will have a new holding period commencing on the day following the day on which the Common Stock is credited to the Common Stockholder’s account.
Although dividends generally will be treated as distributed when paid, dividends declared in October, November or December, payable to stockholders of record on a specified date in one of those months, and paid during the following January, will be treated as having been distributed by the Fund (and received by stockholders) on December 31 of the year in which declared.
The Fund may elect to retain its net capital gain or a portion thereof for investment and be taxed at corporate rates on the amount retained. In such case, the Fund may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gains in a written notice to its stockholders, who will be treated as if each received a distribution of its pro rata share of such gain, with the result that each Common Stockholder will (i) be required to report its pro rata share of such gain on its tax return as long-term capital gain, (ii) receive a refundable tax credit for its pro rata share of tax paid by the Fund on the gain and (iii) increase the tax basis for its Common Stock by an amount equal to the deemed distribution less the tax credit.
Sale or Exchange of Common Stock
In general, the sale, exchange or other disposition of Common Stock will result in capital gain or loss to Common Stockholders. A Common Stockholder’s gain or loss generally will be a long-term capital gain or loss if the Common Stock has been held for more than one year. Present law taxes both long-term and short-term capital gains of corporations at the rates applicable to ordinary income. For non‑corporate taxpayers, however, long-term capital gains are currently eligible for reduced rates of taxation. Losses realized by a holder on the sale, exchange or other disposition of Common Stock held for six months or less are treated as long-term capital losses to the extent of any distribution of long-term capital gain received (or amounts designated as undistributed capital gains) with respect to such Common Stock. In addition, no loss will be allowed on the sale, exchange or other disposition of Common Stock if the Common Stockholder acquires (including pursuant to the Dividend Reinvestment Plan) or enters into a contract or option to acquire securities that are substantially identical to such Common Stock within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such case, the basis of the securities acquired will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.
Backup Withholding
The Fund may be required to withhold from all distributions and redemption proceeds payable to U.S. stockholders who fail to provide the Fund with their correct taxpayer identification numbers or to make required certifications, or who have been notified by the IRS that they are subject to backup withholding. Certain stockholders specified in the Code generally are exempt from such backup withholding. This backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be refunded or credited against a Common Stockholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.
 
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Non‑U.S. Stockholders
If a stockholder is a nonresident alien individual, a foreign trust or estate or a foreign corporation, as defined for U.S. federal income tax purposes (other than such a stockholder whose ownership of Common Stock is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business), certain dividends received by such stockholder from the Fund (including any dividends payable in Common Stock) may be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax. To the extent that Fund distributions consist of ordinary dividends that are subject to withholding, the applicable withholding agent will generally be required to withhold U.S. federal income tax at the rate of 30% (or such lower rate as may be determined in accordance with any applicable treaty). However, dividends paid by the Fund that are “interest-related dividends” or “short-term capital gain dividends” will generally be exempt from such withholding, in each case to the extent the Fund properly reports such dividends to stockholders. For these purposes, interest-related dividends and short-term capital gain dividends generally represent distributions of interest or short-term capital gains that would not have been subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at the source if received directly by a non‑U.S. stockholder, and that satisfy certain other requirements. Net capital gain dividends (that is, distributions of the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss) distributed by the Fund to a non‑U.S. stockholder will generally not be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax.
The Fund may be required to withhold from distributions to non‑U.S. stockholders that are otherwise exempt from U.S. federal withholding tax (or taxable at a reduced treaty rate) unless the non‑U.S. stockholder certifies its foreign status under penalties of perjury or otherwise establishes an exemption.
Additional Withholding Requirements
Under Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code (such Sections commonly referred to as “FATCA”), a 30% U.S. federal withholding tax may apply to any dividends that the Fund pays to (i) a “foreign financial institution” (as specifically defined in the Code), whether such foreign financial institution is the beneficial owner or an intermediary, unless such foreign financial institution agrees to verify, report and disclose its “United States account” holders (as specifically defined in the Code) and meets certain other specified requirements or (ii) a non‑financial foreign entity, whether such non‑financial foreign entity is the beneficial owner or an intermediary, unless such entity provides a certification that the beneficial owner of the payment does not have any substantial United States owners or provides the name, address and taxpayer identification number of each such substantial United States owner and certain other specified requirements are met. In certain cases, the relevant foreign financial institution or non‑financial foreign entity may qualify for an exemption from, or be deemed to be in compliance with, these rules. In addition, foreign financial institutions located in jurisdictions that have an intergovernmental agreement with the United States governing FATCA may be subject to different rules. You should consult your own tax advisor regarding FATCA and whether it may be relevant to your ownership and disposition of Common Stock.
The foregoing tax discussion is for general information only. Stockholders are advised to consult with their own tax advisors for more detailed information concerning federal income tax matters.
 
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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We may sell our Common Stock, including to existing Common Stockholders in a rights offering, from time to time under this Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement in any one or more of the following ways (1) directly to one or more purchasers (including to existing Common Stockholders in a rights offering), (2) through agents for the period of their appointment, (3) to underwriters as principals for resale to the public, (4) to dealers as principals for resale to the public, (5) through “at‑the‑market” transactions or (6) pursuant to our Dividend Reinvestment Plan.
Our securities may be sold from time to time in one or more transactions at a fixed price or fixed prices, which may change; at prevailing market prices at the time of sale; prices related to prevailing market prices; at varying prices determined at the time of sale; or at negotiated prices. Our securities may be sold other than for cash, including in exchange transactions for non‑control securities, or may be sold for a combination of cash and securities. The Prospectus Supplement will describe the method of distribution of our securities offered therein. In the case of a rights offering, the applicable Prospectus Supplement will set forth the number of our Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of each right and the other terms of such rights offering.
Each Prospectus Supplement relating to an offering of our securities will state the terms of the offering, including:
 
   
the names of any agents, underwriters or dealers;
 
   
any sales loads, underwriting discounts and commissions or agency fees and other items constituting underwriters’ or agents’ compensation;
 
   
any discounts, commissions, fees or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers or agents;
 
   
the public offering or purchase price of the offered securities and the estimated net proceeds we will receive from the sale; and
 
   
any securities exchange on which the offered securities may be listed.
Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may be changed from time to time.
Direct Sales
We may sell our securities directly to, and solicit offers from, purchasers, including institutional investors or others who may be deemed to be underwriters as defined in the Securities Act for any resales of the securities. In this case, no underwriters or agents would be involved. We may use electronic media, including the internet, to sell offered securities directly. We will describe the terms of any of those sales in a Prospectus Supplement.
Distribution Through Agents
We may offer and sell our securities on a continuous basis through agents that we designate. We will name any agent involved in the offer and sale and describe any commissions payable by us in the Prospectus Supplement. Unless otherwise indicated in the Prospectus Supplement, the agents will be acting on a best efforts basis for the period of their appointment.
Offers to purchase our securities may be solicited directly by the issuer or by agents designated by the issuer from time to time. Any such agent, who may be deemed to be an underwriter as the term is defined in the Securities Act, involved in the offer or sale of the offered securities in respect of which this Prospectus is delivered will be named, and any commissions payable by the issuer to such agent set forth, in a Prospectus Supplement.
 
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Distribution Through Underwriters
We may offer and sell our securities from time to time to one or more underwriters who would purchase the securities as principal for resale to the public either on a firm commitment or best efforts basis. If we sell our securities to underwriters, we will execute an underwriting agreement with them at the time of the sale and will name them in the Prospectus Supplement. In connection with these sales, the underwriters may be deemed to have received compensation from us in the form of underwriting discounts and commissions. The underwriters also may receive commissions from purchasers of our securities for whom they may act as agent. Unless otherwise stated in the Prospectus Supplement, the underwriters will not be obligated to purchase our securities unless the conditions set forth in the underwriting agreement are satisfied, and if the underwriters purchase any of the securities, they will be required to purchase all of the offered securities. In the event of default by any underwriter, in certain circumstances, the purchase commitments may be increased among the non‑defaulting underwriters or the underwriting agreement may be terminated. The underwriters may sell the offered securities to or through dealers, and those dealers may receive discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters as well as from the purchasers for whom they may act as agent. Sales of the offered securities by underwriters may be in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. The Prospectus Supplement will describe the method of reoffering by the underwriters. The Prospectus Supplement will also describe the discounts and commissions to be allowed or paid to the underwriters, if any, all other items constituting underwriting compensation, and the discounts and commissions to be allowed or paid to dealers, if any. If a Prospectus Supplement so indicates, we may grant the underwriters an option to purchase additional shares of our securities at the public offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions, within a specified number of days from the date of the Prospectus Supplement, to cover any overallotments.
Distribution Through Dealers
We may offer and sell our securities from time to time to one or more dealers who would purchase the securities as principal. The dealers then may resell the offered securities to the public at fixed or varying prices to be determined by those dealers at the time of resale. We will set forth the names of the dealers and the terms of the transaction in the Prospectus Supplement.
Distribution Through At‑the‑Market Offerings
We may engage in at‑the‑market offerings to or through a market maker or into an existing trading market, on an exchange or otherwise, in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4). An at‑the‑market offering may be through one or more underwriters or dealers acting as principal or agent for us.
General Information
Agents, underwriters, or dealers participating in an offering of our securities may be deemed to be underwriters, and any discounts and commissions received by them and any profit realized by them on resale of the offered securities for whom they may act as agent, may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act.
We may offer to sell our securities either at a fixed price or at prices that may vary, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to prevailing market prices, or at negotiated prices.
If indicated in the applicable Prospectus Supplement, we may authorize underwriters or other persons acting as our agents to solicit offers by certain institutions to purchase securities from us pursuant to contracts providing for payment and delivery on a future date. Institutions with which these contracts may be made include: commercial and savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, educational and charitable institutions and others, but in all cases these institutions must be approved by us. The obligations of any purchaser under any
 
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contract will be subject only to those conditions described in the applicable Prospectus Supplement. The underwriters and the other agents will not have any responsibility for the validity or performance of the contracts. The applicable Prospectus Supplement will describe the commission payable for solicitation of those contracts.
In connection with any offering of the securities in an underwritten transaction, the underwriters may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain, or otherwise affect the market price of the Common Stock. Those transactions may include overallotment, entering stabilizing bids, effecting syndicate covering transactions, and reclaiming selling concessions allowed to an underwriter or a dealer.
 
   
An overallotment in connection with an offering creates a short position in the offered securities for the underwriters’ own account.
 
   
An underwriter may place a stabilizing bid to purchase an offered security for the purpose of pegging, fixing, or maintaining the price of that security.
 
   
Underwriters may engage in syndicate covering transactions to cover overallotments or to stabilize the price of the offered securities by bidding for, and purchasing, the offered securities or any other securities in the open market in order to reduce a short position created in connection with the offering.
 
   
The managing underwriter may impose a penalty bid on a syndicate member to reclaim a selling concession in connection with an offering when offered securities originally sold by the syndicate member are purchased in syndicate covering transactions or otherwise.
Any of these activities may stabilize or maintain the market price of the securities above independent market levels. The underwriters are not required to engage in these activities, and may end any of these activities at any time.
Any underwriters that are qualified market makers on the NYSE may engage in passive market making transactions in our securities on the NYSE in accordance with Regulation M under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), during the business day prior to the pricing of the offering, before the commencement of offers or sales of the common stock. Passive market makers must comply with applicable volume and price limitations and must be identified as passive market makers. In general, a passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid for such security; if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, however, the passive market maker’s bid must then be lowered when certain purchase limits are exceeded. Passive market making may stabilize the market price of the securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.
We will not require underwriters or dealers to make a market in the Common Stock. Any underwriters to whom the offered securities are sold for offering and sale may make a market in the offered securities, but the underwriters will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market-making at any time without notice.
Under agreements entered into with us, underwriters and agents may be entitled to indemnification by us against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or to contribution for payments the underwriters or agents may be required to make. The underwriters, agents, and their affiliates may engage in financial or other business transactions with us and our subsidiaries, if any, in the ordinary course of business.
The aggregate offering price specified on the cover of this Prospectus relates to the offering of the securities not yet issued as of the date of this Prospectus. The place and time of delivery for the offered securities in respect of which this Prospectus is delivered are set forth in the accompanying Prospectus Supplement.
To the extent permitted under the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, the underwriters may from time to time act as a broker or dealer and receive fees in connection with the execution of our portfolio transactions after the underwriters have ceased to be underwriters and, subject to certain restrictions, each may act as a broker while it is an underwriter.
 
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A Prospectus and accompanying Prospectus Supplement in electronic form may be made available on the websites maintained by the underwriters. The underwriters may agree to allocate our securities for sale to their online brokerage account holders. Such allocations of our securities for internet distributions will be made on the same basis as other allocations. In addition, our securities may be sold by the underwriters to securities dealers who resell securities to online brokerage account holders.
Dividend Reinvestment Plan
We may issue and sell shares of Common Stock pursuant to our Plan.
 
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CUSTODIAN AND TRANSFER AGENT
The custodian of the assets of the Fund is The Bank of New York Mellon, 225 Liberty Street, New York, New York 10286. The custodian performs custodial, fund accounting and portfolio accounting services. The Fund’s transfer, stockholder services and dividend paying agent is Computershare Inc., 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600, Louisville, KY 40202.
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with the securities will be passed upon for the Fund by Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, Washington, D.C. Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP may rely as to certain matters of Maryland law on the opinion of Venable LLP, Baltimore, Maryland.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
As noted above, this prospectus is part of a registration statement filed with the SEC. Pursuant to the final rule and form amendments adopted by the SEC on April 8, 2020, the Fund is permitted to “incorporate by reference” certain information filed with the SEC, which means that the Fund can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus, and later information that the Fund files with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information.
The documents listed below, and any reports and other documents subsequently filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 30(b)(2) under the 1940 Act and Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, prior to the termination of the offering will be incorporated by reference into this Prospectus and deemed to be part of this Prospectus from the date of the filing of such reports and documents:
 
   
the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information, dated [•], 2025, filed with the accompanying Prospectus;
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
You may obtain copies of any information incorporated by reference into this prospectus, at no charge, by calling toll-free (888) 777‑0102 or by writing to the Fund at 620 Eighth Avenue, 47th Floor, New York, NY 10018. The Fund’s periodic reports filed pursuant to Section 30(b)(2) of the 1940 Act and Sections 13 and 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as well as this Prospectus and the Statement of Additional Information, are available on the Fund’s website http://www.franklintempleton.com/investments/options/closed‑end‑funds. In addition, the SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov, free of charge, that contains these reports, the Fund’s proxy and information statements, and other information relating to the Fund.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The audited financial statements included in the annual report to the Fund’s stockholders for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024 and together with the report of PwC for the Fund’s annual report, are incorporated herein by reference to the Fund’s annual report to stockholders. All other portions of the annual report to stockholders are not incorporated herein by reference and are not part of the registration statement, the SAI, the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement.
 
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INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
PwC serves as the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm of the Fund and audits the financial statements of the Fund. PwC is located at 100 East Pratt Street, Suite 2600, Baltimore, Maryland 21202-1096. .
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and are required to file reports (including our annual and semi-annual reports), proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our most recent stockholder report filed with the SEC is for the period ended November 30, 2024. Such reports, proxy statements and other information, as well as the registration statement and the amendments, exhibits and schedules thereto, can be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC in Washington, D.C. Information about the operation of the public reference facilities may be obtained by calling the SEC at (202) 551‑8090. Copies of such material may also be obtained from the Public Reference Section of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, at prescribed rates. You can obtain the same information free of charge from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. You may also e‑mail requests for these documents to publinfo@sec.gov or make a request in writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Section, 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549
This Prospectus does not contain all of the information in our registration statement, including amendments, exhibits, and schedules. Statements in this Prospectus about the contents of any contract or other document are not necessarily complete and in each instance reference is made to the copy of the contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, each such statement being qualified in all respects by this reference. Additional information about us can be found in our Registration Statement (including amendments, exhibits, and schedules) on Form N‑2 filed with the SEC. The SEC maintains a web site (www.sec.gov) that contains our Registration Statement, other documents incorporated by reference, and other information we have filed electronically with the SEC, including proxy statements and reports filed under the Exchange Act.
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
 
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The information in this Prospectus Supplement is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This Prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
 
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED MARCH 13, 2025
Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration Statement No. 333‑284227
FORM OF PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
(to Prospectus dated     , 202[●])
LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.
Up to     Shares of
Common Stock
 
 
The Fund. LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Fund”, “we”, “us” or “our”) is a non‑diversified, closed‑end management investment company.
Investment Objective. The Fund’s primary investment objective is total return with an emphasis on income. There can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
Investment Strategies. Under normal market conditions, the Fund seeks to maximize total return by investing at least 80% of its managed assets in a broad range of equity and fixed income securities of both U.S. and foreign issuers. The Fund will vary its allocation between equity and fixed income securities depending on ClearBridge Investments, LLC’s (“ClearBridge”) view of economic, market or political conditions, fiscal and monetary policy and security valuation. This Prospectus Supplement, together with the accompanying Prospectus dated     , 202[●] sets forth the information that you should know before investing.
The Fund’s shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the trading or “ticker” symbol “SCD.” The net asset value of our Common Stock at the close of business on February 21, 2025 was $17.69 per share, and the last sale price per share of our Common Stock on the NYSE on that date was $17.12.
You should read this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus (which includes a Statement of Additional Information, dated     , 202[●] (the “SAI”), incorporated by reference in its entirety therein, containing additional information about us, which has been filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”)), before deciding whether to invest and retain it for future reference. You may request a free copy of the SAI (the table of contents of which is on page i of the accompanying Prospectus), annual and semi-annual reports to stockholders (when available), and additional information about the Fund by calling (888) 777‑0102, by writing to the Fund at 620 Eighth Avenue, 47th Floor, New York, NY 10018 or visiting the Fund’s website (http://www.franklintempleton.com/investments/options/closed‑end‑funds).
The information contained in, or accessed through, the Fund’s website is not part of this Prospectus. You may also obtain a copy of the SAI (and other information regarding the Fund) from the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. Information relating to the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at (202) 551‑8090.
Such materials, as well as the Fund’s annual and semi-annual reports (when available) and other information regarding the Fund, are also available on the SEC’s website (http://www.sec.gov). You may also e‑mail requests for these documents to publicinfo@sec.gov or make a request in writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Room, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549-0102.
Investing in the Fund’s securities involves certain risks. You could lose some or all of your investment. See “Risks” beginning on page 41 of the accompanying Prospectus.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this Prospectus Supplement or the accompanying Prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
 
     Per Share      Total(1)  
Public offering price
   $            $        
Sales load(2)
   $        $    
Proceeds, after expenses, to the Fund(3)
   $        $    

[We have granted the underwriters an option to purchase up to an additional shares of our Common Stock at the public offering price, less the underwriting discount, to cover over-allotments, if any, within days from the date of this Prospectus Supplement. If the underwriters exercise the option in full, the total underwriting discount will be $    , and the proceeds, before expenses, to us will be $    .]
 
 
[Underwriter(s)]
This Prospectus Supplement is dated    , 20[●].
The Fund’s securities do not represent a deposit or obligation of, and are not guaranteed or endorsed by, any bank or other insured depository institution, and are not federally insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Reserve Board or any other governmental agency.
Capitalized terms used herein that are not otherwise defined shall have the meanings assigned to them in the accompanying Prospectus.
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
Prospectus Supplement
  
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You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus. This Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus set forth certain information about us that a prospective investor should carefully consider before making an investment in our securities. This Prospectus Supplement, which describes the specific terms of this offering, also adds to and updates information contained in the accompanying Prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference in the Prospectus. The Prospectus gives more general information, some of which may not apply to this offering. If the description of this offering varies between this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus, you should rely on the information
 
S-iii

contained in this Prospectus Supplement; provided that if any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date and incorporated by reference into the Prospectus or Prospectus Supplement, the statement in the incorporated document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted or where the person making the offer or sale is not qualified to do so or to any person to whom it is not permitted to make such offer or sale. The information contained in or incorporated by reference in this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus is accurate only as of the respective dates on their front covers, regardless of the time of delivery of this Prospectus Supplement, the accompanying Prospectus, or the sale of the securities. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.
 
S-iv

CAUTIONARY NOTICE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Prospectus Supplement, the accompanying Prospectus and the SAI contain forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus that address activities, events or developments that we expect, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future are forward-looking statements including, in particular, the statements about our plans, objectives, strategies and prospects regarding, among other things, our financial condition, results of operations and business. We have identified some of these forward-looking statements with words like “believe,” “may,” “could,” “might,” “forecast,” “possible,” “potential,” “project,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “predict,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “approximate” or “continue” and other words and terms of similar meaning and the negative of such terms. Such forward-looking statements may be contained in this Prospectus Supplement as well as in the accompanying Prospectus and the SAI. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations about future events affecting us and are subject to uncertainties and factors relating to our operations and business environment, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Many factors mentioned in our discussion in this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus, including the risks outlined under “Risks” in the accompanying Prospectus, will be important in determining future results. In addition, several factors that could materially affect our actual results are the dependence of our future success on the general economy and its impact on the industries in which we invest and other factors discussed in our periodic filings with the SEC.
Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, we do not know whether our expectations will prove correct. They can be affected by inaccurate assumptions we might make or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. The factors identified above are believed to be important factors, but not necessarily all of the important factors, that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statement. Unpredictable or unknown factors could also have material adverse effects on us. Since our actual results, performance or achievements could differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements, we cannot give any assurance that any of the events anticipated by the forward-looking statements will occur or, if any of them do, what impact they will have on our results of operations and financial condition. All forward-looking statements included in this Prospectus Supplement, the accompanying Prospectus or the SAI are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of such documents. We do not undertake any obligation to update, amend or clarify these forward-looking statements or the risk factors contained therein, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under the federal securities laws. The forward-looking statements in this Prospectus Supplement, the accompanying Prospectus and the SAI are excluded from the safe harbor protection provided by Section 27A of the 1933 Act.
 
S-v

PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT SUMMARY
This summary highlights selected information contained elsewhere in this prospectus supplement (the “Prospectus Supplement”) and the accompanying prospectus (the “Prospectus”). This summary provides an overview of selected information and does not contain all of the information you should consider before investing in our common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”). You should read carefully the entire Prospectus Supplement, the accompanying Prospectus, including the section entitled “Risks,” the statement of additional information incorporated by reference into the Prospectus (the “SAI”) and the financial statements and related notes, before making an investment decision.
 
The Fund
LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Fund”), is a non‑diversified, closed‑end management investment company.
 
Investment Objectives and Strategies
The Fund’s investment objective is total return with an emphasis on income. There can be no assurance the Fund will achieve its investment objective. See “The Fund’s Investments.”
 
  Under normal market conditions, the Fund seeks to maximize total return by investing at least 80% of its Managed Assets (defined below) in a broad range of equity and fixed income securities of both U.S. and foreign issuers. The Fund will vary its allocation between equity and fixed income securities depending on ClearBridge Investments, LLC’s (“ClearBridge”) view of economic, market and political conditions, fiscal and monetary policy and security valuation. Franklin Templeton Fund Adviser, LLC (“FTFA” or the “Investment Manager”) has delegated to ClearBridge, one of the Fund’s subadvisers, the Fund’s allocation between equity and fixed income securities, as well as the Fund’s equity investments in general. A portfolio management team at Western Asset Management Company, LLC (“Western Asset”), the Fund’s other subadviser, manages the fixed income portion of the Fund. Depending on ClearBridge’s view of these factors, which may vary from time to time, ClearBridge may allocate substantially all of the investments in the portfolio to equity securities or fixed income securities.
 
  The Fund’s investments in equity securities will include, among other securities, common stock traded on an exchange or in the over‑the‑counter market, preferred stocks, warrants, rights, convertible securities, depositary receipts, trust certificates, real estate investment trusts, limited partnership interests, equity-linked debt securities and shares of other investment companies. The Fund’s investments in fixed income securities will include, among other securities, corporate bonds, mortgage and asset backed securities, U.S. government obligations, investment grade and high yield debt, including emerging market debt and high yield sovereign debt, and loans. The Fund may invest without limit in both energy and non‑energy master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), so long as no more than 25% of the Fund’s total assets are invested in MLPs that are treated as qualified publicly traded partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
 
S-6

  As noted above, the Fund may depart from its principal investment strategy in response to adverse economic, market or political conditions by taking temporary defensive positions in any non‑corporate issuer, including high-quality, short-term debt securities or cash. If the Fund takes a temporary defensive position, it may be unable to achieve its investment objective.
 
  The Fund may invest up to 15% of its Managed Assets in illiquid securities, which are securities that cannot be sold within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the value at which the Fund has valued the securities. See “The Fund’s Investments” for additional information on the types of securities in which the Fund may invest.
 
  As used throughout this Prospectus Supplement, “Managed Assets” means the net assets of the Fund plus the amount of any Borrowings and assets attributable to Preferred Stock that may be outstanding.
 
  With respect to the Fund’s fixed income portion of the Fund, the Fund usually will attempt to maintain a portfolio with a weighted average credit quality rated between Ba3 and A2 by Moody’s Investor Services, Inc. (“Moody’s”) or between BB‑ and A by Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”). As applicable, Western Asset determines the Fund’s average credit quality by calculating on a daily basis the weighted average of the credit ratings of the Fund’s investments. Securities are rated by different agencies and if a security receives different ratings from these agencies, the Fund will treat the securities as being rated in the highest rating category. Credit rating criteria are applied at the time the Fund purchases a security.
 
  The average portfolio duration of the fixed income securities held by the Fund will normally be within one and seven years, including the effect of leverage, based on Western Asset’s forecast for interest rates.
 
  The Fund may also use reverse repurchase agreements as part of its investment strategy.
 
  The Fund may engage in currency transactions with counterparties to hedge the value of portfolio securities denominated in particular currencies against fluctuations in relative value or to generate income or gain. Currency transactions include currency forward contracts, exchange-listed currency futures contracts and options thereon, exchange listed and over‑the‑counter options on currencies and currency swaps.
 
 
The Fund may use a variety of derivative instruments as part of its investment strategies or for hedging or risk management purposes. Examples of derivative instruments that the Fund may use include options contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, credit default swaps and swap agreements. As part of its strategies,
 
S-7

 
the Fund may purchase and sell futures contracts, purchase and sell (or write) exchange-listed and over‑the‑counter put and call options on securities, financial indices and futures contracts, enter into interest rate and currency transactions and enter into other similar transactions which may be developed in the future to the extent the applicable subadviser determines that they are consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and policies and applicable regulatory requirements (collectively, “derivative transactions”). The Fund may use any or all of these techniques at any time, and the use of any particular derivative transaction will depend on market conditions.
 
  In selecting investments for the Fund, ClearBridge and Western Asset, employ fundamental research and due diligence to an issuer’s: growth potential, stock price, potential appreciation and valuation; credit quality, taking into account financial condition and profitability; future capital needs; potential for change in bond rating and industry outlook; and competitive environment and management ability.
 
  For a more complete discussion of the Fund’s portfolio composition, see “The Fund’s Investments.”
 
The Investment Manager
FTFA is the Fund’s investment manager. FTFA, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc., a global investment management organization operating as Franklin Templeton, is a registered investment adviser and provides administrative and management services to the Fund. In addition, FTFA performs administrative and management services necessary for the operation of the Fund, such as (1) supervising the overall administration of the Fund, including negotiation of contracts and fees with, and the monitoring of performance and billings of, the Fund’s transfer agent, stockholder servicing agents, custodian and other independent contractors or agents; (2) providing certain compliance, Fund accounting, regulatory reporting and tax reporting services; (3) preparing or participating in the preparation of Board materials, registration statements, proxy statements and reports and other communications to stockholders; (4) maintaining the Fund’s existence and (5) during such times as shares are publicly offered, maintaining the registration and qualification of the Fund’s shares under federal and state laws. As of December 31, 2024, FTFA’s total assets under management were approximately $157.78 billion. Franklin Templeton is a global asset management firm. As of January 31, 2025, Franklin Templeton’s asset management operation had aggregate assets under management of $1.6 trillion.
 
  FTFA receives an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.85% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets.
 
 
The Fund will pay all of its offering expenses. The Fund’s management fees and other expenses are borne by the Common Stockholders. See “Summary of Fund Expenses” in this Prospectus
 
S-8

 
Supplement and “Management of the Fund” in the accompanying Prospectus.
 
The Subadvisers
ClearBridge, the Fund’s subadviser, provides investment advisory services to the Fund by both determining the allocation of the Fund’s assets between equity and fixed income investments and performing the day‑to‑day management of the Fund’s investments in equity securities.
 
  As of December 31, 2024, ClearBridge and its supervised affiliates had approximately $189.18 billion in assets under management.
 
  ClearBridge receives an annual subadvisory fee, payable monthly, from FTFA in an amount equal to 70% of the management fee paid to FTFA. This fee is divided on a pro rata basis, based on assets allocated to each subadviser. See “Management of the Fund.”
 
  Western Asset, the Fund’s other subadviser, has day‑to‑day responsibility for managing the fixed income portion of the Fund’s direct investments, subject to the supervision of the Fund’s Board of Directors and FTFA.
 
  As of December 31, 2024, Western Asset and its supervised affiliates had approximately $280.02 billion in assets under management.
 
  Western Asset receives an annual subadvisory fee, payable monthly, from FTFA in an amount equal to 70% of the management fee paid to FTFA. This fee is divided on a pro rata basis, based on assets allocated to each subadviser. See “Management of the Fund.”
 
Non‑U.S. Subadviser
In connection with Western Assets service to the Fund, Western Asset Management Company Limited (“Western Asset London” and with ClearBridge and Western Asset, collectively, the “Subadvisers’) provides certain subadvisory services to the Fund pursuant to a subadvisory agreement with Western Asset (the “Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement”). Western Asset London is generally responsible for managing investments denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
 
  Western Asset pays Western Asset London a fee for its services at no additional expense to the Fund. Western Asset pays Western Asset London a monthly subadvisory fee of 0.30% on the assets managed by Western Asset London. See “Management of the Fund.”
 
The Offering
Common Stock offered:     shares
 
  Shares outstanding before the offering:     shares
 
  Shares outstanding after the offering:     shares
 
Risks
See “Risks” beginning on page 41 of the accompanying Prospectus for a discussion of factors you should consider carefully before deciding to invest in the Fund’s Common Stock.
 
S-9

SUMMARY OF FUND EXPENSES
The purpose of the following table and example is to help you understand all fees and expenses holders of Common Stock would bear directly or indirectly. The table below is based on the capital structure of the Fund as (except as noted below).
 
STOCKHOLDER TRANSACTION EXPENSES
  
Sales Load (Percentage of Offering Price)
     [  ]%(1) 
Offering Expenses Borne by the Fund (Percentage of Offering Price)
     [  ]%(2) 
Dividend Reinvestment Plan Per Transaction Fee to Sell Shares Obtained Pursuant to the Plan
   $ 5.00 (3) 
TOTAL TRANSACTION EXPENSES (as a percentage of offering price)(4)
  
     Percentage of Net
Assets Attributable
to Common Stock
(Assumes Leverage
is Used)
 
ANNUAL EXPENSES
  
Management Fees(5)
         
Interest Payment on Borrowed Funds(6)
         
Other Expenses(7)
         
  
 
 
 
TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENSES
         
  
 
 
 
 
(1)
The sales load will apply only if the securities to which this Prospectus relates are sold to or through underwriters. In such case, a corresponding Prospectus Supplement will disclose the applicable sales load.
(2)
The related Prospectus Supplement will disclose the estimated amount of offering expenses, the offering price and the offering expenses borne by the Fund as a percentage of the offering price.
(3)
Common Stockholders will pay brokerage charges if they direct the Plan Agent (defined below) to sell Common Stock held in a dividend reinvestment account. See “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.” There are no fees charged to stockholders for participating in the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. However, stockholders participating in the Plan that elect to sell their shares obtained pursuant to the plan would pay $5.00 per transaction to sell shares.
(4)
The related Prospectus Supplement will disclose the offering price and the total stockholder transaction expenses as a percentage of the offering price.
(5)
FTFA receives an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.85% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets. “Managed Assets” means the net assets of the Fund plus the amount of any Borrowings and assets attributable to any Preferred Stock that may be outstanding. For the purposes of this table, we have assumed that the Fund has utilized Borrowings in an aggregate amount of    % of its Managed Assets (after their issuance). If the Fund were to use financial leverage in excess of    % of its Managed Assets, the management fees shown would be higher.
(6)
Based on the Fund’s outstanding Borrowings as of of $     million, which represented financial leverage of    % of the Fund’s Managed Assets. The expenses and rates associated with leverage may vary as and when Borrowings are made.
(7)
Estimated based on amounts incurred in the period ended     .
 
S-10

Example*
The following example illustrates the hypothetical expenses that you would pay on a $1,000 investment in Common Stock, assuming (i) Total Annual Expenses” of    % of net assets attributable to Common Stock (which assumes the Fund’s use of leverage in an aggregate amount equal to    % of the Fund’s Managed Assets) and (ii) a 5% annual return:
 
1 Year
   3 Years    5 Years    10 Years
$   
   $       $       $   
 
*
The example above should not be considered a representation of future expenses. Actual expenses may be higher or lower than those shown. The example assumes that all dividends and distributions are reinvested at net asset value. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. Moreover, the Fund’s actual rate of return may be greater or less than the hypothetical 5% return shown in the example.
 
S-11

USE OF PROCEEDS
Unless otherwise specified in a Prospectus Supplement, the Fund intends to invest the net proceeds of any offering of its securities in accordance with its investment objective and policies as stated herein. It is currently anticipated that the Fund will be able to invest substantially all of the net proceeds in accordance with its investment objective and policies within three months after the completion of any offering. Pending such investment, it is anticipated that the proceeds will be primarily invested in short-term money market instruments. The Fund may also invest in U.S. government securities.
CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth our capitalization (i) as of    , 20[ ] and (ii) as adjusted to give effect to the issuance of the Common Stock offered hereby. As indicated below, Common Stockholders will bear the offering costs associated with this offering:
 
     Actual      As Adjusted  
     (Audited)      (Unaudited)  
Cash and Restricted Cash
   $           $       
Total Debt:
     
Loan payable
   $        $    
Payable for open reverse repurchase agreements
   $        $    
Net Assets:
     
Common Stock ($0.001 par value per share; 100,000,000 shares authorized;     shares issued and outstanding (actual);     shares issued and outstanding (as adjusted) and shares issued and outstanding (as further adjusted))(1)
   $        $    
Paid‑in capital in excess of par value
     
Total distributable earnings (loss)
     
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
Total Net Assets
   $        $    
  
 
 
    
 
 
 
 
S-12

DISTRIBUTIONS
We have paid distributions to Common Stockholders every month since inception. The following table sets forth information about distributions we paid to our Common Stockholders since 202[ ], percentage participation by Common Stockholders in our dividend reinvestment program and reinvestments and related issuances of additional shares of Common Stock as a result of such participation (the information in the table is unaudited):
 
Distribution
Payable Date to
Common
Stockholders
 
Amount of
Distribution Per
Share
 
Percentage of
Common
Stockholders
Electing to
Participate in
Dividend
Reinvestment
Program
  
Amount of
Corresponding
Reinvestment
through Dividend
Reinvestment
Program
  
Additional Shares
of Common Stock
Issued through
Dividend
Reinvestment
Program
         
Unless a Common Stockholder elects to receive distributions in cash (i.e., opt out), all of such Common Stockholder’s distributions, including any capital gains distributions on Common Stock, will be automatically reinvested in additional shares of Common Stock under the Fund’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan. See “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.”
 
S-13

MARKET AND NET ASSET VALUE INFORMATION
The Fund’s currently outstanding Common Stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “SCD.” Our Common Stock commenced trading on the NYSE on     .
Our Common Stock has traded both at a premium and at a discount in relation to the Fund’s net asset value per share. Although our Common Stock has traded at a premium to net asset value, we cannot assure that this will occur after any offering or that the Common Stock will not trade at a discount in the future. Our issuance of additional Common Stock may have an adverse effect on prices in the secondary market for our Common Stock by increasing the number of shares of Common Stock available, which may create downward pressure on the market price for our Common Stock. Shares of closed‑end investment companies frequently trade at a discount to net asset value. See “Risks—Market Price Discount from Net Asset Value Risk.”
The following table sets forth for each of the periods indicated the range of high and low closing sale price of our Common Stock and the quarter‑end sale price, each as reported on the NYSE, the net asset value per share of Common Stock and the premium or discount to net asset value per share at which our shares were trading. Net asset value is generally determined on each business day that the NYSE is open for business. See “Net Asset Value” for information as to the determination of our net asset value.
 
            Price Range                
     NAV      High      Low      Premium of
High Sales
Price to NAV(2)
     Premium of
Low Sales
Price to NAV(2)
 
Fiscal Year 20[ ]
                                                                
 
Source of market prices: NYSE.
(1)
Net asset value per share is determined as of close of business on the last day of the relevant quarter and therefore may not reflect the net asset value per share on the date of the high and low closing sales prices, which may or may not fall on the last day of the quarter. Net asset value per share is calculated as described in “Net Asset Value.”
(2)
Calculated as of the quarter‑end closing sales price divided by the quarter‑end net asset value.
On     , the last reported sale price of our Common Stock on the NYSE was $    , which represented a     of approximately    % to the net asset value per share reported by us on that date.
As of     , we had approximately     million shares of Common Stock outstanding and we had net assets attributable to Common Stockholders of approximately $    billion.
 
S-14

UNDERWRITING/PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
[TO BE FURNISHED AT TIME OF OFFERING]
 
S-15

LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with the securities will be passed upon for the Fund by Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, Washington, D.C. and for the underwriters by    . Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP may rely as to certain matters of Maryland law on the opinion of Venable LLP, Baltimore, Maryland.
 
S-16

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The audited financial statements included in the annual report to the Fund’s stockholders for the fiscal year ended November 30, 202[ ] and together with the report of     for the Fund’s annual report, are incorporated herein by reference to the Fund’s annual report to stockholders. All other portions of the annual report to stockholders are not incorporated herein by reference and are not part of the registration statement, the SAI, the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement.
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
[    ] serves as the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm of the Fund and audits the financial statements of the Fund. [    ] is located at [    ].
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and are required to file reports (including our annual and semi-annual reports), proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our most recent stockholder report filed with the SEC is for the period ended     . Such reports, proxy statements and other information, as well as the registration statement and the amendments, exhibits and schedules thereto, can be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC in Washington, D.C. Information about the operation of the public reference facilities may be obtained by calling the SEC at (202) 551‑8090.
Copies of such material may also be obtained from the Public Reference Section of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, at prescribed rates. You can obtain the same information free of charge from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. You may also e‑mail requests for these documents to publinfo@sec.gov or make a request in writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Section, 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549
This Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus do not contain all of the information in our registration statement, including amendments, exhibits, and schedules. Statements in this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus about the contents of any contract or other document are not necessarily complete and in each instance reference is made to the copy of the contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, each such statement being qualified in all respects by this reference. Additional information about us can be found in our Registration Statement (including amendments, exhibits, and schedules) on Form N‑2 filed with the SEC. The SEC maintains a web site (www.sec.gov) that contains our Registration Statement, other documents incorporated by reference, and other information we have filed electronically with the SEC, including proxy statements and reports filed under the Exchange Act.
 
S-17

 
 
Up to $[]
LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.
Shares of
Common Stock
 
 
PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
 
 
[], 202[]
[Underwriter(s)]
 
 
 

The information in this Preliminary Prospectus Supplement is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This Prospectus Supplement is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.
 
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED MARCH 13, 2025
 
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT    Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
(To Prospectus dated [●], 20[●])    Registration Statement No. 333‑284227
LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC.
[] Rights for [] Shares of Common Stock
Subscription Rights to Acquire Shares of Common Stock
LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Fund”, “we”, “us” or “our”), is issuing subscription rights (the “Rights”) to our common stockholders (the “Common Stockholders”) to purchase additional shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”).
The Fund is a non‑diversified, closed‑end management investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). The Fund’s primary investment objective is total return with an emphasis on income. The Fund’s investment adviser is Franklin Templeton Fund Adviser, LLC (the “Investment Manager”).
The shares of Common Stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “SCD”. Common Stockholders of record on [●], 20[●] (the “Record Date”) will receive [●] Rights for each share of Common Stock held. [These Rights are transferable and will allow the holders thereof to purchase additional shares of Common Stock. The Rights will be listed for trading on the [●] under the symbol “[●]” during the course of the Rights offering.]
The Rights entitle the holder to acquire, at a subscription price per share of Common Stock (the “Subscription Price”) determined based upon a formula equal to [●]% of the average of the last reported sales price of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock on the NYSE on the Expiration Date (as defined below) and each of the [four] preceding trading days (the “Formula Price”), [●] new shares of Common Stock for each [●] Rights held. If, however, the Formula Price is less than [●]% of the net asset value per share of Common Stock at the close of trading on the NYSE on the Expiration Date, then the Subscription Price will be [●]% of the Fund’s net asset value per share of Common Stock at the close of trading on the NYSE on that day. The estimated Subscription Price to the public of $[●] is based upon [●]% of the last reported sales price of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock on the NYSE on [●], 20[●]. Fractional shares will not be issued upon the exercise of the Rights. Accordingly, shares of Common Stock may be purchased only pursuant to the exercise of Rights in integral multiples of [●]. The number of Rights to be issued to a Record Date Stockholder will be rounded up to the nearest number of Rights evenly divisible by [●]. Rights may be exercised at any time during the period (the “Subscription Period”) which commences on [●], 20[●], and ends at [5:00 PM Eastern Time] on [●], 20[●] (the “Expiration Date”), unless otherwise extended.
For key dates related to the Rights Offering, please see “Important Dates to Remember” on page S‑14.
On [●], 20[●] (the last trading date prior to the Common Stock trading ex‑Rights), the last reported net asset value per share of the Common Stock was $[●] and the last reported sales price per share of Common Stock on the NYSE was $[●], representing a [●]% [premium/discount] to net asset value.
An investment in the Fund is not appropriate for all investors. We cannot assure you that the Fund’s investment objectives will be achieved. You should read this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus before deciding whether to invest in the Common Stock and retain it for future reference. The Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus contain important information about the Fund. Material that has been incorporated by reference, including the Fund’s audited annual financial statements, and other information about the Fund can be obtained from the Fund by calling 1‑888‑777‑0102, writing to the Fund

at 620 Eighth Avenue, 47th Floor, New York, NY 10018, accessing the Fund’s website at www.franklintempleton.com/investments/options/closed‑end‑funds or from the Securities and Exchange Commission’s (“SEC”) website (http://www.sec.gov). For additional information all holders of Rights should contact the Information Agent, [●], at [●]. Common Stockholders please call toll-free at [●] (banks and brokers please call [●]) or please send written requests to [●].
Investing in Common Stock through Rights involves certain risks that are described in the “Special Characteristics and Risks of the Rights Offering” section of this Prospectus Supplement. A Rights Offering (a) will substantially dilute the net asset value of Common Stock owned by Common Stockholders who do not fully exercise their Rights and purchase additional shares; (b) will substantially dilute the voting power of Common Stockholders who do not fully exercise their rights since they will own a smaller proportionate interest in the Fund upon completion of the offering; and (c) may increase the discount if the subscription price per share is set at a time when the Common Stock is trading at a discount. Primary or secondary over-subscriptions in a Rights Offering may cause further dilution for Common Stockholders who do not exercise their Rights.
Internet Delivery of Fund Reports Unless You Request Paper Copies:
As permitted by regulations adopted by the SEC, the Fund does not intend to mail paper copies of the Fund’s stockholder reports, unless you specifically request paper copies of the reports from the Fund or from your financial intermediary (such as a broker-dealer or bank). Instead, the reports will be made available on a website, and you will be notified by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access the report. If you invest through a financial intermediary and you already elected to receive stockholder reports electronically (“e‑delivery”), you will not be affected by this change and you need not take any action. If you have not already elected e‑delivery, you may elect to receive stockholder reports and other communications from the Fund electronically by contacting your financial intermediary. You may elect to receive all reports in paper free of charge. If you invest through a financial intermediary, you can contact your financial intermediary to request that you receive paper copies of your stockholder reports. That election will apply to all Franklin Templeton Funds held in your account at that financial intermediary. If you are a direct stockholder with the Fund, you can call the Fund at 1‑888‑888‑0151, or write to the Fund by regular mail at P.O. Box 505000, Louisville, KY 40233 or by overnight delivery to Computershare, 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600, Louisville, KY 40202 to let the Fund know you wish to receive paper copies of your stockholder reports. That election will apply to all Franklin Templeton Funds held in your account held directly with the fund complex.
STOCKHOLDERS WHO DO NOT FULLY EXERCISE THEIR RIGHTS MAY, AT THE COMPLETION OF THE OFFERING, OWN A SMALLER PROPORTIONAL INTEREST IN THE FUND THAN IF THEY EXERCISED THEIR RIGHTS. AS A RESULT OF THE OFFERING YOU MAY EXPERIENCE SUBSTANTIAL DILUTION OF THE AGGREGATE NET ASSET VALUE OF YOUR COMMON STOCK DEPENDING UPON WHETHER THE FUND’S NET ASSET VALUE PER SHARE OF COMMON STOCK IS ABOVE OR BELOW THE SUBSCRIPTION PRICE ON THE EXPIRATION DATE. ALL COSTS OF THE OFFERING WILL BE BORNE BY THE FUND, AND INDIRECTLY BY CURRENT STOCKHOLDERS WHETHER THEY EXERCISE THEIR RIGHTS OR NOT. RIGHTS EXERCISED BY A STOCKHOLDER ARE IRREVOCABLE.
ANY COMMON STOCK ISSUED AS A RESULT OF THE RIGHTS OFFERING WILL NOT BE RECORD DATE SHARES FOR THE FUND’S MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION TO BE PAID ON [●] , 20[] AND WILL NOT BE ENTITLED TO RECEIVE SUCH DISTRIBUTION.

NEITHER THE SEC NOR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION HAS APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED THESE SECURITIES OR DETERMINED IF THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT IS TRUTHFUL OR COMPLETE. ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
 
     Per
Share
    Total  
Estimated subscription price of Common Stock to stockholders exercising Rights(1)
   $ [ ●]    $ [ ●] 
Underwriting discounts and commissions(2)
   $ [ ●]    $ [ ●] 
Estimated proceeds, before expenses, to the Fund(3)
   $ [ ●]    $ [ ●] 
 
(1)
The estimated Subscription Price to the public is based upon [●]% of the last reported sales price of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock on the NYSE on [●], 20[●].
(2)
For additional underwriting compensation information, please see “Plan of Distribution.”
(3)
Before deduction of expenses related to the Rights offering, which are estimated approximately at $[●]. Any offering expenses are paid indirectly by stockholders. Such fees and expenses will immediately reduce the net asset value per share of each share of Common Stock purchased by an investor in the Rights offering. The indirect expenses of the offering that stockholders will pay are estimated to be $[●] in the aggregate and $[●] per share. The amount of proceeds to the Fund net of any fees and expenses of the offering are estimated to be $[●] in the aggregate and $[●] per share. Stockholders will not directly bear any offering expenses.
The shares of Common Stock are expected to be ready for delivery in book-entry form through the Depository Trust Company on or about [●], 20[●][, unless extended. If the offering is extended, the shares of Common Stock are expected to be ready for delivery in book-entry form through the Depository Trust Company on or about [●], 20[●].]
The date of this Prospectus Supplement is [], 20[].

You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus. The Fund has not authorized anyone to provide you with different information. The Fund is not making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained in this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date of this Prospectus Supplement and the accompanying Prospectus, respectively. This Prospectus Supplement will be amended to reflect material changes to the information contained herein and will be delivered to stockholders. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates. In this Prospectus Supplement and in the accompanying Prospectus, unless otherwise indicated, “Fund,” “us,” “our” and “we” refer to LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc., a Maryland corporation. This Prospectus Supplement also includes trademarks owned by other persons.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Prospectus Supplement
 
     Page  
     S‑vi  
     S‑7  
     S‑12  
     S‑22  
     S‑24  
     S‑25  
     S‑26  
     S‑27  
     S‑30  
     S‑31  
     S‑34  
     S‑34  
 
S-iv

Prospectus
 
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S-v

CAUTIONARY NOTICE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Prospectus Supplement, the accompanying Prospectus and the Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”) contain “forward-looking statements.” Forward-looking statements can be identified by the words “may,” “will,” “intend,” “expect,” “estimate,” “continue,” “plan,” “anticipate,” and similar terms and the negative of such terms. Such forward-looking statements may be contained in this Prospectus Supplement as well as in the accompanying Prospectus and in the SAI. By their nature, all forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, and actual results could differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. Several factors that could materially affect our actual results are the performance of the portfolio of securities we hold, the price at which our shares will trade in the public markets and other factors discussed in our periodic filings with the SEC.
Although we believe that the expectations expressed in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in our forward-looking statements. Our future financial condition and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to change and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, such as those disclosed in the “Risks” section of the accompanying Prospectus and “Special Characteristics and Risks of the Rights Offering” in this Prospectus Supplement. All forward-looking statements contained or incorporated by reference in this Prospectus Supplement or the accompanying Prospectus, or in the SAI, are made as of the date of this Prospectus Supplement or the accompanying Prospectus or SAI, as the case may be. Except for our ongoing obligations under the federal securities laws, we do not intend, and we undertake no obligation, to update any forward-looking statement. The forward-looking statements contained in this Prospectus Supplement, the accompanying Prospectus and the SAI are excluded from the safe harbor protection provided by Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).
Currently known risk factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include, but are not limited to, the factors described in the “Risks and Special Considerations” section of the accompanying Prospectus as well as in the “Special Characteristics and Risks of the Rights Offering” section of this Prospectus Supplement. We urge you to review carefully those sections for a more detailed discussion of the risks of an investment in the Common Stock.
 
S-vi

SUMMARY OF TERMS OF THE RIGHTS OFFERING
 
Terms of the Rights Offering
One transferable subscription right (a “Right”) will be issued for each share of common stock of the Fund (“Common Stock”) held on the Record Date (as defined below). Rights are expected to trade on the [●] under the symbol “[●]”. The Rights will allow Common Stockholders to subscribe for new shares of Common Stock of the Fund. [●] shares of Common Stock of the Fund are outstanding as of [●], 20[●]. [●] Rights will be required to purchase one share of Common Stock. Shares of the Fund, as a closed‑end fund, can trade at a discount to net asset value. Upon exercise of the Rights offering, Fund shares [are expected to] [may] be issued at a price below net asset value per share of Common Stock. [An over-subscription privilege will be offered, [subject to the right of the Board of Directors of the Fund (the “Board” or “Board of Directors”) to eliminate the over-subscription privilege.]] [●] shares of Common Stock of the Fund will be issued if all Rights are exercised. See “Terms of the Rights Offering.” Any shares of Common Stock issued as a result of the Rights offering will not be record date shares for the Fund’s monthly distribution to be paid on [●], 20[●] and will not be entitled to receive such distribution. The exercise of Rights by a Common Stockholder is irrevocable.
 
Amount Available for Primary Subscription
Approximately $[●], before expenses.
 
Title
Subscription Rights to Acquire Shares of Common Stock.
 
Subscription Price
The final subscription price per share of Common Stock (the “Subscription Price”) will be determined based upon a formula equal to [●]% of the average of the last reported sales price per share of the Fund’s Common Stock on the NYSE on the Expiration Date (as defined below) and each of the [four] preceding trading days (the “Formula Price”). If, however, the Formula Price is less than [●]% of the net asset value per share of Common Stock at the close of trading on the NYSE on the Expiration Date, then the Subscription Price will be [●]% of the Fund’s net asset value per share of Common Stock at the close of trading on the NYSE on that day. See “Terms of the Rights Offering.”
 
Record Date
Rights will be issued to holders of record of the Fund’s Common Stock as of the close of business on [●], 20[●] (the “Record Date”). See “Terms of the Rights Offering.”
 
Number of Rights Issued
One Right will be issued in respect of each share of Common Stock of the Fund outstanding as of the close of business on the Record Date. See “Terms of the Rights Offering.”
 
S-7

Number of Rights Required to Purchase One Share of Common Stock
A holder of Rights may purchase [●] shares of Common Stock of the Fund for every [●] Rights exercised. The number of Rights to be issued to a stockholder as of the close of business on the Record Date will be rounded up to the nearest number of Rights evenly divisible by [●]. See “Terms of the Rights Offering.”
 
Over-Subscription Privilege
Holders of shares of Common Stock as of the close of business on the Record Date (“Record Date Stockholders”) who fully exercise all Rights initially issued to them are entitled to buy those shares of Common Stock, referred to as “primary oversubscription shares,” that were not purchased by other Rights holders at the same Subscription Price. If enough primary over-subscription shares are available, all such requests will be honored in full. If the requests for primary over-subscription shares exceed the primary over-subscription shares available, the available primary oversubscription shares will be allocated pro rata among those fully exercising Record Date Stockholders who over-subscribe based on the number of Rights originally issued to them by the Fund. Shares of Common Stock acquired pursuant to the primary over-subscription privilege are subject to allotment. Rights acquired in the secondary market may not participate in the primary over-subscription privilege.
 
  [In addition, the Fund, in its sole discretion, may determine to issue additional shares of Common Stock at the same Subscription Price in an amount of up to [●]% of the shares issued pursuant to the primary subscription, referred to as “secondary over-subscription shares.” Should the Fund determine to issue some or all of the secondary over-subscription shares, they will be allocated only among Record Date Stockholders who submitted over-subscription requests. Secondary over-subscription shares will be allocated pro rata among those fully exercising Record Date Stockholders who over-subscribe based on the number of Rights originally issued to them by the Fund. Rights acquired in the secondary market may not participate in the secondary over-subscription privilege.]
 
  Notwithstanding the above, the Board has the right in its absolute discretion to eliminate the primary over-subscription privilege and/or secondary over-subscription privilege (together, the “over-subscription privilege”) if it considers it to be in the best interest of the Fund to do so. The Board may make that determination at any time, without prior notice to Rights holders or others, up to and including the fifth day following the Expiration Date (as defined below). See “Over-Subscription Privilege.”
 
  Any shares of Common Stock issued pursuant to the over-subscription privilege will be shares registered under the Prospectus.
 
S-8

Transfer of Rights
[The Rights will be transferable. See “Terms of the Rights Offering,” “Sales by Rights Agent” and “Method of Transferring Rights.”]
 
Subscription Period
The Rights may be exercised at any time after issuance and prior to expiration of the Rights (the “Subscription Period”), which will be [5:00 PM Eastern Time] on [●], 20[●] (the “Expiration Date”), unless otherwise extended. See “Terms of the Rights Offering” and “Method of Exercise of Rights.” The Rights offering may be terminated [or extended] by the Fund at any time for any reason before the Expiration Date. If the Fund terminates the rights offering, the Fund will issue a press release announcing such termination and will direct the Rights Agent (defined below) to return, without interest, all subscription proceeds received to such stockholders who had elected to purchase shares of Common Stock.
 
Offering Expenses
The expenses of the Rights offering are expected to be approximately $[●] and will be borne by the Fund (and indirectly by holders of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock). See “Use of Proceeds.”
 
Sale of Rights
[The Rights are transferable until the completion of the Subscription Period and will be admitted for trading on the [●] under the symbol “[●]”. Although no assurance can be given that a market for the Rights will develop, trading in the Rights on the [●] is expected to begin two Business Days prior to the Record Date and may be conducted until the close of trading on the last [●] trading day prior to the Expiration Date. For purposes of this Prospectus Supplement, a “Business Day” shall mean any day on which trading is conducted on the [●].
 
  The value of the Rights, if any, will be reflected by their market price on the [●]. Rights may be sold by individual holders through their broker or financial advisor or may be submitted to the Rights Agent (defined below) for sale. Any Rights submitted to the Rights Agent for sale must be received by the Rights Agent prior to [5:00 PM, Eastern Time], on or before [●], 20[●], [●] Business Days prior to the Expiration Date (or, if the subscription period is extended, prior to [5:00 PM, Eastern Time], on the [●] Business Day prior to the extended Expiration Date).
 
  Rights that are sold will not confer any right to acquire any shares of Common Stock in any over-subscription, and any Record Date Stockholder who sells any Rights will not be eligible to participate in the over-subscription privilege, if any.
 
  Trading of the Rights on the [●] will be conducted on a when-issued basis until and including the date on which the Subscription Certificates (as defined below) are mailed to Record Date Stockholders and thereafter will be conducted on a regular‑way basis until and including the last [●] trading day prior to the completion of the Subscription Period. The shares of Common Stock are expected to begin trading ex‑Rights one Business Day prior to the Record Date.
 
S-9

  If the Rights Agent receives Rights for sale in a timely manner, the Rights Agent will use its best efforts to sell the Rights on the [●]. The Rights Agent will also attempt to sell any Rights attributable to Record Date Stockholders whose addresses are outside the United States, or who have an APO or FPO address. See “Foreign Restrictions.” The Rights Agent will attempt to sell such Rights, including by first offering such Rights to the Dealer Manager for purchase by the Dealer Manager at the then-current market price on the [●]. The Rights Agent will offer Rights to the Dealer Manager before attempting to sell them on the [●].
 
  Any commissions will be paid by the selling Rights holders. Neither the Fund nor the Rights Agent will be responsible if Rights cannot be sold and neither has guaranteed any minimum sales price for the Rights. If the Rights can be sold, sales of these Rights will be deemed to have been effected at the weighted average price received by the Rights Agent on the day such Rights are sold, less any applicable brokerage commissions, taxes and other expenses (i.e., costs incidental to the sale of Rights).
 
  For a discussion of actions that may be taken by [●] (the “Dealer Manager”) to seek to facilitate the trading market for Rights and the placement of shares of Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of Rights, including the purchase of Rights and the sale during the Subscription Period by the Dealer Manager of Common Stock acquired through the exercise of Rights and the terms on which such sales will be made, see “Plan of Distribution.”
 
  Stockholders are urged to obtain a recent trading price for the Rights on the [●] from their broker, bank, financial advisor or the financial press.
 
  Banks, broker-dealers and trust companies that hold shares of Common Stock for the accounts of others are advised to notify those persons that purchase Rights in the secondary market that such Rights will not participate in any over-subscription privilege. See “Terms of the Rights Offering” and “Sales by Rights Agent.”]
 
Use of Proceeds
The Fund estimates the net proceeds of the Rights offering to be approximately $[●]. This figure is based on the Subscription Price per share of Common Stock of $[●] ([●]% of the last reported sales price of the Fund’s Common Stock on the NYSE on [●], 20[●]) and assumes all new shares of Common Stock offered are sold and that the expenses related to the Rights offering estimated at approximately $[●] are paid.
 
 
The Investment Manager anticipates that investment of the proceeds will be made in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies as appropriate investment opportunities are identified, which is expected to be substantially completed in approximately three
 
S-10

 
months. Pending such investment, the proceeds will be held in cash and/or high quality short term debt securities and instruments. Depending on market conditions and operations, a portion of the cash held by the Fund, including any proceeds raised from the offering, may be used to pay distributions in accordance with the Fund’s distribution policy and may be a return of capital. A return of capital is a return to investors of a portion of their original investment in the Fund. In general terms, a return of capital would involve a situation in which a Fund distribution (or a portion thereof) represents a return of a portion of a stockholder’s investment in the Fund, rather than making a distribution that is funded from the Fund’s earned income or other profits. Although return of capital distributions may not be currently taxable, such distributions would decrease the basis of a stockholder’s shares (but not below zero), and therefore may increase a stockholder’s tax liability for capital gains upon a sale of shares, even if sold at a loss to the stockholder’s original investment. See “Use of Proceeds.”
 
Taxation/ERISA
See “Taxation” and “Employee Benefit Plan and IRA Considerations.”
 
Rights Agent
[●]. See “Rights Agent.”
 
Information Agent
[●]. See “Information Agent.”
 
S-11

DESCRIPTION OF THE RIGHTS OFFERING
Terms of the Rights Offering
The Fund is issuing to Record Date Stockholders Rights to subscribe for shares of Common Stock of the Fund. Each Record Date Stockholder is being issued one transferable Right for each share of Common Stock owned on the Record Date. The Rights entitle the holder to acquire, at a subscription price per share of Common Stock (the “Subscription Price”) determined based upon a formula equal to [●]% of the average of the last reported sales price of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock on the NYSE on the Expiration Date (as defined below) and each of the [four] preceding trading days (the “Formula Price”), [●] new shares of Common Stock for each [●] Rights held. If, however, the Formula Price is less than [●]% of the net asset value per share of Common Stock at the close of trading on the NYSE on the Expiration Date, then the Subscription Price will be [●]% of the Fund’s net asset value per share of Common Stock at the close of trading on the NYSE on that day. The estimated Subscription Price to the public of $[●] is based upon [●]% of the last reported sales price of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock on the NYSE on [●], 20[●]. Fractional shares will not be issued upon the exercise of the Rights. Accordingly, shares of Common Stock may be purchased only pursuant to the exercise of Rights in integral multiples of [●]. The number of Rights to be issued to a Record Date Stockholder will be rounded up to the nearest number of Rights evenly divisible by [●]. In the case of shares of Common Stock held of record by Cede & Co. (“Cede”), as nominee for the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), or any other depository or nominee, the number of Rights issued to Cede or such other depository or nominee will be adjusted to permit rounding up (to the nearest number of Rights evenly divisible by [●]) of the Rights to be received by beneficial owners for whom it is the holder of record only if Cede or such other depository or nominee provides to the Fund on or before the close of business on [●], 20[●] written representation of the number of Rights required for such rounding. Rights may be exercised at any time during the period (the “Subscription Period”) which commences on [●], 20[●], and ends at [5:00 PM Eastern Time] on [●], 20[●] (the “Expiration Date”), unless otherwise extended. Shares of the Fund, as a closed‑end fund, can trade at a discount to net asset value. Upon exercise of the Rights offering, Fund shares [are expected to] [may] be issued at a price below net asset value per share of Common Stock. The right to acquire one share of Common Stock for each [●] Rights held during the Subscription Period (or any extension of the Subscription Period) at the Subscription Price will be referred to in the remainder of this Prospectus Supplement as the “Rights offering.” Rights will expire on the Expiration Date and thereafter may not be exercised. Any share of Common Stock issued as a result of the Rights offering will not be Record Date shares for the Fund’s monthly distribution to be paid on [], 20[] and will not be entitled to receive such distribution.
The Fund has entered into a dealer manager agreement with the Dealer Manager that allows the Dealer Manager to take actions to seek to facilitate the trading market for Rights and the placement of shares of Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of Rights. Those actions are expected to involve the Dealer Manager purchasing and exercising Rights during the Subscription Period at prices determined at the time of such exercise, which are expected to vary from the Subscription Price. See “Plan of Distribution” for additional information.
Rights may be evidenced by subscription certificates or may be uncertificated and evidenced by other appropriate documentation (i.e., a rights card distributed to registered stockholders in lieu of a subscription certificate) (“Subscription Certificates”). The number of Rights issued to each holder will be stated on the Subscription Certificate delivered to the holder. The method by which Rights may be exercised and shares of Common Stock paid for is set forth below in “Method of Exercise of Rights,” “Payment for Shares” and “Plan of Distribution.” A holder of Rights will have no right to rescind a purchase after [●] (the “Rights Agent”) has received payment. See “Payment for Shares” below. It is anticipated that the shares of Common Stock issued pursuant to an exercise of Rights will be listed on the [●].
[Holders of Rights [who are Record Date Stockholders] are entitled to subscribe for additional shares of Common Stock at the same Subscription Price pursuant to the over-subscription privilege, subject to certain
 
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limitations, allotment and the right of the Board to eliminate the primary oversubscription privilege [or secondary] over-subscription privilege. See “Over-Subscription Privilege” below.]
For purposes of determining the maximum number of shares of Common Stock that may be acquired pursuant to the Rights offering, broker-dealers, trust companies, banks or others whose shares are held of record by Cede or by any other depository or nominee will be deemed to be the holders of the Rights that are held by Cede or such other depository or nominee on their behalf.
[The Rights are transferable until the completion of the Subscription Period and will be admitted for trading on the [●] under the symbol “[●]”. Assuming a market exists for the Rights, the Rights may be purchased and sold through usual brokerage channels and also sold through the Rights Agent. Although no assurance can be given that a market for the Rights will develop, trading in the Rights on the [●] is expected to begin two Business Days prior to the Record Date and may be conducted until the close of trading on the last [●] trading day prior to the Expiration Date. Trading of the Rights on the [●] is expected to be conducted on a when-issued basis until and including the date on which the Subscription Certificates are mailed to Record Date Stockholders and thereafter is expected to be conducted on a regular way basis until and including the last [●] trading day prior to the Expiration Date. The method by which Rights may be transferred is set forth below under “Method of Transferring Rights.” The shares of Common Stock are expected to begin trading ex‑Rights one Business Day prior to the Record Date as determined and announced by the [●].] The Rights offering may be terminated or extended by the Fund at any time for any reason before the Expiration Date. If the Fund terminates the Rights offering, the Fund will issue a press release announcing such termination and will direct the Rights Agent to return, without interest, all subscription proceeds received to such stockholders who had elected to purchase shares of Common Stock.
Nominees who hold shares of the Fund’s Common Stock for the account of others, such as banks, broker-dealers, trustees or depositories for securities, should notify the respective beneficial owners of such shares of Common Stock as soon as possible to ascertain such beneficial owners’ intentions and to obtain instructions with respect to the Rights. If the beneficial owner so instructs, the nominee should complete the Subscription Certificate and submit it to the Rights Agent with proper payment. In addition, beneficial owners of the Common Stock or Rights held through such a nominee should contact the nominee and request the nominee to effect transactions in accordance with such beneficial owner’s instructions.
[Participants in the Fund’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the “Plan”) will be issued Rights in respect of the shares of Common Stock held in their accounts in the Plan. Participants wishing to exercise these Rights must exercise the Rights in accordance with the procedures set forth in “Method of Exercise of Rights” and “Payment for Shares.”]
Conditions of the Rights Offering
The rights offering is being made in accordance with the 1940 Act without stockholder approval. The staff of the SEC has interpreted the 1940 Act as not requiring stockholder approval of a transferable rights offering to purchase shares of Common Stock at a price below the then current net asset value so long as certain conditions are met, including: (i) a good faith determination by a fund’s board that such offering would result in a net benefit to existing stockholders; (ii) the offering fully protects stockholders’ preemptive rights and does not discriminate among stockholders (except for the possible effect of not offering fractional rights); (iii) management uses its best efforts to ensure an adequate trading market in the rights for use by stockholders who do not exercise such rights; and (iv) the ratio of a transferable rights offering does not exceed one new share for each three rights held.
 
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Important Dates to Remember
[Please note that the dates in the table below may change if the rights offering is extended.]
 
Event
  
Date
Record Date
   [●] 20[●]†
Subscription Period
   [●] 20[●] through [●], 20[●]†
Expiration Date*
   [●] 20[●]†
Payment for Guarantees Delivery Due*
   [●] 20[●]†
Issuance Date
   [●] 20[●]†
Confirmation Date
   [●] 20[●]†
 
*
A stockholder exercising Rights must deliver to the Rights Agent by [5:00 PM Eastern Time] on [●], 20[●] (unless the offer is extended) either (a) a Subscription Certificate and payment for shares of Common Stock or (b) a notice of guaranteed delivery and payment for shares of Common Stock.
Unless the offer is extended.
[Over-Subscription Privilege
The Board has the right in its absolute discretion to eliminate the over-subscription privilege with respect to primary over-subscription shares and secondary over-subscription shares if it considers it to be in the best interest of the Fund to do so. The Board may make that determination at any time, without prior notice to Rights holders or others, up to and including the fifth day following the Expiration Date. If the primary over-subscription privilege is not eliminated, it will operate as set forth below.
Rights holders [who are Record Date Stockholders and who fully exercise their Rights] are entitled to subscribe for additional shares of Common Stock at the same Subscription Price pursuant to the over-subscription privilege, subject to certain limitations and subject to allotment.
[Record Date Stockholders who fully exercise all Rights initially issued to them] are entitled to buy those shares of Common Stock, referred to as “primary over-subscription shares,” that were not purchased by other holders of Rights at the same Subscription Price. If enough primary over-subscription shares are available, all such requests will be honored in full. If the requests for primary over-subscription shares exceed the primary over-subscription shares available, the available primary over-subscription shares will be allocated pro rata among those fully exercising [Record Date Stockholders] who over-subscribe based on the number of Rights originally issued to them by the Fund.
Shares of Common Stock acquired pursuant to the over-subscription privilege are subject to allotment.
[In addition, the Fund, in its sole discretion, may determine to issue additional shares of Common Stock at the same Subscription Price in an amount of up to [ ]% of the shares issued pursuant to the primary subscription, referred to as “secondary over-subscription shares.” Should the Fund determine to issue some or all of the secondary over-subscription shares, they will be allocated only among Record Date Stockholders who submitted over-subscription requests. Secondary over-subscription shares will be allocated pro rata among those fully exercising Record Date Stockholders who over-subscribe based on the number of Rights originally issued to them by the Fund. Rights acquired in the secondary market may not participate in the over-subscription privilege.]
Record Date Stockholders who are fully exercising their Rights during the Subscription Period should indicate, on the Subscription Certificate that they submit with respect to the exercise of the Rights issued to them, how many shares of Common Stock they are willing to acquire pursuant to the over-subscription privilege. Rights acquired in the secondary market may not participate in the over-subscription privilege.
 
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To the extent sufficient shares of Common Stock are not available to fulfill all over-subscription requests, unsubscribed shares of Common Stock (the “Excess Shares”) will be allocated pro rata among those Record Date Stockholders who over-subscribe based on the number of Rights issued to them by the Fund. The allocation process may involve a series of allocations in order to assure that the total number of shares of Common Stock available for over-subscriptions is distributed on a pro rata basis.
The formula to be used in allocating the Excess Shares is as follows:
 
Stockholder’s Record Date Position
     X        Excess Shares Remaining  
Total Record Date Position of All Over-Subscribers
Banks, broker-dealers, trustees and other nominee holders of Rights will be required to certify to the Rights Agent, before any over-subscription privilege may be exercised with respect to any particular beneficial owner, as to the aggregate number of Rights exercised during the Subscription Period and the number of shares of Common Stock subscribed for pursuant to the over-subscription privilege by such beneficial owner and that such beneficial owner’s subscription was exercised in full. Nominee holder over-subscription forms and beneficial owner certification forms will be distributed to banks, broker-dealers, trustees and other nominee holders of Rights with the Subscription Certificates. [Nominees should also notify holders purchasing Rights in the secondary market that such Rights may not participate in the over-subscription privilege.]
The Fund will not otherwise offer or sell any shares of Common Stock that are not subscribed for pursuant to the primary subscription, the primary over-subscription privilege or the secondary over-subscription privilege pursuant to the Rights offering.]
[Sales by Rights Agent
Holders of Rights who are unable or do not wish to exercise any or all of their Rights may instruct the Rights Agent to sell any unexercised Rights. The Subscription Certificates representing the Rights to be sold by the Rights Agent must be received prior to [5:00 PM, Eastern Time], on [●], 20[●], five Business Days prior to the Expiration Date (or, if the subscription period is extended, prior to [5:00 PM, Eastern Time], on the fifth Business Day prior to the extended Expiration Date). Upon the timely receipt of the appropriate instructions to sell Rights, the Rights Agent will use its best efforts to complete the sale and will remit the proceeds of the sale, net of any commissions, to the holders. The Rights Agent will also attempt to sell any Rights attributable to Record Date Stockholders whose addresses are outside the United States, or who have an APO or FPO address. The selling Rights holder will pay all brokerage commissions incurred by the Rights Agent. These sales may be effected by the Rights Agent. The Rights Agent will automatically attempt to sell any unexercised Rights that remain unclaimed as a result of Subscription Certificates being returned by the postal authorities as undeliverable as of the [●] Business Day prior to the Expiration Date. The Rights Agent will attempt to sell such Rights, including by first offering such Rights to the Dealer Manager for purchase by the Dealer Manager at the then-current market price on the [●]. The Rights Agent will offer Rights to the Dealer Manager before attempting to sell them on the [●], which may affect the market price for Rights on the [●] and reduce the number of Rights available for purchase on the [●], thereby reducing the ability of new investors to participate in the offering. These sales will be made net of commissions, taxes and any other expenses paid on behalf of the nonclaiming holders of Rights. Proceeds from those sales will be held by Computershare LLC in its capacity as the Fund’s transfer agent, for the account of the nonclaiming holder of Rights until the proceeds are either claimed or escheated. There can be no assurance that the Rights Agent will be able to complete the sale of any of these Rights and neither the Fund nor the Rights Agent has guaranteed any minimum sales price for the Rights. All of these Rights will be sold at the market price, if any, through an exchange or market trading the Rights. If the Rights can be sold, sales of the Rights will be deemed to have been effected at the weighted average price received by the Rights Agent on the day such Rights are sold, less any applicable brokerage commissions, taxes and other expenses.]
 
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[Dealer Manager
[●] (the “Dealer Manager”), a registered broker-dealer, may also act on behalf of its clients to purchase or sell Rights in the open market and may receive commissions from its clients for such services. Holders of Rights attempting to sell any unexercised Rights in the open market through a broker-dealer other than the Dealer Manager may be charged a different commission and should consider the commissions and fees charged by the broker-dealer prior to selling their Rights on the open market. The Dealer Manager is not expected to purchase Rights as principal for its own account in order to seek to facilitate the trading market for Rights or otherwise. See “Plan of Distribution” for additional information.]
[Sale of Rights
The Rights are transferable and will be admitted for trading on the [●] under the symbol “[●].” Although no assurance can be given that a market for the Rights will develop, trading in the Rights on the [●] is expected to begin two Business Days prior to the Record Date and may be conducted until the close of trading on the last [●] trading day prior to the Expiration Date.
The value of the Rights, if any, will be reflected by the market price. Rights may be sold by individual holders or may be submitted to the Rights Agent for sale. Any Rights submitted to the Rights Agent for sale must be received by the Rights Agent prior to [5:00 PM, Eastern Time], on [●], 20[●], five Business Days prior to the Expiration Date (or, if the subscription period is extended, prior to [5:00 PM, Eastern Time], on the [●] Business Day prior to the extended Expiration Date).
[Rights that are sold will not confer any right to acquire any Common Stock in any primary over-subscription privilege or secondary over-subscription privilege, if any, and any Record Date Stockholder who sells any Rights will not be eligible to participate in the primary oversubscription privilege or secondary over-subscription privilege, if any.]
Trading of the Rights on the [●] will be conducted on a when-issued basis until and including the date on which the Subscription Certificates (as defined below) are mailed to Record Date Stockholders and thereafter will be conducted on a regular‑way basis until and including the last [●] trading day prior to the Expiration Date. The shares of Common Stock are expected to begin trading ex‑Rights one Business Day prior to the Record Date.
Stockholders are urged to obtain a recent trading price for the Rights on the [●] from their broker, bank, financial advisor or the financial press.]
[Method of Transferring Rights
The Rights evidenced by a single Subscription Certificate may be transferred in whole by endorsing the Subscription Certificate for transfer in accordance with the accompanying instructions. A portion of the Rights evidenced by a single Subscription Certificate (but not fractional Rights) may be transferred by delivering to the Rights Agent a Subscription Certificate properly endorsed for transfer, with instructions to register the portion of the Rights evidenced thereby in the name of the transferee (and to issue a new Subscription Certificate to the transferee evidencing the transferred Rights). In this event, a new Subscription Certificate evidencing the balance of the Rights will be issued to the Rights holder or, if the Rights holder so instructs, to an additional transferee.
Holders wishing to transfer all or a portion of their Rights (but not fractional Rights) should promptly transfer such Rights to ensure that: (i) the transfer instructions will be received and processed by the Rights Agent, (ii) a new Subscription Certificate will be issued and transmitted to the transferee or transferees with respect to transferred Rights, and to the holder with respect to retained Rights, if any, and (iii) the Rights evidenced by the new Subscription Certificates may be exercised or sold by the recipients thereof prior to the Expiration Date. Neither the Fund nor the Rights Agent shall have any liability to a transferee or holder of Rights if Subscription Certificates are not received in time for exercise or sale prior to the Expiration Date.
 
S-16

Except for the fees charged by the Rights Agent (which will be paid by the Fund as described below), all commissions, fees and other expenses (including brokerage commissions and transfer taxes) incurred in connection with the purchase, sale, transfer or exercise of Rights will be for the account of the holder of the Rights, and none of these commissions, fees or expenses will be borne by the Fund or the Rights Agent.
The Fund anticipates that the Rights will be eligible for transfer through, and that the exercise of the Rights may be effected through, the facilities of DTC (Rights exercised through DTC are referred to as “DTC Exercised Rights”).]
Rights Agent
The Rights Agent is [●]. The Rights Agent will receive from the Fund an amount estimated to be $[●], comprised of the fee for its services and the reimbursement for certain expenses related to the Rights offering. The stockholders of the Fund will indirectly pay such amount.
Information Agent
INQUIRIES BY ALL HOLDERS OF RIGHTS SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO: THE INFORMATION AGENT, [●]; HOLDERS PLEASE CALL TOLL-FREE AT [●]; BANKS AND BROKERS PLEASE CALL [●].
Method of Exercise of Rights
Rights may be exercised by completing and signing the Subscription Certificate and mailing it in the envelope provided, or otherwise delivering the completed and signed Subscription Certificate to the Rights Agent, together with payment for the shares of Common Stock as described below under “Payment for Shares.” Rights may also be exercised through the broker of a holder of Rights, who may charge the holder of Rights a servicing fee in connection with such exercise. See “Plan of Distribution” for additional information regarding the purchase and exercise of Rights by the Dealer Manager.
Completed Subscription Certificates and payment must be received by the Rights Agent prior to [5:00 PM Eastern Time], on the Expiration Date (unless payment is effected by means of a notice of guaranteed delivery as described below under “Payment for Shares”). Your broker, bank, trust company or other intermediary may impose a deadline for exercising Rights earlier than [5:00 PM, Eastern Time], on the Expiration Date. The Subscription Certificate and payment should be delivered to the Rights Agent at the following address:
If By Mail:
LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.
[●]
If By Overnight Courier:
LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.
[●]
Payment for Shares
Holders of Rights who acquire shares of Common Stock in the Rights offering may choose between the following methods of payment:
 
  1.
A holder of Rights can send the Subscription Certificate, together with payment in the form of a check (which must include the name of the stockholder on the check) for the shares of Common Stock
 
S-17

  subscribed for in the Rights offering and, if eligible, for any additional shares of Common Stock subscribed for pursuant to the over-subscription privilege, to the Rights Agent based on the Subscription Price. To be accepted, the payment, together with the executed Subscription Certificate, must be received by the Rights Agent at one of the addresses noted above prior to [5:00 PM Eastern Time] on the Expiration Date. The Rights Agent will deposit all share purchase checks received by it prior to the final due date into a segregated account pending proration and distribution of shares of Common Stock. The Rights Agent will not accept cash as a means of payment for shares of Common Stock.
 
  2.
Alternatively, a subscription will be accepted by the Rights Agent if, prior to [5:00 PM Eastern Time] on the Expiration Date, the Rights Agent has received a written notice of guaranteed delivery by mail or email from a bank, trust company, or a NYSE member, guaranteeing delivery of a properly completed and executed Subscription Certificate. In order for the notice of guarantee to be valid, full payment for the shares of Common Stock at the Subscription Price must be received with the notice. The Rights Agent will not honor a notice of guaranteed delivery unless a properly completed and executed Subscription Certificate is received by the Rights Agent by the close of business on the [second] Business Day after the Expiration Date. The notice of guaranteed delivery must be emailed to the Rights Agent at [●] or delivered to the Rights Agent at one of the addresses noted above.
A PAYMENT PURSUANT TO THIS METHOD MUST BE IN UNITED STATES DOLLARS BY CHECK (WHICH MUST INCLUDE THE NAME OF THE STOCKHOLDER ON THE CHECK) DRAWN ON A BANK LOCATED IN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES, MUST BE PAYABLE TO LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC. AND MUST ACCOMPANY AN EXECUTED SUBSCRIPTION CERTIFICATE TO BE ACCEPTED.
The method and timing of payment for shares of Common Stock acquired by the Dealer Manager through the exercise of Rights is described under “Plan of Distribution.”
If a holder of Rights who acquires shares of Common Stock pursuant to the Rights offering does not make payment of all amounts due, the Fund reserves the right to take any or all of the following actions: (i) find other purchasers for such subscribed‑for and unpaid‑for shares of Common Stock; (ii) apply any payment actually received by it toward the purchase of the greatest whole number of shares of Common Stock which could be acquired by such holder upon exercise of the Rights or any over-subscription privilege; (iii) sell all or a portion of the shares of Common Stock purchased by the holder, in the open market, and apply the proceeds to the amounts owed; and (iv) exercise any and all other rights or remedies to which it may be entitled, including, without limitation, the right to set off against payments actually received by it with respect to such subscribed shares of Common Stock and to enforce the relevant guarantee of payment.
Any payment required from a holder of Rights must be received by the Rights Agent prior to [5:00 PM Eastern Time] on the Expiration Date. Issuance and delivery of the shares of Common Stock purchased are subject to collection of checks.
Within [●] Business Days following the Expiration Date (the “Confirmation Date”), a confirmation will be sent by the Rights Agent to each holder of Rights (or, if the shares of Common Stock are held by Cede or any other depository or nominee, to Cede or such other depository or nominee), showing (i) the number of shares of Common Stock acquired pursuant to the Subscription, (ii) the number of shares of Common Stock, if any, acquired pursuant to the over-subscription privilege, and (iii) the per share and total purchase price for the shares of Common Stock. Any payment required from a holder of Rights must be received by the Rights Agent on or prior to the Expiration Date. Any excess payment to be refunded by the Fund to a holder of Rights, or to be paid to a holder of Rights as a result of sales of Rights on its behalf by the Rights Agent, will be mailed by the Rights Agent to the holder within [●] Business Days after the Expiration Date.
 
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A holder of Rights will have no right to rescind a purchase after the Rights Agent has received payment either by means of a notice of guaranteed delivery or a check, which must include the name of the stockholder on the check.
Upon acceptance of a subscription, all funds received by the Rights Agent shall be held by the Rights Agent as agent for the Fund and deposited in one or more bank accounts. Such funds may be invested by the Rights Agent in: bank accounts, short term certificates of deposit, bank repurchase agreements, and disbursement accounts with commercial banks meeting certain standards. The Rights Agent may receive interest, dividends or other earnings in connection with such deposits or investments.
Holders, such as broker-dealers, trustees or depositories for securities, who hold shares of Common Stock for the account of others, should notify the respective beneficial owners of the shares of Common Stock as soon as possible to ascertain such beneficial owners’ intentions and to obtain instructions with respect to the Rights. If the beneficial owner so instructs, the record holder of the Rights should complete Subscription Certificates and submit them to the Rights Agent with the proper payment. In addition, beneficial owners of shares of Common Stock or Rights held through such a holder should contact the holder and request that the holder effect transactions in accordance with the beneficial owner’s instructions.
[Banks, broker-dealers, trustees and other nominee holders that hold shares of Common Stock of the Fund for the accounts of others are advised to notify those persons that purchase Rights in the secondary market that such Rights may not participate in any oversubscription privilege offered.]
THE INSTRUCTIONS ACCOMPANYING THE SUBSCRIPTION CERTIFICATES SHOULD BE READ CAREFULLY AND FOLLOWED IN DETAIL. DO NOT SEND SUBSCRIPTION CERTIFICATES TO THE FUND.
THE METHOD OF DELIVERY OF SUBSCRIPTION CERTIFICATES AND PAYMENT OF THE SUBSCRIPTION PRICE TO THE RIGHTS AGENT WILL BE AT THE ELECTION AND RISK OF THE RIGHTS HOLDERS, BUT IF SENT BY MAIL IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE CERTIFICATES AND PAYMENTS BE SENT BY REGISTERED MAIL, PROPERLY INSURED, WITH RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED, AND THAT A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF DAYS BE ALLOWED TO ENSURE DELIVERY TO THE RIGHTS AGENT AND CLEARANCE OF PAYMENT PRIOR TO [5:00 PM EASTERN TIME], ON THE EXPIRATION DATE. BECAUSE UNCERTIFIED PERSONAL CHECKS MAY TAKE AT LEAST FIVE BUSINESS DAYS TO CLEAR, YOU ARE STRONGLY URGED TO PAY, OR ARRANGE FOR PAYMENT, BY MEANS OF A CERTIFIED OR CASHIER’S CHECK, WHICH MUST INCLUDE THE NAME OF THE STOCKHOLDER ON THE CHECK.
All questions concerning the timeliness, validity, form and eligibility of any exercise of Rights will be determined by the Fund, whose determinations will be final and binding. The Fund in its sole discretion may waive any defect or irregularity, or permit a defect or irregularity to be corrected within such time as it may determine, or reject the purported exercise of any Right. Subscriptions will not be deemed to have been received or accepted until all irregularities have been waived or cured within such time as the Fund determines in its sole discretion. Neither the Fund nor the Rights Agent will be under any duty to give notification of any defect or irregularity in connection with the submission of Subscription Certificates or incur any liability for failure to give such notification.
Foreign Restrictions
Subscription Certificates will only be mailed to Record Date Stockholders whose addresses are within the United States (other than an APO or FPO address). Because the Rights offering will not be registered in any jurisdiction other than the United States, the Rights Agent will attempt to sell all of the Rights issued to Record Date Stockholders outside of these jurisdictions and remit the net proceeds, if any, to such Record Date
 
S-19

Stockholders. If the Rights can be sold, sales of these Rights will be deemed to have been effected at the weighted average price received by the Rights Agent on the day the Rights are sold, less any applicable brokerage commissions, taxes and other expenses.
Notice of Net Asset Value Decline
The Fund has, pursuant to the SEC’s regulatory requirements, undertaken to suspend the Rights offering until the Fund amends this Prospectus Supplement if, after [●], 20[●] (the date of this Prospectus Supplement), the Fund’s net asset value declines more than 10% from the Fund’s net asset value as of that date. In that event, the Expiration Date will be extended and the Fund will notify Record Date Stockholders of any such decline and permit Rights holders to cancel their exercise of Rights.
Employee Benefit Plan and IRA Considerations
Employee benefit plans that are subject to the fiduciary duty provisions of the U.S. Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”) (including, without limitation, pension and profit-sharing plans), plans, individual retirement accounts and other arrangements that are subject to Section 4975 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) or provisions under any federal, state, local, non‑U.S. or other laws or regulations that are similar to such provisions of the Code or ERISA (collectively, “Similar Laws”), and entities whose underlying assets are considered to include “plan assets” of any such plan, account or arrangement (each, a “Plan”), may purchase a Right and Common Stock.
ERISA, for example, imposes certain responsibilities on persons who are fiduciaries with respect to an ERISA-covered Plan, including, without limitation, the duties of prudence and diversification, as well as the need to avoid non‑exempt prohibited transactions.
In considering an investment in a Right or Common Stock involving a portion of the assets of any Plan, a fiduciary should determine whether the investment is in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the Plan and the applicable provisions of ERISA, the Code or any Similar Law relating to a fiduciary’s duties to the Plan including, without limitation, the prudence, diversification, delegation of control and prohibited transaction provisions of ERISA, the Code and any applicable Similar Law.
Section 406 of ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code prohibit certain Plans (including, for example, ERISA Plans) from engaging in specified transactions involving plan assets with persons or entities who are “parties in interest,” within the meaning of ERISA, or “disqualified persons,” within the meaning of Section 4975 of the Code, unless an exemption is available. A party in interest or disqualified person who engages in a non‑exempt prohibited transaction may be subject to excise taxes and other penalties and liabilities under ERISA and the Code. In addition, the fiduciary of such Plan that engages in such a non‑exempt prohibited transaction may be subject to penalties and liabilities under ERISA and the Code. Accordingly, by acceptance of the Right or Common Stock, each purchaser and subsequent transferee of the Right or Common Stock will be deemed to have represented and warranted that either (i) no portion of the assets used by such purchaser or transferee to acquire and hold the Right or Common Stock constitutes assets of any Plan or (ii) the purchase and holding of the Right or Common Stock by such purchaser or transferee will not constitute a non‑exempt prohibited transaction under Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code or similar violation under Similar Law.
Because the Fund is registered as an investment company under the 1940 Act, the underlying assets of the Fund will not be considered to be “plan assets” of any Plan investing in the Fund for purposes of the fiduciary responsibility and prohibited transaction rules under Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code. Thus, neither the Fund nor the Investment Manager will be a “fiduciary,” within the meaning of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code with respect to the assets of any Plan that becomes a Stockholder, solely as a result of the Plan’s investment in the Fund.
 
S-20

The provisions of ERISA are subject to extensive and continuing administrative and judicial interpretation and review. The discussion of ERISA contained herein is general in nature and may be affected by future regulations and rulings. Potential investors should consult their legal advisers regarding the consequences under ERISA, the Code or other applicable law of an investment by a Plan in the Fund.
 
S-21

TABLE OF FEES AND EXPENSES
The following tables are intended to assist you in understanding the various costs and expenses directly or indirectly associated with investing in our shares of Common Stock as a percentage of net assets attributable to shares of Common Stock. Amounts are for the current fiscal year after giving effect to anticipated net proceeds of the Rights offering, assuming that we incur the estimated offering expenses.
 
STOCKHOLDER TRANSACTION EXPENSES
  
Sales Load (percentage of offering price)
     [  ]%(1) 
Offering Expenses Borne by the Fund (percentage of offering price)
     [  ]%(2) 
Dividend Reinvestment Plan Per Transaction Fee to Sell Shares Obtained Pursuant to the Plan
   $ 5.00 (3) 
TOTAL TRANSACTION EXPENSES (as a percentage of offering price)(4)
  
 
    
Percentage of
Net Assets
Attributable to
Shares of Common
Stock
 
ANNUAL EXPENSES
  
Management Fees(5)
     [●]
Interest Payment on Borrowed Funds(6)
     [●]
Other Expenses(7)
       [●]
  
 
 
 
TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENSES
     [●]
  
 
 
 
 
(1)
The sales load will apply only if the securities to which this Prospectus relates are sold to or through underwriters. In such case, a corresponding Prospectus Supplement will disclose the applicable sales load.
(2)
The related Prospectus Supplement will disclose the estimated amount of offering expenses, the offering price and the offering expenses borne by the Fund as a percentage of the offering price.
(3)
Common Stockholders will pay brokerage charges if they direct the Plan Agent (defined below) to sell shares of Common Stock held in a dividend reinvestment account. See “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.” There are no fees charged to stockholders for participating in the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. However, stockholders participating in the plan that elect to sell their shares obtained pursuant to the plan would pay $5.00 per transaction to sell shares.
(4)
The related Prospectus Supplement will disclose the offering price and the total stockholder transaction expenses as a percentage of the offering price.
(5)
The Investment Manager receives an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 1.00% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets. “Managed Assets” means net assets plus the amount of any borrowings and assets attributable to any preferred stock that may be outstanding. For the purposes of this table, we have assumed that the Fund has utilized leverage in an aggregate amount of [●]% of its net assets (the actual average amount of Borrowings during the period fiscal year ended November 30, 20[●]). If the Fund were to use leverage in excess of [●]% of its net assets, the management fees shown would be higher.
(6)
For the purposes of this table, we have assumed that the Fund has utilized Borrowings in an aggregate amount of [●]% of its net assets (which equals the average level of leverage for the Fund’s fiscal year ended November 30, 20[●]). The expenses and rates associated with leverage may vary as and when Borrowings or issuances of Preferred Stock are made.
(7)
Estimated based on amounts incurred in the period ended November 30, 20[●].
The purpose of the table above and the examples below is to help you understand all fees and expenses that you, as a holder of Common Stock, would bear directly or indirectly.
 
S-22

Example
The following example illustrates the expenses you would pay on a $1,000 investment in shares of Common Stock, assuming a 5% annual portfolio total return.*
 
     1 Year      3 Years      5 Years      10 Years  
Total Expenses Incurred
   $        $        $        $    
 
*
The example should not be considered a representation of future expenses. The example assumes that the amounts set forth in the Table of Fees and Expenses table are accurate and that all distributions are reinvested at net asset value. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. Moreover, the Fund’s actual rate of return may be greater or less than the hypothetical 5% return shown in the example.
 
S-23

USE OF PROCEEDS
The Fund estimates the net proceeds of the Rights offering to be approximately $[●], based on the estimated Subscription Price per share of Common Stock of $[●] ([●]% of the last reported sales price of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock on the NYSE on [●], 20[●]), assuming all new shares of Common Stock offered are sold and that the expenses related to the Rights offering estimated at approximately $[●] are paid.
The Investment Manager expects that it will initially invest the proceeds of the offering in high quality short term debt securities and instruments. The Investment Manager anticipates that the investment of the proceeds will be made in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies as appropriate investment opportunities are identified, which is expected to be substantially completed within three months. Depending on market conditions and operations, a portion of the cash held by the Fund, including any proceeds raised from the Rights offering, may be used to pay distributions in accordance with the Fund’s distribution policy and may be a return of capital. A return of capital is a return to investors of a portion of their original investment in the Fund. In general terms, a return of capital would involve a situation in which a Fund distribution (or a portion thereof) represents a return of a portion of a stockholder’s investment in the Fund, rather than making a distribution that is funded from the Fund’s earned income or other profits. Although return of capital distributions may not be currently taxable, such distributions would decrease the basis of a stockholder’s shares (but not below zero), and therefore may increase a stockholder’s tax liability for capital gains upon a sale of shares, even if sold at a loss to the stockholder’s original investment.
 
S-24

CAPITALIZATION
The following table sets forth the unaudited capitalization of the Fund as of [●], 20[●] and its adjusted capitalization assuming the shares of Common Stock available in the Rights offering discussed in this Prospectus Supplement had been issued.
[To be provided.]
 
S-25

PRICE RANGE OF COMMON STOCK
The following table sets forth for the quarters indicated, the high and low sale prices on the NYSE per share of our Common Stock and the net asset value and the premium or discount from net asset value per share at which the shares of Common Stock were trading, expressed as a percentage of net asset value, at each of the high and low sale prices provided.
 
     NAV per Common
Stock on
Date of
Market Price(1)
  NYSE
Market Price
per Common
Stock(2)
  Premium/
(Discount) on
Date of Market
Price(3)
  Trading
During Quarter Ended    High   Low   High   Low   High   Low   Volume
[June 30, 20[●]]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
[September 30, 20[●]]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
[December 31, 20[●]]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
[March 31, 20[●]]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
[June 30, 20[●]]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
[September 30, 20[●]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
[December 31, 20[●]]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
[March 31, 20[●]]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
[June 30, 20[●]]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
[September 30, 20[●]]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
[December 31, 20[●]]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
[March 31, 20[●]]
   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]   [ ]%   [ ]%   [ ]
 
(1)
Based on the Fund’s computations.
(2)
Source: NYSE.
(3)
Based on the Fund’s computations.
(4)
Source: Bloomberg.
On [●], 20[●], the last reported net asset value per share of Common Stock was $[●] and the last reported sales price per Common Stock on the NYSE was $[●].
 
S-26

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RISKS OF THE RIGHTS OFFERING
Risk is inherent in all investing. Therefore, before investing in the shares of Common Stock, you should consider the risks associated with such an investment carefully. See “Risks” in the Prospectus. The following summarizes some of the matters that you should consider before investing in the Fund through the Rights offering:
Dilution. Record Date Stockholders who do not fully exercise their Rights will, at the completion of the Rights offering, own a smaller proportional interest in the Fund than owned prior to the Rights offering. The completion of the Rights offering will result in immediate voting dilution for such stockholders. Further, both the sales load and the expenses associated with the Rights offering will immediately reduce the net asset value of each outstanding share of Common Stock. In addition, if the Subscription Price is less than the net asset value per share of Common Stock as of the Expiration Date, the completion of this Rights offering will result in an immediate dilution of the net asset value per share of Common Stock for all existing Common Stockholders (i.e., will cause the net asset value per Common Stock to decrease). It is anticipated that existing Common Stockholders will experience immediate dilution even if they fully exercise their Rights. Such dilution is not currently determinable because it is not known how many shares of Common Stock will be subscribed for, what the net asset value per share of Common Stock or market price of the share of Common Stock will be on the Expiration Date or what the Subscription Price per share of Common Stock will be. If the Subscription Price is substantially less than the current net asset value per share of Common Stock, this dilution could be substantial. The Fund will pay expenses associated with the Rights offering, estimated at approximately $[●]. In addition, the Fund has agreed to pay a dealer manager fee (sales load) equal to [●]% of the Subscription Price per share of Common Stock issued pursuant to the exercise of Rights (including pursuant to the Over-Subscription Privilege). The Fund, not investors, pays the sales load, which is ultimately borne by all Common Stockholders. All of the costs of the Rights offering will be borne by the Fund (and indirectly by the Fund’s Common Stockholders). See “Table of Fees and Expenses” in this Prospectus Supplement and “Summary of Fund Expenses” in the accompanying Prospectus for more information.
If you do not exercise all of your Rights, you may own a smaller proportional interest in the Fund when the Rights offering is over. In addition, you will experience an immediate dilution of the aggregate net asset value per share of Common Stock if you do not participate in the Rights offering and will experience a reduction in the net asset value per share of Common Stock whether or not you exercise your Rights, if the Subscription Price is below the Fund’s net asset value per share of Common Stock on the Expiration Date, because:
 
   
the offered shares of Common Stock are being sold at less than their current net asset value;
 
   
you will indirectly bear the expenses of the Rights offering; and
 
   
the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding after the Rights offering will have increased proportionately more than the increase in the amount of the Fund’s net assets.
On the other hand, if the Subscription Price is above the Fund’s net asset value per share of Common Stock on the Expiration Date, you may experience an immediate accretion of the aggregate net asset value per share of your share of Common Stock even if you do not exercise your Rights and an immediate increase in the net asset value per share of Common Stock whether or not you participate in the Rights offering, because:
 
   
the offered Common Stock is being sold at more than their current net asset value after deducting the expenses of the Rights offering; and
 
   
the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding after the Rights offering will have increased proportionately less than the increase in the amount of the Fund’s net assets.
[Furthermore, if you do not participate in the secondary over-subscription, if it is available, your percentage ownership will also be diluted.] The Fund cannot state precisely the amount of any dilution because it is not
 
S-27

known at this time what the net asset value per share of Common Stock will be on the Expiration Date or what proportion of the Rights will be exercised. The impact of the Rights offering on net asset value (“NAV”) per share of Common Stock is shown by the following examples, assuming the Rights offering is fully subscribed and a $[●] Subscription Price:
Scenario 1: (assumes net asset value per share is above subscription price)(1)
 
NAV(2)
     [ ●] 
Subscription Price(3)
     [ ●] 
Reduction in NAV ($)(4)
     [ ●] 
Reduction in NAV (%)
     [ ●] 
Scenario 2: (assumes net asset value per share is below subscription price)(1)
 
NAV(2)
     [ ●] 
Subscription Price(3)
     [ ●] 
Increase in NAV ($)(4)
     [ ●] 
Increase in NAV (%)
     [ ●] 
 
(1)
Both examples assume the full Primary Subscription [and Secondary Over-Subscription Privilege] are exercised. Actual amounts may vary due to rounding.
(2)
For illustrative purposes only; reflects the Fund’s net asset value per share of Common Stock as of [●], 20[●]. It is not known at this time what the net asset value per share of Common Stock will be on the Expiration Date.
(3)
For illustrative purposes only; reflects an estimated Subscription Price of $[●] based upon [●]% of the last reported sales price of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock on the NYSE on [●], 20[●]. It is not known at this time what the Subscription Price will be on the Expiration Date.
(4)
Assumes $[●] in estimated offering expenses.
If you do not wish to exercise your Rights, you should consider selling them as set forth in this Prospectus Supplement. Any cash you receive from selling your Rights may serve as partial compensation for any possible dilution of your interest in the Fund. The Fund cannot give assurance, however, that a market for the Rights will develop or that the Rights will have any marketable value.
[The Fund’s largest stockholders could increase their percentage ownership in the Fund through the exercise of the primary subscription and over-subscription privilege.]
Risks of Investing in Rights. Shares of closed‑end funds such as the Fund frequently trade at a discount to net asset value. If the Formula Price is less than [●]% of net asset value on the Expiration Date, then the Subscription Price will likely be greater than the market price of a share of Common Stock on that date. In addition, the Formula Price, even if above [●]% of net asset value, may be still above the market price of a share of Common Stock on the Expiration Date. If either event occurs, the Rights will have no value, and a person who exercises Rights will experience an immediate loss of value.
Leverage. Leverage creates a greater risk of loss, as well as a potential for more gain, for the shares of Common Stock than if leverage were not used. Following the completion of the Rights offering, the Fund’s amount of leverage outstanding will decrease. The leverage of the Fund as of [●], 20[●] was approximately [●]% of the Fund’s net assets. After the completion of the Rights offering, the amount of leverage outstanding is expected to decrease to approximately [●]% of the Fund’s net assets. The use of leverage for investment purposes creates opportunities for greater total returns but at the same time increases risk. When leverage is employed, the net asset value and market price of the shares of Common Stock and the yield to holders of shares of Common
 
S-28

Stock may be more volatile. Any investment income or gains earned with respect to the amounts borrowed in excess of the interest due on the borrowing will augment the Fund’s income. Conversely, if the investment performance with respect to the amounts borrowed fails to cover the interest on such borrowings, the value of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock may decrease more quickly than would otherwise be the case, and distributions on the Common Stock could be reduced or eliminated. Interest payments and fees incurred in connection with such borrowings will reduce the amount of net income available for distribution to holders of the shares of Common Stock.
Because the fee paid to the Investment Manager is calculated on the basis of the Fund’s net assets, which include the proceeds of leverage, the dollar amount of the management fee paid by the Fund to the Investment Manager will be higher (and the Investment Manager will be benefited to that extent) when leverage is used. The Investment Manager will use leverage only if it believes such action would result in a net benefit to the Fund’s stockholders after taking into account the higher fees and expenses associated with leverage (including higher management fees).
The Fund’s leveraging strategy may not be successful.
Increase in Share Price Volatility; Decrease in Share Price. The Rights offering may result in an increase in trading of the shares of Common Stock, which may increase volatility in the market price of the Common Stock. The Rights offering may result in an increase in the number of stockholders wishing to sell their shares of Common Stock, which would exert downward price pressure on the price of shares of Common Stock.
Under-Subscription. It is possible that the Rights offering will not be fully subscribed. Under-subscription of the Rights offering would have an impact on the net proceeds of the Rights offering and whether the Fund achieves any benefits.
 
S-29

TAXATION
The following is a general summary of certain U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Rights offering to Record Date Stockholders who are U.S. persons for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The following summary supplements the discussion set forth in the accompanying Prospectus and SAI and is subject to the qualifications and assumptions set forth therein. The discussion set forth herein does not constitute tax advice and potential investors are urged to consult their own tax advisers to determine the tax consequences of investing in the Fund.
Please refer to the “Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations” section in the Fund’s Prospectus and SAI for a description of the consequences of investing in the shares of Common Stock of the Fund. Special tax considerations relating to this Rights offering are summarized below:
 
   
The value of a Right will not be includible in the income of a Common Stockholder at the time the Right is issued.
 
   
The basis of the Rights issued to a Common Stockholder will be zero, and the basis of the Common Stock with respect to which the Rights were issued (the “Old Common Stock”) will not change, unless either (i) the fair market value of the Rights on the date of distribution is at least 15% of the fair market value of the Old Common Stock, or (ii) such Common Stockholder affirmatively elects (in the manner set out in Treasury Regulations under the Code) to allocate to the Rights a portion of the basis of the Old Common Stock. In the case of clause (i) or (ii) above, such Common Stockholder must generally allocate the basis of the Old Common Stock between the Old Common Stock and the Rights in proportion to their fair market values on the date of distribution, but as discussed below, the basis of the Old Common Stock may be allocated to a Right only if the Right is sold or exercised.
 
   
The basis of a Right purchased will generally be its purchase price.
 
   
A Common Stockholder’s holding period in a Right issued includes the holding period of the Old Common Stock.
 
   
A Common Stockholder will not recognize a loss if a Right distributed to such Common Stockholder expires unexercised because the basis of the Old Common Stock may be allocated to a Right only if the Right is sold or exercised. If a Right that has been purchased in the market expires unexercised, there will be a recognized loss equal to the basis of the Right.
 
   
Any gain or loss on the sale of a Right will be a capital gain or loss if the Right is held as a capital asset (which in the case of a Right issued to Record Date Stockholders will depend on whether the Old Common Stock is held as a capital asset), and will be a long-term capital gain or loss if the holding period is deemed to exceed one year.
 
   
No gain or loss will be recognized by a Common Stockholder upon the exercise of a Right, and the basis of any Common Stock acquired upon exercise (the “New Common Stock”) will equal the sum of the basis, if any, of the Right and the subscription price for the New Common Stock. The holding period for the New Common Stock will begin on the date when the Right is exercised (or, in the case of a Right purchased in the market, potentially the day after the date of exercise).
The foregoing is a general and brief summary of certain U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Rights offering, and applies with respect to U.S. federal income taxation only. Other tax issues such as state and local taxation may apply. The foregoing discussion is based upon present provisions of the Code, the regulations promulgated thereunder, and judicial and administrative ruling authorities, all of which are subject to change or differing interpretations (possibly with retroactive effect). Investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors to determine the tax consequences of the Rights offering and investing in the Fund.
 
S-30

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
Distribution Arrangements
[●] will act as Dealer Manager for this Rights offering. Under the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the Dealer Manager Agreement among the Dealer Manager, the Fund and the Investment Manager, the Dealer Manager will provide financial structuring and solicitation services in connection with the Rights offering and will solicit the exercise of Rights and participation in the over-subscription privilege. The Rights offering is not contingent upon any number of Rights being exercised. The Dealer Manager will also be responsible for forming and managing a group of selling broker-dealers (each a “Selling Group Member” and collectively the “Selling Group Members”), whereby each Selling Group Member will enter into a Selling Group Agreement with the Dealer Manager to solicit the exercise of Rights and to sell shares of Common Stock purchased by the Selling Group Member from the Dealer Manager. In addition, the Dealer Manager will enter into a Soliciting Dealer Agreement with other soliciting broker-dealers (each a “Soliciting Dealer” and collectively the “Soliciting Dealers”) to solicit the exercise of Rights. See “—Compensation to Dealer Manager” for a discussion of fees and other compensation to be paid to the Dealer Manager, Selling Group Members and Soliciting Dealers in connection with the Rights offering.
The Fund and the Investment Manager have each agreed to indemnify the Dealer Manager for losses arising out of certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. The Dealer Manager Agreement also provides that the Dealer Manager will not be subject to any liability to the Fund in rendering the services contemplated by the Dealer Manager Agreement except for any act of willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence of the Dealer Manager or reckless disregard by the Dealer Manager of its obligations and duties under the Dealer Manager Agreement.
In order to seek to facilitate the trading market in the Rights for the benefit of non‑exercising stockholders, and the placement of the shares of Common Stock to new or existing investors pursuant to the exercise of the Rights, the Dealer Manager Agreement provides for special arrangements with the Dealer Manager. Under these arrangements, the Dealer Manager is expected to purchase Rights on the [●], as well as Rights received by the Rights Agent for sale by Record Date Stockholders and offered to the Dealer Manager and unexercised Rights of Record Date Stockholders whose record addresses are outside the United States that are held by the Subscription Agent and for which no instructions are received. The number of rights, if any, purchased by the Dealer Manager will be determined by the Dealer Manager in its sole discretion. The Dealer Manager is not obligated to purchase Rights or shares of Common Stock as principal for its own account to facilitate the trading market for Rights or for investment purposes. Rather, its purchases are expected to be closely related to interest in acquiring shares of Common Stock generated by the Dealer Manager through its marketing and soliciting activities. The Dealer Manager intends to exercise Rights purchased by it during the Subscription Period but prior to the Expiration Date. The Dealer Manager may exercise those Rights at its option on one or more dates, which are expected to be prior to the Expiration Date. The subscription price for the shares of Common Stock issued through the exercise of Rights by the Dealer Manager prior to the Expiration Date will be the greater of [●]% of the last reported sale price of a share of Common Stock on the NYSE on the date of exercise or [●]% of the last reported net asset value of a share of Common Stock on the date prior to the date of exercise. The price and timing of these exercises are expected to differ from those described herein for the Rights offering. The subscription price will be paid to the Fund and the dealer manager fee with respect to such proceeds will be paid by the Fund on the applicable settlement date(s) of such exercise(s).
In connection with the exercise of Rights and receipt of shares of Common Stock, the Dealer Manager intends to offer those shares of Common Stock for sale to the public and/or through a group of selling members it has established. The Dealer Manager may set the price for those shares of Common Stock at any price that it determines, in its sole discretion. The Dealer Manager has advised that the price at which such shares of Common Stock are offered is expected to be at or slightly below the closing price of the shares of Common Stock on the NYSE on the date the Dealer Manager exercises Rights. No portion of the amount paid to the Dealer
 
S-31

Manager or to a selling group member from the sale of shares of Common Stock in this manner will be paid to the Fund. If the sales price of the shares of Common Stock is greater than the subscription price paid by the Dealer Manager for such shares of Common Stock plus the costs to purchase Rights for the purpose of acquiring those shares of Common Stock, the Dealer Manager will receive a gain. Alternatively, if the sales price of the shares of Common Stock is less than the subscription price for such shares of Common Stock plus the costs to purchase Rights for the purpose of acquiring those shares of Common Stock, the Dealer Manager will incur a loss. The Dealer Manager will pay a concession to selling group members in an amount equal to approximately [●]% of the aggregate price of the shares of Common Stock sold by the respective selling group member. Neither the Fund nor the Investment Manager has a role in setting the terms, including the sales price, on which the Dealer Manager offers for sale and sells shares of Common Stock it has acquired through purchasing and exercising Rights or the timing of the exercise of Rights or sales of shares of Common Stock by the Dealer Manager. Persons who purchase shares of Common Stock from the Dealer Manager or the selling group will purchase shares at a price set by the Dealer Manager, which may be more or less than the Subscription Price, and at a time set by the Dealer Manager, which is expected to be prior to the Expiration Date.
The Dealer Manager may purchase Rights as principal or act as agent on behalf of its clients for the resale of such Rights. The Dealer Manager may realize gains (or losses) in connection with the purchase and sale of Rights and the sale of shares of Common Stock, although such transactions are intended by the Dealer Manager to facilitate the trading market in the Rights and the placement of the shares of Common Stock to new or existing investors pursuant to the exercise of the Rights. Any gains (or losses) realized by the Dealer Manager from the purchase and sale of Rights and the sale of shares of Common Stock is independent of and in addition to its fee as Dealer Manager. The Dealer Manager has advised that any such gains (or losses) are expected to be immaterial relative to its fee as Dealer Manager.
Since neither the Dealer Manager nor persons who purchase shares of Common Stock from the Dealer Manager or members of the selling group were Record Date Stockholders, they would not be able to participate in the over-subscription privilege.
Persons who purchase Common Stock from the Dealer Manager or the selling group will not purchase shares at the Subscription Price based on the formula price mechanism through which shares of Common Stock will be sold in the Rights Offering. Instead, those persons will purchase shares Common Stock at a price set by the Dealer Manager, which may be more or less than the Subscription Price, and will not have the uncertainty of waiting for the determination of the Subscription Price on the Expiration Date.
There is no limit on the number of Rights the Dealer Manager can purchase or exercise. Shares of Common Stock acquired by the Dealer Manager pursuant to the exercise of Rights acquired by it will reduce the number of shares of Common Stock available pursuant to the over-subscription privilege, perhaps materially, depending on the number of Rights purchased and exercised by the Dealer Manager.
Although the Dealer Manager can seek to facilitate the trading market for Rights as described above, investors can acquire shares of Common Stock at the Subscription Price by acquiring Rights on the [●] and exercising them in the method described above under “Description of the Rights —Method of Exercise of Rights” and “Description of the Rights—Payment for Shares.”
In the ordinary course of their businesses, the Dealer Manager and/or its affiliates may engage in investment banking or financial transactions with the Fund, the Investment Manager and their affiliates. In addition, in the ordinary course of their businesses, the Dealer Manager and/or its affiliates may, from time to time, own securities of the Fund or its affiliates.
The principal business address of the Dealer Manager is [●].
 
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Compensation to Dealer Manager
Pursuant to the Dealer Manager Agreement, the Fund has agreed to pay the Dealer Manager a fee for its financial structuring and solicitation services equal to [●]% of the Subscription Price per share of Common Stock for each share of Common Stock issued pursuant to the exercise of Rights, including the over-subscription privilege.
The Dealer Manager will reallow to Selling Group Members in the Selling Group to be formed and managed by the Dealer Manager selling fees equal to [●]% of the Subscription Price for each share of Common Stock issued pursuant to the Rights offering or the over-subscription privilege as a result of their selling efforts. In addition, the Dealer Manager will reallow to Soliciting Dealers that have executed and delivered a Soliciting Dealer Agreement and have solicited the exercise of Rights, solicitation fees equal to [●]% of the Subscription Price for each share of Common Stock issued pursuant to the exercise of Rights as a result of their soliciting efforts, subject to a maximum fee based on the number of shares of Common Stock held by such Soliciting Dealer through DTC on the Record Date. Fees will be paid to the broker-dealer designated on the applicable portion of the subscription certificates or, in the absence of such designation, to the Dealer Manager.
In addition, the Fund has agreed to pay the Dealer Manager an amount up to $[●] as a partial reimbursement of its expenses incurred in connection with the Rights offering, including reasonable out‑of‑pocket fees and expenses, if any and not to exceed $[●], incurred by the Dealer Manager, Selling Group Members, Soliciting Dealers and other brokers, dealers and financial institutions in connection with their customary mailing and handling of materials related to the Rights offering to their customers. No other fees will be payable by the Fund or the Investment Manager to the Dealer Manager in connection with the Rights offering.
 
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LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters in connection with the securities will be passed upon for the Fund by Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, Washington, D.C. and for the underwriters by    . Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP may rely as to certain matters of Maryland law on the opinion of Venable LLP, Baltimore, Maryland.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The audited financial statements included in the annual report to the Fund’s stockholders for the fiscal year ended November 30, 20[●] and together with the report of [●] for the Fund’s annual report, are incorporated herein by reference to the Fund’s annual report to stockholders. All other portions of the annual report to stockholders are not incorporated herein by reference and are not part of the registration statement, the SAI, the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement.
 
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The information in this Statement of Additional Information is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the Registration Statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This Statement of Additional Information is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION DATED MARCH 13, 2025

LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC.

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

 

 

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Fund”), is a non-diversified, closed-end management investment company.

This Statement of Additional Information relating to the Fund’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”), which we also refer to as our securities, does not constitute a prospectus, but should be read in conjunction with the Fund’s prospectus relating thereto dated    , 2025, and as it may be supplemented (the “Prospectus”). This Statement of Additional Information does not include all information that a prospective investor should consider before purchasing the Fund’s securities, and investors should obtain and read the Fund’s Prospectus prior to purchasing such securities. A copy of the Fund’s Prospectus, annual and semi-annual reports (when available) and additional information about the Fund may be obtained without charge by calling (888) 777-0102, by writing to the Fund at 620 Eighth Avenue, 47th Floor, New York, NY 10018 or by visiting the Fund’s website (http://www.franklintempleton.com/investments/options/closed-end-funds). The information contained in, or accessed through, the Fund’s website is not part of the Fund’s Prospectus or this Statement of Additional Information. Prospective investors may also obtain a copy of the Fund’s Prospectus on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s website (http://www.sec.gov). Capitalized terms used but not defined in this Statement of Additional Information have the meanings ascribed to them in the Prospectus.

This Statement of Additional Information is dated     , 2025.


TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

 

     Page  

Investment Objective

     1  

Investment Restrictions

     1  

Investment Policies and Techniques

     2  

Management of the Fund

     41  

Investment Manager

     52  

Portfolio Managers

     55  

Portfolio Transactions and Brokerage

     60  

Net Asset Value

     61  

General Information

     62  

Repurchase of Fund Shares; Conversion to an Open-End Fund

     63  

Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

     64  

Control Persons and Principal Holders of Securities

     73  

Financial Statements

     74  

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

     74  

Custodian and Transfer Agent

     74  

Incorporation by Reference

     74  

Additional Information

     75  

Appendix A—Description of S&P, Moody’s and Fitch Ratings

     A-1  

Appendix B—Proxy Voting Policy of Franklin Templeton Fund Adviser, LLC

     B-1  

Appendix C—Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures of Clearbridge Investments

     C-1  

Appendix D—Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures of Western Asset Management Company

     D-1  

 

 

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INVESTMENT OBJECTIVE

The Fund’s investment objective is total return with an emphasis on income. There can be no assurance the Fund will achieve its investment objective.

INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS

Fundamental Policies. Except as described below, the Fund, as a fundamental policy, may not, without the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Common Stock, and if issued, a majority of the outstanding Preferred Stock voting together as a single class:

(1) Borrow money or issue any senior security, except to the extent permitted under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and as interpreted, modified, or otherwise permitted by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction, from time to time and under the Articles. See “Use of Leverage” and “RisksLeverage Risk” in the Prospectus.

(2) Act as an underwriter of securities of other issuers, except to the extent that, in connection with the disposition of portfolio securities, it may be deemed to be an underwriter under the federal securities laws.

(3) Concentrate its investments in a particular industry or group of industries, as that term is used in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and as interpreted, modified, or otherwise permitted by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction, from time to time.

(4) Purchase or sell real estate, although it may purchase securities secured by real estate or interests therein, or securities issued by companies which invest in real estate, or interests therein.

(5) Purchase or sell commodities, commodities contracts or oil, gas or mineral programs. This restriction shall not prohibit the Fund, subject to restrictions described in the Prospectus and elsewhere in this Statement of Additional Information, from purchasing, selling or entering into futures contracts, options on futures contracts, forward contracts, or any interest rate, securities-related or other hedging instrument, including swap agreements and other derivative instruments, subject to compliance with any applicable provisions of the federal securities or commodities laws.

(6) Make loans, except to the extent permitted under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and as interpreted, modified, or otherwise permitted by any regulatory authority having jurisdiction, from time to time.

For purposes of the foregoing, “majority of the outstanding,” means (i) 67% or more of such shares present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of such shares are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of such shares, whichever is less.

Unless otherwise indicated, all limitations applicable to the Fund’s investments (as stated above and elsewhere in this Statement of Additional Information) apply only at the time a transaction is entered into. Any subsequent change in a rating assigned by any rating service to a security (or, if unrated, deemed by the Investment Manager to be of comparable quality), or change in the percentage of the Fund’s assets invested in certain securities or other instruments, or change in the average maturity or duration of the Fund’s investment portfolio, resulting from market fluctuations or other changes in the Fund’s total assets, will not require the Fund to dispose of an investment until the Investment Manager determines that it is practicable to sell or close out the investment without undue market or tax consequences to the Fund. In the event that rating agencies assign different ratings to the same security, the Investment Manager will treat the security as being rated in the highest rating category.

Under the 1940 Act, a “senior security” does not include any promissory note or evidence of indebtedness where such loan is for temporary purposes only and in an amount not exceeding 5% of the value of the total assets of the issuer at the time the loan is made. A loan is presumed to be for temporary purposes if it is repaid within sixty days and is not extended or renewed.

 

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The Fund would be deemed to “concentrate” in a particular industry if it invested more than 25% of its Managed Assets in that industry. The Fund’s industry concentration policy does not preclude it from focusing investments in issuers in a group of related industrial sectors (such as different types of utilities).

The Fund interprets its policies with respect to borrowing and lending to permit such activities as may be lawful for the Fund, to the full extent permitted by the 1940 Act or by exemption from the provisions therefrom pursuant to exemptive order of the SEC.

If the Fund issues Preferred Stock, it intends to apply for ratings for its Preferred Stock from Moody’s or S&P or both. In order to obtain and maintain the required ratings, the Fund may be required to comply with investment quality, diversification and other guidelines established by Moody’s or S&P. Such guidelines will likely be more restrictive than the restrictions set forth above. The Fund does not anticipate that such guidelines would have a material adverse effect on Common Stockholders or its ability to achieve its investment objective. No minimum rating is required for the issuance of Preferred Stock by the Fund. Moody’s and S&P receive fees in connection with their ratings issuances.

Non-Fundamental Restriction. An additional investment restriction adopted by the Fund, which is deemed non-fundamental and which may be changed by the Board of Directors without stockholder approval, provides that the Fund may not purchase securities on margin (except for delayed delivery or when-issued transactions, such short-term credits as are necessary for the clearance of transactions and margin deposits in connection with transactions in futures contracts, options on futures contracts and options on securities and securities indices).

INVESTMENT POLICIES AND TECHNIQUES

The following information supplements the discussion of the Fund’s investment objective, policies, and techniques that are described in the Prospectus.

Under normal market conditions, the Fund intends to invest at least 80% of its Managed Assets (as defined in the Prospectus) in a broad range of equity and fixed income securities of both U.S. and foreign issuers. The Fund will vary its allocation between equity and fixed income securities depending on the Investment Manager’s view of economic and market conditions, fiscal and monetary policy and security valuations. Depending on the Investment Manager’s view of these factors, which may vary from time to time, the Investment Manager may allocate substantially all of the investments in the portfolio to equity securities or fixed income securities.

Equity Securities

The Fund’s investments in equity securities will include, among other securities, common stock traded on an exchange or in the over-the-counter market, preferred stocks, warrants, rights, convertible securities, depositary receipts, trust certificates, real estate investment trusts, limited partnership interests, equity-linked debt securities and shares of other investment companies. Because the Fund will ordinarily have substantial exposure to equity securities, historical trends would indicate that the Fund’s portfolio and investment returns will be subject at times, and over time, to higher levels of volatility and market and issuer-specific risk than if it invested exclusively in fixed income securities. An adverse event, such as an unfavorable earnings report, may depress the value of a particular equity security held by the Fund. Also, the prices of equity securities, particularly common stocks, are sensitive to general movements in the stock market. Consequently, a decline in the stock market may depress the price of equity securities held by the Fund.

Common Stocks

Common stocks generally represent an ownership interest in an issuer, without preference over any other class of securities, including such issuer’s debt securities, preferred stock and other senior equity securities.

 

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Dividend payments generally are not guaranteed and so may be discontinued by the issuer at its discretion or because of the issuer’s inability to satisfy its liabilities. Further, an issuer’s history of paying dividends does not guarantee that it will continue to pay dividends in the future. In addition to dividends, under certain circumstances the Fund may benefit from capital appreciation of an issuer. The Fund intends that the common stocks in which it will invest will primarily be value stocks. Value stocks are common stocks of companies that sell at low valuation levels relative to their earnings, revenues, assets, cash flows, or other definable measures. Such companies may have experienced adverse business or industry developments or may be subject to special risks that have caused the common stocks to be out of favor and, in the Investment Manager’s opinion, undervalued. Although common stocks historically have generated higher average returns than fixed income securities, common stocks also have experienced significantly more volatility in those returns. An adverse event, such as an unfavorable earnings report, may depress the value of a particular common stock held by the Fund. Also, prices of common stocks are sensitive to general movements in the stock market and a drop in the stock market may depress the prices of common stocks held by the Fund or to which it has exposure.

Preferred Stock

Preferred stock is a class of stock having a preference over common stock as to dividends or upon liquidation. Although preferred stock may be considered a form of fixed income securities, a preferred stockholder is a stockholder in the company and not a creditor of the company, as is a holder of the company’s debt obligations. Dividends paid to preferred stockholders are distributions of the earnings or other surplus of the company and not interest payments, which are expenses of the company.

As described below, the Fund may invest in preferred stocks that pay fixed or adjustable rates of return. The value of a company’s preferred stock may fall as a result of factors relating directly to that company’s products or services. A preferred stock’s value may also fall because of factors affecting not just the company, but companies in the same industry or in a number of different industries, such as increases in production costs. The value of preferred stock may also be affected by changes in financial markets that are relatively unrelated to the company or its industry, such as changes in interest rates or currency exchange rates. In addition, a company’s preferred stock generally pays dividends only after the company makes required payments to holders of its bonds and other debt. For this reason, the value of the preferred stock will usually react more strongly than bonds and other debt to actual or perceived changes in the company’s financial condition or prospects. Preferred stocks of smaller companies may be more vulnerable to adverse developments than those of larger companies.

Fixed Rate and Sinking Fund Preferred Stocks. Some fixed rate preferred stocks in which the Fund may invest, known as perpetual preferred stocks, offer a fixed return with no maturity date. Because they never mature, perpetual preferred stocks act like long-term bonds and can be more volatile than other types of preferred stocks that have a maturity date and may have heightened sensitivity to changes in interest rates. The Fund may also invest in sinking fund preferred stocks. These preferred stocks also offer a fixed return, but have a maturity date and are retired or redeemed on a predetermined schedule. The shorter duration of sinking fund preferred stocks makes them perform somewhat like intermediate-term bonds and they typically have lower yields than perpetual preferred stocks.

Adjustable Rate and Auction Preferred Stocks. Typically, the dividend rate on an adjustable rate preferred stock is determined prospectively each quarter by applying an adjustment formula established at the time of issuance of the stock. Although adjustment formulas vary among issues, they typically involve a fixed premium or discount relative to rates on specified debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury. Typically, an adjustment formula will provide for a fixed premium or discount adjustment relative to the highest base yield of three specified U.S. Treasury securities: the 90-day Treasury bill, the 10-year Treasury note and the 20-year Treasury bond. The premium or discount adjustment to be added to or subtracted from this highest U.S. Treasury base rate yield is fixed at the time of issue and cannot be changed without the approval of the holders of the stock. The dividend rate on other preferred stocks in which the Fund may invest, commonly known as auction preferred stocks, is adjusted at intervals that may be more frequent than quarterly, such as every 49 days, based on bids

 

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submitted by holders and prospective purchasers of such stocks and may be subject to stated maximum and minimum dividend rates. The issues of most adjustable rate and auction preferred stocks currently outstanding are perpetual, but are redeemable after a specified date at the option of the issuer. Certain issues supported by the credit of a high-rated financial institution provide for mandatory redemption prior to expiration of the credit arrangement. No redemption can occur if full cumulative dividends are not paid. Although the dividend rates on adjustable and auction preferred stocks are generally adjusted or reset frequently, the market values of these preferred stocks may still fluctuate in response to changes in interest rates. Market values of adjustable preferred stocks also may substantially fluctuate if interest rates increase or decrease once the maximum or minimum dividend rate for a particular stock is approached.

Warrants or Rights

Warrants or rights are securities which permit, but do not obligate, their holders to subscribe for other securities. Warrants or rights are subject to the same market risks as stocks, but may be more volatile in price. Warrants or rights do not carry the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to their underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in assets of the issuer. An investment in warrants or rights may be considered speculative. In addition, the value of a warrant or a right does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying securities and a warrant ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date.

Convertible Securities and Synthetic Convertible Securities

Convertible securities are typically preferred stock or bonds that are convertible into common stock at a specified price or conversion ratio. Because they have the characteristics of both fixed-income securities and common stock, convertible securities are sometimes called “hybrid” securities. Convertible bonds, debentures and notes are debt obligations offering a stated interest rate; convertible preferred stocks are senior securities of a company offering a stated dividend rate. Convertible securities will at times be priced in the market like other fixed income securities — that is, their prices will tend to rise when interest rates decline and will tend to fall when interest rates rise. However, because a convertible security provides an option to the holder to exchange the security for either a specified number of the issuer’s common stock at a stated price per share or the cash value of such common stock, the security market price will tend to fluctuate in relationship to the price of the common stock into which it is convertible. Thus, convertible securities will ordinarily provide opportunities for producing both current income and longer-term capital appreciation. Because convertible securities are usually viewed by the issuer as future common stock, they are generally subordinated to other senior securities and therefore are rated one category lower than the issuer’s non-convertible debt obligations or preferred stock.

The Fund may also invest in synthetic convertible securities, which differ from convertible securities in certain respects. Unlike a true convertible security, which is a single security having a unitary market value, a synthetic convertible comprises two or more separate securities, each with its own market value. Therefore, the “market value” of a synthetic convertible security is the sum of the values of its debt component and its convertibility component. Synthetic convertible securities can be variable or fixed rate instruments. For these reasons, the values of a synthetic convertible and a true convertible security may respond differently to market fluctuations.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

A REIT is a Real Estate Company that pools investors’ funds for investment primarily in income-producing real estate or in real estate related loans (such as mortgages) or other interests. REITs generally pay relatively high dividends (as compared to other types of companies). Therefore, a REIT normally derives its income from rents or from interest payments, and may realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. REITs can generally be classified as Equity REITs, Mortgage REITs and Hybrid REITs. Equity REITs generally invest a majority of their assets in income-producing real estate properties in order to generate cash flow from rental income and gradual asset appreciation. The income-producing real estate properties in which Equity REITs

 

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invest typically include properties such as office, retail, industrial, hotel and apartment buildings and healthcare facilities. Equity REITs can realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive their income primarily from interest payments on the mortgages. Hybrid REITs combine the characteristics of both Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. REITs can be listed and traded on national securities exchanges or can be traded privately between individual owners. The Fund may invest in both publicly and privately traded REITs. A REIT is not taxed on income distributed to stockholders if it complies with several requirements relating to its organization, ownership, assets and income and a requirement that it distributes to stockholders at least 90% of its taxable income (other than any net capital gain) for each taxable year and otherwise complies with the requirements of the Code. As a result, REITs generally pay relatively high dividends (as compared to other types of companies) and the Fund intends to use these REIT dividends in an effort to meet its primary objective of total return with an emphasis on income.

Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. An Equity REIT may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying properties owned by the REIT. A Mortgage REIT may be affected by changes in interest rates and the ability of the issuers of its portfolio mortgages to repay their obligations. REITs are dependent upon the skills of their managers and are not diversified. REITs are generally dependent upon maintaining cash flows to repay borrowings and to make distributions to stockholders and are subject to the risk of default by lessees or borrowers. REITs whose underlying assets are concentrated in properties used by a particular industry, such as health care, are also subject to risks associated with such industry.

REITs (especially Mortgage REITs) are also subject to interest rate risks. When interest rates decline, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to decline. If the REIT invests in adjustable rate mortgage loans the interest rates on which are reset periodically, yields on a REIT’s investments in such loans will gradually align themselves to reflect changes in market interest rates. This causes the value of such investments to fluctuate less dramatically in response to interest rate fluctuations than would investments in fixed rate obligations.

REITs may have limited financial resources, may trade less frequently and in a limited volume and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than larger company securities. Historically REITs have been more volatile in price than the larger capitalization stocks included in Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index.

Other Investment Companies

The Fund may invest in securities of other open- or closed-end investment companies to the extent that such investments are consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and policies and are permissible under the 1940 Act. The 1940 Act imposes the following restrictions on investments in other investment companies: (i) the Fund may not purchase more than 3% of the total outstanding voting stock of another investment company; (ii) the Fund may not invest more than 5% of its total assets in securities issued by another investment company; and (iii) the Fund may not invest more than 10% of its total assets in securities issued by other investment companies. These limitations do not apply to the purchase of shares of any investment company (i) in connection with a merger, consolidation, reorganization or acquisition of substantially all the assets of another investment company or (ii) pursuant to any exemption granted under the 1940 Act.

The Fund may invest in other investment companies either during periods when it has large amounts of uninvested cash, such as the period shortly after the Fund receives the proceeds of the offering of its Common Stock or Preferred Stock, if any, during periods when there is a shortage of attractive securities available in the market, or when the Investment Manager believes share prices of other investment companies offer attractive values. The Fund may invest in investment companies that are advised by the Investment Manager or its affiliates to the extent permitted by applicable law and/or pursuant to exemptive relief from the SEC. As a stockholder in an investment company, the Fund would indirectly bear its proportionate share of the advisory fees and other

 

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operating expenses of such investment company, and would remain subject to payment of the Fund’s management fees and other expenses with respect to assets so invested. Holders of the Common Stock would therefore be subject to duplicative expenses to the extent the Fund invests in other investment companies. The Investment Manager will take expenses into account when evaluating the investment merits of an investment in an investment company relative to available investments in other securities. In addition, the securities of other investment companies may also be leveraged and will therefore be subject to the same leverage risks described in the Prospectus and herein. As described in the section of the Prospectus entitled “Risks — Leverage Risk,” the net asset value and market value of leveraged shares will be more volatile and the yield to stockholders will tend to fluctuate more than the yield generated by unleveraged shares.

Exchange-Traded Funds (“ETFs”)

ETFs are ownership interests in investment companies, unit investment trusts, depositary receipts and other pooled investment vehicles that are traded on an exchange and that hold a portfolio of securities or other financial instruments (the “Underlying Assets”). The Underlying Assets are typically selected to correspond to the securities that comprise a particular broad based sector or international index, or to provide exposure to a particular industry sector or asset class, including precious metals or other commodities. “Short ETFs” seek a return similar to the inverse, or a multiple of the inverse, of a reference index. Short ETFs carry additional risks because their Underlying Assets may include a variety of financial instruments, including futures and options on futures, options on securities and securities indices, swap agreements and forward contracts, and a short ETF may engage in short sales. An ETF’s losses on short sales are potentially unlimited; however, the Fund’s risk would be limited to the amount it invested in the ETF. Certain ETFs are actively managed by a portfolio manager or management team that makes investment decisions on Underlying Assets without seeking to replicate the performance of a reference index or industry sector or asset class.

Unlike shares of typical open-end management investment companies or unit investment trusts, shares of ETFs are designed to be traded throughout the trading day and bought and sold based on market price rather than net asset value. Shares can trade at either a premium or discount to net asset value. The portfolios held by ETFs are typically publicly disclosed on each trading day and an approximation of actual net asset value is disseminated throughout the trading day. Because of this transparency, the trading prices of ETFs tend to closely track the actual net asset value of the Underlying Assets and the ETF will generally gain or lose value depending on the performance of the Underlying Assets. In the future, as new products become available, the Fund may invest in ETFs that do not have this same level of transparency and, therefore, may be more likely to trade at a larger discount or premium to actual net asset values.

Gains or losses on the Fund’s investment in ETFs will ultimately depend on the purchase and sale price of the ETF. An active trading market for an ETF’s shares may not develop or be maintained and trading of an ETF’s shares may be halted if the listing exchange’s officials deem such action appropriate, the shares are delisted from the exchange or the activation of market-wide “circuit breakers” (which are tied to large decreases in stock prices) halts stock trading generally. The performance of an ETF will be reduced by transaction and other expenses, including fees paid by the ETF to service providers. Investors in ETFs are eligible to receive their portion of income, if any, accumulated on the securities held in the portfolio, less fees and expenses of the ETF.

An investment in an ETF involves risks similar to investing directly in the Underlying Assets, including the risk that the value of the Underlying Assets may fluctuate in accordance with changes in the financial condition of their issuers, the value of securities and other financial instruments generally, and other market factors.

If an ETF is a registered investment company (as defined in the 1940 Act), the limitations applicable to the Fund’s ability to purchase securities issued by other investment companies apply absent exemptive relief. The SEC has granted orders for exemptive relief to certain ETFs that permit investments in those ETFs by other investment companies (such as the Fund) in excess of these limits. Under the orders, other investment companies generally may acquire up to 25% of the assets of an ETF. Some ETFs are not structured as investment companies and thus are not regulated under the 1940 Act.

 

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Fixed Income Securities

Fixed income securities include, among other securities, corporate bonds, mortgage and asset backed securities, U.S. government obligations, investment grade and high yield debt, including emerging market and high yield sovereign debt, and loans. Changes in market yields will affect the Fund’s net asset value as prices of fixed income securities generally increase when interest rates decline and decrease when interest rates rise. Prices of longer term securities generally increase or decrease more sharply than those of shorter term securities in response to interest rate changes, particularly if such securities were purchased at a discount. It should be noted that the market values of securities rated below investment grade, and comparable unrated securities tend to react less to fluctuations in interest rate levels than do those of higher-rated securities. Except to the extent that values are affected independently by other factors such as developments relating to a specific issuer, when interest rates decline, the value of a fixed-income portfolio can generally be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a fixed-income portfolio can generally be expected to decline.

In addition, many debt securities contain call or buy-back features that permit their issuers to call or repurchase the securities from their holders. Such securities may present risks based on payment expectations. Although the Fund would typically receive a premium if an issuer were to redeem a security, if an issuer exercises such a “call option” and redeems the security during a time of declining interest rates, the Fund may realize a capital loss on its investment if the security was purchased at a premium and the Fund may have to replace the called security with a lower yielding security, resulting in a decreased rate of return to the Fund. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, redemption or prepayment rates may slow, leading to an extension in the expected maturity of the obligation, leading to greater price volatility.

Corporate Debt Obligations

The Fund may invest in corporate debt obligations and zero coupon securities issued by financial institutions and corporations. Corporate debt obligations are subject to the risk of any issuer’s inability to meet principal and interest payments on the obligations and may also be subject to price volatility due to such factors as market interest rates, market perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and general market liquidity.

Investment Grade Securities

The Fund may invest in investment grade securities. Securities are investment grade if they are rated in one of the top four long-term rating categories of a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, they have received a comparable short-term or other rating or they are unrated securities that the Investment Manager reasonably determines are of comparable quality to investment grade securities.

High Yield, Lower Quality Securities

The Fund may invest a portion of the Fund’s Managed Assets in instruments that are high yield, lower quality securities. High yield, lower quality securities are securities that are rated by a recognized rating organization below its top four long-term rating categories or unrated securities determined by the Investment Manager to be of equivalent quality. Under rating agency guidelines, medium- and lower-rated securities and comparable unrated securities will likely have some quality and protective characteristics that are outweighed by large uncertainties or major risk exposures to adverse conditions. Medium- and lower-rated securities may have poor prospects of ever attaining any real investment standing, may have a current identifiable vulnerability to default or be in default, may be unlikely to have the capacity to pay interest and repay principal when due in the event of adverse business, financial or economic conditions, and/or may be likely to be in default or not current in the payment of interest or principal. Such securities are considered speculative with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligations. Accordingly, it is possible that these types of factors could reduce the value of securities held by the Fund with a commensurate effect on the value of the Fund’s shares.

 

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Changes by recognized rating services in their ratings of any fixed income security and in the ability of an issuer to make payments of interest and principal may also affect the value of these investments. A description of the ratings used by Moody’s, S&P and Fitch, Inc. is set forth in Appendix A. The ratings of Moody’s and S&P generally represent the opinions of those organizations as to the quality of the securities that they rate. Such ratings, however, are relative and subjective, are not absolute standards of quality, are subject to change and do not evaluate the market risk or liquidity of the securities. Ratings of a non-U.S. debt instrument, to the extent that those ratings are undertaken, are related in part to evaluations of the country in which the issuer of the instrument is located. Ratings generally take into account the currency in which a non-U.S. debt instrument is denominated. Instruments issued by a foreign government in other than the local currency, for example, typically have a lower rating than local currency instruments due to the existence of an additional risk that the government will be unable to obtain the required foreign currency to service its foreign currency-denominated debt. In general, the ratings of debt securities or obligations issued by a non-U.S. public or private entity will not be higher than the rating of the currency or the foreign currency debt of the central government of the country in which the issuer is located, regardless of the intrinsic creditworthiness of the issuer.

The secondary markets for high yield securities are not as liquid as the secondary markets for higher-rated securities. The secondary markets for high yield securities are concentrated in relatively few market makers and participants in the market are mostly institutional investors, including insurance companies, banks, other financial institutions and mutual funds. In addition, the trading volume for high yield securities is generally lower than that for higher-rated securities and the secondary markets could contract under adverse market or economic conditions independent of any specific adverse changes in the condition of a particular issuer. These factors may have an adverse effect on the ability of the Fund to dispose of particular portfolio investments, may adversely affect the Fund’s net asset value per share and may limit the ability of the Fund to obtain accurate market quotations for purposes of valuing securities and calculating net asset value. If the Fund is not able to obtain precise or accurate market quotations for a particular security, it will become more difficult to value the Fund’s portfolio securities, and a greater degree of judgment may be necessary in making such valuations. Less liquid secondary markets may also affect the ability of the Fund to sell securities at their fair value. If the secondary markets for high yield securities contract due to adverse economic conditions or for other reasons, certain liquid securities in the Fund’s portfolio may become illiquid and the proportion of the Fund’s assets invested in illiquid securities may significantly increase.

Prices for high yield securities may be affected by legislative and regulatory developments. These laws could adversely affect the Fund’s net asset value and investment practices, the secondary market for high yield securities, the financial condition of issuers of these securities and the value of outstanding high yield securities. For example, federal legislation requiring the divestiture by federally insured savings and loan associations of their investments in high yield bonds and limiting the deductibility of interest by certain corporate issuers of high yield bonds adversely affected the market in recent years.

High Yield Corporate Securities. While the market values of securities rated below investment grade and comparable unrated securities tend to react less to fluctuations in interest rate levels than do those of higher-rated securities, the values of certain of these securities also tend to be more sensitive to individual corporate developments and changes in economic conditions than higher-rated securities. In addition, such securities present a higher degree of credit risk. Issuers of these securities are often highly leveraged and may not have more traditional methods of financing available to them, so that their ability to service their debt obligations during an economic downturn or during sustained periods of rising interest rates may be impaired. The risk of loss due to default by such issuers is significantly greater than with investment grade securities because such securities generally are unsecured and subordinated to the prior payment of senior indebtedness. The Fund also may incur additional expenses to the extent that it is required to seek recovery upon a default in the payment of principal or interest on its portfolio holdings.

The development of a market for high yield non-U.S. corporate securities has been a relatively recent phenomenon. On the other hand, the market for high yield U.S. corporate debt securities is more established than

 

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that for high yield non-U.S. corporate debt securities, but has undergone significant changes in the past and may undergo significant changes in the future.

High yield non-U.S. and U.S. corporate securities in which the Fund may invest include bonds, debentures, notes, commercial paper and preferred stock and will generally be unsecured. Most of the debt securities will bear interest at fixed rates. However, the Fund may also invest in corporate debt securities with variable rates of interest or which involve equity features, such as contingent interest or participations based on revenues, sales or profits (i.e., interest or other payments, often in addition to a fixed rate of return, that are based on the borrower’s attainment of specified levels of revenues, sales or profits and thus enable the holder of the security to share in the potential success of the venture).

High Yield Foreign Sovereign Debt Securities. Investing in fixed rate and floating rate high yield foreign sovereign debt securities, especially in emerging market countries, creates exposure to the direct or indirect consequences of political, social or economic changes in the countries that issue the securities or in which the issuers are located. See “Foreign Securities and American Depositary Receipts” below. The ability and willingness of sovereign obligors in emerging market countries or the governmental authorities that control repayment of their external debt to pay principal and interest on such debt when due may depend on general economic and political conditions within the relevant country. Certain countries in which the Fund may invest, especially emerging market countries, have historically experienced, and may continue to experience, high rates of inflation, high interest rates, exchange rate trade difficulties and extreme poverty and unemployment. Many of these countries are also characterized by political uncertainty or instability. Additional factors which may influence the ability or willingness to service debt include, but are not limited to, a country’s cash flow situation, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of its debt service burden to the economy as a whole, and its government’s policy towards the IMF, the World Bank and other international agencies.

The ability of a foreign sovereign obligor, especially in emerging market countries, to make timely payments on its external debt obligations will also be strongly influenced by the obligor’s balance of payments, including export performance, its access to international credits and investments, fluctuations in interest rates and the extent of its foreign reserves. A country whose exports are concentrated in a few commodities or whose economy depends on certain strategic imports could be vulnerable to fluctuations in international prices of these commodities or imports. To the extent that a country receives payment for its exports in currencies other than U.S. dollars, its ability to make debt payments denominated in U.S. dollars could be adversely affected. If a foreign sovereign obligor cannot generate sufficient earnings from foreign trade to service its external debt, it may need to depend on continuing loans and aid from foreign governments, commercial banks and multilateral organizations, and inflows of foreign investment. The commitment on the part of these foreign governments, multilateral organizations and others to make such disbursements may be conditioned on the government’s implementation of economic reforms and/or economic performance and the timely service of its obligations. Failure to implement such reforms, achieve such levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of such third parties’ commitments to lend funds, which may further impair the obligor’s ability or willingness to timely service its debts. The cost of servicing external debt will also generally be adversely affected by rising international interest rates, because many external debt obligations bear interest at rates which are adjusted based upon international interest rates. The ability to service external debt will also depend on the level of the relevant government’s international currency reserves and its access to foreign exchange. Currency devaluation may affect the ability of a sovereign obligor to obtain sufficient foreign exchange to service its external debt. The risks enumerated above are particularly heightened with regard to issuers in emerging market countries.

As a result of the foregoing, a governmental obligor, especially in an emerging market country, may default on its obligations. If such an event occurs, the Fund may have limited legal recourse against the issuer and/or guarantor. Remedies must, in some cases, be pursued in the courts of the defaulting party itself, and the ability of the holder of foreign sovereign debt securities to obtain recourse may be subject to the political climate in the

 

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relevant country. In addition, no assurance can be given that the holders of commercial bank debt will not contest payments to the holders of other foreign sovereign debt obligations in the event of default under their commercial bank loan agreements.

Sovereign obligors in developing and emerging market countries are among the world’s largest debtors to commercial banks, other governments, international financial organizations and other financial institutions.

These obligors have in the past experienced substantial difficulties in servicing their external debt obligations, which led to defaults on certain obligations and the restructuring of certain indebtedness. Restructuring arrangements have included, among other things, reducing and rescheduling interest and principal payments by negotiating new or amended credit agreements or converting outstanding principal and unpaid interest to Brady Bonds, and obtaining new credit to finance interest payments. Holders of certain foreign sovereign debt securities may be requested to participate in the restructuring of such obligations and to extend further loans to their issuers. There can be no assurance that the Brady Bonds and other foreign sovereign debt securities in which the Fund may invest will not be subject to similar restructuring arrangements or to requests for new credit which may adversely affect the Fund’s holdings. Furthermore, certain participants in the secondary market for such debt may be directly involved in negotiating the terms of these arrangements and may therefore have access to information not available to other market participants.

Distressed Debt Securities. As part of investing in high yield securities, the Fund may invest in distressed debt securities. Distressed debt securities are debt securities that are purchased in the secondary market and are the subject of bankruptcy proceedings or otherwise in default as to the repayment of principal and/or interest at the time of acquisition by the Fund or are rated in the lower rating categories (Ca or lower by Moody’s and CC or lower by S&P) or which, if unrated, are in the judgment of the Investment Manager of equivalent quality. Investment in distressed debt securities is speculative and involves significant risk. The risks associated with high yield securities are heightened by investing in distressed debt securities.

The Fund will generally make such investments only when the Investment Manager believes it is reasonably likely that the issuer of the distressed debt securities will make an exchange offer or will be the subject of a plan of reorganization pursuant to which the Fund will receive new securities (e.g., equity securities). However, there can be no assurance that such an exchange offer will be made or that such a plan of reorganization will be adopted. In addition, a significant period of time may pass between the time at which the Fund makes its investment in distressed debt securities and the time that any such exchange offer or plan of reorganization is completed. During this period, it is unlikely that the Fund will receive any interest payments on the distressed debt securities, the Fund will be subject to significant uncertainty as to whether or not the exchange offer or plan will be completed and the Fund may be required to bear certain extraordinary expenses to protect or recover its investment. Even if an exchange offer is made or plan or reorganization is adopted with respect to the distressed debt securities held by the Fund, there can be no assurance that the securities or other assets received by the Fund in connection with such exchange offer or plan or reorganization will not have a lower value or income potential than may have been anticipated when the investment was made. Moreover, any securities received by the Fund upon completion of an exchange offer or plan of reorganization may be restricted as to resale. As a result of the Fund’s participation in negotiations with respect to any exchange offer or plan of reorganization with respect to an issuer of distressed debt securities, the Fund may be restricted from disposing of such securities. The Fund will generally not invest more than 5% of its assets in securities that are already in default or subject to bankruptcy proceedings.

U.S. Government Securities

Securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies and instrumentalities include obligations that are supported by: (a) the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury (e.g., direct pass-through certificates of the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Maes”)); (b) the limited authority of the issuer or guarantor to borrow from the U.S. Treasury (e.g., obligations of Federal Home Loan Banks); or (c) only the credit of the

 

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issuer or guarantor (e.g., obligations of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Macs”)). In the case of obligations not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury, the agency issuing or guaranteeing the obligation is principally responsible for ultimate repayment.

Agencies and instrumentalities that issue or guarantee debt securities and that have been established or sponsored by the U.S. government include, in addition to those identified above, the Bank for Cooperatives, the Export-Import Bank, the Federal Farm Credit System, the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, the Federal Land Banks, the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Student Loan Marketing Association.

Foreign Securities and American Depositary Receipts

The Fund may invest in foreign securities and ADRs. ADRs are U.S. dollar-denominated receipts issued generally by domestic banks and representing the deposit with the bank of a security of a foreign issuer. ADRs are publicly traded on exchanges or over the counter in the U.S. Investors should recognize that investing in the securities of foreign issuers involves special considerations which are not typically associated with investing in the securities of U.S. issuers. Investments in securities of foreign issuers may involve risks arising from differences between U.S. and foreign securities markets, including less volume, much greater price volatility in and illiquidity of certain foreign securities markets, different trading and settlement practices and less governmental supervision and regulation, from changes in currency exchange rates, from high and volatile rates of inflation, from economic, social and political conditions such as wars, terrorism, civil unrest and uprisings, and, as with domestic multinational corporations, from fluctuating interest rates.

There may be less publicly-available information about a foreign issuer than about a U.S. issuer, and foreign issuers may not be subject to the same accounting, auditing and financial record-keeping standards and requirements as U.S. issuers. In particular, the assets and profits appearing on the financial statements of a foreign issuer may not reflect its financial position or results of operations in the way they would be reflected had the financial statements been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. In addition, for an issuer that keeps accounting records in local currency, inflation accounting rules may require, for both tax and accounting purposes, that certain assets and liabilities be restated on the issuer’s balance sheet in order to express items in terms of currency of constant purchasing power. Inflation accounting may indirectly generate losses or profits. Consequently, financial data may be materially affected by restatements for inflation and may not accurately reflect the real condition of those issuers and securities markets. Finally, in the event of a default in any such foreign obligations, it may be more difficult for the Fund to obtain or enforce a judgment against the issuers of such obligations.

Other investment risks include the possible imposition of foreign withholding taxes on certain amounts of the Fund’s income, the possible seizure or nationalization of foreign assets and the possible establishment of exchange controls, expropriation, confiscatory taxation, other foreign governmental laws or restrictions which might adversely affect payments due on securities held by the Fund, the lack of extensive operating experience of eligible foreign subcustodians and legal limitations on the ability of the Fund to recover assets held in custody by a foreign subcustodian in the event of the subcustodian’s bankruptcy.

There generally is less governmental supervision and regulation of exchanges, brokers and issuers in foreign countries than there is in the United States. For example, there may be no comparable provisions under certain foreign laws to insider trading and similar investor protection securities laws that apply with respect to securities transactions consummated in the United States. Further, brokerage commissions and other transaction costs on foreign securities exchanges generally are higher than in the United States.

In some countries, banks or other financial institutions may constitute a substantial number of the leading companies or companies with the most actively traded securities. The 1940 Act limits the Fund’s ability to invest in any equity security of an issuer which, in its most recent fiscal year, derived more than 15% of its revenues from “securities related activities,” as defined by the rules thereunder. These provisions may also restrict the Fund’s investments in certain foreign banks and other financial institutions.

 

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Foreign markets have different clearance and settlement procedures, and in certain markets there have been times when settlements have failed to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. Further, satisfactory custodial services for investment securities may not be available in some countries having smaller, emerging capital markets, which may result in the Fund incurring additional costs and delays in transporting such securities outside such countries. Delays in settlement or other problems could result in periods when assets of the Fund are uninvested and no return is earned thereon. The inability of the Fund to make intended security purchases due to settlement problems or the risk of intermediary counterparty failures could cause the Fund to forego attractive investment opportunities. The inability to dispose of a portfolio security due to settlement problems could result either in losses to the Fund due to subsequent declines in the value of such portfolio security or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the security, could result in possible liability to the purchaser.

Rules adopted under the 1940 Act permit the Fund to maintain its foreign securities and cash in the custody of certain eligible non-U.S. banks and securities depositories. Certain banks in foreign countries may not be “eligible sub-custodians,” as defined in the 1940 Act, for the Fund, in which event the Fund may be precluded from purchasing securities in certain foreign countries in which it otherwise would invest or which may result in the Fund incurring additional costs and delays in providing transportation and custody services for such securities outside of such countries. The Fund may encounter difficulties in effecting on a timely basis portfolio transactions with respect to any securities of issuers held outside their countries. Other banks that are eligible foreign sub-custodians may be recently organized or otherwise lack extensive operating experience. In addition, in certain countries there may be legal restrictions or limitations on the ability of the Fund to recover assets held in custody by foreign sub-custodians in the event of the bankruptcy of the sub-custodian.

Certain of the risks associated with international investments and investing in smaller capital markets are heightened for investments in emerging market countries. For example, some of the currencies of emerging market countries have experienced devaluation relative to the U.S. dollar, and major adjustments have been made periodically in certain of such currencies. Certain of such countries face serious exchange constraints. In addition, governments of many emerging market countries have exercised and continue to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. In certain cases, the government owns or controls many companies. Accordingly, government actions in the future could have a significant effect on economic conditions in developing countries which could affect private sector companies and, consequently, the value of certain securities held in the Fund’s portfolio.

Investment in certain emerging market issuers is restricted or controlled to varying degrees, which may at times limit or preclude investment in certain emerging market issuers and increase the costs and expenses of the Fund. Certain emerging market countries require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons, limit the amount of investment by foreign persons in a particular issuer, limit the investment by foreign persons only to a specific class of securities of an issuer that may have less advantageous rights than other classes, restrict investment opportunities in issuers in industries deemed important to national interests and/or impose additional taxes on foreign investors.

The manner in which foreign investors may invest in companies in certain emerging market countries, as well as limitations on such investments, also may have an adverse impact on the operations of the Fund. For example, the Fund may be required in some countries to invest initially through a local broker or other entity and then have the shares purchased re-registered in the name of the Fund. Re-registration may not occur on a timely basis in some instances, resulting in a delay during which the Fund may be denied certain of its rights as an investor.

Certain emerging market countries may require governmental approval for the repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds of sales of securities by foreign investors which could adversely affect the Fund. In addition, if a deterioration occurs in the country’s balance of payments, it could impose temporary restrictions

 

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on foreign capital remittances. Investing in local markets in emerging market countries may require the Fund to adopt special procedures, seek local government approvals or take other actions, each of which may involve additional costs to the Fund.

With respect to investments in certain emerging market countries, different legal standards may have an adverse impact on the Fund. For example, while the potential liability of a stockholder in a U.S. corporation with respect to acts of the corporation is generally limited to the amount of the stockholder’s investment, the notion of limited liability is less clear in certain emerging market countries. Similarly, the rights of investors in emerging market companies may be more limited than those of stockholders of U.S. corporations.

Certain markets are in only the earliest stages of development. There is also a high concentration of market capitalization and trading volume in a small number of issuers representing a limited number of industries, as well as a high concentration of investors and financial intermediaries. Many of such markets also may be affected by developments with respect to more established markets in the region. Brokers in emerging market countries typically are fewer in number and less capitalized than brokers in the United States. These factors, combined with the U.S. regulatory requirements for investment companies and the restrictions on foreign investment, result in potentially fewer investment opportunities for the Fund and may have an adverse impact on the investment performance of the Fund.

Obligations of Supranational Entities

Supranational entities include international organizations designated or supported by governmental entities to promote economic reconstruction or development and international banking institutions and related government agencies. Examples include the World Bank, the European Investment Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank. Such supranational entity-issued instruments may be denominated in multi-national currency units. Obligations of the World Bank and certain other supranational organizations are supported by subscribed but unpaid commitments of member countries. There is no assurance that these commitments will be undertaken or complied with in the future.

Foreign Currency Transactions

The Fund also may purchase and sell foreign currency options and foreign currency futures contracts and related options (see “Derivatives” below), and may engage in foreign currency transactions either on a spot (cash) basis at the prevailing rate in the currency exchange market at the time or through forward foreign currency exchange contracts (“forwards”) with terms generally of less than one year. The Fund may engage in these transactions in order to protect against uncertainty in the level of future foreign exchange rates in the purchase and sale of securities. The Fund may also use foreign currency options and foreign currency forward contracts to increase exposure to a foreign currency or to shift exposure to foreign currency fluctuations from one country to another. Suitable currency hedging transactions may not be available in all circumstances and the Investment Manager may decide not to use hedging transactions that are available.

A forward involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. These contracts may be bought or sold to protect the Fund against a possible loss resulting from an adverse change in the relationship between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar or to increase exposure to a particular foreign currency. Open positions in forwards used for non-hedging purposes will be covered by the segregation with the Fund’s custodian of assets determined to be liquid by the Investment Manager in accordance with procedures established by the Board of Directors, and are marked to market daily. Although forwards are intended to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currencies, at the same time, they tend to limit any potential gain which might result should the value of such currencies increase. Forwards will be

 

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used primarily to adjust the foreign exchange exposure of the Fund with a view to protecting the Fund’s position, and the Fund might be expected to enter into such contracts under the following circumstances:

Lock In. When the Fund desires to lock in the U.S. dollar price on the purchase or sale of a security denominated in a foreign currency.

Cross Hedge. If a particular currency is expected to decrease against another currency, the Fund may sell the currency expected to decrease and purchase a currency that is expected to increase against the currency sold in an amount approximately equal to some or all of the Fund’s portfolio holdings denominated in the currency sold.

Direct Hedge. If the Fund wants to eliminate substantially all of the risk of owning a particular currency, or if the Investment Manager believes that the Fund can benefit from price appreciation in a given country’s debt obligations but does not want to hold the currency, or both, it may employ a direct hedge back into the U.S. dollar. In either case, the Fund would enter into a forward contract to sell the currency in which a portfolio security is denominated and purchase U.S. dollars at an exchange rate established at the time it initiated a contract. The cost of the direct hedge transaction may offset most, if not all, of the yield advantage offered by the foreign security, but the Fund would hope to benefit from an increase (if any) in the value of the debt obligation.

Proxy Hedge. The Investment Manager might choose to use a proxy hedge, which may be less costly than a direct hedge. In this case, the Fund, having purchased a security, will sell a currency whose value is believed to be closely linked to the currency in which the security is denominated. Interest rates prevailing in the country whose currency was sold would be expected to be close to those in the United States and lower than those of securities denominated in the currency of the original holding. This type of hedging entails greater risk than a direct hedge because it is dependent on a stable relationship between the two currencies paired as proxies and the relationships can be very unstable at times.

Costs of Hedging. When the Fund purchases a foreign bond with a higher interest rate than is available on U.S. bonds of a similar maturity, the additional yield on the foreign bond could be substantially reduced or lost if the Fund were to enter into a direct hedge by selling the foreign currency and purchasing the U.S. dollar. This is what is known as the “cost” of hedging. Proxy hedging attempts to reduce this cost through an indirect hedge back to the U.S. dollar.

It is important to note that hedging costs are treated as capital transactions and are not, therefore, deducted from the Fund’s dividend distribution and are not reflected in its yield.

Tax Consequences of Hedging. Under applicable tax law, the Fund’s hedging activities may result in the application of the mark-to-market and straddle provisions of the Code. Those provisions could cause the Fund to recognize income or gain without a corresponding receipt of cash with which to satisfy distribution requirements, could result in an increase (or decrease) in the amount of taxable dividends paid by the Fund and could affect whether dividends paid by the Fund are classified as capital gains or ordinary income.

Foreign Currency Exchange-Related Securities

Foreign Currency Warrants. Foreign currency warrants, such as Currency Exchange Warrants (“CEWs”), are warrants that entitle their holders to receive from their issuer an amount of cash (generally, for warrants issued in the United States, in U.S. dollars) that is calculated pursuant to a predetermined formula and based on the exchange rate between a specified foreign currency and the U.S. dollar as of the exercise date of the warrant. Foreign currency warrants generally are exercisable upon their issuance and expire as of a specific date and time. Foreign currency warrants have been issued in connection with U.S. dollar-denominated debt offerings by major corporate issuers in an attempt to reduce the foreign currency exchange risk that, from the point of view of the prospective purchasers of the securities, is inherent in the international debt obligation marketplace. Foreign currency warrants may attempt to reduce the foreign exchange risk assumed by purchasers of a security by, for

 

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example, providing for a supplement payment in the event that the U.S. dollar depreciates against the value of a major foreign currency such as the Japanese Yen or the Euro. The formula used to determine the amount payable upon exercise of a foreign currency warrant may make the warrant worthless unless the applicable foreign currency exchange rate moves in a particular direction (e.g., unless the U.S. dollar appreciates or depreciates against the particular foreign currency to which the warrant is linked or indexed). Foreign currency warrants are severable from the debt obligations with which they may be offered, and may be listed on exchanges. Foreign currency warrants may be exercisable only in certain minimum amounts, and an investor wishing to exercise warrants who possesses less than the minimum number required for exercise may be required either to sell the warrants or to purchase additional warrants, thereby incurring additional transaction costs. In the case of any exercise of warrants, there may be a time delay between the time a holder of warrants gives instructions to exercise and the time the exchange rate relating to exercise is determined, during which time the exchange rate could change significantly, thereby affecting both the market and cash settlement values of the warrants being exercised. The expiration date of the warrants may be accelerated if the warrants should be delisted from an exchange or if their trading should be suspended permanently, which would result in the loss of any remaining “time values” of the warrants (i.e., the difference between the current market value and the exercise value of the warrants), and, if the warrants were “out-of-the-money,” in a total loss of the purchase price of the warrants. Warrants are generally unsecured obligations of their issuers and are not standardized foreign currency options issued by the Options Clearing Corporation (“OCC”). Unlike foreign currency options issued by the OCC, the terms of foreign exchange warrants generally will not be amended in the event of government or regulatory actions affecting exchange rates or in the event of the imposition of other regulatory controls affecting the international currency markets. The initial public offering price of foreign currency warrants is generally considerably in excess of the price that a commercial user of foreign currencies might pay in the interbank market for a comparable option involving significantly larger amounts of foreign currencies. Foreign currency warrants are subject to significant foreign exchange risk, including risks arising from complex political or economic factors.

Principal Exchange Rate Linked Securities. Principal exchange rate linked securities (“PERLs”) are debt obligations the principal on which is payable at maturity in an amount that may vary based on the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and a particular foreign currency at or about that time. The return on “standard” principal exchange rate linked securities is enhanced if the foreign currency to which the security is linked appreciates against the U.S. dollar, and is adversely affected by increases in the foreign exchange value of the U.S. dollar; “reverse” principal exchange rate linked securities are like “standard” securities, except that their return is enhanced by increases in the value of the U.S. dollar and adversely impacted by increases in the value of foreign currency. Interest payments on the securities are generally made in U.S. dollars at rates that reflect the degree of foreign currency risk assumed or given up by the purchaser of the notes (i.e., at relatively higher interest rates if the purchaser has assumed some of the foreign exchange risk, or relatively lower interest rates if the issuer has assumed some of the foreign exchange risk, based on the expectations of the current market). Principal exchange rate linked securities may in limited cases be subject to acceleration of maturity (generally, not without the consent of the holders of the securities), which may have an adverse impact on the value of the principal payment to be made at maturity.

Performance Indexed Paper. Performance indexed paper (“PIPs”) is U.S. dollar-denominated commercial paper the yield of which is linked to certain foreign exchange rate movements. The yield to the investor on performance indexed paper is established at maturity as a function of spot exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and a designated currency as of or about that time (generally, the index maturity two days prior to maturity). The yield to the investor will be within a range stipulated at the time of purchase of the obligation, generally with a guaranteed minimum rate of return that is below, and a potential maximum rate of return that is above, market yields on U.S. dollar-denominated commercial paper, with both the minimum and maximum rates of return on the investment corresponding to the minimum and maximum values of the spot exchange rate two business days prior to maturity.

 

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Bank Obligations

The Fund may invest in bank obligations, including certificates of deposit, banker’s acceptances and fixed time deposits. A certificate of deposit is a short-term negotiable certificate issued by a commercial bank against funds deposited in the bank and is either interest-bearing or purchased on a discount basis. A bankers’ acceptance is a short-term draft drawn on a commercial bank by a borrower, usually in connection with an international commercial transaction. The borrower is liable for payment as is the bank, which unconditionally guarantees to pay the draft at its face amount on the maturity date. Fixed time deposits are obligations of branches of U.S. banks or foreign banks which are payable at a stated maturity date and bear a fixed rate of interest. Although fixed time deposits do not have a market, there are no contractual restrictions on the right to transfer a beneficial interest in the deposit to a third party. Bank obligations may be general obligations of the parent bank or may be limited to the issuing branch by the terms of the specific obligations or by government regulation.

Banks are subject to extensive governmental regulations which may limit both the amounts and types of loans and other financial commitments which may be made and interest rates and fees which may be charged. The profitability of this industry is largely dependent upon the availability and cost of capital funds for the purpose of financing lending operations under prevailing money market conditions. Also, general economic conditions play an important part in the operations of this industry and exposure to credit losses arising from possible financial difficulties of borrowers might affect a bank’s ability to meet its obligations.

Investors should also be aware that securities issued or guaranteed by foreign banks, foreign branches of U.S. banks, and foreign government and private issuers may involve investment risks in addition to those relating to domestic obligations. The Fund will not purchase bank obligations which the Investment Manager believes, at the time of purchase, will be subject to exchange controls or foreign withholding taxes; however, there can be no assurance that such laws may not become applicable to certain of the Fund’s investments. In the event unforeseen exchange controls or foreign withholding taxes are imposed with respect to the Fund’s investments, the effect may be to reduce the income received by the Fund on such investments.

Floating and Variable Rate Obligations

The Fund may invest in floating and variable rate obligations. Floating or variable rate obligations bear interest at rates that are not fixed, but vary with changes in specified market rates or indices, such as the prime rate, and at specified intervals. Such obligations include variable rate master demand notes, which are unsecured instruments issued pursuant to an agreement between the issuer and the holder that permit the indebtedness thereunder to vary and provide for periodic adjustments in the interest rate. The Fund will limit its purchases of floating and variable rate obligations to those of the same quality as the fixed income securities which the Fund is otherwise permitted to purchase. The Investment Manager will monitor on an ongoing basis the ability of an issuer of a demand instrument to pay principal and interest on demand.

Certain of the floating or variable rate obligations that may be purchased by the Fund may carry a demand feature that would permit the holder to tender them back to the issuer of the instrument or to a third party at par value prior to maturity. Some of the demand instruments purchased by the Fund are not traded in a secondary market and derive their liquidity solely from the ability of the holder to demand repayment from the issuer or third party providing credit support. If a demand instrument is not traded in a secondary market, the Fund will nonetheless treat the instrument as “readily marketable” for the purposes of its investment restriction limiting investments in illiquid securities unless the demand feature has a notice period of more than seven days in which case the instrument will be characterized as “not readily marketable” and therefore illiquid.

The Fund’s right to obtain payment at par on a demand instrument could be affected by events occurring between the date the Fund elects to demand payment and the date payment is due that may affect the ability of the issuer of the instrument or third party providing credit support to make payment when due, except when such

 

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demand instruments permit same day settlement. To facilitate settlement, these same day demand instruments may be held in book entry form at a bank other than the Fund’s custodian subject to a sub-custodian agreement approved by the Fund between that bank and the Fund’s custodian.

Asset-Backed Securities

The Fund may invest in asset-backed securities. Asset-backed securities are generally issued as pass through certificates, which represent undivided fractional ownership interests in the underlying pool of assets, or as debt instruments, which are generally issued as the debt of a special purpose entity organized solely for the purpose of owning such assets and issuing such debt. The pool of assets generally represents the obligations of a number of different parties. Asset-backed securities frequently carry credit protection in the form of extra collateral, subordinated certificates, cash reserve accounts, letters of credit or other enhancements. For example, payments of principal and interest may be guaranteed up to certain amounts and for a certain time period by a letter of credit or other enhancement issued by a financial institution unaffiliated with the entities issuing the securities. Assets which, to date, have been used to back asset-backed securities include motor vehicle installment sales contracts or installment loans secured by motor vehicles, and receivables from revolving credit (credit card) agreements.

Asset-backed securities present certain risks which are, generally, related to limited interests, if any, in related collateral. Credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thereby reducing the balance due. Most issuers of automobile receivables permit the servicers to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the related automobile receivables. In addition, because of the large number of vehicles involved in a typical issuance and technical requirements under state laws, the trustee for the holders of the automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in all the obligations backing such receivables. Therefore, there is the possibility that recoveries on repossessed collateral may not, in some cases, be available to support payments on these securities. Other types of asset-backed securities will be subject to the risks associated with the underlying assets. If a letter of credit or other form of credit enhancement is exhausted or otherwise unavailable, holders of asset-backed securities may also experience delays in payments or losses if the full amounts due on underlying assets are not realized.

Mortgage-Backed Securities

The Fund may invest in mortgage-backed securities, which are securities representing interests in “pools” of mortgage loans. The following describes certain characteristics of mortgage-backed securities. It should be noted that new types of mortgage-backed securities are developed and marketed from time to time and that, consistent with its investment limitations, the Fund may invest in those new types of mortgage-backed securities that the Investment Manager believes may assist it in achieving the Fund’s investment objective(s).

Background. Mortgage-backed securities were introduced in the 1970s when the first pool of mortgage loans was converted into a mortgage pass-through security. Since the 1970s, the mortgage-backed securities market has vastly expanded and a variety of structures have been developed to meet investor needs.

Yield Characteristics. Interest and principal payments on mortgage-backed securities are typically made monthly, and principal may be prepaid at any time because the underlying mortgage loans or other assets generally may be prepaid at any time. As a result, if the Fund purchases such a security at a premium, a prepayment rate that is faster than expected will reduce yield to maturity, while a prepayment rate that is slower than expected will have the opposite effect of increasing yield to maturity. Conversely, if the Fund purchases these securities at a discount, faster than expected prepayments will increase, while slower than expected prepayments will reduce, yield to maturity.

 

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Prepayments on a pool of mortgage loans are influenced by a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors, including changes in mortgagors’ housing needs, job transfers, unemployment, mortgagors’ net equity in the mortgaged properties and servicing decisions. Generally, however, prepayments on fixed rate mortgage loans will increase during a period of falling interest rates. Accordingly, amounts available for reinvestment by the Fund are likely to be greater during a period of relatively low interest rates and, as a result, are likely to be reinvested at lower interest rates than during a period of relatively high interest rates. This prepayment effect has been particularly pronounced during recent years as borrowers have refinanced higher interest rate mortgages into lower interest rate mortgages available in the marketplace. Mortgage-backed securities may decrease in value as a result of increases in interest rates and may benefit less than other fixed income securities from declining interest rates because of the risk of prepayment.

Guaranteed Mortgage Pass-Through Securities. Mortgage pass-through securities representing participation interests in pools of residential mortgage loans originated by U.S. governmental or private lenders and guaranteed, to the extent provided in such securities, by the U.S. government or one of its agencies or instrumentalities. Any guarantee of such securities runs only to principal and interest payments on the securities and not to the market value of such securities or the principal and interest payments on the underlying mortgages. In addition, the guarantee only runs to the portfolio securities held by the Fund and not to the purchase of shares of the Fund. Such securities, which are ownership interests in the underlying mortgage loans, differ from conventional debt securities, which provide for periodic payment of interest in fixed amounts (usually semi-annually) and principal payments at maturity or on specified call dates. Mortgage pass-through securities provide for monthly payments that are a “pass-through” of the monthly interest and principal payments (including any prepayments) made by the individual borrowers on the pooled mortgage loans, net of any fees paid to the guarantor of such securities and the servicer of the underlying mortgage loans. Guaranteed mortgage pass-through securities are often sold on a to-be-acquired or “TBA” basis. Such securities are typically sold one to three months in advance of issuance, prior to the identification of the underlying pools of mortgage securities but with the interest payment provisions fixed in advance. The underlying pools of mortgage securities are identified shortly before settlement and must meet certain parameters.

The guaranteed mortgage pass-through securities in which the Fund may invest may include those issued or guaranteed by Ginnie Mae (“Ginnie Mae Certificates”), the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae Certificates”) and Freddie Mac (“Freddie Mac Certificates”).

Ginnie Mae Certificates. Ginnie Mae is a wholly-owned corporate instrumentality of the United States within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. The full faith and credit of the U.S. government is pledged to the payment of amounts that may be required to be paid under any guarantee, but not as to the market value of such securities. The Ginnie Mae Certificates will represent a pro rata interest in one or more pools of the following types of mortgage loans: (i) fixed rate level payment mortgage loans; (ii) fixed rate graduated payment mortgage loans; (iii) fixed rate growing equity mortgage loans; (iv) fixed rate mortgage loans secured by manufactured (mobile) homes; (v) mortgage loans on multifamily residential properties under construction; (vi) mortgage loans on completed multifamily projects; (vii) fixed rate mortgage loans as to which escrowed funds are used to reduce the borrower’s monthly payments during the early years of the mortgage loans (“buydown” mortgage loans); (viii) mortgage loans that provide for adjustments in payments based on periodic changes in interest rates or in other payment terms of the mortgage loans; and (ix) mortgage-backed serial notes. All of these mortgage loans will be Federal Housing Administration Loans (“FHA Loans”) or Veterans’ Administration Loans (“VA Loans”) and, except as otherwise specified above, will be fully amortizing loans secured by first liens on one- to four-family housing units.

Fannie Mae Certificates. Fannie Mae is a federally chartered and privately owned corporation organized and existing under the Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act. Each Fannie Mae Certificate will entitle the registered holder thereof to receive amounts representing such holder’s pro rata interest in scheduled principal payments and interest payments (at such Fannie Mae Certificate’s pass-through rate, which is net of any servicing and guarantee fees on the underlying mortgage loans), and any principal prepayments on the mortgage

 

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loans in the pool represented by such Fannie Mae Certificate and such holder’s proportionate interest in the full principal amount of any foreclosed or otherwise finally liquidated mortgage loan. The full and timely payment of principal of and interest on each Fannie Mae Certificate, but not the market value thereof, will be guaranteed by Fannie Mae, which guarantee is not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. Each Fannie Mae Certificate will represent a pro rata interest in one or more pools of FHA Loans, VA Loans or conventional mortgage loans (i.e., mortgage loans that are not insured or guaranteed by any governmental agency) of the following types: (i) fixed rate level payment mortgage loans; (ii) fixed rate growing equity mortgage loans; (iii) fixed rate graduated payment mortgage loans; (iv) variable rate California mortgage loans; (v) other adjustable rate mortgage loans; and (vi) fixed rate mortgage loans secured by multifamily projects.

Freddie Mac Certificates. Freddie Mac is a corporate instrumentality of the United States created pursuant to the Emergency Home Finance Act of 1970, as amended (the “FHLMC Act”). Freddie Mac guarantees to each registered holder of a Freddie Mac Certificate ultimate collection of all principal of the related mortgage loans, without any offset or deduction, but does not, generally, guarantee the timely payment of scheduled principal or the market value of the securities. Freddie Mac may remit the amount due on account of its guarantee of collection of principal at any time after default on an underlying mortgage loan, but not later than 30 days following: (i) foreclosure sale; (ii) payment of a claim by any mortgage insurer; or (iii) the expiration of any right of redemption, whichever occurs later, but in any event no later than one year after demand has been made upon the mortgagor for accelerated payment of principal. The obligations of Freddie Mac under its guarantee are obligations solely of Freddie Mac and are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.

Freddie Mac Certificates represent a pro rata interest in a group of mortgage loans (a “Freddie Mac Certificate group”) purchased by Freddie Mac. The mortgage loans underlying the Freddie Mac Certificates will consist of fixed rate or adjustable rate mortgage loans with original terms to maturity of between ten and thirty years, substantially all of which are secured by first liens on one- to four-family residential properties or multifamily projects. Each mortgage loan must meet the applicable standards set forth in the FHLMC Act. A Freddie Mac Certificate group may include whole loans, participation interests in whole loans and undivided interests in whole loans and participations comprising another Freddie Mac Certificate group.

Privately-Issued Mortgage Securities

Mortgage-backed securities issued by private issuers may entail greater risk than mortgage-backed securities that are guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities. Privately-issued mortgage securities are issued by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including mortgage bankers, commercial banks, investment banks, savings and loan associations and special purpose subsidiaries of the foregoing. Since privately-issued mortgage certificates are not guaranteed by an entity having the credit status of Ginnie Mae or Freddie Mac, such securities generally are structured with one or more types of credit enhancement. Such credit support falls into two categories: (i) liquidity protection and (ii) protection against losses resulting from ultimate default by an obligor on the underlying assets. Liquidity protection refers to the provision of advances, generally by the entity administering the pool of assets, to ensure that the pass-through of payments due on the underlying pool occurs in a timely fashion. Protection against losses resulting from ultimate default enhances the likelihood of ultimate payment of the obligations on at least a portion of the assets in the pool. Such protection may be provided through guarantees, insurance policies or letters of credit obtained by the issuer or sponsor from third parties, through various means of structuring the transaction or through a combination of such approaches.

The ratings of mortgage securities for which third-party credit enhancement provides liquidity protection or protection against losses from default are generally dependent upon the continued creditworthiness of the provider of the credit enhancement. The ratings of such securities could be subject to reduction in the event of deterioration in the creditworthiness of the credit enhancement provider even in cases where the delinquency and loss experience on the underlying pool of assets is better than expected. There can be no assurance that the private issuers or credit enhancers of mortgage-backed securities can meet their obligations under the relevant policies or other forms of credit enhancement.

 

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Examples of credit support arising out of the structure of the transaction include “senior-subordinated securities” (multiple class securities with one or more classes subordinate to other classes as to the payment of principal thereof and interest thereon, with the result that defaults on the underlying assets are borne first by the holders of the subordinated class), creation of “reserve funds” (where cash or investments sometimes funded from a portion of the payments on the underlying assets are held in reserve against future losses) and “over-collateralization” (where the scheduled payments on, or the principal amount of, the underlying assets exceed those required to make payment of the securities and pay any servicing or other fees). The degree of credit support provided for each issue is generally based on historical information with respect to the level of credit risk associated with the underlying assets. Delinquency or loss in excess of that which is anticipated could adversely affect the return on an investment in such security.

Collateralized Mortgage Obligations and MultiClass Pass-Through Securities

Collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) are debt obligations collateralized by mortgage loans or mortgage pass-through securities. Typically, CMOs are collateralized by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac Certificates, but also may be collateralized by whole loans or private pass-throughs (such collateral collectively hereinafter referred to as “Mortgage Assets”). Multiclass pass-through securities are interests in a trust composed of Mortgage Assets. Unless the context indicates otherwise, all references herein to CMOs include multiclass pass-through securities. Payments of principal and of interest on the Mortgage Assets, and any reinvestment income thereon, provide the funds to pay debt service on the CMOs or make scheduled distributions on the multiclass pass-through securities. CMOs may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government, or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, mortgage banks, commercial banks, investment banks and special purpose subsidiaries of the foregoing.

In a CMO, a series of bonds or certificates is issued in multiple classes. Each class of CMOs, often referred to as a “tranche,” is issued at a specified fixed or floating coupon rate and has a stated maturity or final distribution date. Principal prepayments on the Mortgage Assets may cause the CMOs to be retired substantially earlier than their stated maturities or final distribution dates. Interest is paid or accrues on all classes of the CMOs on a monthly, quarterly or semi-annual basis. The principal of and interest on the Mortgage Assets may be allocated among the several classes of a series of a CMO in innumerable ways. In one structure, payments of principal, including any principal prepayments, on the Mortgage Assets are applied to the classes of a CMO in the order of their respective stated maturities or final distribution dates, so that no payment of principal will be made on any class of CMOs until all other classes having an earlier stated maturity or final distribution date have been paid in full. The Fund has no present intention to invest in CMO residuals. As market conditions change, and particularly during periods of rapid or unanticipated changes in market interest rates, the attractiveness of the CMO classes and the ability of the structure to provide the anticipated investment characteristics may be significantly reduced. Such changes can result in volatility in the market value, and in some instances reduced liquidity, of the CMO class.

Parallel pay CMOs are structured to provide payments of principal on each payment date to more than one class. These simultaneous payments are taken into account in calculating the stated maturity date or final distribution date of each class, which, as with other CMO structures, must be retired by its stated maturity date or a final distribution date but may be retired earlier. Planned amortization class bonds (“PAC Bonds”) are a type of CMO tranche or series designed to provide relatively predictable payments of principal provided that, among other things, the actual prepayment experience on the underlying mortgage loans falls within a predefined range. If the actual prepayment experience on the underlying mortgage loans is at a rate faster or slower than the predefined range or if deviations from other assumptions occur, principal payments on the PAC Bond may be earlier or later than predicted. The magnitude of the predefined range varies from one PAC Bond to another; a narrower range increases the risk that prepayments on the PAC Bond will be greater or smaller than predicted. Because of these features, PAC Bonds generally are less subject to the risks of prepayment than are other types of mortgage-backed securities.

 

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Stripped Mortgage Securities

The Fund may invest in stripped mortgage securities, although the Fund has no present intention to invest in such securities. Stripped mortgage securities are structured with two or more classes of securities that receive different proportions of the interest and principal distributions on a pool of mortgage assets. A common type of stripped mortgage security will have at least one class receiving only a small portion of the interest and a larger portion of the principal from the mortgage assets, while the other class will receive primarily interest and only a small portion of the principal. In the most extreme case, one class will receive all of the interest (“IO” or interest-only), while the other class will receive all of the principal (“PO” or principal-only class). The yield to maturity on IOs, POs and other mortgage-backed securities that are purchased at a substantial premium or discount generally are extremely sensitive not only to changes in prevailing interest rates but also to the rate of principal payments (including prepayments) on the related underlying mortgage assets, and a rapid rate of principal payments may have a material adverse effect on such securities’ yield to maturity. If the underlying mortgage assets experience greater than anticipated prepayments of principal, the Fund may fail to fully recoup its initial investment in these securities even if the securities have received the highest rating by a nationally recognized statistical rating organizations.

Stripped mortgage securities may be issued by agencies or instrumentalities of the U.S. government, or by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, mortgage banks, commercial banks, investment banks and special purpose subsidiaries of the foregoing. Stripped mortgage securities have greater volatility than other types of mortgage securities. Although stripped mortgage securities are purchased and sold by institutional investors through several investment banking firms acting as brokers or dealers, the market for such securities has not yet been fully developed. Accordingly, stripped mortgage securities are generally illiquid.

In addition to the stripped mortgage securities described above, the Fund may invest in similar securities such as Super POs, Levered IOs and IOettes which are more volatile than POs and IOs. Risks associated with instruments such as Super POs are similar in nature to those risks related to investments in POs. Risks connected with Levered IOs and IOettes are similar in nature to those associated with IOs. The Fund may also invest in other similar instruments developed in the future that are deemed consistent with its investment objective, policies and restrictions. POs may generate taxable income from the current accrual of original issue discount, without a corresponding distribution of cash to the Fund.

Adjustable Rate Mortgage Securities

Unlike fixed rate mortgage securities, adjustable rate mortgage securities are collateralized by or represent interests in mortgage loans with variable rates of interest. These variable rates of interest reset periodically to align themselves with market rates. The Fund will not benefit from increases in interest rates to the extent that interest rates rise to the point where they cause the current coupon of the underlying adjustable rate mortgages to exceed any maximum allowable annual or lifetime reset limits (or “cap rates”) for a particular mortgage. In this event, the value of the mortgage securities in the Fund would likely decrease. Also, the Fund’s net asset value could vary to the extent that current yields on adjustable rate mortgage securities are different than market yields during interim periods between coupon reset dates or if the timing of changes to the index upon which the rate for the underlying mortgages is based lags behind changes in market rates. During periods of declining interest rates, income to the Fund derived from adjustable rate mortgages which remain in a mortgage pool will decrease in contrast to the income on fixed rate mortgages, which will remain constant. Adjustable rate mortgages also have less potential for appreciation in value as interest rates decline than do fixed rate investments.

Inverse Floating Rate Obligations

The Fund may invest in inverse floating rate obligations, or “inverse floaters”, although the Fund has no present intention to invest in such securities. Inverse floaters have coupon rates that vary inversely at a multiple

 

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of a designated floating rate (which typically is determined by reference to an index rate, but may also be determined through a dutch auction or a remarketing agent) (the “reference rate”). Inverse floaters may constitute a class of CMOs with a coupon rate that moves inversely to a designated index, such as the London InterBank Offered Rate or COFI (Cost of Funds Index). Any rise in the reference rate of an inverse floater (as a consequence of an increase in interest rates) causes a drop in the coupon rate while any drop in the reference rate of an inverse floater causes an increase in the coupon rate. In addition, like most other fixed income securities, the value of inverse floaters will generally decrease as interest rates increase. An investment in inverse floaters typically will involve greater risk than an investment in a fixed rate bond. Because increases in the interest rate on the other security or index reduce the residual interest paid on an inverse floater, the value of an inverse floater is generally more volatile than that of a fixed rate bond.

Inverse floaters exhibit substantially greater price volatility than fixed rate obligations having similar credit quality, redemption provisions and maturity, and inverse floater CMOs exhibit greater price volatility than the majority of mortgage pass-through securities or CMOs. In addition, some inverse floater CMOs exhibit extreme sensitivity to changes in prepayments. As a result, the yield to maturity of an inverse floater CMO is sensitive not only to changes in interest rates but also to changes in prepayment rates on the related underlying mortgage assets.

Investment by the Fund in inverse floaters and other derivative instruments may increase the Fund’s leverage and, during periods of rising interest rates, may adversely affect the Fund’s income, distributions and total returns to Common Stockholders.

Small Cap Companies

Investments in companies with market capitalizations below the top 1,000 stocks of the equity market (“Small Cap Companies”) may involve greater risks and volatility than investments in larger companies. Small Cap Companies may be at an earlier stage of development, may be subject to greater business risks, may have limited product lines, limited financial resources and less depth in management than more established companies. In addition, Small Cap Companies may have difficulty withstanding competition from larger more established companies in their industries. The securities of Small Cap Companies may be thinly traded (and therefore have to be sold at a discount from current market prices or sold in small lots over an extended period of time), may be followed by fewer investment research analysts and may be subject to wider price swings and thus may create a greater chance of loss than investing in securities of larger capitalization companies.

Repurchase Agreements

The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements for cash management purposes. A repurchase agreement is a transaction in which the seller of a security commits itself at the time of the sale to repurchase that security from the Fund, as the buyer, at a mutually agreed upon time and price.

The Fund will enter into repurchase agreements only with dealers, domestic banks or recognized financial institutions which, in the opinion of the Investment Manager, are deemed creditworthy. The Investment Manager will monitor the value of the securities underlying the repurchase agreement at the time the transaction is entered into and at all times during the term of the repurchase agreement to ensure that the value of the securities always equals or exceeds the repurchase price. The Fund requires that additional securities be deposited if the value of the securities purchased decreases below their resale price and does not bear the risk of a decline in the value of the underlying security unless the seller defaults under the repurchase obligation. In the event of default by the seller under the repurchase agreement, the Fund could experience losses and experience delays in connection with the disposition of the underlying security. To the extent that, in the meantime, the value of the securities that the Fund has purchased has decreased, the Fund could experience a loss. Repurchase agreements with maturities of more than seven days will be treated as illiquid securities by the Fund.

 

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Rule 144A Securities

The Fund may purchase Rule 144A securities for which there is a secondary market of qualified institutional buyers, as defined in Rule 144A promulgated under the 1933 Act. Rule 144A provides an exemption from the registration requirements of the 1933 Act for the resale of certain restricted securities to qualified institutional buyers.

Rule 144A securities may be considered liquid securities if so determined by the Investment Manager and therefore will not be subject to the Fund’s restriction on illiquid investments. The Investment Manager has adopted policies and procedures for the purpose of determining whether securities that are eligible for resales under Rule 144A are liquid or illiquid. Pursuant to those policies and procedures, the Investment Manager may make the determination as to whether a particular security is liquid or illiquid with consideration to be given to, among other things, the frequency of trades and quotes for the security, the number of dealers willing to sell the security and the number of potential purchasers, dealer undertakings to make a market in the security, the nature of the security and the time needed to dispose of the security.

To the extent that liquid Rule 144A securities that the Fund holds become illiquid, due to the lack of sufficient qualified institutional buyers or market or other conditions, the percentage of the Fund’s assets invested in illiquid assets would increase. The Investment Manager will monitor Fund investments in Rule 144A securities and will consider appropriate measures to enable the Fund to meet any investment limitations and to maintain sufficient liquidity for operating purposes and to meet redemption requests.

Firm Commitment and When-Issued Securities

The Fund may purchase securities on a firm commitment basis, including when-issued securities. Securities purchased on a firm commitment basis are purchased for delivery beyond the normal settlement date at a stated price and yield. No income accrues to the purchaser of a security on a firm commitment basis prior to delivery. Such securities are recorded as an asset and are subject to changes in value based upon changes in the general level of interest rates. Purchasing a security on a firm commitment basis can involve a risk that the market price at the time of delivery may be lower than the agreed upon purchase price, in which case there could be an unrealized loss at the time of delivery. The Fund will only make commitments to purchase securities on a firm commitment basis with the intention of actually acquiring the securities, but may sell them before the settlement date if it is deemed advisable. The Fund will establish a segregated account in which it will maintain liquid assets in an amount at least equal in value to the Fund’s commitments to purchase securities on a firm commitment basis. If the value of these assets declines, the Fund will place additional liquid assets in the account on a daily basis so that the value of the assets in the account is equal to the amount of such commitments.

Zero Coupon Securities, PIK Bonds and Deferred Payment Securities

The Fund may invest in zero coupon securities, “payment-in-kind” or “PIK” bonds and deferred payment securities as well as custodial receipts or certificates underwritten by securities dealers or banks that evidence ownership of future interest payments, principal payments or both on certain U.S. government securities. Zero coupon securities are debt securities that pay no cash income but are sold at substantial discounts from their value at maturity. When a zero coupon security is held to maturity, its entire return, which consists of the amortization of discount, comes from the difference between its purchase price and its maturity value. This difference is known at the time of purchase, so that investors holding zero coupon securities until maturity know at the time of their investment what the expected return on their investment will be. Deferred payment securities also are sold at substantial discounts from their maturity value and provide for the commencement of regular interest payments at a deferred date. The Fund also may purchase PIK bonds. PIK bonds pay all or a portion of their interest in the form of debt or equity securities.

Custodial receipts evidencing specific coupon or principal payments have the same general attributes as zero coupon U.S. government securities but are not considered to be U.S. government securities. Although under the

 

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terms of a custodial receipt a fund is typically authorized to assert its rights directly against the issuer of the underlying obligation, the fund may be required to assert through the custodian bank such rights as may exist against the underlying issuer. Thus, in the event the underlying issuer fails to pay principal and/or interest when due, the fund may be subject to delays, expenses and risks that are greater than those that would have been involved if the fund had purchased a direct obligation of the issuer. In addition, in the event that the trust or custodial account in which the underlying security has been deposited is determined to be an association taxable as a corporation, instead of a non-taxable entity, the yield on the underlying security would be reduced in respect of any taxes paid.

Zero coupon securities, PIK bonds and deferred payment securities tend to be subject to greater price fluctuations in response to changes in interest rates than are ordinary interest-paying debt securities with similar maturities. The value of zero coupon securities appreciates more during periods of declining interest rates and depreciates more during periods of rising interest rates than ordinary interest-paying debt securities with similar maturities. Zero coupon securities, PIK bonds and deferred payment securities may be issued by a wide variety of corporate and governmental issuers.

Current federal income tax law requires the holder of a zero coupon security, certain PIK bonds, deferred payment securities and certain other securities acquired at a discount (such as Brady Bonds) to accrue income with respect to these securities prior to the receipt of cash payments. Accordingly, to avoid liability for federal income and excise taxes, the Fund may be required to distribute income accrued with respect to these securities and may have to dispose of portfolio securities under disadvantageous circumstances in order to generate cash to satisfy these distribution requirements.

Loan Participation and Assignments

The Fund may invest in loan participations and assignments. The Fund considers these investments to be investments in debt securities for purposes of this Statement of Additional Information. Loan participations typically will result in the Fund having a contractual relationship only with the lender that sold the participation, not with the borrower. The Fund will have the right to receive payments of principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the lender selling the participation and only upon receipt by the lender of the payments from the borrower. In connection with purchasing loan participations, the Fund generally will have no right to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement relating to the loan, nor any rights of set-off against the borrower, and the Fund may not benefit directly from any collateral supporting the loan in which it has purchased the participation. As a result, the Fund will assume the credit risk of both the borrower and the lender that is selling the participation. In the event of the insolvency of the lender selling a participation, the Fund may be treated as a general creditor of the lender and may not benefit from any set-off between the lender and the borrower. The Fund will acquire loan participations only if the lender interpositioned between the Fund and the borrower is determined by the Investment Manager to be creditworthy. When the Fund purchases assignments from lenders, the Fund will acquire direct rights against the borrower on the loan, except that under certain circumstances such rights may be more limited than those held by the assigning lender.

The Fund may have difficulty disposing of assignments and loan participations. In certain cases, the market for such instruments is not highly liquid, and therefore the Fund anticipates that in such cases such instruments could be sold only to a limited number of institutional investors. The lack of a highly liquid secondary market may have an adverse impact on the value of such instruments and will have an adverse impact on the Fund’s ability to dispose of particular assignments or loan participations in response to a specific economic event, such as deterioration in the creditworthiness of the borrower.

The Fund has adopted policies and procedures for the purpose of determining whether holdings are liquid or illiquid. The determination as to whether a particular loan participation or assignment is liquid or illiquid, depends upon the frequency of quotes, the number of dealers willing to sell and the number of potential purchasers, the nature of the loan participation or assignment, the time needed to dispose of it and the contractual

 

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provisions of the relevant documentation. To the extent that liquid assignments and loan participation that the Fund holds become illiquid, due to the lack of sufficient buyers or market or other conditions, the percentage of the Fund’s assets invested in illiquid assets would increase.

In valuing a loan participation or assignment held by the Fund for which a secondary trading market exists, the Fund will rely upon prices or quotations provided by banks, dealers or pricing services. To the extent a secondary trading market does not exist, the Fund’s loan participations and assignments will be valued in accordance with procedures adopted by the Fund’s Board, taking into consideration, among other factors: (i) the creditworthiness of the borrower under the loan and of the lender; (ii) the current interest rate, the period until next rate reset and the maturity of the loan; (iii) recent prices in the market for similar loans; and (iv) recent prices in the market for instruments of similar quality, rate, period until next interest rate reset and maturity.

Restricted Securities and Securities with Limited Trading Markets

The Fund may purchase securities for which there is a limited trading market or which are subject to restrictions on resale to the public. If the Fund were to assume substantial positions in securities with limited trading markets, the activities of the Fund could have an adverse effect upon the liquidity and marketability of such securities and the Fund might not be able to dispose of its holdings in those securities at then current market prices. Circumstances could also exist (to satisfy redemptions, for example) when portfolio securities might have to be sold by the Fund at times which otherwise might be considered to be disadvantageous so that the Fund might receive lower proceeds from such sales than it had expected to realize. Investments in securities which are “restricted” may involve added expenses to the Fund should the Fund be required to bear registration costs with respect to such securities. The Fund could also be delayed in disposing of such securities which might have an adverse effect upon the price and timing of sales and the liquidity of the Fund. Restricted securities and securities for which there is a limited trading market may be significantly more difficult to value due to the unavailability of reliable market quotations for such securities, and investment in such securities may have an adverse impact on net asset value. As more fully described above, the Fund may purchase Rule 144A securities for which there may be a secondary market of qualified institutional buyers as contemplated by Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. To the extent that the number of qualified institutional buyers is reduced, a previously liquid Rule 144A security may be determined to be illiquid, thus increasing the percentage of illiquid assets in the Fund’s portfolio. The Investment Manager is responsible for monitoring the liquidity of Rule 144A securities and the selection of such securities.

Securities of Unseasoned Issuers

The Fund may invest in securities that have limited marketability and, therefore, may be subject to wide fluctuations in market value. In addition, the Fund may invest in issuers of securities that lack significant operating history and may be dependent on products or services without an established market share.

Structured Notes and Related Instruments

The Fund may invest in “structured” notes and other related instruments, which are privately negotiated debt obligations where the principal and/or interest is determined by reference to the performance of a benchmark asset, market or interest rate (an “embedded index”), such as selected securities, an index of securities or specified interest rates, or the differential performance of two assets or markets, such as indexes reflecting bonds. Structured instruments may be issued by corporations, including banks, as well as by governmental agencies. Structured instruments frequently are assembled in the form of medium-term notes, but a variety of forms are available and may be used in particular circumstances. The terms of such structured instruments normally provide that their principal and/or interest payments are to be adjusted upwards or downwards (but ordinarily not below zero) to reflect changes in the embedded index while the structured instruments are outstanding. As a result, the interest and/or principal payments that may be made on a structured product may vary widely, depending on a variety of factors, including the volatility of the embedded index and the effect of changes in the

 

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embedded index on principal and/or interest payments. The rate of return on structured notes may be determined by applying a multiplier to the performance or differential performance of the referenced index(es) or other asset(s). Application of a multiplier involves leverage that will serve to magnify the potential for gain and the risk of loss.

The Fund may enter into credit default swap contracts for hedging purposes or to add leverage to the portfolio. When used for hedging purposes, the Fund would be the buyer of a credit default swap contract. In that case, the Fund would be entitled to receive the par (or other agreed-upon) value of a referenced debt obligation from the counterparty to the contract in the event of a default by a third party, such as a U.S. or foreign issuer, on the debt obligation. In return, the Fund would pay to the counterparty a periodic stream of payments over the term of the contract provided that no event of default has occurred. If no default occurs, the Fund would have spent the stream of payments and received no benefit from the contract. When the Fund is the seller of a credit default swap contract, it receives the stream of payments but is obligated to pay upon default of the referenced debt obligation. As the seller, the Fund would effectively add leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total assets, the Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap.

Borrowing

The Fund may borrow in certain circumstances. Certain borrowing may create an opportunity for increased return, but, at the same time, creates special risks. For example, borrowing may exaggerate changes in the net asset value of the Fund’s shares and in the return on the Fund’s portfolio. The Fund may be required to liquidate portfolio securities at a time when it would be disadvantageous to do so in order to make payments with respect to any borrowings. If the Fund were to engage in borrowing, an increase in interest rates could reduce the value of the Fund’s shares by increasing the Fund’s interest expense. This interest expense may be greater than the Fund’s return on the underlying investment.

Short Sales Against the Box

The Fund may enter into a short sale of common stock such that, when the short position is open, the Fund owns an equal amount of preferred stocks or debt securities convertible or exchangeable without payment of further consideration into an equal number of shares of the common stock sold short. The Fund will enter into this kind of short sale, described as “against the box,” for the purpose of receiving a portion of the interest earned by the executing broker from the proceeds of the sale. The proceeds of the sale will be held by the broker until the settlement date, when the Fund delivers the convertible securities to close out its short position. Although the Fund will have to pay an amount equal to any dividends paid on the common stock sold short prior to delivery, it will receive the dividends from the preferred stock or interest from the debt securities convertible into the stock sold short, plus a portion of the interest earned from the proceeds of the short sale. The Fund will deposit, in a segregated account with its custodian, convertible preferred stock or convertible debt securities in connection with short sales against the box.

Short Sales

The Fund may seek to hedge investments or realize additional gains through short sales. Short sales are transactions in which the Fund sells a security it does not own in anticipation of a decline in the market value of that security. To complete such a transaction, the Fund borrows the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund is obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at or prior to the time of replacement. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to repay the lender any dividends or interest that accrue during the period of the loan. To borrow the security, the Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. A portion of the net proceeds of the short sale may be retained by the broker (or by the Fund’s custodian in a special custody account), to the extent necessary to collateralize the broker and to meet margin requirements, until the short position is closed out. The Fund will also incur transaction costs in effecting short sales.

 

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The Fund will incur a loss as a result of the short sale if the price of the security increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. The Fund will realize a gain if the security declines in price between those dates. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of the premiums, dividends, interest or expenses the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale. An increase in the value of a security sold short by the Fund over the price at which it was sold short will result in a loss to the Fund, and there can be no assurance that the Fund will be able to close out the position at any particular time or at an acceptable price. Thus the Fund’s losses on short sales are potentially unlimited.

Whenever the Fund engages in short sales, it maintains cash or liquid securities in an amount that, when combined with the amount of collateral deposited with the broker in connection with the short sale, equals the current market value of the security sold short. The assets so maintained are marked to market daily.

Derivatives

The Fund may use various investment strategies described below to hedge market risks (such as broad or specific market movements, interest rates and currency exchange rates), to manage the effective maturity or duration of debt instruments held by the Fund, or to seek to increase the Fund’s income or gain.

The Fund may purchase and sell interest rate, currency or stock or bond index futures contracts and enter into currency transactions; purchase and sell (or write) exchange listed and over-the-counter (“OTC”) put and call options on securities, currencies, futures contracts, indices and other financial instruments; enter into interest rate transactions, equity swaps and related transactions; and invest in indexed securities and other similar transactions, which may be developed to the extent that the Investment Manager determines that they are consistent with the applicable Fund’s investment objective and policies and applicable regulatory requirements (collectively, these transactions are referred to as “Derivatives”). The Fund’s interest rate transactions may take the form of swaps, caps, floors and collars, and the Fund’s currency transactions may take the form of currency forward contracts, currency futures contracts and options thereon, currency swaps and options on currencies.

The Fund is not a “commodity pool” (i.e., a pooled investment vehicle which trades in commodity futures contracts and options thereon and the operator of which is registered with the CFTC), and Derivatives involving futures contracts and options on futures contracts will be purchased, sold or entered into primarily for bona fide hedging purposes, provided that the Fund may enter into such transactions for purposes other than bona fide hedging if, immediately thereafter, (i) its pro rata share of the aggregate initial margin and premiums do not exceed 5% of the fair market value of the Fund’s assets, after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such contracts it has entered into (however, in the case of an option that is in-the-money at the time of purchase, the in-the-money amount may be excluded in calculating the 5% limitation); (ii) the aggregate “notional value” (i.e., the size of the contract, in contract units, times the current market price (futures position) or strike price (options position) of each such unit) or the contract, so that it does not exceed the liquidation value of the Fund, after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on such contracts and options. The Fund will engage in transactions in futures contracts and related options only to the extent such transactions are consistent with the requirements of the Code for maintaining its qualification as a regulated investment company for federal income tax purposes.

Derivatives involve special risks, including possible default by the other party to the transaction, illiquidity and, to the extent the Investment Manager’s view as to certain market movements is incorrect, the risk that the use of Derivatives could result in significantly greater losses than if it had not been used. The degree of the Fund’s use of Derivatives may be limited by certain provisions of the Code.

Currency Transactions. The Fund may engage in currency transactions with counterparties to hedge the value of portfolio securities denominated in particular currencies against fluctuations in relative value or to generate income or gain. Currency transactions include currency forward contracts, exchange-listed currency

 

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futures contracts and options thereon, exchange-listed and OTC options on currencies, and currency swaps. A currency forward contract involves a privately negotiated obligation to purchase or sell (with delivery generally required) a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. A currency swap is an agreement to exchange cash flows based on the notional difference among two or more currencies and operates similarly to an interest rate swap. The Fund may enter into currency transactions only with counterparties that the Investment Manager deems to be creditworthy.

The Fund may enter into currency forward contracts when the Investment Manager believes that the currency of a particular country may suffer a substantial decline against the U.S. dollar. In those circumstances, the Fund may enter into a currency forward contract to sell, for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars, the amount of that currency approximating the value of some or all of the Fund’s portfolio securities denominated in such currency. Currency forward contracts may limit potential gain from a positive change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies.

Transaction hedging is entering into a currency transaction with respect to specific assets or liabilities of the Fund, which will generally arise in connection with the purchase or sale of the Fund’s portfolio securities or the receipt of income from them. Position hedging is entering into a currency transaction with respect to portfolio securities positions denominated or generally quoted in that currency. The Fund will not enter into a transaction to hedge currency exposure to an extent greater, after netting all transactions intended wholly or partially to offset other transactions, than the aggregate market value (at the time of entering into the transaction) of the securities held by the Fund that are denominated or generally quoted in or currently convertible into the currency, other than with respect to proxy hedging as described below.

The Fund may cross-hedge currencies by entering into transactions to purchase or sell one or more currencies that are expected to increase or decline in value relative to other currencies to which the Fund has or in which the Fund expects to have exposure. To reduce the effect of currency fluctuations on the value of existing or anticipated holdings of its securities, the Fund may also engage in proxy hedging. Proxy hedging is often used when the currency to which the Fund’s holdings is exposed is difficult to hedge generally or difficult to hedge against the dollar. Proxy hedging entails entering into a forward contract to sell a currency, the changes in the value of which are generally considered to be linked to a currency or currencies in which some or all of the Fund’s securities are or are expected to be denominated, and to buy dollars. The amount of the contract entered into for hedging purposes would not exceed the market value of the Fund’s securities denominated in linked currencies.

Currency transactions are subject to risks different from other portfolio transactions. If the Fund enters into a currency hedging transaction, the Fund will comply with the relevant asset segregation requirements.

Futures Contracts. The Fund may trade futures contracts: (1) on domestic and foreign exchanges on currencies, interest rates and bond indices; and (2) on domestic and, to the extent permitted by the CFTC, foreign exchanges on single stocks and stock indices. Futures contracts are generally bought and sold on the commodities exchanges on which they are listed with payment of initial and variation margin as described below. The sale of a futures contract creates a firm obligation by the Fund, as seller, to deliver to the buyer the specific type of financial instrument called for in the contract at a specific future time for a specified price (or with respect to certain instruments, the net cash amount). The Fund is not a commodity pool, and the Fund, where permitted, will use futures contracts and options thereon solely: (i) for bona fide hedging purposes; and (ii) for other purposes in amounts permitted by the rules and regulations promulgated by the CFTC. The Fund’s use of financial futures contracts and options thereon will in all cases be consistent with applicable regulatory requirements and in particular the rules and regulations of the CFTC. Maintaining a futures contract or selling an option on a futures contract will typically require the Fund to deposit with a financial intermediary, as security for its obligations, an amount of cash or other specified assets (“initial margin”) that initially is from 1% to 10% of the face amount of the contract (but may be higher in some circumstances). Additional cash or assets

 

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(“variation margin”) may be required to be deposited thereafter daily as the mark-to-market value of the futures contract fluctuates. The Fund will not enter into a futures contract or option thereon other than for bona fide hedging purposes except in accordance with the rules of the CFTC described above. In addition, the value of all futures contracts sold by the Fund (adjusted for the historical volatility relationship between the Fund and the contracts) will not exceed the total market value of the Fund’s securities. In addition, the value of the Fund’s long futures and options positions (futures contracts on stock or bond indices, interest rates or foreign currencies and call options on such futures contracts) will not exceed the sum of: (a) liquid assets segregated for this purpose; (b) cash proceeds on existing investments due within thirty days; and (c) accrued profits on the particular futures or options positions.

Interest Rate Futures Contracts. The Fund may enter into interest rate futures contracts in order to protect it from fluctuations in interest rates without necessarily buying or selling fixed income securities. An interest rate futures contract is an agreement to take or make delivery of either: (i) an amount of cash equal to the difference between the value of a particular index of debt securities at the beginning and at the end of the contract period; or (ii) a specified amount of a particular debt security at a future date at a price set at time of the contract. For example, if the Fund owns bonds, and interest rates are expected to increase, the Fund might sell futures contracts on debt securities having characteristics similar to those held in the portfolio. Such a sale would have much the same effect as selling an equivalent value of the bonds owned by the Fund. If interest rates did increase, the value of the debt securities in the portfolio would decline, but the value of the futures contracts to the Fund would increase at approximately the same rate, thereby keeping the net asset value of each class of the Fund from declining as much as it otherwise would have. The Fund could accomplish similar results by selling bonds with longer maturities and investing in bonds with shorter maturities when interest rates are expected to increase. However, since the futures market may be more liquid than the cash market, the use of futures contracts as a risk management technique allows the Fund to maintain a defensive position without having to sell its portfolio securities.

Similarly when the Investment Manager expects that interest rates may decline, the Fund may purchase interest rate futures contracts in an attempt to hedge against having to make subsequently anticipated purchases of bonds at the higher prices subsequently expected to prevail. Since the fluctuations in the value of appropriately selected futures contracts should be similar to that of the bonds that will be purchased, the Fund could take advantage of the anticipated rise in the cost of the bonds without actually buying them until the market had stabilized. At that time, the Fund could make the intended purchase of the bonds in the cash market and the futures contracts could be liquidated.

At the time of delivery of securities pursuant to an interest rate futures contract, adjustments are made to recognize differences in value arising from the delivery of securities with a different interest rate from that specified in the contract. In some (but not many) cases, securities called for by a futures contract may have a shorter term than the term of the futures contract and, consequently, may not in fact have been issued when the futures contract was entered.

Options. In order to hedge against adverse market shifts or to increase income or gain, the Fund may purchase put and call options or write “covered” put and call options on futures contracts on stock indices, interest rates and currencies. In addition, in order to hedge against adverse market shifts or to increase its income, the Fund may purchase put and call options and write “covered” put and call options on securities, indices, currencies and other financial instruments. The Fund may utilize options on currencies in order to hedge against currency exchange rate risks. A call option is “covered” if, so long as the Fund is obligated as the writer of the option, it will: (i) own the underlying investment subject to the option; (ii) own securities convertible or exchangeable without the payment of any consideration into the securities subject to the option; (iii) own a call option on the relevant security or currency with an exercise price no higher than the exercise price on the call option written; or (iv) deposit with its custodian in a segregated account liquid assets having a value equal to the excess of the value of the security or index that is the subject of the call over the exercise price. A put option is “covered” if, to support its obligation to purchase the underlying investment if a put option that the Fund writes is

 

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exercised, the Fund will either (a) deposit with its custodian in a segregated account liquid assets having a value at least equal to the exercise price of the underlying investment or (b) continue to own an equivalent number of puts of the same “series” (that is, puts on the same underlying investment having the same exercise prices and expiration dates as those written by the Fund), or an equivalent number of puts of the same “class” (that is, puts on the same underlying investment) with exercise prices greater than those that it has written (or, if the exercise prices of the puts it holds are less than the exercise prices of those it has written, it will deposit the difference with its custodian in a segregated account). Parties to options transactions must make certain payments and/or set aside certain amounts of assets in connection with each transaction, as described below.

In all cases except for certain options on interest rate futures contracts, by writing a call, the Fund will limit its opportunity to profit from an increase in the market value of the underlying investment above the exercise price of the option for as long as the Fund’s obligation as writer of the option continues. By writing a put, the Fund will limit its opportunity to profit from a decrease in the market value of the underlying investment below the exercise price of the option for as long as the Fund’s obligation as writer of the option continues. Upon the exercise of a put option written by the Fund, the Fund may suffer an economic loss equal to the difference between the price at which the Fund is required to purchase the underlying investment and its market value at the time of the option exercise, less the premium received for writing the option. Upon the exercise of a call option written by the Fund, the Fund may suffer an economic loss equal to an amount not less than the excess of the investment’s market value at the time of the option exercise over the Fund’s acquisition cost of the investment, less the sum of the premium received for writing the option and the positive difference, if any, between the call price paid to the Fund and the Fund’s acquisition cost of the investment.

In all cases except for certain options on interest rate futures contracts, in purchasing a put option, the Fund will seek to benefit from a decline in the market price of the underlying investment, while in purchasing a call option, the Fund will seek to benefit from an increase in the market price of the underlying investment. If an option purchased is not sold or exercised when it has remaining value, or if the market price of the underlying investment remains equal to or greater than the exercise price, in the case of a put, or remains equal to or below the exercise price, in the case of a call, during the life of the option, the Fund will lose its investment in the option. For the purchase of an option to be profitable, the market price of the underlying investment must decline sufficiently below the exercise price, in the case of a put, and must increase sufficiently above the exercise price, in the case of a call, to cover the premium and transaction costs.

In the case of certain options on interest rate futures contracts, the Fund may purchase a put option in anticipation of a rise in interest rates, and purchase a call option in anticipation of a fall in interest rates. By writing a covered call option on interest rate futures contracts, the Fund will limit its opportunity to profit from a fall in interest rates. By writing a covered put option on interest rate futures contracts, the Fund will limit its opportunity to profit from a rise in interest rates.

The Fund may choose to exercise the options it holds, permit them to expire or terminate them prior to their expiration by entering into closing transactions. The Fund may enter into a closing purchase transaction in which the Fund purchases an option having the same terms as the option it had written or a closing sale transaction in which the Fund sells an option having the same terms as the option it had purchased. A covered option writer unable to effect a closing purchase transaction will not be able to sell the underlying security until the option expires or the underlying security is delivered upon exercise, with the result that the writer will be subject to the risk of market decline in the underlying security during such period. Should the Fund choose to exercise an option, the Fund will purchase in the open market the securities, commodities or commodity futures contracts underlying the exercised option.

Exchange-listed options on securities and currencies, with certain exceptions, generally settle by physical delivery of the underlying security or currency, although in the future, cash settlement may become available. Frequently, rather than taking or making delivery of the underlying instrument through the process of exercising the option, listed options are closed by entering into offsetting purchase or sale transactions that do not result in

 

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ownership of the new option. Index options are cash settled for the net amount, if any, by which the option is “in- the-money” (that is, the amount by which the value of the underlying instrument exceeds, in the case of a call option, or is less than, in the case of a put option, the exercise price of the option) at the time the option is exercised.

Put options and call options typically have similar structural characteristics and operational mechanics regardless of the underlying instrument on which they are purchased or sold. Thus, the following general discussion relates to each of the particular types of options discussed in greater detail below. In addition, many Derivatives involving options require segregation of Fund assets in special accounts.

A put option gives the purchaser of the option, upon payment of a premium, the right to sell, and the writer of the obligation to buy, the underlying security, index, currency or other instrument at the exercise price. The Fund’s purchase of a put option on a security, for example, might be designed to protect its holdings in the underlying instrument (or, in some cases, a similar instrument) against a substantial decline in the market value of such instrument by giving the Fund the right to sell the instrument at the option exercise price. A call option, upon payment of a premium, gives the purchaser of the option the right to buy, and the seller the obligation to sell, the underlying instrument at the exercise price. The Fund’s purchase of a call option on a security, financial futures contract, index, currency or other instrument might be intended to protect the Fund against an increase in the price of the underlying instrument that it intends to purchase in the future by fixing the price at which it may purchase the instrument. An “American” style put or call option may be exercised at any time during the option period, whereas a “European” style put or call option may be exercised only upon expiration or during a fixed period prior to expiration. Exchange-listed options are issued by a regulated intermediary such as the Options Clearing Corporation (“OCC”), which guarantees the performance of the obligations of the parties to the options. The discussion below uses the OCC as an example, but is also applicable to other similar financial intermediaries.

OCC-issued and exchange-listed options, with certain exceptions, generally settle by physical delivery of the underlying security or currency, although in the future, cash settlement may become available. Index options are cash settled for the net amount, if any, by which the option is “in-the-money” (that is, the amount by which the value of the underlying instrument exceeds, in the case of a call option, or is less than, in the case of a put option, the exercise price of the option) at the time the option is exercised. Frequently, rather than taking or making delivery of the underlying instrument through the process of exercising the option, listed options are closed by entering into offsetting purchase or sale transactions that do not result in ownership of the new option.

The Fund’s ability to close out its position as a purchaser or seller of an OCC-issued or exchange-listed put or call option is dependent, in part, upon the liquidity of the particular option market. Among the possible reasons for the absence of a liquid option market on an exchange are: (1) insufficient trading interest in certain options; (2) restrictions on transactions imposed by an exchange; (3) trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions imposed with respect to particular classes or series of options or underlying securities, including reaching daily price limits; (4) interruption of the normal operations of the OCC or an exchange; (5) inadequacy of the facilities of an exchange or the OCC to handle current trading volume; or (6) a decision by one or more exchanges to discontinue the trading of options (or a particular class or series of options), in which event the relevant market for that option on that exchange would cease to exist, although any such outstanding options on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms.

The hours of trading for listed options may not coincide with the hours during which the underlying financial instruments are traded. To the extent that the option markets close before the markets for the underlying financial instruments, significant price and rate movements can take place in the underlying markets that would not be reflected in the corresponding option markets.

OTC options are purchased from or sold to securities dealers, financial institutions or other parties (collectively referred to as “Counterparties” and individually referred to as a “Counterparty”) through a direct

 

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bilateral agreement with the Counterparty. In contrast to exchange-listed options, which generally have standardized terms and performance mechanics, all of the terms of an OTC option, including such terms as method of settlement, term, exercise price, premium, guaranties and security, are determined by negotiation of the parties. It is anticipated that any Fund authorized to use OTC options will generally only enter into OTC options that have cash settlement provisions, although it will not be required to do so.

Unless the parties provide for it, no central clearing or guaranty function is involved in an OTC option. As a result, if a Counterparty fails to make or take delivery of the security, currency or other instrument underlying an OTC option it has entered into with the Fund or fails to make a cash settlement payment due in accordance with the terms of that option, the Fund will lose any premium it paid for the option as well as any anticipated benefit of the transaction. Thus, the Investment Manager must assess the creditworthiness of each such Counterparty or any guarantor or credit enhancement of the counterparty’s credit to determine the likelihood that the terms of the OTC option will be met. The Fund will enter into OTC option transactions only with U.S. Government securities dealers recognized by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as “primary dealers,” or broker-dealers, domestic or foreign banks, or other financial institutions that the Investment Manager deems to be creditworthy. In the absence of a change in the current position of the staff of the SEC, OTC options purchased by the Fund and the amount of the Fund’s obligation pursuant to an OTC option sold by the Fund (the cost of the sell-back plus the in-the-money amount, if any) or the value of the assets held to cover such options will be deemed illiquid.

If the Fund sells a call option, the premium that it receives may serve as a partial hedge, to the extent of the option premium, against a decrease in the value of the underlying securities or instruments held by the Fund or will increase the Fund’s income. Similarly, the sale of put options can also provide gains for the Fund.

The Fund may purchase and sell call options on securities that are traded on U.S. and foreign securities exchanges and in the OTC markets, and on securities indices, currencies and futures contracts. All calls sold by the Fund must be “covered” (that is, the Fund must own the securities or futures contract subject to the call), or must otherwise meet the asset segregation requirements described below for so long as the call is outstanding. Even though the Fund will receive the option premium to help protect it against loss, a call sold by the Fund will expose the Fund during the term of the option to possible loss of opportunity to realize appreciation in the market price of the underlying security or instrument and may require the Fund to hold a security or instrument that it might otherwise have sold.

The Fund reserves the right to purchase or sell options on instruments and indices which may be developed in the future to the extent consistent with applicable law, the Fund’s investment objective and the restrictions set forth herein.

The Fund may purchase and sell put options on securities (whether or not it holds the securities in its portfolio) and on securities indices, currencies and futures contracts. In selling put options, the Fund faces the risk that it may be required to buy the underlying security at a disadvantageous price above the market price.

(A) Options on Stocks and Stock Indices. The Fund may purchase put and call options and write covered put and call options on stocks and stock indices listed on domestic and foreign securities exchanges in order to hedge against movements in the equity markets or to increase income or gain to the Fund. In addition, the Fund may purchase options on stocks that are traded over-the-counter. Options on stock indices are similar to options on specific securities. However, because options on stock indices do not involve the delivery of an underlying security, the option represents the holder’s right to obtain from the writer cash in an amount equal to a fixed multiple of the amount by which the exercise price exceeds (in the case of a put) or is less than (in the case of a call) the closing value of the underlying stock index on the exercise date. Currently, options traded include the Standard & Poor’s 100 Index of Composite Stocks, Standard & Poor’s 500 Index of Composite Stocks (the “S&P 500 Index”), the New York Stock Exchange Composite Index, the American Stock Exchange Market Value Index, the National Over-the-Counter Index and other standard broadly based stock market indices. Options are

 

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also traded in certain industry or market segment indices such as the Oil Index, the Computer Technology Index and the Transportation Index. Stock index options are subject to position and exercise limits and other regulations imposed by the exchange on which they are traded.

If the Investment Manager expects general stock market prices to rise, the Fund might purchase a call option on a stock index or a futures contract on that index as a hedge against an increase in prices of particular equity securities it wants ultimately to buy. If the stock index does rise, the price of the particular equity securities intended to be purchased may also increase, but that increase would be offset in part by the increase in the value of the Fund’s index option or futures contract resulting from the increase in the index. If, on the other hand, the Investment Manager expects general stock market prices to decline, it might purchase a put option or sell a futures contract on the index. If that index does decline, the value of some or all of the equity securities in the Fund’s portfolio may also be expected to decline, but that decrease would be offset in part by the increase in the value of the Fund’s position in such put option or futures contract.

(B) Options on Currencies. The Fund may invest in options on currencies traded on domestic and foreign securities exchanges in order to hedge against currency exchange rate risks or to increase income or gain.

(C) Options on Futures Contracts. The Fund may purchase put and call options and write covered put and call options on futures contracts on stock indices, interest rates and currencies traded on domestic and, to the extent permitted by the CFTC, foreign exchanges, in order to hedge all or a portion of its investments or to increase income or gain and may enter into closing transactions in order to terminate existing positions. There is no guarantee that such closing transactions can be effected. An option on a stock index futures contract, interest rate futures contract or currency futures contract, as contrasted with the direct investment in such a contract, gives the purchaser the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a position in the underlying contract at a specified exercise price at any time on or before the expiration date of the option. Upon exercise of an option, the delivery of the futures position by the writer of the option to the holder of the option will be accompanied by delivery of the accumulated balance in the writer’s futures margin account. The potential loss related to the purchase of an option on a futures contract is limited to the premium paid for the option (plus transaction costs). While the price of the option is fixed at the point of sale, the value of the option does change daily and the change would be reflected in the net asset value of the Fund.

The purchase of an option on a financial futures contract involves payment of a premium for the option without any further obligation on the part of the Fund. If the Fund exercises an option on a futures contract it will be obligated to post initial margin (and potentially variation margin) for the resulting futures position just as it would for any futures position. Futures contracts and options thereon are generally settled by entering into an offsetting transaction, but no assurance can be given that a position can be offset prior to settlement or that delivery will occur.

Interest Rate and Equity Swaps and Related Transactions. The Fund may enter into interest rate and equity swaps and may purchase or sell (i.e., write) interest rate and equity caps, floors and collars. The Fund expects to enter into these transactions in order to hedge against either a decline in the value of the securities included in the Fund’s portfolio or against an increase in the price of the securities which it plans to purchase, in order to preserve or maintain a return or spread on a particular investment or portion of its portfolio or to achieve a particular return on cash balances, or in order to increase income or gain. Interest rate and equity swaps involve the exchange by the Fund with another party of their respective commitments to make or receive payments based on a notional principal amount. The purchase of an interest rate or equity cap entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index exceeds a predetermined level, to receive payments on a contractually-based principal amount from the party selling the interest rate or equity cap. The purchase of an interest rate or equity floor entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index falls below a predetermined rate, to receive payments on a contractually-based principal amount from the party selling the interest rate or equity floor. A collar is a combination of a cap and a floor which preserves a certain return within a predetermined range of values.

 

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The Fund may enter into interest rate and equity swaps, caps, floors and collars on either an asset-based or liability-based basis, depending on whether it is hedging its assets or its liabilities, and will usually enter into interest rate and equity swaps on a net basis (i.e., the two payment streams are netted out), with the Fund receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments. The net amount of the excess, if any, of the Fund’s obligations over its entitlements with respect to each interest rate or equity swap will be accrued on a daily basis, and an amount of liquid assets having an aggregate net asset value at least equal to the accrued excess will be maintained in a segregated account by the Fund’s custodian in accordance with procedures established by the Board. If the Fund enters into an interest rate or equity swap on other than a net basis, the Fund will maintain a segregated account in the full amount accrued on a daily basis of the Fund’s obligations with respect to the swap. The Fund will only enter into interest rate and equity swap, cap, floor or collar transactions with counterparties the Investment Manager deems to be creditworthy. The Investment Manager will monitor the creditworthiness of counterparties to its interest rate and equity swap, cap, floor and collar transactions on an ongoing basis. If there is a default by the other party to such a transaction, the Fund will have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction. The swap market has grown substantially in recent years with a large number of banks and investment banking firms acting both as principals and agents utilizing standardized swap documentation. The Investment Manager has determined that, as a result, the swap market is liquid. Caps, floors and collars are more recent innovations for which standardized documentation has not yet been developed and, accordingly, they are less liquid than swaps. To the extent the Fund sells caps, floors and collars it will maintain in a segregated account cash and/or, cash equivalents or other liquid high grade debt securities having an aggregate net asset value at least equal to the full amount, accrued on a daily basis, of the Fund’s obligations with respect to the caps, floors or collars. The use of interest rate and equity swaps is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. If the Investment Manager is incorrect in its forecasts of market values, interest rates and other applicable factors, the investment performance of the Fund would diminish compared with what it would have been if these investment techniques were not utilized. Moreover, even if the Investment Manager is correct in its forecasts, there is a risk that the swap position may correlate imperfectly with the price of the asset or liability being hedged.

The liquidity of swap agreements will be determined by the Investment Manager based on various factors, including (1) the frequency of trades and quotations, (2) the number of dealers and prospective purchasers in the marketplace, (3) dealer undertakings to make a market, (4) the nature of the security (including any demand or tender features), and (5) the nature of the marketplace for trades (including the ability to assign or offset the Fund’s rights and obligations relating to the investment). Such determination will govern whether a swap will be deemed within the percentage restriction on investments in securities that are not readily marketable.

The Fund will maintain liquid assets in a segregated custodial account to cover its current obligations under swap agreements. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on a net basis, it will segregate assets with a daily value at least equal to the excess, if any, of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the swap agreement over the accrued amount the Fund is entitled to receive under the agreement. If the Fund enters into a swap agreement on other than a net basis, it will segregate assets with a value equal to the full amount of the Fund’s accrued obligations under the agreement.

There is no limit on the amount of interest rate and equity swap transactions that may be entered into by the Fund. These transactions do not involve the delivery of securities or other underlying assets or principal. Accordingly, the risk of loss with respect to interest rate and equity swaps is limited to the net amount of payments that the Fund is contractually obligated to make, if any. The effective use of swaps and related transactions by the Fund may depend, among other things, on the Fund’s ability to terminate the transactions at times when the Investment Manager deems it desirable to do so. Because swaps and related transactions are bilateral contractual arrangements between the Fund and counterparties to the transactions, the Fund’s ability to terminate such an arrangement may be considerably more limited than in the case of an exchange traded instrument. To the extent the Fund does not, or cannot, terminate such a transaction in a timely manner, the Fund may suffer a loss in excess of any amounts that it may have received, or expected to receive, as a result of

 

34


entering into the transaction. If the other party to a swap defaults, the Fund’s risk of loss is the net amount of payments that the Fund contractually is entitled to receive, if any. The Fund may purchase and sell caps, floors and collars without limitation, subject to the segregated account requirement described above.

Indexed Securities. The Fund may purchase securities whose prices are indexed to the prices of other securities, securities indices, currencies, or other financial indicators. Indexed securities typically, but not always, are debt securities or deposits whose value at maturity or coupon rate is determined by reference to a specific instrument or statistic. Currency-indexed securities typically are short-term to intermediate-term debt securities whose maturity values or interest rates are determined by reference to the values of one or more specified foreign currencies, and may offer higher yields than U.S. dollar-denominated securities of equivalent issuers. Currency-indexed securities may be positively or negatively indexed; that is, their maturity value may increase when the specified currency value increases, resulting in a security that performs similarly to a foreign currency-denominated instrument, or their maturity value may decline when foreign currencies increase, resulting in a security whose price characteristics are similar to a put on the underlying currency. Currency-indexed securities may also have prices that depend on the values of a number of different foreign currencies relative to each other.

Combined Transactions. The Fund may enter into multiple transactions, including multiple options transactions, multiple futures transactions, multiple currency transactions (including forward currency contracts), multiple interest rate transactions and any combination of futures, options, currency and interest rate transactions, instead of a single Derivative, as part of a single or combined strategy when, in the judgment of the Investment Manager, it is in the best interests of the Fund to do so. A combined transaction will usually contain elements of risk that are present in each of its component transactions. Although combined transactions will normally be entered into by the Fund based on the Investment Manager’s judgment that the combined strategies will reduce risk or otherwise more effectively achieve the desired portfolio management goal, it is possible that the combination will instead increase the risks or hinder achievement of the Fund’s objective.

Risk Factors. Derivatives have special risks associated with them, including possible default by the counterparty to the transaction, illiquidity and, to the extent the Investment Manager’s view as to certain market movements is incorrect, the risk that the use of the Derivatives could result in losses greater than if they had not been used. Use of put and call options could result in losses to the Fund, force the sale or purchase of portfolio securities at inopportune times or for prices higher than (in the case of put options) or lower than (in the case of call options) current market values, or cause the Fund to hold a security it might otherwise sell.

The use of futures and options transactions entails certain special risks. In particular, the variable degree of correlation between price movements of futures contracts and price movements in the related securities position of the Fund could create the possibility that losses on the hedging instrument are greater than gains in the value of the Fund’s position. In addition, futures and options markets could be illiquid in some circumstances and certain OTC options could have no markets. As a result, in certain markets, the Fund might not be able to close out a transaction without incurring substantial losses. Although the Fund’s use of futures and options transactions for hedging should tend to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged position, at the same time it will tend to limit any potential gain to the Fund that might result from an increase in value of the position. There is also the risk of loss by the Fund of margin deposits in the event of bankruptcy of a broker with whom the Fund has an open position in a futures contract or option thereon. Finally, the daily variation margin requirements for futures contracts create a greater ongoing potential financial risk than would purchases of options, in which case the exposure is limited to the cost of the initial premium. However, because option premiums paid by the Fund are small in relation to the market value of the investments underlying the options, buying options can result in large amounts of leverage. The leverage offered by trading in options could cause the Fund’s net asset value to be subject to more frequent and wider fluctuation than would be the case if the Fund did not invest in options.

As is the case with futures and options strategies, the effective use of swaps and related transactions by the Fund may depend, among other things, on the Fund’s ability to terminate the transactions at times when the

 

35


Investment Manager deems it desirable to do so. To the extent the Fund does not, or cannot, terminate such a transaction in a timely manner, the Fund may suffer a loss in excess of any amounts that it may have received, or expected to receive, as a result of entering into the transaction.

Currency hedging involves some of the same risks and considerations as other transactions with similar instruments. Currency transactions can result in losses to the Fund if the currency being hedged fluctuates in value to a degree or in a direction that is not anticipated. Further, the risk exists that the perceived linkage between various currencies may not be present or may not be present during the particular time that the Fund is engaging in proxy hedging. Currency transactions are also subject to risks different from those of other portfolio transactions. Because currency control is of great importance to the issuing governments and influences economic planning and policy, purchases and sales of currency and related instruments can be adversely affected by government exchange controls, limitations or restrictions on repatriation of currency, and manipulations or exchange restrictions imposed by governments. These forms of governmental actions can result in losses to the Fund if it is unable to deliver or receive currency or monies in settlement of obligations and could also cause hedges it has entered into to be rendered useless, resulting in full currency exposure as well as incurring transaction costs. Buyers and sellers of currency futures contracts are subject to the same risks that apply to the use of futures contracts generally. Further, settlement of a currency futures contract for the purchase of most currencies must occur at a bank based in the issuing nation. Trading options on currency futures contracts is relatively new, and the ability to establish and close out positions on these options is subject to the maintenance of a liquid market that may not always be available. Currency exchange rates may fluctuate based on factors extrinsic to that country’s economy.

Because the amount of interest and/or principal payments which the issuer of indexed securities is obligated to make is linked to the prices of other securities, securities indices, currencies or other financial indicators, such payments may be significantly greater or less than payment obligations in respect of other types of debt securities. As a result, an investment in indexed securities may be considered speculative. Moreover, the performance of indexed securities depends to a great extent on the performance of and may be more volatile than the security, currency, or other instrument to which they are indexed, and may also be influenced by interest rate changes in the United States and abroad. At the same time, indexed securities are subject to the credit risks associated with the issuer of the security, and their values may decline substantially if the issuer’s creditworthiness deteriorates.

Losses resulting from the use of Derivatives will reduce the Fund’s net asset value, and possibly income, and the losses can be greater than if Derivatives had not been used.

Risks of Derivatives Outside the United States. When conducted outside the United States, Derivatives transactions may not be regulated as rigorously as in the United States, may not involve a clearing mechanism and related guarantees, and will be subject to the risk of governmental actions affecting trading in, or the prices of, foreign securities, currencies and other instruments. In addition, the price of any foreign futures or foreign options contract and, therefore, the potential profit and loss thereon, may be affected by any variance in the foreign exchange rate between the time an order is placed and the time it is liquidated, offset or exercised. The value of positions taken as part of non-U.S. Derivatives also could be adversely affected by: (1) other complex foreign political, legal and economic factors, (2) lesser availability of data on which to make trading decisions than in the United States, (3) delays in the Fund’s ability to act upon economic events occurring in foreign markets during nonbusiness hours in the United States, (4) the imposition of different exercise and settlement terms and procedures and margin requirements than in the United States and (5) lower trading volume and liquidity.

Use of Segregated and Other Special Accounts. Use of many Derivatives by the Fund will require, among other things, that the Fund segregate liquid assets with its custodian, or a designated sub-custodian, to the extent the Fund’s obligations are not otherwise “covered” through ownership of the underlying security, financial instrument or currency. In general, either the full amount of any obligation by the Fund to pay or deliver

 

36


securities or assets must be covered at all times by the securities, instruments or currency required to be delivered, or, subject to any regulatory restrictions, an amount of liquid assets at least equal to the current amount of the obligation must be segregated with the custodian or subcustodian in accordance with established procedures. The segregated assets cannot be sold or transferred unless equivalent assets are substituted in their place or it is no longer necessary to segregate them. A call option on securities written by the Fund, for example, will require the Fund to hold the securities subject to the call (or securities convertible into the needed securities without additional consideration) or to segregate liquid high grade debt obligations sufficient to purchase and deliver the securities if the call is exercised. A call option sold by the Fund on an index will require the Fund to own portfolio securities that correlate with the index or to segregate liquid high grade debt obligations equal to the excess of the index value over the exercise price on a current basis. A put option on securities written by the Fund will require the Fund to segregate liquid high grade debt obligations equal to the exercise price. Except when the Fund enters into a forward contract in connection with the purchase or sale of a security denominated in a foreign currency or for other non-speculative purposes, which requires no segregation, a currency contract that obligates the Fund to buy or sell a foreign currency will generally require the Fund to hold an amount of that currency or liquid securities denominated in that currency equal to the Fund’s obligations or to segregate liquid high grade debt obligations equal to the amount of the Fund’s obligations.

OTC options entered into by the Fund, including those on securities, currency, financial instruments or indices, and OCC-issued and exchange-listed index options will generally provide for cash settlement, although the Fund will not be required to do so. As a result, when the Fund sells these instruments it will segregate an amount of assets equal to its obligations under the options. OCC-issued and exchange-listed options sold by the Fund other than those described above generally settle with physical delivery, and the Fund will segregate an amount of assets equal to the full value of the option. OTC options settling with physical delivery or with an election of either physical delivery or cash settlement will be treated the same as other options settling with physical delivery.

In the case of a futures contract or an option on a futures contract, the Fund must deposit initial margin and, in some instances, daily variation margin in addition to segregating liquid assets sufficient to meet its obligations to purchase or provide securities or currencies, or to pay the amount owed at the expiration of an index-based futures contract. The Fund will accrue the net amount of the excess, if any, of its obligations relating to swaps over its entitlements with respect to each swap on a daily basis and will segregate with its custodian, or designated sub-custodian, an amount of liquid assets having an aggregate value equal to at least the accrued excess. Caps, floors and collars require segregation of liquid assets with a value equal to the Fund’s net obligation, if any.

Derivatives may be covered by means other than those described above when consistent with applicable regulatory policies. The Fund may also enter into offsetting transactions so that its combined position, coupled with any segregated assets, equals its net outstanding obligation in related Derivatives. The Fund could purchase a put option, for example, if the strike price of that option is the same or higher than the strike price of a put option sold by the Fund. Moreover, instead of segregating assets if it holds a futures contract or forward contract, the Fund could purchase a put option on the same futures contract or forward contract with a strike price as high or higher than the price of the contract held. Other Derivatives may also be offset in combinations. If the offsetting transaction terminates at the time of or after the primary transaction, no segregation is required, but if it terminates prior to that time, assets equal to any remaining obligation would need to be segregated.

Structured Instruments

The Fund may invest in structured instruments. Structured instruments generally consist of, but are not limited to, a trust or partnership through which a fund holds an interest in one or more underlying bonds or other debt obligations coupled with a conditional right to sell (“put”) the Fund’s interest in the underlying bonds at par plus accrued interest to a financial institution (a “Liquidity Provider”). With respect to tax-exempt instruments, the instrument is typically structured as a trust or partnership which provides for pass-through tax-exempt

 

37


income. Structured instruments in which the Fund may invest include: (1) ”Tender Option Bonds”, which are instruments which grant the holder thereof the right to put an underlying bond at par plus accrued interest at specified intervals to a Liquidity Provider; (2) ”Swap Products”, in which the trust or partnership swaps the payments due on an underlying bond with a swap counterparty who agrees to pay a floating money market interest rate; and (3) ”Partnerships”, which allocate to the partners income, expenses, capital gains and losses in accordance with a governing partnership agreement. Structured instruments may be considered to be derivatives.

Short-Term Investments

In anticipation of or in response to adverse market conditions, for cash management purposes, or for defensive purposes, the Fund may invest up to 100% of its Managed Assets in cash equivalents and short-term fixed-income securities. Short-term fixed income investments are defined to include, without limitation, the following:

(1) U.S. government securities, including bills, notes and bonds differing as to maturity and rates of interest that are either issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Treasury or by U.S. government agencies or instrumentalities. U.S. government agency securities include securities issued by (a) the Federal Housing Administration, Farmers Home Administration, Export-Import Bank of the United States, Small Business Administration and the Government National Mortgage Association, whose securities are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States; (b) the Federal Home Loan Banks, Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, and the Tennessee Valley Authority, whose securities are supported by the right of the agency to borrow from the U.S. Treasury; (c) the Federal National Mortgage Association, whose securities are supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the agency or instrumentality; and (d) the Student Loan Marketing Association, whose securities are supported only by its credit. While the U.S. government provides financial support to such U.S. government-sponsored agencies or instrumentalities, no assurance can be given that it always will do so since it is not so obligated by law. The U.S. government, its agencies and instrumentalities do not guarantee the market value of their securities. Consequently, the value of such securities may fluctuate.

(2) Certificates of Deposit issued against funds deposited in a bank or a savings and loan association. Such certificates are for a definite period of time, earn a specified rate of return and are normally negotiable. The issuer of a certificate of deposit agrees to pay the amount deposited plus interest to the bearer of the certificate on the date specified thereon. Under current FDIC regulations, the maximum insurance payable as to any one certificate of deposit is $100,000; therefore, certificates of deposit purchased by the Fund may not be fully insured.

(3) Repurchase agreements, which involve purchases of debt securities. At the time the Fund purchases securities pursuant to a repurchase agreement, it simultaneously agrees to resell and redeliver such securities to the seller, who also simultaneously agrees to buy back the securities at a fixed price and time. This assures a predetermined yield for the Fund during its holding period, since the resale price is always greater than the purchase price and reflects an agreed-upon market rate. Such actions afford an opportunity for the Fund to invest temporarily available cash. The Fund may enter into repurchase agreements only with respect to obligations of the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities; certificates of deposit; or bankers’ acceptances in which the Fund may invest. Repurchase agreements may be considered loans to the seller, collateralized by the underlying securities. The risk to the Fund is limited to the ability of the seller to pay the agreed-upon sum on the repurchase date; in the event of default, the repurchase agreement provides that the Fund is entitled to sell the underlying collateral. If the value of the collateral declines after the agreement is entered into, and if the seller defaults under a repurchase agreement when the value of the underlying collateral is less than the repurchase price, the Fund could incur a loss of both principal and interest. The Investment Manager monitors the value of the collateral at the time the action is entered into and at all times during the term of the repurchase agreement. The Investment Manager does so in an effort to determine that the value of the collateral always equals or exceeds the agreed-upon repurchase price to be paid to the Fund. If the seller were to be subject to a federal bankruptcy proceeding, the ability of the Fund to liquidate the collateral could be delayed or impaired because of certain provisions of the bankruptcy laws.

 

38


(4) Commercial paper, which consists of short-term unsecured promissory notes, including variable rate master demand notes issued by corporations to finance their current operations. Investments in commercial paper will be limited to commercial paper rated in the highest categories by a major rating agency and which mature within one year of the date of purchase or carry a variable or floating rate of interest. Master demand notes are direct lending arrangements between the Fund and a corporation. There is no secondary market for such notes. However, they are redeemable by the Fund at any time. The Investment Manager will consider the financial condition of the corporation (e.g., earning power, cash flow, and other liquidity measures) and will continuously monitor the corporation’s ability to meet all of its financial obligations, because the Fund’s liquidity might be impaired if the corporation were unable to pay principal and interest on demand.

Loans of Portfolio Securities

The Fund may lend portfolio securities to brokers or dealers or other financial institutions. The procedure for the lending of securities will include the following features and conditions. The borrower of the securities will deposit cash or liquid securities with the Fund in an amount equal to a minimum of 100% of the market value of the securities lent. The Fund will invest the cash collateral in short-term debt securities or cash equivalents and earn the interest thereon. A negotiated portion of the income so earned may be paid to the borrower and/or the broker who arranged the loan. If the Fund receives securities as collateral, the Fund will receive a fee from the borrower. If the value of the collateral drops below the required minimum at any time, the borrower may be called upon to post additional collateral. If the additional collateral is not paid, the loan will be immediately due and the Fund may use the collateral or its own cash to replace the securities by purchase in the open market charging any loss to the borrower. These will be “demand” loans and may be terminated by the Fund at any time. The Fund will receive any dividends and interest paid on the securities lent and the loans will be structured to assure that the Fund will be able to exercise its voting rights on the securities.

Interest Rate Transactions

In order to reduce the interest rate risk inherent in the Fund’s investments and capital structure, the Fund may enter into interest rate swap or cap transactions. The Fund would use interest rate swaps or caps only with the intent to reduce or eliminate the risk that an increase in short-term interest rates could have on Common Stock net earnings as a result of leverage.

Interest rate swaps involve the Fund’s agreement with the swap counterparty to pay a fixed rate payment in exchange for the counterparty paying the Fund a variable rate payment that is intended to approximate all or a portion of the Fund’s variable rate interest payments on Borrowings or any variable rate dividend payment obligation on Preferred Stock. The payment obligation would be based on the notional amount of the swap, which will not exceed the amount of the Fund’s leverage. The Fund will usually enter into swaps on a net basis; that is, the two payment streams will be netted out in a cash settlement on the payment date or dates specified in the instrument, with the Fund receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments. The Fund intends to segregate cash or liquid securities having a value at least equal to the Fund’s net payment obligations under any swap transaction, marked to market daily. The Fund will treat such amounts as illiquid for purposes of its 15% limit on investments in illiquid securities.

The Fund may use interest rate caps, which would require it to pay a premium to the cap counterparty and would entitle it, to the extent that a specified variable rate index exceeds a predetermined fixed rate, to receive payment from the counterparty of the difference based on the notional amount.

The use of interest rate swaps and caps is a highly specialized activity that involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio security transactions. Depending on the state of interest rates in general, the Fund’s use of interest rate instruments could enhance or harm the overall performance of the Common Stock. To the extent there is a decline in interest rates, the net amount receivable by

 

39


the Fund, if any, under the interest rate swap or cap could decline, and could thus result in a decline in the net asset value of the Common Stock. In addition, if short-term interest rates are lower than the Fund’s fixed rate of payment on the interest rate swap, the swap will reduce Common Stock net earnings if the Fund must make net payments to the counterparty. If, on the other hand, short-term interest rates are higher than the fixed rate of payment on the interest rate swap, the swap will enhance Common Stock net earnings if the Fund receives net payments from the counterparty. Buying interest rate caps could enhance the performance of the Common Stock by providing a maximum leverage expense. Buying interest rate caps could also decrease the net earnings of the Common Stock in the event that the premium paid by the Fund to the counterparty exceeds the additional interest on Borrowings or amount of dividends on Preferred Stock that the Fund would have been required to pay had it not entered into the cap agreement. The Fund has no current intention of entering into swaps or caps other than as described in this Statement of Additional Information. The Fund would not enter into interest rate swap or cap transactions in an aggregate notional amount that exceeds the outstanding amount of the Fund’s leverage.

Interest rate swaps and caps do not involve the delivery of securities or other underlying assets or principal. Accordingly, the risk of loss with respect to interest rate swaps is limited to the net amount of interest payments that the Fund is contractually obligated to make. If the counterparty defaults, the Fund would not be able to use the anticipated net receipts under the swap or cap to offset the interest payments on Borrowings or the dividend payments on Preferred Stock. Depending on whether the Fund would be entitled to receive net payments from the counterparty on the swap or cap, which in turn would depend on the general state of short-term interest rates at that point in time, such a default could negatively impact the performance of the Common Stock.

Although this will not guarantee that the counterparty does not default, the Fund will not enter into an interest rate swap or cap transaction with any counterparty that the Investment Manager believes does not have the financial resources to honor its obligation under the interest rate swap or cap transaction. Further, the Investment Manager will continually monitor the financial stability of a counterparty to an interest rate swap or cap transaction in an effort to proactively protect the Fund’s investments.

In addition, at the time the interest rate swap or cap transaction reaches its scheduled termination date, there is a risk that the Fund will not be able to obtain a replacement transaction or that the terms of the replacement will not be as favorable as those of the expiring transaction. If this occurs, it could have a negative impact on the performance of the Common Stock.

The Fund may choose or be required to prepay any Borrowings or redeem some or all Preferred Stock. This redemption would likely result in the Fund seeking to terminate early all or a portion of any swap or cap transaction. Such early termination of a swap could result in a termination payment by or to the Fund. An early termination of a cap could result in a termination payment to the Fund. There may also be penalties associated with early termination.

The Fund may also purchase and sell futures contracts and options on futures contracts to hedge interest rate risk. See “The Fund’s InvestmentsInvestment StrategiesDerivatives” in the Prospectus.

The Fund’s ability to engage in interest rate transactions to hedge interest rate risk may be limited by tax considerations.

 

40


MANAGEMENT OF THE FUND

Board of Directors

The overall management of the business and affairs of the Fund is vested in the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors is classified, with respect to the time for which Directors severally hold office, into three classes—Class I, Class II and Class III, with the Directors in each Class to hold office until their successors are elected and qualified. At each succeeding annual meeting of stockholders, the successors to the Class of Directors whose terms expire at that meeting shall be elected to hold office for terms expiring at the later of the annual meeting of stockholders held in the third year following the year of their election or the election and qualification of their successors. The terms of office of Class I directors, Class II directors and Class III directors expire at the 2026, 2024 and 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, respectively.

The Directors of the Fund, their ages, their principal occupations during the past five years (their titles may have varied during that period), the number of investment companies or portfolios in the Fund Complex that each Director oversees, and the other board memberships held by each Director is set forth below.

 

Name, Address(1)

and Age    

 

Position(s)
with Fund

 

Term of Office
and Length of

Time Served

 

Principal Occupation(s)

During Past 5 Years

  Number of
Investment
Companies

in Fund
Complex(2)
Overseen by
Trustee
   

Other

Trustee Positions
Held by Director
During Past

Five Years

INTERESTED DIRECTOR:

         

Jane E. Trust, CFA*

Born 1962

  Director, President and Chief Executive Officer   Since 2015 Class II   Senior Vice President, Fund Board Management, Franklin Templeton (since 2020); Officer and/or Trustee/Director of 114 funds associated with FTFA or its affiliates (since 2015); Trustee of Putnam Family of Funds consisting of 105 Portfolios; President and Chief Executive Officer of FTFA (since 2015); formerly, Senior Managing Director (2018 to 2020) and Managing Director (2016 to 2018) of Legg Mason & Co., LLC (“Legg Mason & Co.”); Senior Vice President of FTFA (2015)     114     None

NON-INTERESTED DIRECTORS:

         

Robert D. Agdern

Birth year: 1950

  Director and Member of Nominating, Audit, Compensation and Pricing and Valuation Committees, and Compliance Liaison  

Since 2015

Class III

  Member of the Advisory Committee of the Dispute Resolution Research Center at the Kellogg Graduate School of Business, Northwestern University (2002 to 2016); formerly, Deputy General Counsel responsible for western hemisphere matters for BP PLC (1999 to 2001); Associate General Counsel at Amoco Corporation responsible for corporate, chemical, and refining and marketing matters and special assignments (1993 to 1998) (Amoco merged with British Petroleum in 1998 forming BP PLC)     17     None

 

41


Name, Address(1)

and Age    

 

Position(s)
with Fund

 

Term of Office
and Length of

Time Served

 

Principal Occupation(s)

During Past 5 Years

  Number of
Investment
Companies

in Fund
Complex(2)
Overseen by
Trustee
 

Other

Trustee Positions
Held by Director
During Past

Five Years

Carol L. Colman

Birth year: 1946

  Director and Member of Nominating, Audit and Compensation Committees, and Chair of Pricing and Valuation and Committee  

Since 2003

Class I

  President, Colman Consulting Co.   17   None

Anthony Grillo**

Birth year: 1955

  Director and Member of Nominating, Audit, Compensation and Pricing and Valuation Committees  

Since 2024

Class I

  Retired; Founder, Managing Director and Partner of American Securities Opportunity Funds (private equity and credit firm) (2006 to 2018); formerly, Senior Managing Director of Evercore Partners Inc. (investment banking) (2001 to 2004); Senior Managing Director of Joseph Littlejohn & Levy, Inc. (private equity firm) (1999 to 2001); Senior Managing Director of The Blackstone Group L.P. (private equity and credit firm) (1991 to 1999)   17   Director of Littelfuse, Inc. (electronics manufacturing) (since 1991); formerly, Director of Oaktree Acquisition Corp. II (2020 to 2022); Director of Oaktree Acquisition Corp. (2019 to 2021)

Eileen A. Kamerick

Birth year: 1958

  Chair and Member of Nominating, Compensation, Pricing and Valuation and Audit Committees  

Since 2013

Class III

  Chief Executive Officer, The Governance Partners, LLC (consulting firm) (since 2015); National Association of Corporate Directors Board Leadership Fellow (since 2016, with Directorship Certification since 2019) and NACD 2022 Directorship 100 honoree; Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University Law Center (since 2021); Adjunct Professor, The University of Chicago Law School (since 2018); Adjunct Professor, University of Iowa College of Law (since 2007); formerly, Chief Financial Officer, Press Ganey Associates (health care informatics company) (2012 to 2014); Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer, Houlihan Lokey (international investment bank) and President, Houlihan Lokey Foundation (2010 to 2012)   17   Director, VALIC Company I (since October 2022); Director of ACV Auctions Inc. (since 2021); Director of Hochschild Mining plc (precious metals company) (since 2016); Director of Associated Banc-Corp (financial services company) (since 2007); formerly, Trustee of AIG Funds and Anchor Series Trust (2018 to 2021)

 

42


Name, Address(1)

and Age    

 

Position(s)
with Fund

 

Term of Office
and Length of

Time Served

 

Principal Occupation(s)

During Past 5 Years

  Number of
Investment
Companies

in Fund
Complex(2)
Overseen by
Trustee
 

Other

Trustee Positions
Held by Director
During Past

Five Years

Nisha Kumar

Birth year: 1970

  Director and Member of Nominating, Compensation and Pricing and Valuation Committees, and Chair of Audit Committee  

Since

2019

Class II

  Formerly, Managing Director and the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Compliance Officer of Greenbriar Equity Group, LP (2011-2021); formerly, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Administrative Officer of Rent the Runway, Inc. (2011); Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of AOL LLC, a subsidiary of Time Warner Inc. (2007 to 2009). Member of the Council on Foreign Relations   17   Director of Stonepeak-Plus Infrastructure Fund LP (since 2025); Director of Birkenstock Holding plc (since 2023); Director of The India Fund, Inc. (since 2016); formerly, Director of Aberdeen Income Credit Strategies Fund (2017 to 2018); and Director of The Asia Tigers Fund, Inc. (2016 to 2018)

Peter Mason**

Birth year: 1959

  Director and Member of Nominating, Audit and Pricing and Valuation Committees, and Chair of Compensation Committee  

Since 2024

Class III

  Arbitrator and Mediator (self-employed) (since 2021); formerly, Global General Counsel of UNICEF (non-governmental organization) (1998-2021)   17   Chairman of University of Sydney USA Foundation (since 2020); Director of the Radio Workshop US, Inc. (since 2023)

 

43


Name, Address(1)

and Age    

 

Position(s)
with Fund

 

Term of Office
and Length of

Time Served

 

Principal Occupation(s)

During Past 5 Years

  Number of
Investment
Companies

in Fund
Complex(2)
Overseen by
Trustee
 

Other

Trustee Positions
Held by Director
During Past

Five Years

Hillary A. Sale**

Birth year: 1961

  Director and Member of Audit, Compensation and Pricing and Valuation Committees, and Chair of Nominating Committee  

Since 2024

Class I

  Agnes Williams Sesquicentennial Professor of Leadership and Corporate Governance, Georgetown Law Center; and Professor of Management, McDonough School of Business (since 2018); formerly, Associate Dean for Strategy, Georgetown Law Center (2020-2023); National Association of Corporate Directors Board Faculty Member (since 2021); formerly, a Member of the Board of Governors of FINRA (2016-2022)   17   Director of CBOE U.S. Securities Exchanges, CBOE Futures Exchange, and CBOE SEF, Director (Since 2022); Advisory Board Member of Foundation Press (academic book publisher) (since 2019); Chair of DirectWomen Board Institute (since 2019); formerly, Member of DirectWomen (nonprofit) (2007-2022)

 

*

Ms. Trust is an “interested person” as defined in the 1940 Act because she is an officer of FTFA and certain of its affiliates.

**

Effective November 15, 2024, Ms. Sale and Messrs. Grillo and Mason became Trustees of the Fund.

(1)

Unless otherwise indicated, the business address of the persons listed above is c/o Chairman of the Fund, Franklin Templeton, 1 Madison Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10010.

(2)

The term “Fund Complex” means two or more registered investment companies that:

  (a)

hold themselves out to investors as related companies for purposes of investment and investor services; or

  (b)

have a common investment adviser or that have an investment adviser that is an affiliated person of the investment adviser of any of the other registered investment companies.

Each of the Directors has served as a director of the Fund as indicated in the table above. The Directors were selected to join the Board based upon the following as to each Board Member: his or her character and integrity; such person’s service as a board member of other funds in the Franklin Templeton Fund Complex; such person’s willingness to serve and willingness and ability to commit the time necessary to perform the duties of a Director; as to each Director other than Ms. Trust, his or her status as not being an “interested person” as defined in the 1940 Act; and, as to Ms. Trust, her role with Franklin Templeton. No factor, by itself, was controlling.

In addition to the information provided in the table included above, each Director possesses the following attributes: Mr. Agdern, experience in business and as a legal professional; Ms. Colman, experience as a consultant and investment professional; Mr. Grillo, experience as a managing director of a private equity and credit firm and experience in investment banking; Ms. Kamerick, experience in business and finance, including financial reporting, and experience as a board member of another highly regulated financial services company; Ms. Kumar, financial and accounting experience as the chief financial officer of other companies and experience as a board member of private equity funds; Mr. Mason, legal and managerial experience; Ms. Sale, experience as

 

44


a college professor and experience as a board member for financial and corporate institutions; and Ms. Trust, investment management and risk oversight experience as an executive and portfolio manager and leadership roles within Franklin Templeton and affiliated entities. References to the qualifications, attributes and skills of the Directors are pursuant to requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, do not constitute holding out of the Board or any Director as having any special expertise or experience, and shall not impose any greater responsibility or liability on any such person or on the Board by reason thereof.

Responsibilities of the Board of Directors

The Board of Directors is responsible under Maryland law for overseeing generally the management and operations of the Fund. The Directors oversee the Fund’s operations by, among other things, meeting at its regularly scheduled meetings and as otherwise needed with the Fund’s management and evaluating the performance of the Fund’s service providers including FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset, Western Asset London, the custodian and the transfer agent. As part of this process, the Directors consult with the Fund’s independent auditors and with their own separate independent counsel.

The Directors review the Fund’s financial statements, performance, net asset value and market price and the relationship between them, as well as the quality of the services being provided to the Fund. As part of this process, the Directors review the Fund’s fees and expenses in light of the nature, quality and scope of the services being received while also seeking to ensure that the Fund continues to have access to high quality services in the future.

The Board of Directors has four regularly scheduled meetings each year, and additional meetings may be scheduled as needed. In addition, the Board has a standing Audit Committee, Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee (the “Nominating Committee”), Compensation Committee and Pricing and Valuation Committee that meet periodically and whose responsibilities are described below.

During the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024, the Board of Directors held four regular meetings and two special meetings. Each Director attended at least 75% of the aggregate number of meetings of the Board and the committees for which he or she was serving during the period in which he or she served. The Fund does not have a formal policy regarding attendance by Directors at annual meetings of stockholders.

Each of the Audit Committee, the Nominating Committee, Compensation Committee and Pricing and Valuation Committee is composed of all Directors who have been determined not to be “interested persons” of the Fund, FTFA, Western Asset or their affiliates, within the meaning of the 1940 Act, and who are “independent” as defined in the New York Stock Exchange listing standards (“Independent Directors”), and is chaired by an Independent Director. The Board in its discretion from time to time may establish ad hoc committees.

The Board of Directors is currently comprised of eight directors, seven of whom are Independent Directors. Eileen Kamerick serves as Chair of the Board. Ms. Kamerick is an Independent Director. The appointment of Ms. Kamerick as Chair reflects the Board’s belief that her experience in business and finance, including financial reporting, and experience as a board member of a highly regulated financial services company, facilitates the efficient development of meeting agendas that address the Fund’s business, legal and other needs and the orderly conduct of board meetings. The Chair develops agendas for Board meetings and presides at all meetings of the Board. The Chair also leads executive sessions of the Independent Directors, serves as a spokesperson for the Independent Directors and serves as a liaison between the Independent Directors and the Fund’s management between Board meetings. The Independent Directors regularly meet outside the presence of management and are advised by independent legal counsel. The Board also has determined that its leadership structure, as described above, is appropriate in light of the size and complexity of the Fund, the number of Independent Directors (who constitute a super-majority of the Board’s membership) and the Board’s general oversight responsibility. The Board also believes that its leadership structure not only facilitates the orderly and efficient flow of information

 

45


to the Independent Directors from management, including ClearBridge, Western Asset, Western Asset London, the Fund’s subadvisers, but also enhances the independent and orderly exercise of its responsibilities.

Audit Committee

The Fund’s Audit Committee is composed entirely of all of the Independent Directors: Mses. Colman, Kamerick, Kumar and Sale and Messrs. Agdern, Grillo and Mason. Ms. Kumar serves as the Chair of the Audit Committee and has been determined by the Board to be an “audit committee financial expert.” The principal functions of the Audit Committee are: to (a) assist Board oversight of (i) the integrity of the Fund’s financial reporting, (ii) the Fund’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (iii) the qualifications and independence of the Fund’s independent registered public accountants and (iv) the performance of the Fund’s internal audit function and independent registered public accountants; (b) approve, and recommend to the Independent Board Members (as such term is defined in the Audit Committee Charter) for their ratification, the selection, appointment, retention or termination of the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm, as well as approving the compensation thereof; (c) approve all audit and permissible non-audit services provided to the Fund and certain other persons by the Fund’s independent registered public accounting firm; and (d) prepare the report required to be prepared by the Audit Committee pursuant to the rules of the SEC for inclusion in the Fund’s annual Proxy Statement. The Audit Committee met five times during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024. The Audit Committee operates under a written charter adopted and approved by the Board, a copy of which is available on the Fund’s website at http://www.franklintempleton.com/investments/options/closed-end-funds after clicking on the name of the Fund.

Nominating Committee

The Fund’s Nominating Committee, the principal function of which is to select and nominate candidates for election as Directors of the Fund, is composed of all of the Independent Directors: Mses. Colman, Kamerick, Kumar and Sale and Messrs. Agdern, Grillo and Mason. Ms. Sale serves as the Chair of the Nominating Committee. The Nominating Committee may consider nominees recommended by the stockholder as it deems appropriate. Stockholders who wish to recommend a nominee should send recommendations to the Fund’s Secretary that include all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for the election of Directors. A recommendation must be accompanied by a written consent of the individual to stand for election if nominated by the Board of Directors and to serve if elected by the stockholders. The Nominating Committee met seven times during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024. The Nominating Committee operates under a written charter adopted and approved by the Board, a copy of which is available on the Fund’s website at http://www.franklintempleton.com/investments/options/closed-end-funds after clicking on the name of the Fund.

The Nominating Committee identifies potential nominees through its network of contacts, and in its discretion may also engage a professional search firm. The Nominating Committee meets to discuss and consider such candidates’ qualifications and then chooses a candidate by majority vote. The Nominating Committee has not established specific qualities or skills that it regards as necessary for one or more of the Fund’s Directors to possess (other than any qualities or skills that may be required by applicable law, regulation or listing standard). However, as set forth in the Nominating Committee Charter, in evaluating a person as a potential nominee to serve as a Director of the Fund, the Nominating Committee may consider the following factors, among any others it may deem relevant:

 

   

whether or not the person is an “interested person” as defined in the 1940 Act and whether the person is otherwise qualified under applicable laws and regulations to serve as a Director of the Fund;

 

   

whether or not the person has any relationships that might impair his or her independence, such as any business, financial or family relationships with Fund management, the investment manager of the Fund, Fund service providers or their affiliates;

 

46


   

whether or not the person serves on boards of, or is otherwise affiliated with, competing financial service organizations or their related mutual fund complexes;

 

   

whether or not the person is willing to serve, and willing and able to commit the time necessary for the performance of the duties of a Director of the Fund;

 

   

the contribution which the person can make to the Board and the Fund (or, if the person has previously served as a Director of the Fund, the contribution which the person made to the Board during his or her previous term of service), with consideration being given to the person’s business and professional experience, education and such other factors as the Committee may consider relevant;

 

   

the character and integrity of the person; and

 

   

whether or not the selection and nomination of the person would be consistent with the requirements of the Fund’s retirement policies.

The Nominating Committee does not have a formal diversity policy with regard to the consideration of diversity in identifying potential director nominees but may consider diversity of professional experience, education and skills when evaluating potential nominees for Board membership.

Pricing and Valuation Committee

The Fund’s Pricing and Valuation Committee is composed of all of the Independent Directors. The members of the Pricing and Valuation Committee are Mses. Colman, Kamerick, Kumar and Sale and Messrs. Agdern, Grillo and Mason. Ms. Colman serves as Chair of the Fund’s Pricing and Valuation Committee. The principal function of the Pricing and Valuation Committee is to assist the Board with its oversight of the process for valuing portfolio securities in light of applicable law, regulatory guidance and applicable policies and procedures adopted by the Fund. The Pricing and Valuation Committee met four times during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024.

Compensation Committee

The Fund’s Compensation Committee is composed entirely of all of the Independent Directors. The members of the Compensation Committee are Mses. Colman, Kamerick, Kumar and Sale and Messrs. Agdern, Grillo and Mason. Mr. Mason serves as Chair of the Fund’s Compensation Committee. The principal function of the Compensation Committee is to recommend the appropriate compensation of the Independent Directors for their service on the Board and the committees of the Board. The Compensation Committee met once during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024. The Compensation Committee operates under a written charter adopted and approved by the Board, a copy of which is available on the Fund’s website at http://www.franklintempleton.com/investments/options/closed-end-funds after clicking on the name of the Fund.

Risk Oversight

The Board’s role in risk oversight of the Fund reflects its responsibility under Maryland law to oversee generally, rather than to manage, the operations of the Fund. In line with this oversight responsibility, the Board receives reports and makes inquiry at its regular meetings and as needed regarding the nature and extent of significant Fund risks (including investment, compliance and valuation risks) that potentially could have a materially adverse impact on the business operations, investment performance or reputation of the Fund, but relies upon the Fund’s management (including the Fund’s portfolio managers) and Chief Compliance Officer, who reports directly to the Board, and the Investment Manager to assist it in identifying and understanding the nature and extent of such risks and determining whether, and to what extent, such risks may be eliminated or mitigated. In addition to reports and other information received from Fund management and the Investment Manager regarding the Fund’s investment program and activities, the Board as part of its risk oversight efforts meets at its regular meetings and as needed with the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer to discuss, among other

 

47


things, risk issues and issues regarding the policies, procedures and controls of the Fund. The Board may be assisted in performing aspects of its role in risk oversight by the Audit Committee and such other standing or special committees as may be established from time to time by the Board. For example, the Audit Committee of the Board regularly meets with the Fund’s independent public accounting firm to review, among other things, reports on the Fund’s internal controls for financial reporting.

The Board believes that not all risks that may affect the Fund can be identified, that it may not be practical or cost-effective to eliminate or mitigate certain risks, that it may be necessary to bear certain risks (such as investment-related risks) to achieve the Fund’s goals, and that the processes, procedures and controls employed to address certain risks may be limited in their effectiveness. Moreover, reports received by the Directors as to risk management matters are typically summaries of relevant information and may be inaccurate or incomplete. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, the Board’s risk management oversight is subject to substantial limitations.

Security Ownership of Management

The following table provides information concerning the dollar range of equity securities owned beneficially by each Director and nominee for election as Director as of December 31, 2024.

 

Name of Director

   Dollar Range of
Equity Securities in
the Fund ($)
     Aggregate Dollar
Range of Equity
Securities in All
Registered Investment
Companies Overseen
by the Director in the
Family of Investment
Companies(1) ($)
 

Non-Interested Directors:

     

Robert D. Agdern

     A        D  

Carol L. Colman

     A        E  

Anthony Grillo*

     A        A  

Eileen Kamerick

     D        E  

Nisha Kumar

     A        E  

Peter Mason*

     A        A  

Hillary Sale*

     A        A  

Interested Director:

     

Jane Trust

     A        E  

 

Key: A: none, B: $1-$10,000, C: $10,001-$50,000, D: $50,001-$100,000, E: over $100,000.

*

Effective November 15, 2024, Ms. Sale and Messrs. Grillo and Mason became Directors of the Fund.

(1)

The term “family of investment companies” means any two or more registered investment companies that share the same investment adviser or principal underwriter or hold themselves out to investors as related companies for purposes of investment and investor services.

At December 31, 2024, the nominees, Directors and officers of the Fund as a group beneficially owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of the Fund’s Common Stock.

No Director or nominee for election as Director who is not an “interested person” of the Fund as defined in the 1940 Act, nor any immediate family members, to the best of the Fund’s knowledge, had any interest in the Fund’s investment adviser, or any person or entity (other than the Fund) directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with Franklin Templeton as of December 31, 2024.

Director Compensation

Under the federal securities laws, and in connection with an annual stockholder meeting, the Fund is required to provide to stockholders information regarding compensation paid to the Directors by the Fund, as

 

48


well as by the various other investment companies advised by FTFA. The following table provides information concerning the compensation paid to each Director by the Fund during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024 and the total compensation paid to each Director during the calendar year ended December 31, 2024. The Directors listed below are members of the Fund’s Audit, Nominating, Compensation and Pricing and Valuation Committees, as well as committees of the boards of certain other investment companies advised by FTFA. Accordingly, the amounts provided in the table include compensation for service on all such committees. The Fund does not provide any pension or retirement benefits to Directors. In addition, no remuneration was paid during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024 by the Fund to Ms. Trust who is an “interested person” as defined in the 1940 Act.

 

Name of Director

   Aggregate
Compensation from
the Fund for Fiscal
Year Ended 11/30/24
     Total Compensation
from the Fund and
Fund Complex(1) for
Calendar Year Ended
12/31/2024
 

Non-Interested Directors:(2)

     

Robert D. Agdern

   $ 20,057      $ 466,000  

Carol L. Colman

   $ 20,269      $ 371,000  

Daniel P. Cronin*

   $ 20,057      $ 366,000  

Paolo M. Cucchi*

   $ 20,057      $ 366,000  

Anthony Grillo**

   $ 1,133      $ 32,989  

Eileen A. Kamerick

   $ 21,756      $ 506,000  

Nisha Kumar

   $ 20,906      $ 486,000  

Peter Mason**

   $ 1,133      $ 32,989  

Hillary A. Sale**

   $ 1,133      $ 32,989  

 

*

Messrs. Cronin and Cucchi resigned from the Board effective December 31, 2024.

**

Effective November 15, 2024, Ms. Sale and Messrs. Grillo and Mason became Directors of the Fund.

(1)

“Fund Complex” means two or more Funds (a registrant or, where the registrant is a series company, a separate portfolio of the registrant) that hold themselves out to investors as related companies for purposes of investment and investor services or have a common investment adviser or have an investment adviser that is an affiliated person of the investment adviser of any of the other Funds.

(2)

Each Non-Interested Director currently holds 17 investment company directorships within this Fund Complex.

 

49


Officers of the Fund

The Fund’s executive officers are elected each year at a regular meeting of the Board to hold office until their respective successors are duly elected and qualified. Officers of the Fund receive no compensation from the Fund, although they may be reimbursed by the Fund for reasonable out-of-pocket travel expenses for attending Board meetings. In addition to Ms. Trust, the Fund’s CEO and President, the executive officers of the Fund currently are:

 

Name, Address and Age

  

Position(s)

with Fund

  

Term of Office

and Length of

Time

Served

  

Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years

Fred Jensen

Franklin Templeton

1 Madison Avenue, 17th Floor

New York, NY 10010

Birth Year: 1963

  

Chief

Compliance Officer

   Since 2020    Director—Global Compliance of Franklin Templeton (since 2020); Managing Director of Legg Mason & Co. (2006 to 2020); Director of Compliance, Legg Mason Office of the Chief Compliance Officer (2006 to 2020); formerly, Chief Compliance Officer of Legg Mason Global Asset Allocation (prior to 2014); Chief Compliance Officer of Legg Mason Private Portfolio Group (prior to 2013); formerly, Chief Compliance Officer of The Reserve Funds (investment adviser, funds and broker-dealer) (2004) and Ambac Financial Group (investment adviser, funds and broker-dealer) (2000 to 2003).

Marc A. De Oliveira

Franklin Templeton

100 First Stamford Place

Stamford, CT 06902

Birth year: 1971

  

Secretary and

Chief Legal Officer

   Since 2023    Associate General Counsel of Franklin Templeton (since 2020); Secretary and Chief Legal Officer of certain funds associated with Legg Mason & Co. or its affiliates (since 2020); Assistant Secretary of certain funds associated with Legg Mason & Co. or its affiliates (since 2006); formerly, Managing Director (2016 to 2020) and Associate General Counsel of Legg Mason & Co. (2005 to 2020).

Thomas C. Mandia

Franklin Templeton

100 First Stamford Place

Stamford, CT 06902

Birth Year: 1962

   Senior Vice President    Since 2022    Senior Associate General Counsel of Franklin Templeton (since 2020); Secretary of FTFA (since 2006); Secretary of LM Asset Services, LLC (“LMAS”) (since 2002) and Legg Mason Fund Asset Management, Inc. (“LMFAM”) (since 2013) (formerly registered investment advisers); formerly, Managing Director and Deputy General Counsel of Legg Mason & Co. (2005 to 2020) and Assistant Secretary of certain funds in the fund complex (2006 to 2022)

 

50


Name, Address and Age

  

Position(s)

with Fund

  

Term of Office

and Length of

Time

Served

  

Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years

Jeanne M. Kelly

Franklin Templeton

1 Madison Avenue,

17th Floor

New York, NY 10010

Birth Year: 1951

   Senior Vice President    Since 2009    U.S. Fund Board Team Manager, Franklin Templeton (since 2020); Senior Vice President of certain funds associated with Legg Mason & Co. or its affiliates (since 2007); Senior Vice President of the Manager (since 2006); President and Chief Executive Officer of LMAS and LMFAM (since 2015); formerly, Managing Director of Legg Mason & Co. (since 2005 to 2020); Senior Vice President of LMFAM (2013 to 2015)

Christopher Berarducci

Franklin Templeton

1 Madison Avenue,

17th Floor

New York, NY 10010

Birth year: 1974

   Treasurer and Principal Financial Officer    Since 2019    Vice President, Fund Administration and Reporting, Franklin Templeton (since 2020); Treasurer (since 2010) and Principal Financial Officer (since 2019) of certain funds associated with Legg Mason & Co. or its affiliates; formerly, Managing Director (2020), Director (2015 to 2020), and Vice President (2011 to 2015) of Legg Mason & Co.

 

51


INVESTMENT MANAGER

Investment Manager and Subadviser

The Fund retains FTFA to act as its investment manager. FTFA is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Templeton. FTFA serves as the investment manager to numerous individuals and institutions and other investment companies. The investment management agreement (the “Management Agreement”) between FTFA and the Fund provides that FTFA will manage the operations of the Fund, subject to the supervision, direction and approval of the Fund’s Board of Directors and the objective and the policies stated in the Prospectus and this Statement of Additional Information.

Pursuant to the Management Agreement, FTFA manages the Fund’s investment portfolio, directs purchases and sales of portfolio securities and reports thereon to the Fund’s officers and Directors regularly. FTFA also provides the office space, facilities, equipment and personnel necessary to perform the following services for the Fund: SEC compliance, including record keeping, reporting requirements and registration statements and proxies; supervision of Fund operations, including coordination of functions of the transfer agent, custodian, accountants, counsel and other parties performing services or operational functions for the Fund; and certain administrative and clerical services, including certain accounting services and maintenance of certain books and records.

Advisory Fee.

 

     Fiscal Year or Period Ended November 30,  
     2024      2023      2022      2021      2020      2019  

The Fund paid FTFA approximate fees of

   $ 2,976,974      $ 2,620,254      $ 2,759,992      $ 2,774,692      $ 2,472,596      $ 2,760,838  

Pursuant to a subadvisory agreement (the “ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement”), subject to the supervision and direction of the Fund’s Board and FTFA, ClearBridge will manage the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies, make investment decisions for the Fund, place orders to purchase and sell securities, and employ professional portfolio managers and securities analysts who provide research services to the Fund. ClearBridge is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Templeton. Investment decisions for the Fund are made independently from those of other funds or accounts managed by ClearBridge. Such other funds or accounts may also invest in the same securities as the Fund. If those funds or accounts are prepared to invest in, or desire to dispose of, the same security at the same time as the Fund, however, transactions in such securities will be made, insofar as feasible, for the respective funds and accounts in a manner deemed equitable to all. In some cases, this procedure may adversely affect the size of the position obtained for or disposed of by the Fund or the price paid or received by the Fund. In addition, because of different investment objectives, a particular security may be purchased for one or more funds or accounts when one or more funds or accounts are selling the same security.

Pursuant to a subadvisory agreement (the “Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement”), subject to the supervision and direction of the Fund’s Board and FTFA, Western Asset will manage the Fund’s portfolio in accordance with the Fund’s investment objectives and policies, make investment decisions for the Fund, place orders to purchase and sell securities, and employ professional portfolio managers and securities analysts who provide research services to the Fund. Western Asset is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Templeton. Investment decisions for the Fund are made independently from those of other funds or accounts managed by Western Asset. Such other funds or accounts may also invest in the same securities as the Fund. If those funds or accounts are prepared to invest in, or desire to dispose of, the same security at the same time as the Fund, however, transactions in such securities will be made, insofar as feasible, for the respective funds and accounts in a manner deemed equitable to all. In some cases, this procedure may adversely affect the size of the position obtained for or disposed of by the Fund or the price paid or received by the Fund. In addition, because of

 

52


different investment objectives, a particular security may be purchased for one or more funds or accounts when one or more funds or accounts are selling the same security.

In connection with Western Asset’s service to the Fund, Western Asset London provides certain subadvisory services to the Fund pursuant to a subadvisory agreement with Western Asset (“Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement”). Western Asset London is responsible, generally, for managing investments denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. Western Asset London was founded in 1984 and has offices at 10 Exchange Square, Primrose Street, London EC2A2EN. Western Asset pays Western Asset London a fee for its services at no additional expense to the Fund.

Each of the Management Agreement, the ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement, the Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement and the Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement had an initial term of two years and continues in effect from year to year thereafter if such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by the Fund’s Board or by a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, and in either event, by a majority of the disinterested Directors of the Board with such disinterested Directors casting votes in person at a meeting called for such purpose. The Board of Directors or the holders of a majority of the Fund’s shares may terminate the Management Agreement on 60 days’ written notice without penalty and FTFA may terminate the agreement on 90 days’ written notice without penalty. The Management Agreement terminates automatically in the event of an assignment (as defined in the 1940 Act). The ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement and the Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement may be terminated without penalty by the Board of Directors or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice by ClearBridge or Western Asset, respectively, upon not less than 90 days’ written notice to the Fund and FTFA, and will be terminated upon the mutual written consent of FTFA and ClearBridge, or FTFA and Western Asset, respectively. The ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement and the Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement terminate automatically in the event of an assignment (as defined in the 1940 Act). The Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement may be terminated without penalty by the Board of Directors or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice to Western Asset London, or by Western Asset London upon not less than 90 days’ written notice to the Fund and FTFA, and will be terminated upon the mutual written consent of FTFA and Western Asset London. The Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement terminates automatically in the event of an assignment (as defined in the 1940 Act).

Under the terms of the Management Agreement, the ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement, the Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement and the Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement, none of FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset or Western Asset London, respectively, will be liable for losses or damages incurred by the Fund, unless such losses or damages are attributable to the willful misfeasance, bad faith or gross negligence on the part of FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset or Western Asset London, as the case may be, or from reckless disregard by them of their obligations and duties under the relevant agreement.

Western Asset London is a corporation organized under the laws of England. Western Asset London is registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended and has irrevocably designated the Secretary of the SEC, as its agent to accept service of process in any suit, action or proceeding to enforce the provisions of U.S. securities laws. There can be no assurance that Western Asset London will have any assets in the United States that could be attached in connection with any action, suit or proceeding. In addition, it may not be possible to enforce judgments of U.S. courts or liabilities in original actions predicated upon civil liability provisions of U.S. law in foreign courts against Western Asset London.

Codes of Ethics

Pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act, the Fund, FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset and Western Asset London have each adopted codes of ethics that permit their respective personnel to invest in securities for their own accounts, including securities that may be purchased or held by a Fund. All personnel must place the

 

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interests of clients first and avoid activities, interests and relationships that might interfere with the duty to make decisions in the best interests of the clients. All personal securities transactions by employees must adhere to the requirements of the codes and must be conducted in such a manner as to avoid any actual or potential conflict of interest, the appearance of such a conflict, or the abuse of an employee’s position of trust and responsibility.

When personnel covered by the Fund’s Code of Ethics are employed by more than one of the managers affiliated with Franklin Templeton, those employees may be subject to such affiliate’s Code of Ethics adopted pursuant to Rule 17j-1, rather than the Fund’s Code of Ethics.

Copies of the Codes of Ethics of the Fund, FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset and Western Asset London are on file with the SEC. These Codes of Ethics can be reviewed and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. Information relating to the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090. Such materials are also available on EDGAR on the SEC’s website (http://www.sec.gov). You may also e-mail requests for these documents to publicinfo@sec.gov, or make a request in writing to the SEC’s Public Reference Section, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549-0102.

Proxy Voting Policies

Although individual Directors may not agree with particular policies or votes by FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset or Western Asset London, the Fund’s Board of Directors has delegated proxy voting discretion to FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset and/or Western Asset London, believing that FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset and/or Western Asset London should be responsible for voting because it is a matter relating to the investment decision making process.

FTFA delegates the responsibility for voting proxies for the Fund to ClearBridge and Western Asset through its contract with ClearBridge and Western Asset, respectively. With respect to assets that are allocated to Western Asset London, Western Asset delegates responsibility for voting proxies to Western Asset London. Each of ClearBridge, Western Asset and Western Asset London will use their own proxy voting policies and procedures to vote proxies. Accordingly, FTFA does not expect to have proxy voting responsibility for the Fund. Should FTFA become responsible for voting proxies for any reason, such as the inability of ClearBridge, Western Asset or the Western Asset London to provide investment advisory services, FTFA shall utilize the proxy voting guidelines established by the most recent subadviser to vote proxies until a new subadviser is retained. In the case of a material conflict between the interests of FTFA (or its affiliates if such conflict is known to persons responsible for voting at FTFA) and the Fund, the Board of Directors of FTFA shall consider how to address the conflict and/or how to vote the proxies. FTFA shall maintain records of all proxy votes in accordance with applicable securities laws and regulations, to the extent that FTFA votes proxies. FTFA shall be responsible for gathering relevant documents and records related to proxy voting from ClearBridge, Western Asset and Western Asset London and providing them to the Fund as required for the Fund to comply with applicable rules under the 1940 Act.

FTFA’s proxy voting policy governs in determining how proxies relating to the Fund’s portfolio securities are voted and is attached as Appendix B hereto. ClearBridge’s proxy voting policy is attached as Appendix C hereto. Western Asset’s proxy voting policy is attached as Appendix D hereto. The proxy voting policy of Western Asset London is attached hereto as Appendix D. Information regarding how the Fund voted proxies (if any) relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 will be available without charge (1) by calling 888-425-6432, (2) on the Fund’s website at http://www.franklintempleton.com/investments/options/closed-end-funds and (3) on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov on Form N-PX.

 

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PORTFOLIO MANAGERS

Unless otherwise indicated, the information below is provided as of the date of this SAI.

The table below identifies the number of accounts (other than the Fund) for which the Fund’s portfolio managers have day-to-day management responsibilities and the total assets in such accounts, within each of the following categories, as of November 30, 2024: registered investment companies, other pooled investment vehicles and other accounts. For each category, the number of accounts and total assets in the accounts where fees are based on performance is also indicated.

 

Name of Portfolio Manager

 

Type of Account

  Number of
Accounts
Managed
 

Total Assets

Managed

  Number of
Accounts
Managed for
which Advisory
Fee is
Performance-
Based
  Assets Managed
for which
Advisory Fee is
Performance-
Based

Ryan Brist‡

  Other Registered Investment Companies   29   $13.33 billion   None   None
  Other Pooled Vehicles   24   $13.45 billion   None   None
  Other Accounts   153   $64.28 billion   5   $1.38 billion

Michael Buchanan‡

  Other Registered Investment Companies   72   $90.12 billion   None   None
  Other Pooled Vehicles   249   $56.52 billion   20   $2.43 billion
  Other Accounts   499   $156.83 billion   17   $9.79 billion

Mark Lindbloom‡

  Other Registered Investment Companies   20   $19.61 billion   None   None
  Other Pooled Vehicles   26   $10.65 billion   None   None
  Other Accounts   161   $52.60 billion   1   $24 million

Christopher Kilpatrick‡

  Other Registered Investment Companies   8   $3.16 billion   None   None
  Other Pooled Vehicles   6   $478 million   3   $331 million
  Other Accounts   None   None   None   None

Patrick McElroy

  Other Registered Investment Companies   3   $2.10 billion   None   None
  Other Pooled Vehicles   3   $1.37 billion   None   None
  Other Accounts   1,538   $590 million   None   None

Peter Vanderlee

  Other Registered Investment Companies   8   $12.07 billion   None   None
  Other Pooled Vehicles   5   $1.54 billion   None   None
  Other Accounts   56,912   $22.86 billion   None   None

 

The numbers above reflect the overall number of portfolios managed by employees of Western Asset.

Investment Professional Compensation (Western Asset)

Investment Professional Compensation Structure

In this subsection and the next subsection titled “Conflicts of Interest”, “Subadviser” refers to Western Asset Management Company, LLC.

With respect to the compensation of the Fund’s investment professionals, the Subadviser’s compensation system assigns each employee a total compensation range, which is derived from annual market surveys that

 

55


benchmark each role with its job function and peer universe. This method is designed to reward employees with total compensation reflective of the external market value of their skills, experience and ability to produce desired results. Standard compensation includes competitive base salaries, generous employee benefits and a retirement plan.

In addition, the Subadviser’s employees are eligible for bonuses. These are structured to closely align the interests of employees with those of the Subadviser, and are determined by the professional’s job function and pre-tax performance as measured by a formal review process. All bonuses are completely discretionary. The principal factor considered is an investment professional’s investment performance versus appropriate peer groups and benchmarks (e.g., a securities index and with respect to the Fund, the benchmark set forth in the Fund’s Prospectus to which the Fund’s average annual total returns are compared or, if none, the benchmark set forth in the Fund’s annual report). Performance is reviewed on a 1, 3 and 5 year basis for compensation—with 3 and 5 years having a larger emphasis. The Subadviser may also measure an investment professional’s pre-tax investment performance against other benchmarks, as it determines appropriate. Because investment professionals are generally responsible for multiple accounts (including the Fund) with similar investment strategies, they are generally compensated on the performance of the aggregate group of similar accounts, rather than a specific account. Other factors that may be considered when making bonus decisions include client service, business development, length of service to the Subadviser, management or supervisory responsibilities, contributions to developing business strategy and overall contributions to the Subadviser’s business.

Finally, in order to attract and retain top talent, all investment professionals are eligible for additional incentives in recognition of outstanding performance. These are determined based upon the factors described above and include long-term incentives that vest over a set period of time past the award date.

Conflicts of Interest

The Subadviser has adopted compliance policies and procedures to address a wide range of potential conflicts of interest that could directly impact client portfolios. For example, potential conflicts of interest may arise in connection with the management of multiple portfolios (including portfolios managed in a personal capacity). These could include potential conflicts of interest related to the knowledge and timing of a portfolio’s trades, investment opportunities and broker selection. Portfolio managers are privy to the size, timing, and possible market impact of a portfolio’s trades.

It is possible that an investment opportunity may be suitable for both a portfolio and other accounts managed by a portfolio manager, but may not be available in sufficient quantities for both the portfolio and the other accounts to participate fully. Similarly, there may be limited opportunity to sell an investment held by a portfolio and another account. A conflict may arise where the portfolio manager may have an incentive to treat an account preferentially as compared to a portfolio because the account pays a performance-based fee or the portfolio manager, the Subadviser or an affiliate has an interest in the account. The Subadviser has adopted procedures for allocation of portfolio transactions and investment opportunities across multiple client accounts on a fair and equitable basis over time. Eligible accounts that can participate in a trade generally share the same price on a pro-rata allocation basis, taking into account differences based on factors such as cash availability, investment restrictions and guidelines, and portfolio composition versus strategy.

With respect to securities transactions, the Subadviser determines which broker or dealer to use to execute each order, consistent with their duty to seek best execution of the transaction. However, with respect to certain other accounts (such as pooled investment vehicles that are not registered investment companies and other accounts managed for organizations and individuals), the Subadviser may be limited by the client with respect to the selection of brokers or dealers or may be instructed to direct trades through a particular broker or dealer. In these cases, trades for a portfolio in a particular security may be placed separately from, rather than aggregated with, such other accounts. Having separate transactions with respect to a security may temporarily affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the possible detriment of a portfolio or

 

56


the other account(s) involved. Additionally, the management of multiple portfolios and/or other accounts may result in a portfolio manager devoting unequal time and attention to the management of each portfolio and/or other account. The Subadviser’s team approach to portfolio management and block trading approach seeks to limit this potential risk.

The Subadviser also maintains a gift and entertainment policy to address the potential for a business contact to give gifts or host entertainment events that may influence the business judgment of an employee. Employees are permitted to retain gifts of only a nominal value and are required to make reimbursement for entertainment events above a certain value. All gifts (except those of a de minimis value) and entertainment events that are given or sponsored by a business contact are required to be reported in a gift and entertainment log which is reviewed on a regular basis for possible issues.

Employees of the Subadviser have access to transactions and holdings information regarding client accounts and the Subadviser’s overall trading activities. This information represents a potential conflict of interest because employees may take advantage of this information as they trade in their personal accounts. Accordingly, the Subadviser maintains a Code of Ethics that is compliant with Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act and Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act to address personal trading. In addition, the Code of Ethics seeks to establish broader principles of good conduct and fiduciary responsibility in all aspects of the Subadviser’s business. The Code of Ethics is administered by the Legal and Compliance Department and monitored through the Subadviser’s compliance monitoring program.

The Subadviser may also face other potential conflicts of interest with respect to managing client assets, and the description above is not a complete description of every conflict of interest that could be deemed to exist. The Subadviser also maintains a compliance monitoring program and engages independent auditors to conduct a SOC1/ISAE 3402 audit on an annual basis. These steps help to ensure that potential conflicts of interest have been addressed.

Portfolio Manager Compensation (ClearBridge)

Investment Professional Compensation Structure

In this subsection and the next subsection titled “Potential Conflicts of Interest”, “Subadviser” refers to ClearBridge Investments, LLC.

The Subadviser’s portfolio managers participate in a competitive compensation program that is designed to attract and retain outstanding investment professionals and closely align the interests of its investment professionals with those of its clients and overall firm results. The total compensation program includes a significant incentive component that rewards high performance standards, integrity, and collaboration consistent with the firm’s values. Portfolio manager compensation is reviewed and modified each year as appropriate to reflect changes in the market and to ensure the continued alignment with the goals stated above. A portion of annual bonuses is deferred into compensation plans that vest over the course of several years after the grant date. Deferrals are tied to portfolio performance, ClearBridge equity products, and Franklin Resources, Inc. stock.

The Subadviser’s portfolio managers and other investment professionals receive a combination of base compensation and discretionary compensation, comprising a cash incentive award and deferred incentive plans described below.

Base salary compensation. Base salary is fixed and primarily determined based on market factors and the experience and responsibilities of the investment professional within the firm.

Discretionary compensation. In addition to base compensation managers may receive discretionary compensation.

 

57


Discretionary compensation can include:

 

   

Cash Incentive Award

 

   

The Subadviser’s Deferred Incentive Plan (CDIP)—a mandatory program that typically defers 15% of discretionary year-end compensation into the Subadviser’s managed products. For portfolio managers, one-third of this deferral tracks the performance of their primary managed product, one-third tracks the performance of a composite portfolio of the firm’s new product and one-third can be elected to track the performance of one or more of the Subadviser’s managed funds. Consequently, portfolio managers can have two-thirds of their CDIP award tracking the performance of their primary managed products. For centralized research analysts, two-thirds of their deferral is elected to track the performance of one of more of Subadviser’s managed funds, while one-third tracks the performance of the new product composite. The Subadviser then makes a company investment in the proprietary managed funds equal to the deferral amounts by fund. This investment is a company asset held on the balance sheet and paid out to the employees in the shares subject to vesting requirements.

 

   

Franklin Resources Restricted Stock Deferral—a mandatory program that typically defers 5% of discretionary year-end compensation into Franklin Resources, Inc. restricted stock. The award is paid out to employees in shares subject to vesting requirements.

Several factors are considered by the Subadviser’s Senior Management when determining discretionary compensation for portfolio managers. These include but are not limited to:

Potential Conflicts of Interest

Potential conflicts of interest may arise when the Fund’s portfolio managers also have day-to-day management responsibilities with respect to one or more other funds or other accounts, as is the case for the Fund’s portfolio managers.

The Subadviser and the Fund have adopted compliance policies and procedures that are designed to address various conflicts of interest that may arise for the Subadviser and the individuals that each employs. For example, the Subadviser seeks to minimize the effects of competing interests for the time and attention of portfolio managers by assigning portfolio managers to manage funds and accounts that share a similar investment style. The Subadviser has also adopted trade allocation procedures that are designed to facilitate the fair allocation of investment opportunities among multiple funds and accounts. There is no guarantee, however, that the policies and procedures adopted by the Subadviser and the Fund will be able to detect and/or prevent every situation in which an actual or potential conflict may appear. These potential conflicts include:

Allocation of Limited Time and Attention. A portfolio manager who is responsible for managing multiple funds and/or accounts may devote unequal time and attention to the management of those funds and/or accounts. The effects of this potential conflict may be more pronounced where funds and/or accounts overseen by a particular portfolio manager have different investment strategies.

Allocation of Investment Opportunities. If a portfolio manager identifies an investment opportunity that may be suitable for multiple funds and/or accounts, the opportunity may be allocated among these several funds or accounts, which may limit a fund’s ability to take full advantage of the investment opportunity. The Subadviser has adopted policies and procedures to ensure that all accounts, including the Fund, are treated equitably.

Pursuit of Differing Strategies. At times, a portfolio manager may determine that an investment opportunity may be appropriate for only some of the funds and/or accounts for which he or she exercises investment responsibility, or may decide that certain of the funds and/or accounts should take differing positions with respect to a particular security. In these cases, the portfolio manager may place separate transactions for one or more funds or accounts which may affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the detriment or benefit of one or more other funds and/or accounts.

 

58


Selection of Broker/Dealers. In addition to executing trades, some broker/dealers provide brokerage and research services (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the 1934 Act), which may result in the payment of higher brokerage fees than might have otherwise been available. These services may be more beneficial to certain funds or accounts than to others. For this reason, the Subadviser has formed a brokerage committee that reviews, among other things, the allocation of brokerage to broker/dealers, best execution and soft dollar usage.

Variation in Compensation. A conflict of interest may arise where the financial or other benefits available to the portfolio manager differ among the funds and/or accounts that he or she manages. If the structure of the manager’s management fee (and the percentage paid to the Subadviser) differs among funds and/or accounts (such as where certain funds or accounts pay higher management fees or performance-based management fees), the portfolio manager might be motivated to help certain funds and/or accounts over others.

The portfolio manager might be motivated to favor funds and/or accounts in which he or she has an interest or in which the manager and/or its affiliates have interests. Similarly, the desire to maintain assets under management or to enhance the portfolio manager’s performance record or to derive other rewards, financial or otherwise, could influence the portfolio manager in affording preferential treatment to those funds and/or accounts that could most significantly benefit the portfolio manager.

Portfolio Manager Securities Ownership

The portfolio managers held the following amounts of securities of the Fund as of November 30, 2024.

 

Portfolio Manager

   Dollar Range of Securities
Beneficially Owned ($)
 

Ryan Brist

     A  

Michael Lindbloom

     A  

Michael Buchanan

     A  

Patrick McElroy

     A  

Peter Vanderlee

     F  

Christopher Kilpatrick

     A  

Dollar Range ownership is as follows:

A: none

B: $1 - $10,000

C: 10,001 - $50,000

D: $50,001 - $100,000

E: $100,001 - $500,000

F: $500,001 - $1 million

G: over $1 million

 

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PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE

The Fund does not have an obligation to deal with any brokers or dealers in the execution of transactions in portfolio securities. Subject to policy established by the Board of Directors, ClearBridge and Western Asset are responsible for the Fund’s portfolio decisions and the placing of the Fund’s portfolio transactions.

Portfolio securities normally will be purchased or sold from or to dealers serving as market makers for the securities at a net price, which may include dealer spreads and underwriting commissions. In placing orders, it is the policy of the Fund to obtain the best results taking into account the general execution and operational facilities of the broker or dealer, the type of transaction involved and other factors such as the risk of the broker or dealer in positioning the securities involved. While FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset and Western Asset London generally seek the best price in placing orders, the Fund may not necessarily be paying the lowest price available. Subject to seeking the best price and execution, securities firms which provide supplemental research to FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset or Western Asset London may receive orders for transactions by the Fund. Information so received will be in addition to and not in lieu of the services required to be performed by FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset or Western Asset London under the Management Agreement, the ClearBridge Subadvisory Agreement, the Western Asset Subadvisory Agreement or Western Asset London Subadvisory Agreement, and the expenses of FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset or Western Asset London will not necessarily be reduced as a result of the receipt of such supplemental information.

The Fund expects that all portfolio transactions will be effected on a principal basis and, accordingly, does not expect to pay any brokerage commissions. To the extent the Fund does effect brokerage transactions, affiliated persons (as such term is defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund, or affiliated persons of such persons, may from time to time be selected to perform brokerage services for the Fund, subject to the considerations discussed above, but are prohibited by the 1940 Act from dealing with the Fund as principal in the purchase or sale of securities. In order for such an affiliated person to be permitted to effect any portfolio transactions for the Fund, the commissions, fees or other remuneration received by such affiliated person must be reasonable and fair compared to the commissions, fees or other remuneration received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities being purchased or sold during a comparable period of time. This standard would allow such an affiliated person to receive no more than the remuneration which would be expected to be received by an unaffiliated broker in a commensurate arm’s-length transaction.

Investment decisions for the Fund are made independently from those for other funds and accounts advised or managed by FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset or Western Asset London or their affiliates. Such other funds and accounts may also invest in the same securities as the Fund. When a purchase or sale of the same security is made at substantially the same time on behalf of the Fund and another fund or account, the transaction will be averaged as to price, and available investments allocated as to amount, in a manner which FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset or Western Asset London believes to be equitable to the Fund and such other fund or account. In some instances, this investment procedure may adversely affect the price paid or received by the Fund or the size of the position obtained or sold by the Fund. To the extent permitted by law, FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset or Western Asset London may aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased for the Fund with those to be sold or purchased for other funds and accounts in order to obtain best execution.

Although the Fund does not have any restrictions on portfolio turnover, it is not the Fund’s policy to engage in transactions with the objective of seeking profits from short-term trading. It is expected that the annual portfolio turnover rate of the Fund will not exceed 100%. The portfolio turnover rate is calculated by dividing the lesser of sales or purchases of portfolio securities by the average monthly value of the Fund’s portfolio securities. For purposes of this calculation, portfolio securities exclude all securities having a maturity when purchased of one year or less. A high rate of portfolio turnover involves correspondingly greater transaction costs than a lower rate, which costs are borne by the Fund and their stockholders.

 

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NET ASSET VALUE

The Fund determines the net asset value of its Common Stock on each day the NYSE is open for business, as of the close of the customary trading session (normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time), or any earlier closing time that day. The Fund determines the net asset value per share of Common Stock by dividing the value of the Fund’s securities, cash and other assets (including the value of derivatives and interest accrued but not collected) less all its liabilities (including accrued expenses, the liquidation preference of any outstanding preferred stocks and dividends payable) by the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. Securities are valued at the mean between the last quoted bid and asked prices provided by an independent pricing service that are based on transactions in corporate fixed income securities, quotations from corporate bond dealers, market transactions in comparable securities and various other relationships between securities. The Fund values portfolio securities for which market quotations are readily available at the last reported sales price or official closing price on the primary market or exchange on which they trade. Under the Fund’s valuation policies and procedures, the Fund values its short-term investments at amortized cost when the security has 60 days or less to maturity which the Board of Directors believes under normal circumstances represents the fair value of those securities. Determination of the Common Stock’s net asset value is made in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

The Fund values all other securities and assets at their fair value. If events occur that materially affect the value of a security between the time trading ends on the security and the close of the customary trading session of the NYSE, the Fund may value the security at its fair value as determined in good faith by or under the supervision of the Board of Directors. The effect of using fair value pricing is that the Common Stock’s net asset value will be subject to the judgment of the Board of Directors or its designee instead of being determined by the market.

Any swap transaction that the Fund enters into may, depending on the applicable interest rate environment, have a positive or negative value for purposes of calculating net asset value. Any cap transaction that the Fund enters into may, depending on the applicable interest rate environment, have no value or a positive value. In addition, accrued payments to the Fund under such transactions will be assets of the Fund and accrued payments by the Fund will be liabilities of the Fund.

 

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GENERAL INFORMATION

Certain Provisions in the Charter and Bylaws

The Charter includes provisions that could limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund. These provisions could have the effect of depriving Common Stockholders of opportunities to sell their Common Stock at a premium over the then-current market price of the Common Stock. As described more completely in the Prospectus, starting with the first annual meeting of stockholders, the Charter divided the Directors into three classes of approximately equal size. As a result of this staggered structure of the Board of Directors, it would take a minimum of two years for other entities or groups of persons to gain a majority of seats on the Board of Directors. In addition, the Bylaws require that stockholders provide advance notice to the Fund in order to nominate candidates for election to the Board or to bring proposals before the annual meeting of stockholders. This prevents other entities or groups of persons from nominating Directors or raising proposals during an annual meeting of stockholders unless they have provided such advance notice to the Fund.

 

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REPURCHASE OF FUND SHARES; CONVERSION TO AN OPEN-END FUND

Although it is under no obligation to do so, the Fund reserves the right to repurchase the Common Stock on the open market in accordance with the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. Subject to its investment limitations, the Fund may borrow to finance the repurchase of stock or to make a tender offer. Interest on any borrowings to finance Common Stock repurchase transactions or the accumulation of cash by the Fund in anticipation of Common Stock repurchases or tenders will reduce the Fund’s net income. Any Common Stock repurchase, tender offer or borrowing that might be approved by the Board of Directors would also have to comply with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.

The repurchase by the Fund of shares of its Common Stock at prices below net asset value may result in an increase in the net asset value of those shares that remain outstanding. However, there can be no assurance that Common Stock repurchases or tenders at or below net asset value will result in shares of the Fund’s Common Stock trading at a price equal to their net asset value. In addition, a purchase by the Fund of its Common Stock will decrease the Fund’s total assets, which would likely have the effect of increasing the Fund’s expense ratio.

If the Fund converted to an open-end investment company, the Common Stock would no longer be listed on the NYSE. In contrast to a closed-end investment company, stockholders of an open-end investment company may require the company to redeem their shares at any time (except in certain circumstances as authorized by the 1940 Act or the rules thereunder) at their net asset value, less any redemption charge that is in effect at the time of redemption. In order to avoid maintaining large cash positions or liquidating favorable investments to meet redemptions, open-end investment companies typically engage in a continuous offering of their shares. Open-end investment companies are thus subject to periodic asset in-flows and out-flows that can complicate portfolio management.

 

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CERTAIN UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

Set forth below is a discussion of certain U.S. federal income tax aspects concerning the Fund and the purchase, ownership and disposition of Common Stock. This discussion does not purport to be complete or to deal with all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to stockholders in light of their particular circumstances. Unless otherwise noted, this discussion applies only to U.S. stockholders that hold Common Stock as capital assets. A U.S. stockholder is a Common Stockholder who is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (i) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (ii) a U.S. corporation, (iii) a trust if it (a) is subject to the primary supervision of a court in the United States and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (b) has made a valid election to be treated as a U.S. person, or (iv) any estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source. This discussion is based upon present provisions of the Code, the regulations promulgated thereunder, and judicial and administrative ruling authorities, all of which are subject to change or differing interpretations (possibly with retroactive effect). This discussion does not represent a detailed description of the U.S. federal income tax consequences relevant to special classes of taxpayers including, without limitation, financial institutions, insurance companies, partnerships or other pass-through entities (or investors therein), U.S. stockholders whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar, tax-exempt organizations, dealers in securities or currencies, traders in securities that elect mark to market treatment, or persons that will hold Common Stock as a position in a “straddle,” “hedge” or as part of a “constructive sale” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, this discussion does not address U.S. federal estate or gift taxes or the application of the Medicare tax on net investment income or any U.S. federal alternative minimum tax.

Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors with regard to the U.S. federal tax consequences of the purchase, ownership, or disposition of Common Stock, as well as the tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, foreign country or other taxing jurisdiction.

Taxation of the Fund

The Fund has elected to be treated, and intends to qualify annually, as a regulated investment company (a “RIC”) under Subchapter M of the Code.

To qualify under Subchapter M for the favorable U.S. federal income tax treatment generally accorded to RICs, the Fund must, among other things: (i) derive in each taxable year at least 90% of its gross income from (a) dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies; and (b) net income derived from interests in certain publicly traded partnerships that are treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and that derive less than 90% of their gross income from the items described in (a) above (each a “Qualified Publicly Traded Partnership”); and (ii) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of each taxable year, (a) at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets is represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, the securities of other RICs and other securities, with such other securities limited, with respect to any one issuer, to an amount not greater in value than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets, and to not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (b) not more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s total assets is represented by the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other RICs) of (I) any one issuer, (II) any two or more issuers that the Fund controls and that are determined to be engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses, or (III) any one or more Qualified Publicly Traded Partnerships.

If the Fund fails to satisfy as of the close of any quarter the asset diversification test referred to in the preceding paragraph, it will have 30 days to cure the failure by, for example, selling securities that are the source of the violation. Other cure provisions are available in the Code for a failure to satisfy the asset diversification test, but any such cure provision may involve the payment of a penalty excise tax.

 

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As a RIC, the Fund generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its investment company taxable income (as that term is defined in the Code, but determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid) and net capital gain (the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), if any, that it distributes in each taxable year to its stockholders, provided that it distributes at least 90% of the sum of its investment company taxable income and its net tax-exempt income for such taxable year. The Fund intends to distribute to its stockholders, at least annually, substantially all of its investment company taxable income and net capital gain.

Amounts not distributed on a timely basis in accordance with a calendar year distribution requirement are subject to a nondeductible 4% U.S. federal excise tax. To prevent imposition of the excise tax, the Fund must distribute during each calendar year an amount at least equal to the sum of (i) 98% of its ordinary income (not taking into account any capital gains or losses) for the calendar year, (ii) 98.2% of its capital gains in excess of its capital losses (adjusted for certain ordinary losses) for the one-year period ending October 31 of the calendar year, and (iii) any ordinary income and capital gains for previous years that were not distributed during those years. For these purposes, the Fund will be deemed to have distributed any income or gains on which it paid U.S. federal income tax.

Although dividends generally will be treated as distributed when paid, dividends declared in October, November or December, payable to stockholders of record on a specified date in one of those months, and paid during the following January, will be treated as having been distributed by the Fund (and received by stockholders) on December 31 of the year in which declared.

If the Fund failed to qualify as a RIC or failed to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement in any taxable year, the Fund would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates on its taxable income (including distributions of net capital gain), even if such income were distributed to its stockholders, and all distributions out of earnings and profits would be taxed to stockholders as ordinary dividend income. Such distributions generally would be eligible (i) to be treated as “qualified dividend income” in the case of individual and other non-corporate stockholders and (ii) for the dividends received deduction in the case of corporate stockholders. To qualify again to be taxed as a RIC in a subsequent year, the Fund would be required to distribute to its stockholders its earnings and profits attributable to non-RIC years reduced by an interest charge on 50% of such earnings and profits payable by the Fund to the IRS. In addition, if the Fund failed to qualify as a RIC for a period greater than two taxable years, then the Fund would be required to elect to recognize and pay tax on any net built-in gain (the excess of aggregate gain, including items of income, over aggregate loss that would have been realized if the Fund had been liquidated) or, alternatively, be subject to taxation on such built-in gain recognized for a period of 5 years, in order to qualify as a RIC in a subsequent year.

The following discussion assumes that the Fund qualifies as a RIC and satisfies the 90% distribution requirement for each taxable year.

Distributions

Subject to the discussion of “qualified dividend income” below, distributions to Common Stockholders by the Fund of its net investment income (including accrued market discount), and of net short-term capital gains, if any, realized by the Fund will generally be taxable to Common Stockholders as ordinary income to the extent such distributions are paid out of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. Distributions, if any, of net capital gains properly reported as “capital gain dividends” will be taxable as long-term capital gains, regardless of the length of time the Common Stockholder has owned Common Stock. A distribution of an amount in excess of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes) will be treated by a Common Stockholder as a return of capital which will be applied against and reduce the Common Stockholder’s basis in its Common Stock. To the extent that the amount of any such distribution exceeds the Common Stockholder’s basis in its Common Stock, the excess will be treated by the Common Stockholder as gain from a sale or exchange of the Common Stock.

 

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A portion of the dividends paid by the Fund to corporate stockholders, to the extent attributable to dividends received by the Fund from domestic corporations (not including corporations qualifying as REITs) and properly reported by the Fund, may be eligible for the corporate dividends received deduction allowed to corporations under the Code. In addition, distributions by the Fund to its stockholders that the Fund properly reports as derived from “qualified dividend income” are taxed to individual or other non-corporate stockholders at the rates applicable to long-term capital gain. Qualified dividend income generally includes dividends received from domestic corporations and dividends received from foreign corporations that meet certain specified criteria. Certain holding period and other requirements must be met by both the stockholder and the Fund for distributions to be eligible for the corporate dividends received deduction or the preferential tax rates that apply to qualified dividend income, as the case may be.

Distributions by the Fund to its stockholders that the Fund properly reports as “section 199A dividends,” as defined below, are treated as qualified REIT dividends in the hands of individual or other non-corporate stockholders. Non-corporate stockholders are generally permitted a U.S. federal income tax deduction equal to 20% of qualified REIT dividends received by them. Very generally, a “section 199A dividend” is any dividend or portion thereof that is attributable to certain dividends received by the Fund from REITs (other than capital gain dividends), to the extent such dividends are properly reported as such by the Fund in a written notice to its stockholders. Certain holding period and other requirements must be met by both the stockholder and the Fund for distributions to be eligible for treatment as qualified REIT dividends.

Distributions will be treated in the manner described above regardless of whether such distributions are paid in cash or invested in additional Common Stock pursuant to the Dividend Reinvestment Plan. Common Stockholders receiving distributions in the form of additional Common Stock will be treated as receiving a distribution in the amount of cash that they would have received if they had elected to receive the distribution in cash, unless the Fund issues additional Common Stock with a fair market value equal to or greater than net asset value, in which case such Common Stockholders will be treated as receiving a distribution in the amount of the fair market value of the distributed Common Stock . The additional Common Stock received by a Common Stockholder pursuant to the Dividend Reinvestment Plan will have a new holding period commencing on the day following the day on which the Common Stock is credited to the Common Stockholder’s account.

Certain distributions reported by the Fund as Section 163(j) interest dividends may be eligible to be treated as interest income by stockholders for purposes of the tax rules applicable to interest expense limitations under Section 163(j) of the Code. Such treatment by the stockholder is generally subject to holding period requirements and other potential limitations. The amount that the Fund is eligible to report as a Section 163(j) dividend for a tax year is generally limited to the excess of the Fund’s business interest income over the sum of the Fund’s (i) business interest expense and (ii) other deductions properly allocable to the Fund’s business interest income. There can be no assurance that the Fund will report any distributions as Section 163(j) interest dividends.

The Fund may elect to retain its net capital gain or a portion thereof for investment and be taxed at corporate rates on the amount retained. In such case, the Fund may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gains in a written notice to its stockholders, who will be treated as if each received a distribution of its pro rata share of such gain, with the result that each Common Stockholder will (i) be required to report its pro rata share of such gain on its tax return as long-term capital gain, (ii) receive a refundable tax credit for its pro rata share of tax paid by the Fund on the gain and (iii) increase the tax basis for its Common Stock by an amount equal to the deemed distribution less the tax credit.

The IRS currently requires that a RIC that has two or more classes of stock allocate to each such class proportionate amounts of each type of its income based upon the percentage of total dividends paid to each class for the tax year. Accordingly, if the Fund issues Preferred Stock, the Fund intends to allocate capital gain dividends, dividends qualifying for the corporate dividends received deduction, dividends derived from qualified dividend income and section 199A dividends, if any, between its Common Stock and Preferred Stock in proportion to the total dividends paid to each class with respect to such tax year. However, any distributions in

 

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excess of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits would not be allocated proportionately between the Fund’s Common Stock and Preferred Stock. Since the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits would first be used to pay dividends on its Preferred Stock, distributions in excess of such earnings and profits, if any, would be made disproportionately to holders of Common Stock.

Stockholders will be notified annually as to the U.S. federal tax status of distributions.

Sale or Exchange of Common Stock

Upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of Common Stock, a Common Stockholder will generally realize a capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized and the Common Stockholder’s adjusted tax basis in the Common Stock. Such gain or loss will be long-term or short-term, depending upon the Common Stockholder’s holding period for the Common Stock. Generally, a Common Stockholder’s gain or loss will be a long-term capital gain or loss if the Common Stock has been held for more than one year. Present law taxes both long-term and short-term capital gains of corporations at the rates applicable to ordinary income. For non-corporate taxpayers, however, long-term capital gains are currently eligible for reduced rates of taxation.

No loss will be allowed on the sale, exchange or other disposition of Common Stock if the owner acquires (including pursuant to the Dividend Reinvestment Plan) or enters into a contract or option to acquire securities that are substantially identical to such Common Stock within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the basis of the securities acquired will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss. Losses realized by a Common Stockholder on the sale, exchange or other disposition of Common Stock held for six months or less are treated as long-term capital losses to the extent of any distribution of long-term capital gain received (or amounts designated as undistributed capital gains) with respect to such Common Stock.

Under U.S. Treasury regulations, if a stockholder recognizes a loss with respect to Common Stock of $2 million or more for an individual stockholder or $10 million or more for a corporate stockholder, the stockholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on IRS Form 8886. Direct stockholders of portfolio securities are in many cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, stockholders of a RIC are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current exception from this reporting requirement to stockholders of most or all RICs. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Stockholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

Nature of the Fund’s Investments

Certain of the Fund’s investment practices are subject to special and complex U.S. federal income tax provisions that may, among other things, (i) convert dividends that would otherwise constitute qualified dividend income into ordinary income, (ii) treat dividends that would otherwise be eligible for the corporate dividends received deduction as ineligible for such treatment, (iii) disallow, suspend or otherwise limit the allowance of certain losses or deductions, (iv) convert lower-taxed long-term capital gain into higher-taxed short-term capital gain or ordinary income, (v) convert an ordinary loss or a deduction into a capital loss (the deductibility of which is more limited), (vi) cause the Fund to recognize income or gain without a corresponding receipt of cash, (vii) adversely affect the time as to when a purchase or sale of stock or securities is deemed to occur, (viii) adversely alter the intended characterization of certain complex financial transactions and (ix) produce income that will not be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 90% gross income test described above.

These rules could therefore affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to Common Stockholders and the Fund’s status as a RIC. The Fund will monitor its transactions and may make certain tax elections in order to mitigate the effect of these provisions.

 

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REITs

The Fund’s investments in REIT equity securities may result in the Fund’s receipt of cash in excess of the REIT’s earnings; if the Fund distributes these amounts, these distributions could constitute a return of capital to Fund stockholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends received by the Fund from a REIT will not qualify for the corporate dividends received deduction and generally will not constitute qualified dividend income. Certain distributions made by the Fund that are attributable to dividends received by the Fund from REITs may qualify as “qualified REIT dividends” in the hands of non-corporate stockholders, as discussed above.

Below Investment Grade Instruments

The Fund may invest a portion of its Managed Assets in below investment grade (high yield) instruments, commonly known as “high yield” instruments. Investments in these types of instruments may present special tax issues for the Fund. U.S. federal income tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as when the Fund may cease to accrue interest, original issue discount or market discount, when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless instruments, how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and income and whether exchanges of debt obligations in a bankruptcy or workout context are taxable. These and other issues will be addressed by the Fund, to the extent necessary, to preserve its status as a RIC and to distribute sufficient income to not become subject to U.S. federal income tax.

Original Issue Discount

Investments by the Fund in debt obligations that are treated under applicable tax rules as having original issue discount (such as zero coupon securities, debt instruments with PIK interest, step-up bonds or other discount securities) will result in income to the Fund equal to the accrued original issue discount each year during which the Fund holds the securities, even if the Fund receives no cash interest payments. If the Fund purchases debt instruments as part of a package of investments where the Fund also invests in common stock, other equity securities or warrants, the Fund might be required to accrue original issue discount in an amount equal to the value of such common stock, other equity securities or warrants (even if the face amount of such debt instruments does not exceed the Fund’s purchase price for such package of investments). Any original issue discount might reflect doubt as to whether the entire principal amount of a debt obligation will ultimately prove to be collectible. The Fund will, however, generally be required to recognize any accrued original issue discount based on the assumption that all future projected payments due on such debt obligation will be made. Original issue discount is included in determining the amount of income which the Fund must distribute to maintain its qualification for the favorable U.S. federal income tax treatment generally accorded to RICs and to avoid the payment of U.S. federal income tax and the nondeductible 4% U.S. federal excise tax. Because such income may not be matched by a corresponding cash distribution to the Fund, the Fund may be required to borrow money or dispose of other securities to be able to make distributions to its stockholders.

Market Discount Securities

In general, the Fund will be treated as having acquired a debt instrument in the secondary market with market discount if its stated redemption price at maturity (or, in the case of a debt instrument issued with original issue discount, its revised issue price) exceeds the Fund’s initial tax basis in the debt instrument by an amount equal to or greater than a statutory de minimis amount. The discount at which such debt instruments are acquired may reflect doubts about their ultimate collectability rather than current market interest rates. The amount of such discount (other than de minimis discount) will nevertheless generally be treated as market discount for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Market discount on a debt instrument accrues ratably on a daily basis, unless an election is made to accrue market discount on the basis of the constant yield to maturity of the debt instrument, in each case based generally on the assumption that all future payments on the debt instrument will be made. The Fund has made an election to accrue market discount on a current basis, and accrued market discount for a debt

 

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instrument will generally have to be included in income each year as if the debt instrument were assured of ultimately being collected in full. Accrued market discount is included in determining the amount of income which the Fund must distribute to maintain its qualification for the favorable U.S. federal income tax treatment generally accorded to RICs and to avoid the payment of U.S. federal income tax and the nondeductible 4% U.S. federal excise tax. Because such income may not be matched by a corresponding cash distribution to the Fund, the Fund may be required to borrow money or dispose of other securities to be able to make distributions to its stockholders.

Passive Foreign Investment Companies

The Fund may invest in shares of foreign companies that are classified under the Code as passive foreign investment companies (“PFICs”). In general, a foreign company is considered a PFIC in any taxable year if at least 50% of the average value of its assets constitute investment-type assets or 75% or more of its gross income is investment-type income. The Fund may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a portion of any “excess distribution” received from a PFIC or gain from the disposition of shares of a PFIC even if such income is distributed as a taxable dividend by the Fund to its stockholders. Additional charges in the nature of interest may be imposed on the Fund in respect of deferred taxes arising from such distributions or gains. Under the general PFIC rules, an “excess distribution” received with respect to PFIC shares is treated as having been realized ratably over the period during which the Fund held the PFIC shares.

The Fund may be eligible to elect alternative tax treatment with respect to PFIC shares. Under one such election (i.e., a “QEF” election), the Fund generally would be required to include in its gross income its share of the PFIC’s ordinary earnings and net capital gains on a current basis, regardless of whether any distributions are received from the PFIC. Alternatively, the Fund may be able to elect to mark its PFIC shares to market, resulting in any unrealized gains at the Fund’s tax year end being treated as though they were recognized and reported as ordinary income. Any mark-to-market losses and any loss from an actual disposition of the PFIC shares would be deductible as ordinary losses to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains included in income in prior tax years with respect to the PFIC shares. Under either election, the Fund might be required to recognize income in a year in excess of its distributions from PFICs and its proceeds from dispositions of PFIC stock during that year, and such income would nevertheless be subject to the 90% distribution requirement and would be taken into account for purposes of the 4% excise tax (described above). Dividends paid by PFICs will not be treated as qualified dividend income.

Stock Dividends

In certain circumstances, the Fund may make distributions of its Common Stock to satisfy the distribution requirements necessary to maintain the Fund’s status as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes. Under IRS Revenue Procedure 2017-45, the Fund may distribute taxable dividends that are payable in cash or Common Stock at the election of each Common Stockholder, with up to 80% of the aggregate of any taxable dividends payable in the Fund’s Common Stock and the 20% or greater balance paid in cash. Common Stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as taxable income to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, Common Stockholders may be required to pay U.S. federal income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received. It is unclear whether and to what extent the Fund will be able to pay taxable dividends in cash and Common Stock (whether pursuant to Revenue Procedure 2017-45 or otherwise).

Currency Fluctuations

Under Section 988 of the Code, gains or losses attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the time the Fund accrues income or receivables or expenses or other liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and the time the Fund actually collects such income or receivables or pays such liabilities are generally treated as

 

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ordinary income or loss. Similarly, gains or losses on foreign currency, foreign currency forward contracts, certain foreign currency options or futures contracts and the disposition of debt securities denominated in foreign currency, to the extent attributable to fluctuations in exchange rates between the acquisition and disposition dates, are also treated as ordinary income or loss.

Foreign Taxes

Income, gains and proceeds received by the Fund from investments in securities of issuers organized in foreign countries may be subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by such countries. Tax treaties between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate such taxes. If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the end of its taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund may elect to “pass through” to its stockholders the amount of foreign taxes paid by the Fund. If the Fund so elects, each stockholder would be required to include in gross income, even though not actually received, its pro rata share of the foreign taxes paid by the Fund, but would be treated as having paid its pro rata share of such foreign taxes and would therefore be allowed to either deduct such amount in computing taxable income or use such amount as a foreign tax credit against U.S. federal income tax (but not both). For purposes of the foreign tax credit limitation rules of the Code, each stockholder would treat as foreign source income its pro rata share of such foreign taxes paid by the Fund. A stockholder’s ability to claim a foreign tax credit or deduction in respect of foreign taxes paid by the Fund is subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code, which may result in the stockholder not receiving a full credit or deduction (if any) for the amount of such taxes. No deduction for foreign taxes could be claimed by a non-corporate stockholder who does not itemize deductions. Each stockholder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the potential application of foreign tax credits.

Preferred Stocks or Borrowings

If the Fund utilizes leverage through the issuance of Preferred Stock or borrowings, it may be restricted by certain covenants with respect to the declaration of, and payment of, dividends on Common Stock in certain circumstances. Limits on the Fund’s payments of dividends on Common Stock may prevent the Fund from meeting the distribution requirements described above, and may, therefore, jeopardize the Fund’s qualification for taxation as a RIC and possibly subject the Fund to the 4% excise tax. The Fund will endeavor to avoid restrictions on its ability to make dividend payments.

Backup Withholding

The Fund may be required to withhold from all distributions and redemption proceeds payable to U.S. stockholders who fail to provide the Fund with their correct taxpayer identification numbers or to make required certifications, or who have been notified by the IRS that they are subject to backup withholding. Certain stockholders specified in the Code generally are exempt from such backup withholding. This backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be refunded or credited against the stockholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Foreign Stockholders

U.S. taxation of a stockholder who is a nonresident alien individual, a foreign trust or estate or a foreign corporation, as defined for U.S. federal income tax purposes (a “foreign stockholder”), depends on whether the income from the Fund is “effectively connected” with a U.S. trade or business carried on by the stockholder.

If the income from the Fund is not “effectively connected” with a U.S. trade or business carried on by the foreign stockholder, distributions of investment company taxable income (including any distributions payable in Common Stock) will be subject to a U.S. tax of 30% (or lower treaty rate), which tax is generally withheld from such distributions. However, dividends paid by the Fund that are “interest-related dividends” or “short-term capital gain dividends” will generally be exempt from such withholding, in each case to the extent the Fund

 

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properly reports such dividends to stockholders. For these purposes, interest-related dividends and short-term capital gain dividends generally represent distributions of interest or short-term capital gains that would not have been subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at the source if received directly by a foreign stockholder, and that satisfy certain other requirements. A foreign stockholder whose income from the Fund is not “effectively connected” with a U.S. trade or business would generally be exempt from U.S. federal income tax on capital gain dividends, any amounts retained by the Fund that are designated as undistributed capital gains and any gains realized upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of Common Stock. However, a foreign stockholder who is a nonresident alien individual and is physically present in the United States for more than 182 days during the taxable year and meets certain other requirements will nevertheless be subject to a U.S. tax of 30% on such capital gain dividends, undistributed capital gains and gains realized upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of Common Stock.

If the income from the Fund is “effectively connected” with a U.S. trade or business carried on by a foreign stockholder, then distributions of investment company taxable income, any capital gain dividends, any amounts retained by the Fund that are designated as undistributed capital gains and any gains realized upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of Common Stock will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the rates applicable to U.S. citizens, residents or domestic corporations. Foreign corporate stockholders may also be subject to the branch profits tax imposed by the Code.

Special tax rules would apply to foreign stockholders if the Fund is either a “United States real property holding corporation” (“USRPHC”) or would be a USRPHC but for the operation of certain exceptions to the definition thereof. Very generally, a USRPHC is a domestic corporation that holds “United States real property interests” (“USRPIs”) the fair market value of which equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market values of the corporation’s USRPIs, interests in real property located outside the United States, and other assets used or held for use in a trade or business. Under the special tax rules, certain distributions by the Fund to foreign stockholders could be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax. Furthermore, such foreign stockholders may be required to file a U.S. tax return and pay tax on such distributions (and, in certain cases, gain realized on the sale, exchange or other disposition of Common Stock) at regular U.S. federal income tax rates. The Fund does not expect these special tax rules to apply.

The Fund may be required to withhold from distributions to foreign stockholders that are otherwise exempt from U.S. federal withholding tax (or taxable at a reduced treaty rate) unless the foreign stockholder certifies its foreign status under penalties of perjury or otherwise establishes an exemption.

The tax consequences to a foreign stockholder entitled to claim the benefits of an applicable tax treaty may differ from those described herein. Foreign stockholders are advised to consult their own tax advisers with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of an investment in the Fund.

Additional Withholding Requirements

Under Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code (such Sections commonly referred to as “FATCA”), a 30% U.S. federal withholding tax may apply to any dividends that the Fund pays to (i) a “foreign financial institution” (as specifically defined in the Code), whether such foreign financial institution is the beneficial owner or an intermediary, unless such foreign financial institution agrees to verify, report and disclose its “United States account” holders (as specifically defined in the Code) and meets certain other specified requirements or (ii) a non-financial foreign entity, whether such non-financial foreign entity is the beneficial owner or an intermediary, unless such entity provides a certification that the beneficial owner of the payment does not have any substantial United States owners or provides the name, address and taxpayer identification number of each such substantial United States owner and certain other specified requirements are met. In certain cases, the relevant foreign financial institution or non-financial foreign entity may qualify for an exemption from, or be deemed to be in compliance with, these rules. In addition, foreign financial institutions located in jurisdictions that have an

 

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intergovernmental agreement with the United States governing FATCA may be subject to different rules. You should consult your own tax advisor regarding FATCA and whether it may be relevant to your ownership and disposition of Common Stock.

Other Taxation

Common Stockholders may be subject to state, local and foreign taxes on their Fund distributions. Common Stockholders are advised to consult their own tax advisers with respect to the particular tax consequences to them of an investment in the Fund.

 

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CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES

A control person is a person who beneficially owns more than 25% of the voting securities of a company. The Fund currently has no control person. To the Fund’s knowledge, no person owns of record or beneficially 5% or more of any class of the Fund’s outstanding equity securities. As a group, the Fund’s directors and officers own less than 1% of the Fund’s Common Stock.

 

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FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The audited financial statements included in the annual report to the Fund’s stockholders for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024 and together with the report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (“PwC”) for the Fund’s annual report, are incorporated herein by reference to the Fund’s annual report to stockholders. All other portions of the annual report to stockholders are not incorporated herein by reference and are not part of the registration statement, the SAI, the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement.

INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

PwC serves as the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm of the Fund and audits the financial statements of the Fund. PwC is located at 100 East Pratt Street, Suite 2600, Baltimore, Maryland 21202-1096.

CUSTODIAN AND TRANSFER AGENT

The custodian of the assets of the Fund is The Bank of New York Mellon, 225 Liberty Street, New York, New York 10286. The custodian performs custodial, fund accounting and portfolio accounting services. The Fund’s transfer, stockholder services and dividend paying agent is Computershare Inc., P.O. Box 43006, Providence, RI 02940-3078.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

As noted above, this statement of additional information is part of a registration statement filed with the SEC. Pursuant to the final rule and form amendments adopted by the SEC on April 8, 2020, the Fund is permitted to “incorporate by reference” certain information filed with the SEC, which means that the Fund can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus, and later information that the Fund files with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information.

The documents listed below, and any reports and other documents subsequently filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 30(b)(2) under the 1940 Act and Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, prior to the termination of the offering will be incorporated by reference into this Prospectus and deemed to be part of this Prospectus from the date of the filing of such reports and documents:

 

   

the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information, dated [●], 2025, filed with the accompanying Prospectus;

 

   

the Fund’s Annual Report on Form N-CSR, filed on January 28, 2025;

 

   

the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report on Form N-CSRS, filed on July 30, 2024;

 

   

the Fund’s Proxy Statement on Form DEF 14A, filed on March 6, 2024;

 

   

the Fund’s description of Common Stock on Form 8-A, filed on January 26, 2004.

You may obtain copies of any information incorporated by reference into this prospectus, at no charge, by calling toll-free (888) 777-0102 or by writing to the Fund at 620 Eighth Avenue, 47th Floor, New York, NY 10018. The Fund’s periodic reports filed pursuant to Section 30(b)(2) of the 1940 Act and Sections 13 and 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as well as this Prospectus and the Statement of Additional Information, are available on the Fund’s website http://www.franklintempleton.com/investments/options/closed-end-funds. In addition, the SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov, free of charge, that contains these reports, the Fund’s proxy and information statements, and other information relating to the Fund.

 

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A Registration Statement on Form N-2, including amendments thereto, relating to the shares of the Fund offered hereby, has been filed by the Fund with the SEC in Washington, D.C. The Fund’s Prospectus and this Statement of Additional Information do not contain all of the information set forth in the Registration Statement, including any exhibits and schedules thereto. For further information with respect to the Fund and the Common Stock offered hereby, reference is made to the Fund’s Registration Statement. Statements contained in the Fund’s Prospectus and this Statement of Additional Information as to the contents of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily complete and in each instance reference is made to the copy of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, each such statement being qualified in all respects by such reference. Copies of the Registration Statement may be inspected without charge at the SEC’s principal office in Washington, D.C., and copies of all or any part thereof may be obtained from the SEC upon the payment of certain fees prescribed by the SEC or on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

 

75


APPENDIX A

DESCRIPTION OF S&P, MOODY’S AND FITCH RATINGS1

S&P Global Ratings—A brief description of the applicable S&P Global Ratings and its affiliates (collectively, “S&P”) rating symbols and their meanings (as published by S&P) follows:

ISSUE CREDIT RATING DEFINITIONS

An S&P issue credit rating is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The opinion reflects S&P Global Ratings’ view of the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due, and this opinion may assess terms, such as collateral security and subordination, which could affect ultimate payment in the event of default.

Issue credit ratings can be either long-term or short-term. Short-term issue credit ratings are generally assigned to those obligations considered short-term in the relevant market. Short-term issue credit ratings are also used to indicate the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to put features on long-term obligations. Medium-term notes are assigned long-term ratings.

Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings*

Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P’s analysis of the following considerations:

 

   

The likelihood of payment—the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitments on an obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;

 

   

The nature and provisions of the financial obligation, and the promise we impute; and

 

   

The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of a bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors’ rights.

An issue rating is an assessment of default risk, but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)

 

“AAA”

   An obligation rated “AAA” has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.

“AA”

   An obligation rated “AA” differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.

 

1 

The ratings indicated herein are believed to be the most recent ratings available at the date of this Statement of Additional Information for the securities listed. Ratings are generally given to securities at the time of issuance. While the rating agencies may from time to time revise such ratings, they undertake no obligation to do so, and the ratings indicated do not necessarily represent ratings which would be given to these securities on the date of the Fund’s fiscal year end.

 

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“A”

   An obligation rated “A” is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.

“BBB”

   An obligation rated “BBB” exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

“BB,” “B,” “CCC,” “CC,” and “C”

  

 

Obligations rated “BB,” “B,” “CCC,” “CC,” and “C” are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. “BB” indicates the least degree of speculation and “C” the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.

“BB”

   An obligation rated “BB” is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

“B”

   An obligation rated “B” is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated “BB”, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

“CCC”

   An obligation rated “CCC” is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

“CC”

   An obligation rated “CC” is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The “CC” rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.

“C”

   An obligation rated “C” is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.

“D”

   An obligation rated “D” is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the “D” rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The “D” rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. A rating on an obligation is lowered to “D” if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

PLUS (+) OR MINUS (–)

   The ratings from “AA” to “CCC” may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (–) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.

 

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Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings

 

“A-1”

   A short-term obligation rated “A-1” is rated in the highest category by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.

“A-2”

   A short-term obligation rated “A-2” is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.

“A-3”

   A short-term obligation rated “A-3” exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

“B”

   A short-term obligation rated “B” is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.

“C”

   A short-term obligation rated “C” is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

“D”

   A short-term obligation rated “D” is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the “D” rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The “D” rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. A rating on an obligation is lowered to “D” if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

Active Qualifiers (Currently applied and/or outstanding)

S&P uses the following qualifiers that limit the scope of a rating. The structure of the transaction can require the use of a qualifier such as a “p” qualifier, which indicates the rating addresses the principal portion of the obligation only. A qualifier appears as a suffix and is part of the rating.

 

Federal deposit insurance limit: “L” qualifier

  

 

Ratings qualified with “L” apply only to amounts invested up to federal deposit insurance limits.

Principal: “p” qualifier

   This suffix is used for issues in which the credit factors, the terms, or both that determine the likelihood of receipt of payment of principal are different from the credit factors, terms or both that determine the likelihood of receipt of interest on the obligation. The “p” suffix indicates that the rating addresses the principal portion of the obligation only and that the interest is not rated.

 

A-3


Preliminary Ratings: “prelim” qualifier

  

 

Preliminary ratings, with the “prelim” suffix, may be assigned to obligors or obligations, including financial programs, in the circumstances described below. Assignment of a final rating is conditional on the receipt by S&P of appropriate documentation. S&P reserves the right not to issue a final rating. Moreover, if a final rating is issued, it may differ from the preliminary rating.

  

•  Preliminary ratings may be assigned to obligations, most commonly structured and project finance issues, pending receipt of final documentation and legal opinions.

  

•  Preliminary ratings may be assigned to obligations that will likely be issued upon the obligor’s emergence from bankruptcy or similar reorganization, based on late-stage reorganization plans, documentation and discussions with the obligor. Preliminary ratings may also be assigned to the obligors. These ratings consider the anticipated general credit quality of the reorganized or post-bankruptcy issuer as well as attributes of the anticipated obligation(s).

  

•  Preliminary ratings may be assigned to entities that are being formed or that are in the process of being independently established when, in S&P’s opinion, documentation is close to final. Preliminary ratings may also be assigned to the obligations of these entities.

  

•  Preliminary ratings may be assigned when a previously unrated entity is undergoing a well-formulated restructuring, recapitalization, significant financing or other transformative event, generally at the point that investor or lender commitments are invited. The preliminary rating may be assigned to the entity and to its proposed obligation(s). These preliminary ratings consider the anticipated general credit quality of the obligor, as well as attributes of the anticipated obligation(s), assuming successful completion of the transformative event. Should the transformative event not occur, S&P would likely withdraw these preliminary ratings.

  

•  A preliminary recovery rating may be assigned to an obligation that has a preliminary issue credit rating.

Termination Structures: “t” qualifier

  

 

This symbol indicates termination structures that are designed to honor their contracts to full maturity or, should certain events occur, to terminate and cash settle all their contracts before their final maturity date.

Counterparty Instrument Rating: “cir” qualifier

  

 

This symbol indicates a Counterparty Instrument Rating (CIR), which is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an issuer in a securitization structure with respect to a specific financial obligation to a counterparty (including interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and liquidity facilities). The CIR is determined on an ultimate payment basis; these opinions do not take into account timeliness of payment.

 

A-4


Inactive Qualifiers (No longer applied or outstanding)

 

Contingent upon final documentation: “*” inactive qualifier

  

 

 

This symbol indicated that the rating was contingent upon S&P’s receipt of an executed copy of the escrow agreement or closing documentation confirming investments and cash flows. Discontinued use in August 1998.

Termination of obligation to tender: “c” inactive qualifier

  

 

 

This qualifier was used to provide additional information to investors that the bank may terminate its obligation to purchase tendered bonds if the long-term credit rating of the issuer was lowered to below an investment-grade level and/or the issuer’s bonds were deemed taxable. Discontinued use in January 2001.

U.S. direct government securities: “G” inactive qualifier

  

 

 

The letter “G” followed the rating symbol when a fund’s portfolio consisted primarily of direct U.S. government securities.

Public Information Ratings: “pi” inactive qualifier

  

 

This qualifier was used to indicate ratings that were based on an analysis of an issuer’s published financial information, as well as additional information in the public domain. Such ratings did not, however, reflect in-depth meetings with an issuer’s management and therefore, could have been based on less comprehensive information than ratings without a “pi” suffix. Discontinued use as of December 2014 and as of August 2015 for Lloyd’s Syndicate Assessments.

Provisional Ratings: “pr” qualifier

  

 

The letters “pr” indicate that the rating was provisional. A provisional rating assumed the successful completion of a project financed by the debt being rated and indicates that payment of debt service requirements was largely or entirely dependent upon the successful, timely completion of the project. This rating, however, while addressing credit quality subsequent to completion of the project, made no comment on the likelihood of or the risk of default upon failure of such completion.

Quantitative Analysis of public information “q” inactive qualifier

  

 

 

A “q” subscript indicates that the rating is based solely on quantitative analysis of publicly available information. Discontinued use in April 2001.

Extraordinary risks “r” inactive qualifier

  

 

The “r” modifier was assigned to securities containing extraordinary risks, particularly market risks, that are not covered in the credit rating.

   The absence of an “r” modifier should not be taken as an indication that an obligation would not exhibit extraordinary non-credit related risks. S&P discontinued the use of the “r” modifier for most obligations in June 2000 and for the balance of obligations (mainly structured finance transactions) in November 2002.

 

A-5


Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.—A brief description of the applicable Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) rating symbols and their meanings (as published by Moody’s) follows:

LONG-TERM OBLIGATIONS RATINGS

Ratings assigned on Moody’s global long-term and short-term rating scales are forward-looking opinions of the relative credit risks of financial obligations issued by non-financial corporates, financial institutions, structured finance vehicles, project finance vehicles, and public sector entities. Moody’s defines credit risk as the risk that an entity may not meet its contractual financial obligations as they come due and any estimated financial loss in the event of default or impairment. The contractual financial obligations2 addressed by Moody’s ratings are those that call for, without regard to enforceability, the payment of an ascertainable amount, which may vary based upon standard sources of variation (e.g., floating interest rates), by an ascertainable date. Moody’s rating addresses the issuer’s ability to obtain cash sufficient to service the obligation, and its willingness to pay.3 Moody’s ratings do not address non-standard sources of variation in the amount of the principal obligation (e.g., equity indexed), absent an express statement to the contrary in a press release accompanying an initial rating.4 Long-term ratings are assigned to issuers or obligations with an original maturity of one year or more and reflect both on the likelihood of a default or impairment on contractual financial obligations and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default or impairment. Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default or impairment on contractual financial obligations and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default or impairment.5, 6 Moody’s issues ratings at the issuer level and instrument level on both the long-term scale and the short-term scale. Typically, ratings are made publicly available although private and unpublished ratings may also be assigned.7

Moody’s differentiates structured finance ratings from fundamental ratings (i.e., ratings on nonfinancial corporate, financial institution, and public sector entities) on the global long-term scale by adding (sf ) to all

 

2 

In the case of impairments, there can be a financial loss even when contractual obligations are met.

3 

In some cases the relevant credit risk relates to a third party, in addition to, or instead of the issuer. Examples include credit-linked notes and guaranteed obligations.

4 

Because the number of possible features or structures is limited only by the creativity of issuers, Moody’s cannot comprehensively catalogue all the types of non-standard variation affecting financial obligations, but examples include indexed values, equity values and cash flows, prepayment penalties, and an obligation to pay an amount that is not ascertainable at the inception of the transaction.

5 

For certain structured finance, preferred stock and hybrid securities in which payment default events are either not defined or do not match investors’ expectations for timely payment, long-term and short-term ratings reflect the likelihood of impairment (as defined below in this publication) and financial loss in the event of impairment.

6 

Supranational institutions and central banks that hold sovereign debt or extend sovereign loans, such as the IMF or the European Central Bank, may not always be treated similarly to other investors and lenders with similar credit exposures. Long-term and short-term ratings assigned to obligations held by both supranational institutions and central banks, as well as other investors, reflect only the credit risks faced by other investors unless specifically noted otherwise.

7 

Supranational institutions and central banks that hold sovereign debt or extend sovereign loans, such as the IMF or the European Central Bank, may not always be treated similarly to other investors and lenders with similar credit exposures. Long-term and short-term ratings assigned to obligations held by both supranational institutions and central banks, as well as other investors, reflect only the credit risks faced by other investors unless specifically noted otherwise.

 

A-6


structured finance ratings.8 The addition of (sf ) to structured finance ratings should eliminate any presumption that such ratings and fundamental ratings at the same letter grade level will behave the same. The (sf ) indicator for structured finance security ratings indicates that otherwise similarly rated structured finance and fundamental securities may have different risk characteristics. Through its current methodologies, however, Moody’s aspires to achieve broad expected equivalence in structured finance and fundamental rating performance when measured over a long period of time.

Long-Term Rating Definitions:

 

“Aaa”

   Obligations rated “Aaa” are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.

“Aa”

   Obligations rated “Aa” are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.

“A”

   Obligations rated “A” are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.

“Baa”

   Obligations rated “Baa” are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.

“Ba”

   Obligations rated “Ba” are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.

“B”

   Obligations rated “B” are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.

“Caa”

   Obligations rated “Caa” are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.

“Ca”

   Obligations rated “Ca” are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.

“C”

   Obligations rated “C” are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.

Note: Moody’s appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category. Additionally, a “(hyb)” indicator is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms.9*

 

8 

Like other global scale ratings, (sf) ratings reflect both the likelihood of a default and the expected loss suffered in the event of default. Ratings are assigned based on a rating committee’s assessment of a security’s expected loss rate (default probability multiplied by expected loss severity), and may be subject to the constraint that the final expected loss rating assigned would not be more than a certain number of notches, typically three to five notches, above the rating that would be assigned based on an assessment of default probability alone. The magnitude of this constraint may vary with the level of the rating, the seasoning of the transaction, and the uncertainty around the assessments of expected loss and probability of default.

9 

By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.

 

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MEDIUM-TERM NOTE PROGRAM RATINGS

Moody’s assigns provisional ratings to medium-term note (MTN) programs and definitive ratings to the individual debt securities issued from them (referred to as drawdowns or notes).

MTN program ratings are intended to reflect the ratings likely to be assigned to drawdowns issued from the program with the specified priority of claim (e.g., senior or subordinated). To capture the contingent nature of a program rating, Moody’s assigns provisional ratings to MTN programs. A provisional rating is denoted by a (P) in front of the rating and is defined elsewhere in this document.

The rating assigned to a drawdown from a rated MTN or bank/deposit note program is definitive in nature, and may differ from the program rating if the drawdown is exposed to additional credit risks besides the issuer’s default, such as links to the defaults of other issuers, or has other structural features that warrant a different rating. In some circumstances, no rating may be assigned to a drawdown.

Moody’s encourages market participants to contact Moody’s Ratings Desks or visit www.moodys.com directly if they have questions regarding ratings for specific notes issued under a medium-term note program. Unrated notes issued under an MTN program may be assigned an NR (not rated) symbol.

Short-Term Rating Definitions:

Short-term ratings are assigned to obligations with an original maturity of thirteen months or less and reflect both on the likelihood of a default or impairment on contractual financial obligations and the expected financial loss suffered in the event of default or impairment.10 11

Moody’s employs the following designations to indicate the relative repayment ability of rated issuers:

 

“P-1”

   Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

“P-2”

   Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

“P-3”

   Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.

“NP”

   Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.

 

10 

For certain structured finance, preferred stock and hybrid securities in which payment default events are either not defined or do not match investors’ expectations for timely payment, the ratings reflect the likelihood of impairment (as defined below in this publication).

11 

Supranational institutions and central banks that hold sovereign debt or extend sovereign loans, such as the IMF or the European Central Bank, may not always be treated similarly to other investors and lenders with similar credit exposures. Long-term and short-term ratings assigned to obligations held by both supranational institutions and central banks, as well as other investors, reflect only the credit risks faced by other investors unless specifically noted otherwise.

 

A-8


Fitch IBCA, Inc.—A brief description of the applicable Fitch IBCA, Inc. (“Fitch”) ratings symbols and meanings (as published by Fitch) follows:

INTERNATIONAL ISSUER AND CREDIT RATING SCALES

The Primary Credit Rating Scales (those featuring the symbols “AAA”-“D” and “Fi”-“D”) are used for debt and financial strength ratings. The below section describes their use for issuers and obligations in corporate, public and structured finance debt markets.

Long-Term Ratings Scales—Issuer Credit Ratings Scales

Rated entities in a number of sectors, including financial and non-financial corporations, sovereigns, insurance companies and certain sectors within public finance, are generally assigned Issuer Default Ratings (IDRs). IDRs are also assigned to certain entities or enterprises in global infrastructure, project finance and public finance. IDRs opine on an entity’s relative vulnerability to default on financial obligations. The “threshold” default risk addressed by the IDR is generally that of the financial obligations whose non-payment would best reflect the uncured failure of that entity. As such, IDRs also address relative vulnerability to bankruptcy, administrative receivership or similar concepts.

In aggregate, IDRs provide an ordinal ranking of issuers based on the agency’s view of their relative vulnerability to default, rather than a prediction of a specific percentage likelihood of default.

 

“AAA”

   Highest credit quality. “AAA” ratings denote the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.

“AA”

   Very high credit quality. “AA” ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.

“A”

   High credit quality. “A” ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.

“BBB”

   Good credit quality. “BBB” ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.

“BB”

   Speculative. “BB” ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial flexibility exists that supports the servicing of financial commitments.

“B”

   Highly speculative. “B” ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.

“CCC”

   Substantial credit risk. Default is a real possibility.

“CC”

   Very high levels of credit risk. Default of some kind appears probable.

 

A-9


“C”

   Near default. A default or default-like process has begun, or the issuer is in standstill, or for a closed funding vehicle, payment capacity is irrevocably impaired. Conditions that are indicative of a ‘C’ category rating for an issuer include:
   a. the issuer has entered into a grace or cure period following non-payment of a material financial obligation;
   b. the issuer has entered into a temporary negotiated waiver or standstill agreement following a payment default on a material financial obligation;
   c. the formal announcement by the issuer or their agent of a distressed debt exchange; or
   d. a closed financing vehicle where payment capacity is irrevocably impaired such that it is not expected to pay interest and/or principal in full during the life of the transaction, but where no payment default is imminent.

“RD”

   Restricted default. “RD” ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings’ opinion has experienced:
   a. an uncured payment default or distressed debt exchange on a bond, loan or other material financial obligation, but
   b. has not entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, and
   c. has not otherwise ceased operating.
   This would include:
   i. the selective payment default on a specific class or currency of debt;
   ii. the uncured expiry of any applicable grace period, cure period or default forbearance period following a payment default on a bank loan, capital markets security or other material financial obligation;
   iii. the extension of multiple waivers or forbearance periods upon a payment default on one or more material financial obligations, either in series or in parallel; ordinary execution of a distressed debt exchange on one or more material financial obligations.

“D”

   Default. “D” ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings’ opinion has entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure, or which has otherwise ceased business.
   Default ratings are not assigned prospectively to entities or their obligations; within this context, non-payment on an instrument that contains a deferral feature or grace period will generally not be considered a default until after the expiration of the deferral or grace period, unless a default is otherwise driven by bankruptcy or other similar circumstance, or by a distressed debt exchange.
   In all cases, the assignment of a default rating reflects the agency’s opinion as to the most appropriate rating category consistent with the rest of its universe of ratings, and may differ from the definition of default under the terms of an issuer’s financial obligations or local commercial practice.

Note: The modifiers “+” or “–” may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the ‘AAA’ Long-Term IDR category, or to Long-Term IDR categories below “B”.

 

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Limitations of the Issuer Credit Rating Scale:

Specific limitations relevant to the issuer credit rating scale include:

 

   

The ratings do not predict a specific percentage of default likelihood or failure likelihood over any given time period.

 

   

The ratings do not opine on the market value of any issuer’s securities or stock, or the likelihood that this value may change.

 

   

The ratings do not opine on the liquidity of the issuer’s securities or stock.

 

   

The ratings do not opine on the possible loss severity on an obligation should an issuer default.

 

   

The ratings do not opine on the suitability of an issuer as a counterparty to trade credit.

 

   

The ratings do not opine on any quality related to an issuer’s business, operational or financial profile other than the agency’s opinion on its relative vulnerability to default.

Ratings assigned by Fitch Ratings articulate an opinion on discrete and specific areas of risk. The above list is not exhaustive, and is provided for the reader’s convenience.

Short-Term Ratings—Short-Term Ratings Assigned to

Obligations in Corporate, Public and Structured Finance

A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as “short term” based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations, and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.

 

“F1”

   Highest short-term credit quality. Indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added “+” to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.

“F2”

   Good short-term credit quality. Good intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments.

“F3”

   Fair short-term credit quality. The intrinsic capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate.

“B”

   Speculative short-term credit quality. Minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus heightened vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.

“C”

   High short-term default risk. Default is a real possibility.

“RD”

   Restricted default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Typically applicable to entity ratings only.

“D”

   Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a specific short-term obligation.

 

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Limitations of the Short-Term Ratings Scale:

Specific limitations relevant to the Short-Term Ratings scale include:

 

   

The ratings do not predict a specific percentage of default likelihood over any given time period.

 

   

The ratings do not opine on the market value of any issuer’s securities or stock, or the likelihood that this value may change.

 

   

The ratings do not opine on the liquidity of the issuer’s securities or stock.

 

   

The ratings do not opine on the possible loss severity on an obligation should an obligation default.

 

   

The ratings do not opine on any quality related to an issuer or transaction’s profile other than the agency’s opinion on the relative vulnerability to default of the rated issuer or obligation.

Ratings assigned by Fitch Ratings articulate an opinion on discrete and specific areas of risk. The above list is not exhaustive, and is provided for the reader’s convenience.

 

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APPENDIX B

FRANKLIN TEMPLETON FUND ADVISER, LLC

Proxy Voting Policy

FTFA delegates to each subadviser the responsibility for voting proxies for its funds, as applicable, through its contracts with each subadviser. Each subadviser may use its own proxy voting policies and procedures to vote proxies of the funds if the funds’ Board reviews and approves the use of those policies and procedures. Accordingly, FTFA does not expect to have proxy-voting responsibility for any of the funds.

Should FTFA become responsible for voting proxies for any reason, such as the inability of a subadviser to provide investment advisory services, FTFA shall utilize the proxy voting guidelines established by the most recent subadviser to vote proxies until a new subadviser is retained and the use of its proxy voting policies and procedures is authorized by the Board. In the case of a material conflict between the interests of FTFA (or its affiliates if such conflict is known to persons responsible for voting at FTFA) and any fund, the Board of Directors of FTFA shall consider how to address the conflict and/or how to vote the proxies. FTFA shall maintain records of all proxy votes in accordance with applicable securities laws and regulations.

FTFA shall be responsible for gathering relevant documents and records related to proxy voting from each subadviser and providing them to the funds as required for the funds to comply with applicable rules under the Investment Company Act of 1940. FTFA shall also be responsible for coordinating the provision of information to the Board with regard to the proxy voting policies and procedures of each subadviser, including the actual proxy voting policies and procedures of each subadviser, changes to such policies and procedures, and reports on the administration of such policies and procedures.

 

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APPENDIX C

CLEARBRIDGE INVESTMENTS

PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

 

I.

Types of Accounts for Which ClearBridge Votes Proxies

 

II.

General Guidelines

 

III.

How ClearBridge Votes

 

IV.

Conflicts of Interest

 

  A.

Procedures for Identifying Conflicts of Interest

 

  B.

Procedures for Assessing Materiality of Conflicts of Interest and for Addressing Material Conflicts of Interest

 

  C.

Third Party Proxy Voting Firm—Conflicts of Interest

 

V.

Voting Policy

 

  A.

Election of Directors

 

  B.

Proxy Contests

 

  C.

Auditors

 

  D.

Proxy Contest Defenses

 

  E.

Tender Offer Defenses

 

  F.

Miscellaneous Governance Provisions

 

  G.

Capital Structure

 

  H.

Executive and Director Compensation

 

  I.

State/Country of Incorporation

 

  J.

Mergers and Corporate Restructuring

 

  K.

Social and Environmental Issues

 

  L.

Miscellaneous

 

VI.

Other Considerations

 

  A.

Share Blocking

 

  B.

Securities on Loan

 

VII.

Disclosure of Proxy Voting

 

VIII.

Recordkeeping and Oversight

CLEARBRIDGE INVESTMENTS

Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures

 

I.

TYPES OF ACCOUNTS FOR WHICH CLEARBRIDGE VOTES PROXIES

ClearBridge votes proxies for each client for which it has investment discretion unless the investment management agreement provides that the client or other authorized party (e.g., a trustee or named fiduciary of a plan) is responsible for voting proxies.

 

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II.

GENERAL GUIDELINES

In voting proxies, we are guided by general fiduciary principles. Our goal is to act prudently, solely in the best interest of the beneficial owners of the accounts we manage. We attempt to provide for the consideration of all factors that could affect the value of the investment and will vote proxies in the manner that we believe will be consistent with efforts to maximize shareholder values.

 

III.

HOW CLEARBRIDGE VOTES

Section V of these policies and procedures sets forth certain stated positions. In the case of a proxy issue for which there is a stated position, we generally vote in accordance with the stated position. In the case of a proxy issue for which there is a list of factors set forth in Section V that we consider in voting on such issue, we consider those factors and vote on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the general principles set forth above. In the case of a proxy issue for which there is no stated position or list of factors that we consider in voting on such issue, we vote on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the general principles set forth above. We may utilize an external service provider to provide us with information and/or a recommendation with regard to proxy votes but we are not required to follow any such recommendations. The use of an external service provider does not relieve us of our responsibility for the proxy vote.

For routine matters, we usually vote according to our policy or the external service provider’s recommendation, although we are not obligated to do so and each individual portfolio management team may vote contrary to our policy or the recommendation of the external service provider. If a matter is non-routine, e.g., management’s recommendation is different than that of the external service provider and ClearBridge is a significant holder or it is a significant holding for ClearBridge, the issues will be highlighted to the appropriate investment teams. Different investment teams may vote differently on the same issue, depending upon their assessment of clients’ best interests.

ClearBridge’s policies are reviewed annually and its proxy voting process is overseen and coordinated by its Proxy Committee.

 

IV.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

In furtherance of ClearBridge’s goal to vote proxies in the best interests of clients, ClearBridge follows procedures designed to identify and address material conflicts that may arise between ClearBridge’s interests and those of its clients before voting proxies on behalf of such clients.

 

  A.

Procedures for Identifying Conflicts of Interest

ClearBridge relies on the following to seek to identify conflicts of interest with respect to proxy voting:

 

  1.

ClearBridge’s employees are periodically reminded of their obligation (i) to be aware of the potential for conflicts of interest on the part of ClearBridge with respect to voting proxies on behalf of client accounts both as a result of their personal relationships or personal or business relationships relating to another Franklin Resources, Inc. (“Franklin”) business unit, and (ii) to bring conflicts of interest of which they become aware to the attention of ClearBridge’s Chief Compliance Officer.

 

  2.

ClearBridge’s finance area maintains and provides to ClearBridge Compliance and proxy voting personnel an up- to-date list of all client relationships that have historically accounted for or are projected to account for greater than 1% of ClearBridge’s net revenues.

 

  3.

As a general matter, ClearBridge takes the position that relationships between a non ClearBridge Franklin unit and an issuer (e.g., investment management relationship between an issuer and a non-ClearBridge Franklin affiliate) do not present a conflict of interest for

 

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  ClearBridge in voting proxies with respect to such issuer because ClearBridge operates as an independent business unit from other Franklin business units and because of the existence of informational barriers between ClearBridge and certain other Franklin business units. As noted above, ClearBridge employees are under an obligation to bring such conflicts of interest, including conflicts of interest which may arise because of an attempt by another Franklin business unit or non-ClearBridge Franklin officer or employee to influence proxy voting by ClearBridge to the attention of ClearBridge Compliance.

 

  4.

A list of issuers with respect to which ClearBridge has a potential conflict of interest in voting proxies on behalf of client accounts will be maintained by ClearBridge proxy voting personnel. ClearBridge will not vote proxies relating to such issuers until it has been determined that the conflict of interest is not material or a method for resolving the conflict of interest has been agreed upon and implemented, as described in Section IV below.

 

  B.

Procedures for Assessing Materiality of Conflicts of Interest and for Addressing Material Conflicts of Interest

 

  1.

ClearBridge maintains a Proxy Committee which, among other things, reviews and addresses conflicts of interest brought to its attention. The Proxy Committee is comprised of such ClearBridge personnel (and others, at ClearBridge’s request), as are designated from time to time. The current members of the Proxy Committee are set forth in the Proxy Committee’s Terms of Reference.

 

  2.

All conflicts of interest identified pursuant to the procedures outlined in Section IV. A. must be brought to the attention of the Proxy Committee for resolution. A proxy issue that will be voted in accordance with a stated ClearBridge position on such issue or in accordance with the recommendation of an independent third party generally is not brought to the attention of the Proxy Committee for a conflict of interest review because ClearBridge’s position is that any conflict of interest issues are resolved by voting in accordance with a pre-determined policy or in accordance with the recommendation of an independent third party.

 

  3.

The Proxy Committee will determine whether a conflict of interest is material. A conflict of interest will be considered material to the extent that it is determined that such conflict is likely to influence, or appear to influence, ClearBridge’s decision-making in voting the proxy. All materiality determinations will be based on an assessment of the particular facts and circumstances. A written record of all materiality determinations made by the Proxy Committee will be maintained.

 

  4.

If it is determined by the Proxy Committee that a conflict of interest is not material, ClearBridge may vote proxies notwithstanding the existence of the conflict.

 

  5.

If it is determined by the Proxy Committee that a conflict of interest is material, the Proxy Committee will determine an appropriate method to resolve such conflict of interest before the proxy affected by the conflict of interest is voted. Such determination shall be based on the particular facts and circumstances, including the importance of the proxy issue, the nature of the conflict of interest, etc. Such methods may include:

 

   

disclosing the conflict to clients and obtaining their consent before voting;

 

   

suggesting to clients that they engage another party to vote the proxy on their behalf;

 

   

in the case of a conflict of interest resulting from a particular employee’s personal relationships, removing such employee from the decision-making process with respect to such proxy vote; or

 

   

such other method as is deemed appropriate given the particular facts and circumstances, including the importance of the proxy issue, the nature of the conflict of interest, etc.*

 

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A written record of the method used to resolve a material conflict of interest shall be maintained.

* Especially in the case of an apparent, as opposed to actual, conflict of interest, the Proxy Committee may resolve such conflict of interest by satisfying itself that ClearBridge’s proposed vote on a proxy issue is in the best interest of client accounts and is not being influenced by the conflict of interest.

 

  C.

Third Party Proxy Voting Firm—Conflicts of Interest

With respect to a third-party proxy voting firm described herein, the Proxy Committee will periodically review and assess such firm’s policies, procedures and practices with respect to the disclosure and handling of conflicts of interest.

 

V.

VOTING POLICY

These are policy guidelines that can always be superseded, subject to the duty to act solely in the best interest of the beneficial owners of accounts, by the investment management professionals responsible for the account holding the shares being voted. There may be occasions when different investment teams vote differently on the same issue. In addition, in the case of Taft-Hartley clients, ClearBridge will comply with a client direction to vote proxies in accordance with Institutional Shareholder Services’ (ISS) PVS Proxy Voting Guidelines, which ISS represents to be fully consistent with AFL-CIO guidelines.

 

  A.

Election of Directors

 

  1.

Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections.

 

  a.

We withhold our vote from a director nominee who:

 

   

attended less than 75 percent of the company’s board and committee meetings without a valid excuse (illness, service to the nation/local government, work on behalf of the company);

 

   

received more than 50 percent withheld votes of the shares cast at the previous board election, and the company has failed to address the issue as to why;

 

   

is a member of the company’s audit committee, when excessive non-audit fees were paid to the auditor, or there are chronic control issues and an absence of established effective control mechanisms;

 

   

is a member of the company’s compensation committee if the compensation committee ignore a say on pay proposal that a majority of shareholders opposed;

 

   

is a member of the company’s nominating committee and there is no gender diversity on the board (or those currently proposed for election to the board do not meet that criterion).

 

   

is a member of the company’s nominating committee and there is no racial/ethnic diversity on the board (or those currently proposed for election to the board do not meet that criterion).1

1 This position only applies to Anglo markets which is defined as US, Canada, UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand.

 

  b.

We vote on a case-by-case basis in the following circumstances:

 

  i.

Significant Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emitters – We will generally vote against the Chair of the board and the Chair of the responsible committee for companies that are significant GHG emitters in cases where the company is not taking the minimum steps needed to understand, assess, and mitigate risks related to climate change to the

 

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  company and the larger economy. Minimum steps include detailed disclosure of climate-related risks, such as the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD); and, at this time, “appropriate” GHG emissions reductions targets (i.e., short-term and medium-term GHG reduction targets or net zero by 2050 GHG reduction targets).

 

  ii.

Lack of Progress Towards Addressing Emissions – We may decide to vote against the Chair of the board and relevant Directors in connection with our net zero commitment if we determine that insufficient progress has been made towards addressing emissions. Such a vote against the Chair and Directors would be one of the final steps in our net zero escalation policy. A vote against the Chair and Directors would only be considered after extensive direct engagement with the company and where there is insufficient progress being made via engagement after several years. This vote would be placed on an ad hoc basis and only upon our specific request.

 

  c.

We vote for all other director nominees.

 

  2.

Chairman and CEO is the Same Person.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals that would require the positions of the Chairman and CEO to be held by different persons. We would generally vote FOR such a proposal unless there are compelling reasons to vote against the proposal, including:

 

   

Designation of a lead director

 

   

Majority of independent directors (supermajority)

 

   

All independent key committees

 

   

Size of the company (based on market capitalization)

 

   

Established governance guidelines

 

   

Company performance

 

  3.

Majority of Independent Directors

 

  a.

We vote for shareholder proposals that request that the board be comprised of a majority of independent directors. Generally that would require that the director have no connection to the company other than the board seat. In determining whether an independent director is truly independent (e.g. when voting on a slate of director candidates), we consider certain factors including, but not necessarily limited to, the following: whether the director or his/her company provided professional services to the company or its affiliates either currently or in the past year; whether the director has any transactional relationship with the company; whether the director is a significant customer or supplier of the company; whether the director is employed by a foundation or university that received significant grants or endowments from the company or its affiliates; and whether there are interlocking directorships.

 

  b.

We vote for shareholder proposals that request that the board audit, compensation and/or nominating committees include independent directors exclusively.

 

  4.

Stock Ownership Requirements

We vote against shareholder proposals requiring directors to own a minimum amount of company stock in order to qualify as a director, or to remain on the board.

 

  5.

Term of Office

We vote against shareholder proposals to limit the tenure of independent directors.

 

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  6.

Director and Officer Indemnification and Liability Protection

 

  a.

Subject to subparagraphs 2, 3, and 4 below, we vote for proposals concerning director and officer indemnification and liability protection.

 

  b.

We vote for proposals to limit and against proposals to eliminate entirely director and officer liability for monetary damages for violating the duty of care.

 

  c.

We vote against indemnification proposals that would expand coverage beyond just legal expenses to acts, such as negligence, that are more serious violations of fiduciary obligations than mere carelessness.

 

  d.

We vote for only those proposals that provide such expanded coverage noted in subparagraph 3 above in cases when a director’s or officer’s legal defense was unsuccessful if: (1) the director was found to have acted in good faith and in a manner that he reasonably believed was in the best interests of the company, and (2) if only the director’s legal expenses would be covered.

 

  7.

Director Qualifications

 

  a.

We vote case-by-case on proposals that establish or amend director qualifications. Considerations include how reasonable the criteria are and to what degree they may preclude dissident nominees from joining the board.

 

  b.

We vote against shareholder proposals requiring two candidates per board seat.

 

  B.

Proxy Contests

 

  1.

Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections

We vote on a case-by-case basis in contested elections of directors. Considerations include: chronology of events leading up to the proxy contest; qualifications of director nominees (incumbents and dissidents); for incumbents, whether the board is comprised of a majority of outside directors; whether key committees (i.e.: nominating, audit, compensation) comprise solely of independent outsiders; discussion with the respective portfolio manager(s).

 

  2.

Reimburse Proxy Solicitation Expenses

We vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to provide full reimbursement for dissidents waging a proxy contest. Considerations include: identity of persons who will pay solicitation expenses; cost of solicitation; percentage that will be paid to proxy solicitation firms.

 

  C.

Auditors

 

  1.

Ratifying Auditors

We vote for proposals to ratify auditors, unless an auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company, and is therefore not independent; or there is reason to believe that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion that is neither accurate nor indicative of the company’s financial position or there is reason to believe the independent auditor has not followed the highest level of ethical conduct. Specifically, we will vote to ratify auditors if the auditors only provide the company audit services and such other audit-related and non-audit services the provision of which will not cause such auditors to lose their independence under applicable laws, rules and regulations.

 

  2.

Financial Statements and Director and Auditor Reports

We generally vote for management proposals seeking approval of financial accounts and reports and the discharge of management and supervisory board members, unless there is concern about the past actions of the company’s auditors or directors.

 

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  3.

Remuneration of Auditors

We vote for proposals to authorize the board or an audit committee of the board to determine the remuneration of auditors, unless there is evidence of excessive compensation relative to the size and nature of the company.

 

  4.

Indemnification of Auditors

We vote against proposals to indemnify auditors.

 

  D.

Proxy Contest Defenses

 

  1.

Board Structure: Staggered vs. Annual Elections

 

  a.

We vote against proposals to classify the board.

 

  b.

We vote for proposals to repeal classified boards and to elect all directors annually.

 

  2.

Shareholder Ability to Remove Directors

 

  a.

We vote against proposals that provide that directors may be removed only for cause.

 

  b.

We vote for proposals to restore shareholder ability to remove directors with or without cause.

 

  c.

We vote against proposals that provide that only continuing directors may elect replacements to fill board vacancies.

 

  d.

We vote for proposals that permit shareholders to elect directors to fill board vacancies.

 

  3.

Cumulative Voting

 

  a.

If plurality voting is in place for uncontested director elections, we vote for proposals to permit or restore cumulative voting.

 

  b.

If majority voting is in place for uncontested director elections, we vote against cumulative voting.

 

  c.

If plurality voting is in place for uncontested director elections, and proposals to adopt both cumulative voting and majority voting are on the same slate, we vote for majority voting and against cumulative voting.

 

  4.

Majority Voting

We vote for non-binding and/or binding resolutions requesting that the board amend a company’s by-laws to stipulate that directors need to be elected with an affirmative majority of the votes cast, provided that it does not conflict with the state law where the company is incorporated. In addition, all resolutions need to provide for a carve-out for a plurality vote standard when there are more nominees than board seats (i.e. contested election). In addition, ClearBridge strongly encourages companies to adopt a post-election director resignation policy setting guidelines for the company to follow to promptly address situations involving holdover directors.

 

  5.

Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings

 

  a.

We vote against proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholder ability to call special meetings.

 

  b.

We vote for proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to call special meetings, taking into account a minimum ownership threshold of 10 percent (and investor ownership structure, depending on bylaws).

 

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  6.

Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent

 

  a.

We vote against proposals to restrict or prohibit shareholder ability to take action by written consent.

 

  b.

We vote for proposals to allow or make easier shareholder action by written consent.

 

  7.

Shareholder Ability to Alter the Size of the Board

 

  a.

We vote for proposals that seek to fix the size of the board.

 

  b.

We vote against proposals that give management the ability to alter the size of the board without shareholder approval.

 

  8.

Advance Notice Proposals

We vote on advance notice proposals on a case-by-case basis, giving support to those proposals which allow shareholders to submit proposals as close to the meeting date as reasonably possible and within the broadest window possible.

 

  9.

Amendment of By-Laws

 

  a.

We vote against proposals giving the board exclusive authority to amend the by-laws.

 

  b.

We vote for proposals giving the board the ability to amend the by-laws in addition to shareholders.

 

  10.

Article Amendments (not otherwise covered by ClearBridge Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures).

We review on a case-by-case basis all proposals seeking amendments to the articles of association.

We vote for article amendments if:

 

   

shareholder rights are protected;

 

   

there is negligible or positive impact on shareholder value;

 

   

management provides adequate reasons for the amendments; and

 

   

the company is required to do so by law (if applicable).

 

  E.

Tender Offer Defenses

 

  1.

Poison Pills

 

  a.

We vote for shareholder proposals that ask a company to submit its poison pill for shareholder ratification.

 

  b.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals to redeem a company’s poison pill. Considerations include: when the plan was originally adopted; financial condition of the company; terms of the poison pill.

 

  c.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on management proposals to ratify a poison pill. Considerations include: sunset provision—poison pill is submitted to shareholders for ratification or rejection every 2 to 3 years; shareholder redemption feature -10% of the shares may call a special meeting or seek a written consent to vote on rescinding the rights plan.

 

  2.

Fair Price Provisions

 

  a.

We vote for fair price proposals, as long as the shareholder vote requirement embedded in the provision is no more than a majority of disinterested shares.

 

  b.

We vote for shareholder proposals to lower the shareholder vote requirement in existing fair price provisions.

 

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  3.

Greenmail

 

  a.

We vote for proposals to adopt anti-greenmail charter or bylaw amendments or otherwise restrict a company’s ability to make greenmail payments.

 

  b.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on anti-greenmail proposals when they are bundled with other charter or bylaw amendments.

 

  4.

Unequal Voting Rights

 

  a.

We vote against dual class exchange offers.

 

  b.

We vote against dual class re-capitalization.

 

  5.

Supermajority Shareholder Vote Requirement to Amend the Charter or Bylaws

 

  a.

We vote against management proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote to approve charter and bylaw amendments.

 

  b.

We vote for shareholder proposals to lower supermajority shareholder vote requirements for charter and bylaw amendments.

 

  6.

Supermajority Shareholder Vote Requirement to Approve Mergers

 

  a.

We vote against management proposals to require a supermajority shareholder vote to approve mergers and other significant business combinations.

 

  b.

We vote for shareholder proposals to lower supermajority shareholder vote requirements for mergers and other significant business combinations.

 

  7.

White Knight/Squire Placements

We vote for shareholder proposals to require approval of blank check preferred stock issues.

 

  F.

Miscellaneous Governance Provisions

 

  1.

Confidential Voting

 

  a.

We vote for shareholder proposals that request corporations to adopt confidential voting, use independent tabulators and use independent inspectors of election as long as the proposals include clauses for proxy contests as follows: in the case of a contested election, management is permitted to request that the dissident group honor its confidential voting policy. If the dissidents agree, the policy remains in place. If the dissidents do not agree, the confidential voting policy is waived.

 

  b.

We vote for management proposals to adopt confidential voting subject to the proviso for contested elections set forth in sub-paragraph A.1. above.

 

  2.

Equal Access

We vote for shareholder proposals that would allow significant company shareholders equal access to management’s proxy material in order to evaluate and propose voting recommendations on proxy proposals and director nominees, and in order to nominate their own candidates to the board.

 

  3.

Bundled Proposals

We vote on a case-by-case basis on bundled or “conditioned” proxy proposals. In the case of items that are conditioned upon each other, we examine the benefits and costs of the packaged items. In instances when the joint effect of the conditioned items is not in shareholders’ best interests and therefore not in the best interests of the beneficial owners of accounts, we vote against the proposals. If the combined effect is positive, we support such proposals.

 

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  4.

Shareholder Advisory Committees

We vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to establish a shareholder advisory committee. Considerations include: rationale and cost to the firm to form such a committee. We generally vote against such proposals if the board and key nominating committees are comprised solely of independent/outside directors.

 

  5.

Other Business

We vote for proposals that seek to bring forth other business matters.

 

  6.

Adjourn Meeting

We vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals that seek to adjourn a shareholder meeting in order to solicit additional votes.

 

  7.

Lack of Information

We vote against proposals if a company fails to provide shareholders with adequate information upon which to base their voting decision.

 

  G.

Capital Structure

 

  1.

Common Stock Authorization

 

  a.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issue, except as described in paragraph 2 below.

 

  b.

Subject to paragraph 3, below we vote for the approval requesting increases in authorized shares if the company meets certain criteria:

 

   

Company has already issued a certain percentage (i.e. greater than 50%) of the company’s allotment.

 

   

The proposed increase is reasonable (i.e. less than 150% of current inventory) based on an analysis of the company’s historical stock management or future growth outlook of the company.

 

  c.

We vote on a case-by-case basis, based on the input of affected portfolio managers, if holding is greater than 1% of an account.

 

  2.

Stock Distributions: Splits and Dividends

We vote on a case-by-case basis on management proposals to increase common share authorization for a stock split, provided that the split does not result in an increase of authorized but unissued shares of more than 100% after giving effect to the shares needed for the split.

 

  3.

Reverse Stock Splits

We vote for management proposals to implement a reverse stock split, provided that the reverse split does not result in an increase of authorized but unissued shares of more than 100% after giving effect to the shares needed for the reverse split.

 

  4.

Blank Check Preferred Stock

 

  a.

We vote against proposals to create, authorize or increase the number of shares with regard to blank check preferred stock with unspecified voting, conversion, dividend distribution and other rights.

 

  b.

We vote for proposals to create “declawed” blank check preferred stock (stock that cannot be used as a takeover defense).

 

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  c.

We vote for proposals to authorize preferred stock in cases where the company specifies the voting, dividend, conversion, and other rights of such stock and the terms of the preferred stock appear reasonable.

 

  d.

We vote for proposals requiring a shareholder vote for blank check preferred stock issues.

 

  5.

Adjust Par Value of Common Stock

We vote for management proposals to reduce the par value of common stock.

 

  6.

Preemptive Rights

 

  a.

We vote on a case-by-case basis for shareholder proposals seeking to establish them and consider the following factors:

 

   

Size of the Company.

 

   

Characteristics of the size of the holding (holder owning more than 1% of the outstanding shares).

 

   

Percentage of the rights offering (rule of thumb less than 5%).

 

  b.

We vote on a case-by-case basis for shareholder proposals seeking the elimination of pre-emptive rights.

 

  7.

Debt Restructuring

We vote on a case-by-case basis for proposals to increase common and/or preferred shares and to issue shares as part of a debt-restructuring plan. Generally, we approve proposals that facilitate debt restructuring.

 

  8.

Share Repurchase Programs

We vote for management proposals to institute open-market share repurchase plans in which all shareholders may participate on equal terms.

 

  9.

Dual-Class Stock

We vote for proposals to eliminate dual-class structures, unless a company has a stated policy that stipulates that the dual class structure will be eliminated in a period not to exceed 5 years from its initial public offering.

 

  10.

Issue Stock for Use with Rights Plan

We vote against proposals that increase authorized common stock for the explicit purpose of implementing a shareholder rights plan (poison pill).

 

  11.

Debt Issuance Requests

When evaluating a debt issuance request, the issuing company’s present financial situation is examined. The main factor for analysis is the company’s current debt-to-equity ratio, or gearing level. A high gearing level may incline markets and financial analysts to downgrade the company’s bond rating, increasing its investment risk factor in the process. A gearing level up to 100 percent is considered acceptable.

We vote for debt issuances for companies when the gearing level is between zero and 100 percent.

We view on a case-by-case basis proposals where the issuance of debt will result in the gearing level being greater than 100 percent. Any proposed debt issuance is compared to industry and market standards.

 

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  12.

Financing Plans

We generally vote for the adopting of financing plans if we believe they are in the best economic interests of shareholders.

 

  H.

Executive and Director Compensation

In general, we vote for executive and director compensation plans, with the view that viable compensation programs reward the creation of stockholder wealth by having high payout sensitivity to increases in shareholder value. Certain factors, however, such as repricing underwater stock options without shareholder approval, would cause us to vote against a plan. Additionally, in some cases we would vote against a plan deemed unnecessary.

 

  1.

OBRA-Related Compensation Proposals

 

  a.

Amendments that Place a Cap on Annual Grant or Amend Administrative Features

We vote for plans that simply amend shareholder-approved plans to include administrative features or place a cap on the annual grants any one participant may receive to comply with the provisions of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code.

 

  b.

Amendments to Added Performance-Based Goals

We vote for amendments to add performance goals to existing compensation plans to comply with the provisions of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code.

 

  c.

Amendments to Increase Shares and Retain Tax Deductions Under OBRA

We vote for amendments to existing plans to increase shares reserved and to qualify the plan for favorable tax treatment under the provisions of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code.

 

  d.

Approval of Cash or Cash-and-Stock Bonus Plans

We vote for cash or cash-and-stock bonus plans to exempt the compensation from taxes under the provisions of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code.

 

  2.

Expensing of Options

We vote for proposals to expense stock options on financial statements.

 

  3.

Shareholder Proposals to Limit Executive and Director Pay

 

  a.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on all shareholder proposals that seek additional disclosure of executive and director pay information. Considerations include: cost and form of disclosure. We vote for such proposals if additional disclosure is relevant to shareholder’s needs and would not put the company at a competitive disadvantage relative to its industry.

 

  b.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on all other shareholder proposals that seek to limit executive and director pay.

 

  4.

Reports to Assess the Feasibility of Including Sustainability as a Performance Metric

We vote in favor of non-binding proposals for reports on the feasibility of including sustainability as a performance metric for senior executive compensation.

We have a policy of voting to reasonably limit the level of options and other equity-based compensation arrangements available to management to reasonably limit shareholder dilution and management compensation. For options and equity-based compensation arrangements, we vote FOR proposals or amendments that would result in the available awards being less than 10% of fully diluted outstanding shares (i.e. if the combined total of shares, common share equivalents

 

C-12


and options available to be awarded under all current and proposed compensation plans is less than 10% of fully diluted shares). In the event the available awards exceed the 10% threshold, we would also consider the % relative to the common practice of its specific industry (e.g. technology firms). Other considerations would include, without limitation, the following:

 

   

Compensation committee comprised of independent outside directors

 

   

Maximum award limits

 

   

Repricing without shareholder approval prohibited

 

   

3-year average burn rate for company

 

   

Plan administrator has authority to accelerate the vesting of awards

 

   

Shares under the plan subject to performance criteria

 

  5.

Golden Parachutes

 

  a.

We vote for shareholder proposals to have golden parachutes submitted for shareholder ratification.

 

  b.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on all proposals to ratify or cancel golden parachutes. Considerations include: the amount should not exceed 3 times average base salary plus guaranteed benefits; golden parachute should be less attractive than an ongoing employment opportunity with the firm.

 

  6.

Golden Coffins

 

  a.

We vote for shareholder proposals that request a company not to make any death benefit payments to senior executives’ estates or beneficiaries, or pay premiums in respect to any life insurance policy covering a senior executive’s life (“golden coffin”). We carve out benefits provided under a plan, policy or arrangement applicable to a broader group of employees, such as offering group universal life insurance.

 

  b.

We vote for shareholder proposals that request shareholder approval of survivor benefits for future agreements that, following the death of a senior executive, would obligate the company to make payments or awards not earned.

 

  7.

Anti-Tax Gross-up Policy

 

  a.

We vote for proposals that ask a company to adopt a policy whereby it will not make, or promise to make, any tax gross-up payment to its senior executives, except for tax gross-ups provided pursuant to a plan, policy, or arrangement applicable to management employees of the company generally, such as relocation or expatriate tax equalization policy; we also vote for proposals that ask management to put gross-up payments to a shareholder vote.

 

  b.

We vote against proposals where a company will make, or promise to make, any tax gross-up payment to its senior executives without a shareholder vote, except for tax gross-ups provided pursuant to a plan, policy, or arrangement applicable to management employees of the company generally, such as relocation or expatriate tax equalization policy.

 

  8.

Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs)

We vote for proposals that request shareholder approval in order to implement an ESOP or to increase authorized shares for existing ESOPs, except in cases when the number of shares allocated to the ESOP is “excessive” (i.e., generally greater than five percent of outstanding shares).

 

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  9.

Employee Stock Purchase Plans

 

  a.

We vote for qualified plans where all of the following apply:

 

   

The purchase price is at least 85 percent of fair market value

 

   

The offering period is 27 months or less

 

   

The number of shares allocated to the plan is five percent or less of outstanding shares

If the above do not apply, we vote on a case-by-case basis.

 

  b.

We vote for non-qualified plans where all of the following apply:

 

   

All employees of the company are eligible to participate (excluding 5 percent or more beneficial owners)

 

   

There are limits on employee contribution (ex: fixed dollar amount)

 

   

There is a company matching contribution with a maximum of 25 percent of an employee’s contribution

 

   

There is no discount on the stock price on purchase date (since there is a company match)

If the above do not apply, we vote against the non-qualified employee stock purchase plan.

 

  10.

401(k) Employee Benefit Plans

We vote for proposals to implement a 401(k) savings plan for employees.

 

  11.

Stock Compensation Plans

 

  a.

We vote for stock compensation plans which provide a dollar-for-dollar cash for stock exchange.

 

  b.

We vote on a case-by-case basis for stock compensation plans which do not provide a dollar-for-dollar cash for stock exchange using a quantitative model.

 

  12.

Directors Retirement Plans

 

  a.

We vote against retirement plans for non-employee directors.

 

  b.

We vote for shareholder proposals to eliminate retirement plans for non-employee directors.

 

  13.

Management Proposals to Reprice Options

We vote against management proposals seeking approval to reprice options.

 

  14.

Shareholder Proposals Regarding Executive and Director Pay

 

  a.

We vote against shareholder proposals seeking to set absolute levels on compensation or otherwise dictate the amount or form of compensation.

 

  b.

We vote against shareholder proposals requiring director fees be paid in stock only.

 

  c.

We vote against shareholder proposals to eliminate vesting of options and restricted stock on change of control.

 

  d.

We vote for shareholder proposals to put option repricing to a shareholder vote.

 

  e.

We vote for shareholder proposals that call for a non-binding advisory vote on executive pay (“say-on-pay”). Company boards would adopt a policy giving shareholders the opportunity at each annual meeting to vote on an advisory resolution to ratify the compensation of the named executive officers set forth in the proxy statement’s summary compensation table.

 

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  f.

We vote “annual” for the frequency of say-on-pay proposals rather than once every two or three years.

 

  g.

We vote on a case-by-case basis for all other shareholder proposals regarding executive and director pay, taking into account company performance, pay level versus peers, pay level versus industry, and long term corporate outlook.

 

  15.

Management Proposals on Executive Compensation

For non-binding advisory votes on executive officer compensation, when management and the external service provider agree, we vote for the proposal. When management and the external service provider disagree, the proposal becomes a refer item. In the case of a Refer item, the factors under consideration will include the following:

 

   

Company performance over the last 1, 3, and 5-year periods on a total shareholder return basis

 

   

Performance metrics for short- and long-term incentive programs

 

   

CEO pay relative to company performance (is there a misalignment)

 

   

Tax gross-ups to senior executives

 

   

Change-in-control arrangements

 

   

Presence of a clawback provision, ownership guidelines, or stock holding requirements for senior executives

 

  16.

Stock Retention / Holding Period of Equity Awards

We vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals asking companies to adopt policies requiring senior executives to retain all or a significant (>50 percent) portion of their shares acquired through equity compensation plans, either:

 

   

While employed and/or for one to two years following the termination of their employment; or

 

   

For a substantial period following the lapse of all other vesting requirements for the award, with ratable release of a portion of the shares annually during the lock-up period

The following factors will be taken into consideration:

 

   

Whether the company has any holding period, retention ratio, or named executive officer ownership requirements currently in place

 

   

Actual stock ownership of the company’s named executive officers

 

   

Policies aimed at mitigating risk taking by senior executives

 

   

Pay practices at the company that we deem problematic

 

  I.

State/Country of Incorporation

 

  1.

Voting on State Takeover Statutes

 

  a.

We vote for proposals to opt out of state freeze-out provisions.

 

  b.

We vote for proposals to opt out of state disgorgement provisions.

 

  2.

Voting on Re-incorporation Proposals

We vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to change a company’s state or country of incorporation. Considerations include: reasons for re-incorporation (i.e. financial, restructuring, etc); advantages/benefits for change (i.e. lower taxes); compare the differences in state/country laws governing the corporation.

 

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  3.

Control Share Acquisition Provisions

 

  a.

We vote against proposals to amend the charter to include control share acquisition provisions.

 

  b.

We vote for proposals to opt out of control share acquisition statutes unless doing so would enable the completion of a takeover that would be detrimental to shareholders.

 

  c.

We vote for proposals to restore voting rights to the control shares.

 

  d.

We vote for proposals to opt out of control share cashout statutes.

 

  J.

Mergers and Corporate Restructuring

 

  1.

Mergers and Acquisitions

 

  a.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on mergers and acquisitions. Considerations include: benefits/advantages of the combined companies (i.e. economies of scale, operating synergies, increase in market power/share, etc.); offer price (premium or discount); change in the capital structure; impact on shareholder rights.

 

  2.

Corporate Restructuring

 

  a.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on corporate restructuring proposals involving minority squeeze outs and leveraged buyouts. Considerations include: offer price, other alternatives/offers considered and review of fairness opinions.

 

  3.

Spin-offs

 

  a.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on spin-offs. Considerations include the tax and regulatory advantages, planned use of sale proceeds, market focus, and managerial incentives.

 

  4.

Asset Sales

 

  a.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on asset sales. Considerations include the impact on the balance sheet/working capital, value received for the asset, and potential elimination of diseconomies.

 

  5.

Liquidations

 

  a.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on liquidations after reviewing management’s efforts to pursue other alternatives, appraisal value of assets, and the compensation plan for executives managing the liquidation.

 

  6.

Appraisal Rights

 

  a.

We vote for proposals to restore, or provide shareholders with, rights of appraisal.

 

  7.

Changing Corporate Name

 

  a.

We vote for proposals to change the “corporate name”, unless the proposed name change bears a negative connotation.

 

  8.

Conversion of Securities

 

  a.

We vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals regarding conversion of securities. Considerations include the dilution to existing shareholders, the conversion price relative to market value, financial issues, control issues, termination penalties, and conflicts of interest.

 

  9.

Stakeholder Provisions

 

  a.

We vote against proposals that ask the board to consider non-shareholder constituencies or other non-financial effects when evaluating a merger or business combination.

 

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  K.

Social and Environmental Issues

When considering environmental and social (E&S) proposals, we have an obligation to vote proxies in the best interest of our clients, considering both shareholder value as well as societal impact.

 

  1.

Sustainability Reporting

 

  a.

We vote for proposals seeking greater disclosure on the company’s environmental, social & governance policies and practices;

 

  b.

We vote for proposals that would require companies whose annual revenues are at least $5 billion to prepare a sustainability report. All others will be decided on a case-by-case basis.

 

  2.

Diversity & Equality

 

  a.

We vote for proposals supporting nomination of most qualified candidates, inclusive of a diverse pool of women and people of color, to the Board of Directors and senior management levels;

 

  b.

We vote for proposals requesting comprehensive disclosure on board diversity;

 

  c.

We vote for proposals requesting comprehensive disclosure on employee diversity;

 

  d.

We vote for proposals requesting comprehensive reports on gender and racial pay disparity;

 

  e.

We vote for proposals seeking to amend a company’s EEO statement or diversity policies to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity.

 

  3.

Climate Risk Disclosure

 

  a.

We vote for climate proposals that are not overly prescriptive seeking more disclosure on financial, physical or regulatory risks related to climate change and/or how the company measures and manages such risks;

 

  b.

We vote for climate proposals that are not overly prescriptive requesting a report/disclosure of goals on GHG emissions reduction targets from company operations and/or products;

 

  4.

Case-by-case E&S proposals (examples)

 

  a.

Animal welfare policies;

 

  b.

Human rights and related company policies;

 

  c.

Talent acquisition and retention policies; we generally support proposals that enable a company to recruit, support and retain talent in a globally competitive world;

 

  d.

Operations in high-risk or sensitive areas;

 

  e.

Product integrity and marketing; and

 

  f.

Proposals asking a company to conduct an independent racial equity and/or civil rights audit, which we generally support but vote on a case-by-case basis given the variability in the language.

 

  L.

Miscellaneous

 

  1.

Charitable Contributions

We vote against proposals to eliminate, direct or otherwise restrict charitable contributions.

 

  2.

Political Contributions

 

C-17


We will vote in favor of non-binding proposals for reports on corporate lobbying and political contributions.

In general, we vote on a case-by-case basis on other shareholder proposals pertaining to political contributions. In determining our vote on political contribution proposals we consider, among other things, the following:

 

   

Does the company have a political contributions policy publicly available

 

   

How extensive is the disclosure on these documents

 

   

What oversight mechanisms the company has in place for approving/reviewing political contributions and expenditures

 

   

Does the company provide information on its trade association expenditures

 

   

Total amount of political expenditure by the company in recent history

 

  3.

Operational Items

 

  a.

We vote against proposals to provide management with the authority to adjourn an annual or special meeting absent compelling reasons to support the proposal.

 

  b.

We vote against proposals to reduce quorum requirements for shareholder meetings below a majority of the shares outstanding unless there are compelling reasons to support the proposal.

 

  c.

We vote for by-law or charter changes that are of a housekeeping nature (updates or corrections).

 

  d.

We vote for management proposals to change the date/time/location of the annual meeting unless the proposed change is unreasonable.

 

  e.

We vote against shareholder proposals to change the date/time/location of the annual meeting unless the current scheduling or location is unreasonable.

 

  f.

We vote against proposals to approve other business when it appears as voting item.

 

  4.

Routine Agenda Items

In some markets, shareholders are routinely asked to approve:

 

   

the opening of the shareholder meeting

 

   

that the meeting has been convened under local regulatory requirements

 

   

the presence of a quorum

 

   

the agenda for the shareholder meeting

 

   

the election of the chair of the meeting

 

   

regulatory filings

 

   

the allowance of questions

 

   

the publication of minutes

 

   

the closing of the shareholder meeting

We generally vote for these and similar routine management proposals.

 

  5.

Allocation of Income and Dividends

We generally vote for management proposals concerning allocation of income and the distribution of dividends, unless the amount of the distribution is consistently and unusually small or large.

 

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  6.

Stock (Scrip) Dividend Alternatives

 

  a.

We vote for most stock (scrip) dividend proposals.

 

  b.

We vote against proposals that do not allow for a cash option unless management demonstrates that the cash option is harmful to shareholder value.

ClearBridge has determined that registered investment companies, particularly closed end investment companies, raise special policy issues making specific voting guidelines frequently inapplicable. To the extent that ClearBridge has proxy voting authority with respect to shares of registered investment companies, ClearBridge shall vote such shares in the best interest of client accounts and subject to the general fiduciary principles set forth herein without regard to the specific voting guidelines set forth in Section V. A. through L.

The voting policy guidelines set forth herein will be reviewed annually and may be changed by ClearBridge in its sole discretion.

 

VI.

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

In certain situations, ClearBridge may determine not to vote proxies on behalf of a client because ClearBridge believes that the expected benefit to the client of voting shares is outweighed by countervailing considerations. Examples of situations in which ClearBridge may determine not to vote proxies on behalf of a client include:

 

  A.

Share Blocking

Proxy voting in certain countries requires “share blocking.” This means that shareholders wishing to vote their proxies must deposit their shares shortly before the date of the meeting (e.g. one week) with a designated depositary. During the blocking period, shares that will be voted at the meeting cannot be sold until the meeting has taken place and the shares have been returned to client accounts by the designated depositary. In deciding whether to vote shares subject to share blocking, ClearBridge will consider and weigh, based on the particular facts and circumstances, the expected benefit to clients of voting in relation to the detriment to clients of not being able to sell such shares during the applicable period.

 

  B.

Securities on Loan

Certain clients of ClearBridge, such as an institutional client or a mutual fund for which ClearBridge acts as a sub-adviser, may engage in securities lending with respect to the securities in their accounts. ClearBridge typically does not direct or oversee such securities lending activities. To the extent feasible and practical under the circumstances, ClearBridge will request that the client recall shares that are on loan so that such shares can be voted if ClearBridge believes that the expected benefit to the client of voting such shares outweighs the detriment to the client of recalling such shares (e.g., foregone income). The ability to timely recall shares for proxy voting purposes typically is not entirely within the control of ClearBridge and requires the cooperation of the client and its other service providers. Under certain circumstances, the recall of shares in time for such shares to be voted may not be possible due to applicable proxy voting record dates and administrative considerations.

 

VII.

DISCLOSURE OF PROXY VOTING

ClearBridge employees may not disclose to others outside of ClearBridge (including employees of other Franklin business units) how ClearBridge intends to vote a proxy absent prior approval from ClearBridge’s Chief Compliance Officer, except that a ClearBridge investment professional may disclose to a third party (other than an employee of another Franklin business unit) how s/he intends to vote without obtaining prior approval from ClearBridge’s Chief Compliance Officer if (1) the disclosure is intended to facilitate a discussion of publicly available information by ClearBridge personnel with a representative of a company

 

C-19


whose securities are the subject of the proxy, (2) the company’s market capitalization exceeds $1 billion and (3) ClearBridge has voting power with respect to less than 5% of the outstanding common stock of the company.

If a ClearBridge employee receives a request to disclose ClearBridge’s proxy voting intentions to, or is otherwise contacted by, another person outside of ClearBridge (including an employee of another Franklin business unit) in connection with an upcoming proxy voting matter, he/she should immediately notify ClearBridge’s Chief Compliance Officer.

If a portfolio manager wants to take a public stance with regards to a proxy, s/he must consult with ClearBridge’s Chief Compliance Officer before making or issuing a public statement.

 

VIII.

RECORDKEEPING AND OVERSIGHT

ClearBridge shall maintain the following records relating to proxy voting:

 

   

a copy of these policies and procedures;

 

   

a copy of each proxy form (as voted);

 

   

a copy of each proxy solicitation (including proxy statements) and related materials with regard to each vote;

 

   

documentation relating to the identification and resolution of conflicts of interest;

 

   

any documents created by ClearBridge that were material to a proxy voting decision or that memorialized the basis for that decision; and

 

   

a copy of each written client request for information on how ClearBridge voted proxies on behalf of the client, and a copy of any written response by ClearBridge to any (written or oral) client request for information on how ClearBridge voted proxies on behalf of the requesting client.

Such records shall be maintained and preserved in an easily accessible place for a period of not less than six years from the end of the fiscal year during which the last entry was made on such record, the first two years in an appropriate office of the ClearBridge adviser.

To the extent that ClearBridge is authorized to vote proxies for a United States Registered Investment Company, ClearBridge shall maintain such records as are necessary to allow such fund to comply with its recordkeeping, reporting and disclosure obligations under applicable laws, rules and regulations.

In lieu of keeping copies of proxy statements, ClearBridge may rely on proxy statements filed on the EDGAR system as well as on third party records of proxy statements and votes cast if the third party provides an undertaking to provide the documents promptly upon request.

 

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APPENDIX D

WESTERN ASSET MANAGEMENT COMPANY, LLC

PROXY VOTING POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

BACKGROUND

An investment adviser is required to adopt and implement policies and procedures that we believe are reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interest of clients, in accordance with fiduciary duties and SEC Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (“Advisers Act”). The authority to vote the proxies of our clients is established through investment management agreements or comparable documents. In addition to SEC requirements governing advisers, long-standing fiduciary standards and responsibilities have been established for ERISA accounts. Unless a manager of ERISA assets has been expressly precluded from voting proxies, the Department of Labor has determined that the responsibility for these votes lies with the Investment Manager.

POLICY

As a fixed income only manager, the occasion to vote proxies is very rare. However, the Firm has adopted and implemented policies and procedures that we believe are reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interest of clients, in accordance with our fiduciary duties and SEC Rule 206(4)- 6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (“Advisers Act”). In addition to SEC requirements governing advisers, our proxy voting policies reflect the long-standing fiduciary standards and responsibilities for ERISA accounts. Unless a manager of ERISA assets has been expressly precluded from voting proxies, the Department of Labor has determined that the responsibility for these votes lies with the Investment Manager.

While the guidelines included in the procedures are intended to provide a benchmark for voting standards, each vote is ultimately cast on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration the Firm’s contractual obligations to our clients and all other relevant facts and circumstances at the time of the vote (such that these guidelines may be overridden to the extent the Firm deems appropriate).

In exercising its voting authority, Western Asset will not consult or enter into agreements with officers, directors or employees of Franklin Templeton or any of its affiliates (other than Western Asset affiliated companies) regarding the voting of any securities owned by its clients.

PROCEDURE

Responsibility and Oversight

The Western Asset Legal and Compliance Department (“Compliance Department”) is responsible for administering and overseeing the proxy voting process. The gathering of proxies is coordinated through the Corporate Actions area of Investment Support (“Corporate Actions”). Research analysts and portfolio managers are responsible for determining appropriate voting positions on each proxy utilizing any applicable guidelines contained in these procedures.

Client Authority

The Investment Management Agreement for each client is reviewed at account start-up for proxy voting instructions. If an agreement is silent on proxy voting, but contains an overall delegation of discretionary authority or if the account represents assets of an ERISA plan, Western Asset will assume responsibility for proxy voting. The Legal and Compliance Department maintains a matrix of proxy voting authority.

 

D-1


Proxy Gathering

Registered owners of record, client custodians, client banks and trustees (“Proxy Recipients”) that receive proxy materials on behalf of clients should forward them to Corporate Actions. Proxy Recipients for new clients (or, if Western Asset becomes aware that the applicable Proxy Recipient for an existing client has changed, the Proxy Recipient for the existing client) are notified at start-up of appropriate routing to Corporate Actions of proxy materials received and reminded of their responsibility to forward all proxy materials on a timely basis. If Western Asset personnel other than Corporate Actions receive proxy materials, they should promptly forward the materials to Corporate Actions.

Proxy Voting

Once proxy materials are received by Corporate Actions, they are forwarded to the Legal and Compliance Department for coordination and the following actions:

 

  1.

Proxies are reviewed to determine accounts impacted.

 

  2.

Impacted accounts are checked to confirm Western Asset voting authority.

 

  3.

Legal and Compliance Department staff reviews proxy issues to determine any material conflicts of interest. (See conflicts of interest section of these procedures for further information on determining material conflicts of interest.)

 

  4.

If a material conflict of interest exists, (i) to the extent reasonably practicable and permitted by applicable law, the client is promptly notified, the conflict is disclosed and Western Asset obtains the client’s proxy voting instructions, and (ii) to the extent that it is not reasonably practicable or permitted by applicable law to notify the client and obtain such instructions (e.g., the client is a mutual fund or other commingled vehicle or is an ERISA plan client), Western Asset seeks voting instructions from an independent third party.

 

  5.

Legal and Compliance Department staff provides proxy material to the appropriate research analyst or portfolio manager to obtain their recommended vote. Research analysts and portfolio managers determine votes on a case-by-case basis taking into the account the voting guidelines contained in these procedures. For avoidance of doubt, depending on the best interest of each individual client, Western Asset may vote the same proxy differently for different clients. The analyst’s or portfolio manager’s basis for their decision is documented and maintained by the Legal and Compliance Department.

 

  6.

Legal and Compliance Department staff votes the proxy pursuant to the instructions received in (d) or (e) and returns the voted proxy as indicated in the proxy materials.

Timing

Western Asset personnel act in such a manner to ensure that, absent special circumstances, the proxy gathering, and proxy voting steps noted above can be completed before the applicable deadline for returning proxy votes.

Recordkeeping

Western Asset maintains records of proxies voted pursuant to Section 204-2 of the Advisers Act and ERISA DOL Bulletin 94-2. These records include:

 

  a.

A copy of Western Asset’s policies and procedures.

 

  b.

Copies of proxy statements received regarding client securities.

 

  c.

A copy of any document created by Western Asset that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies.

 

D-2


  d.

Each written client request for proxy voting records and Western Asset’s written response to both verbal and written client requests.

 

  e.

A proxy log including:

 

  1.

Issuer name;

 

  2.

Exchange ticker symbol of the issuer’s shares to be voted;

 

  3.

Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures (“CUSIP”) number for the shares to be voted;

 

  4.

A brief identification of the matter voted on;

 

  5.

Whether the matter was proposed by the issuer or by a shareholder of the issuer;

 

  6.

Whether a vote was cast on the matter;

 

  7.

A record of how the vote was cast; and

 

  8.

Whether the vote was cast for or against the recommendation of the issuer’s management team.

Records are maintained in an easily accessible place for five years, the first two in Western Asset’s offices.

Disclosure

Western Asset’s proxy policies are described in the firm’s Part 2A of Form ADV. Clients will be provided a copy of these policies and procedures upon request. In addition, upon request, clients may receive reports on how their proxies have been voted.

Conflicts of Interest

All proxies are reviewed by the Legal and Compliance Department for material conflicts of interest.

Issues to be reviewed include, but are not limited to:

 

  1.

Whether Western (or, to the extent required to be considered by applicable law, its affiliates) manages assets for the company or an employee group of the company or otherwise has an interest in the company;

 

  2.

Whether Western or an officer or director of Western or the applicable portfolio manager or analyst responsible for recommending the proxy vote (together, “Voting Persons”) is a close relative of or has a personal or business relationship with an executive, director or person who is a candidate for director of the company or is a participant in a proxy contest; and

 

  3.

Whether there is any other business or personal relationship where a Voting Person has a personal interest in the outcome of the matter before shareholders.

Voting Guidelines

Western Asset’s substantive voting decisions turn on the particular facts and circumstances of each proxy vote and are evaluated by the designated research analyst or portfolio manager. The examples outlined below are meant as guidelines to aid in the decision making process.

Guidelines are grouped according to the types of proposals generally presented to shareholders. Part I deals with proposals which have been approved and are recommended by a company’s board of directors; Part II deals with proposals submitted by shareholders for inclusion in proxy statements; Part III addresses issues relating to voting shares of investment companies; and Part IV addresses unique considerations pertaining to foreign issuers.

 

D-3


  1.

Board Approved Proposals

The vast majority of matters presented to shareholders for a vote involve proposals made by a company itself that have been approved and recommended by its board of directors. In view of the enhanced corporate governance practices currently being implemented in public companies, Western Asset generally votes in support of decisions reached by independent boards of directors. More specific guidelines related to certain board-approved proposals are as follows:

 

  a.

Matters relating to the Board of Directors

Western Asset votes proxies for the election of the company’s nominees for directors and for board-approved proposals on other matters relating to the board of directors with the following exceptions:

 

  i.

Votes are withheld for the entire board of directors if the board does not have a majority of independent directors or the board does not have nominating, audit and compensation committees composed solely of independent directors.

 

  ii.

Votes are withheld for any nominee for director who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation from the company other than for service as a director.

 

  iii.

Votes are withheld for any nominee for director who attends less than 75% of board and committee meetings without valid reasons for absences.

 

  iv.

Votes are cast on a case-by-case basis in contested elections of directors.

 

  b.

Matters relating to Executive Compensation

Western Asset generally favors compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company’s long-term performance. Votes are cast on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals relating to executive compensation, except as follows:

 

  i.

Except where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, Western Asset votes for stock option plans that will result in a minimal annual dilution.

 

  ii.

Western Asset votes against stock option plans or proposals that permit replacing or repricing of underwater options.

 

  iii.

Western Asset votes against stock option plans that permit issuance of options with an exercise price below the stock’s current market price.

 

  iv.

Except where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, Western Asset votes for employee stock purchase plans that limit the discount for shares purchased under the plan to no more than 15% of their market value, have an offering period of 27 months or less and result in dilution of 10% or less.

 

  c.

Matters relating to Capitalization

The management of a company’s capital structure involves a number of important issues, including cash flows, financing needs and market conditions that are unique to the circumstances of each company. As a result, Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals involving changes to a company’s capitalization except where Western Asset is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

 

  i.

Western Asset votes for proposals relating to the authorization of additional common stock.

 

  ii.

Western Asset votes for proposals to effect stock splits (excluding reverse stock splits).

 

  iii.

Western Asset votes for proposals authorizing share repurchase programs.

 

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  d.

Matters relating to Acquisitions, Mergers, Reorganizations and Other Transactions

Western Asset votes these issues on a case-by-case basis on board-approved transactions.

 

  e.

Matters relating to Anti-Takeover Measures

Western Asset votes against board-approved proposals to adopt anti-takeover measures except as follows:

 

  i.

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify or approve shareholder rights plans.

 

  ii.

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to adopt fair price provisions.

 

  f.

Other Business Matters

Western Asset votes for board-approved proposals approving such routine business matters such as changing the company’s name, ratifying the appointment of auditors and procedural matters relating to the shareholder meeting.

 

  i.

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to amend a company’s charter or bylaws.

 

  ii.

Western Asset votes against authorization to transact other unidentified, substantive business at the meeting.

 

  2.

Shareholder Proposals

SEC regulations permit shareholders to submit proposals for inclusion in a company’s proxy statement. These proposals generally seek to change some aspect of a company’s corporate governance structure or to change some aspect of its business operations. Western Asset votes in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s board of directors on all shareholder proposals, except as follows:

 

  i.

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans.

 

  ii.

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals that are consistent with Western Asset’s proxy voting guidelines for board-approved proposals.

 

  iii.

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on other shareholder proposals where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

 

  3.

Voting Shares of Investment Companies

Western Asset may utilize shares of open or closed-end investment companies to implement its investment strategies. Shareholder votes for investment companies that fall within the categories listed in Parts I and II above are voted in accordance with those guidelines.

 

  a.

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals relating to changes in the investment objectives of an investment company taking into account the original intent of the fund and the role the fund plays in the clients’ portfolios.

 

  b.

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis all proposals that would result in increases in expenses (e.g., proposals to adopt 12b-1 plans, alter investment advisory arrangements or approve fund mergers) taking into account comparable expenses for similar funds and the services to be provided.

 

D-5


  4.

Voting Shares of Foreign Issuers

In the event Western Asset is required to vote on securities held in non-U.S. issuers – i.e. issuers that are incorporated under the laws of a foreign jurisdiction and that are not listed on a U.S. securities exchange or the NASDAQ stock market, the following guidelines are used, which are premised on the existence of a sound corporate governance and disclosure framework. These guidelines, however, may not be appropriate under some circumstances for foreign issuers and therefore apply only where applicable.

 

  a.

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals calling for a majority of the directors to be independent of management.

 

  b.

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals seeking to increase the independence of board nominating, audit and compensation committees.

 

  c.

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals that implement corporate governance standards similar to those established under U.S. federal law and the listing requirements of U.S. stock exchanges, and that do not otherwise violate the laws of the jurisdiction under which the company is incorporated.

 

  d.

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals relating to (1) the issuance of common stock in excess of 20% of a company’s outstanding common stock where shareholders do not have preemptive rights, or (2) the issuance of common stock in excess of 100% of a company’s outstanding common stock where shareholders have preemptive rights.

RETIREMENT ACCOUNTS

For accounts subject to ERISA, as well as other Retirement Accounts, Western Asset is presumed to have the responsibility to vote proxies for the client. The Department of Labor (“DOL”) has issued a bulletin that states that investment managers have the responsibility to vote proxies on behalf of Retirement Accounts unless the authority to vote proxies has been specifically reserved to another named fiduciary. Furthermore, unless Western Asset is expressly precluded from voting the proxies, the DOL has determined that the responsibility remains with the investment manager.

In order to comply with the DOL’s position, Western Asset will be presumed to have the obligation to vote proxies for its Retirement Accounts unless Western Asset has obtained a specific written instruction indicating that: (a) the right to vote proxies has been reserved to a named fiduciary of the client, and (b) Western Asset is precluded from voting proxies on behalf of the client. If Western Asset does not receive such an instruction, Western Asset will be responsible for voting proxies in the best interests of the Retirement Account client and in accordance with any proxy voting guidelines provided by the client.

Western Asset Management Company Limited

Proxy Voting and Corporate Actions Policy

As a fixed income only manager, the occasion to vote proxies is very rare. However, the Firm has adopted and implemented policies and procedures that we believe are reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interest of clients, in accordance with our fiduciary duties and SEC Rule 206(4)-6 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (“Advisers Act”). In addition to SEC requirements governing advisers, our proxy voting policies reflect the long-standing fiduciary standards and responsibilities for ERISA accounts. Unless a manager of ERISA assets has been expressly precluded from voting proxies, the Department of Labor has determined that the responsibility for these votes lies with the Investment Manager.

 

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While the guidelines included in the procedures are intended to provide a benchmark for voting standards, each vote is ultimately cast on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration the Firm’s contractual obligations to our clients and all other relevant facts and circumstances at the time of the vote (such that these guidelines may be overridden to the extent the Firm deems appropriate).

In exercising its voting authority, Western Asset will not consult or enter into agreements with officers, directors or employees of Franklin Templeton or any of its affiliates (other than Western Asset affiliated companies) regarding the voting of any securities owned by its clients.

RESPONSIBILITY AND OVERSIGHT

The Western Asset Legal and Compliance Department (“Compliance Department”) is responsible for administering and overseeing the proxy voting process. The gathering of proxies is coordinated through the

Corporate Actions area of Investment Support (“Corporate Actions”). Research analysts and portfolio managers are responsible for determining appropriate voting positions on each proxy utilizing any applicable guidelines contained in these procedures.

CLIENT AUTHORITY

The Investment Management Agreement for each client is reviewed at account start-up for proxy voting instructions. If an agreement is silent on proxy voting, but contains an overall delegation of discretionary authority or if the account represents assets of an ERISA plan, Western Asset will assume responsibility for proxy voting. The Legal and Compliance Department maintains a matrix of proxy voting authority.

PROXY GATHERING

Registered owners of record, client custodians, client banks and trustees (“Proxy Recipients”) that receive proxy materials on behalf of clients should forward them to Corporate Actions. Proxy Recipients for new clients (or, if Western Asset becomes aware that the applicable Proxy Recipient for an existing client has changed, the Proxy Recipient for the existing client) are notified at start-up of appropriate routing to Corporate Actions of proxy materials received and reminded of their responsibility to forward all proxy materials on a timely basis. If Western Asset personnel other than Corporate Actions receive proxy materials, they should promptly forward the materials to Corporate Actions.

PROXY VOTING

Once proxy materials are received by Corporate Actions, they are forwarded to the Legal and Compliance Department for coordination and the following actions:

Proxies are reviewed to determine accounts impacted.

Impacted accounts are checked to confirm Western Asset voting authority.

Legal and Compliance Department staff reviews proxy issues to determine any material conflicts of interest. (See conflicts of interest section of these procedures for further information on determining material conflicts of interest.)

If a material conflict of interest exists, (i) to the extent reasonably practicable and permitted by applicable law, the client is promptly notified, the conflict is disclosed and Western Asset obtains the client’s proxy voting instructions, and (ii) to the extent that it is not reasonably practicable or permitted by applicable law to notify the client and obtain such instructions (e.g., the client is a mutual fund or other commingled vehicle or is an ERISA plan client), Western Asset seeks voting instructions from an independent third party.

 

D-7


Legal and Compliance Department staff provides proxy material to the appropriate research analyst or portfolio manager to obtain their recommended vote. Research analysts and portfolio managers determine votes on a case-by-case basis taking into account the voting guidelines contained in these procedures. For avoidance of doubt, depending on the best interest of each individual client, Western Asset may vote the same proxy differently for different clients. The analyst’s or portfolio manager’s basis for their decision is documented and maintained by the Legal and Compliance Department.

Legal and Compliance Department staff votes the proxy pursuant to the instructions received in (d) or (e) and returns the voted proxy as indicated in the proxy materials.

TIMING

Western Asset personnel act in such a manner to ensure that, absent special circumstances, the proxy gathering and proxy voting steps noted above can be completed before the applicable deadline for returning proxy votes.

RECORDKEEPING

Western Asset maintains records of proxies voted pursuant to Section 204-2 of the Advisers Act and ERISA DOL Bulletin 94-2. These records include: A copy of Western Asset’s policies and procedures.

Copies of proxy statements received regarding client securities.

A copy of any document created by Western Asset that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies.

Each written client request for proxy voting records and Western Asset’s written response to both verbal and written client requests.

A proxy log including:

 

   

Issuer name;

 

   

Exchange ticker symbol of the issuer’s shares to be voted;

 

   

Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures (“CUSIP”) number for the shares to be voted;

 

   

A brief identification of the matter voted on;

 

   

Whether the matter was proposed by the issuer or by a shareholder of the issuer;

 

   

Whether a vote was cast on the matter;

 

   

A record of how the vote was cast; and

 

   

Whether the vote was cast for or against the recommendation of the issuer’s management team.

Records are maintained in an easily accessible place for five years, the first two in Western Asset’s offices.

DISCLOSURE

Western Asset’s proxy policies are described in the firm’s Part 2A of Form ADV. Clients will be provided a copy of these policies and procedures upon request. In addition, upon request, clients may receive reports on how their proxies have been voted.

 

D-8


CONFLICT OF INTEREST

All proxies are reviewed by the Legal and Compliance Department for material conflicts of interest. Issues to be reviewed include, but are not limited to:

Whether Western (or, to the extent required to be considered by applicable law, its affiliates) manages assets for the company or an employee group of the company or otherwise has an interest in the company;

Whether Western or an officer or director of Western or the applicable portfolio manager or analyst responsible for recommending the proxy vote (together, “Voting Persons”) is a close relative of or has a personal or business relationship with an executive, director or person who is a candidate for director of the company or is a participant in a proxy contest; and Whether there is any other business or personal relationship where a Voting Person has a personal interest in the outcome of the matter before shareholders.

VOTING GUIDELINES

Western Asset’s substantive voting decisions turn on the particular facts and circumstances of each proxy vote and are evaluated by the designated research analyst or portfolio manager. The examples outlined below are meant as guidelines to aid in the decision making process.

Guidelines are grouped according to the types of proposals generally presented to shareholders. Part I deals with proposals which have been approved and are recommended by a company’s board of directors; Part II deals with proposals submitted by shareholders for inclusion in proxy statements; Part III addresses issues relating to voting shares of investment companies; and Part IV addresses unique considerations pertaining to foreign issuers.

BOARD APPROVAL PROPOSALS

The vast majority of matters presented to shareholders for a vote involve proposals made by a company itself that have been approved and recommended by its board of directors. In view of the enhanced corporate governance practices currently being implemented in public companies, Western Asset generally votes in support of decisions reached by independent boards of directors. More specific guidelines related to certain board-approved proposals are as follows:

Matters relating to the Board of Directors—Western Asset votes proxies for the election of the company’s nominees for directors and for board-approved proposals on other matters relating to the board of directors with the following exceptions:

Votes are withheld for the entire board of directors if the board does not have a majority of independent directors or the board does not have nominating, audit and compensation committees composed solely of independent directors.

Votes are withheld for any nominee for director who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation from the company other than for service as a director.

Votes are withheld for any nominee for director who attends less than 75% of board and committee meetings without valid reasons for absences.

Votes are cast on a case-by-case basis in contested elections of directors.

Matters relating to Executive Compensation — Western Asset generally favors compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company’s long-term performance. Votes are cast on a case-by- case basis on board-approved proposals relating to executive compensation, except as follows:

Except where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, Western Asset votes for stock option plans that will result in a minimal annual dilution.

 

D-9


Western Asset votes against stock option plans or proposals that permit replacing or repricing of underwater options.

Western Asset votes against stock option plans that permit issuance of options with an exercise price below the stock’s current market price.

Except where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, Western Asset votes for employee stock purchase plans that limit the discount for shares purchased under the plan to no more than 15% of their market value, have an offering period of 27 months or less and result in dilution of 10% or less.

Matters relating to Capitalization — The management of a company’s capital structure involves a number of important issues, including cash flows, financing needs and market conditions that are unique to the circumstances of each company. As a result, Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on board- approved proposals involving changes to a company’s capitalization except where Western Asset is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Western Asset votes for proposals relating to the authorization of additional common stock;

Western Asset votes for proposals to effect stock splits (excluding reverse stock splits);

Western Asset votes for proposals authorizing share repurchase programs;

Matters relating to Acquisitions, Mergers, Reorganizations and Other Transactions;

Western Asset votes these issues on a case-by-case basis on board-approved transactions;

Matters relating to Anti-Takeover Measures — Western Asset votes against board-approved proposals to adopt anti-takeover measures except as follows:

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify or approve shareholder rights plans; Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to adopt fair price provisions.

Other Business Matters—Western Asset votes for board-approved proposals approving such routine business matters such as changing the company’s name, ratifying the appointment of auditors and procedural matters relating to the shareholder meeting.

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to amend a company’s charter or bylaws;

Western Asset votes against authorization to transact other unidentified, substantive business at the meeting.

SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS

SEC regulations permit shareholders to submit proposals for inclusion in a company’s proxy statement. These proposals generally seek to change some aspect of a company’s corporate governance structure or to change some aspect of its business operations. Western Asset votes in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s board of directors on all shareholder proposals, except as follows:

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans;

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals that are consistent with Western Asset’s proxy voting guidelines for board-approved proposals;

 

D-10


Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on other shareholder proposals where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

VOTING SHARES OF INVESTMENT COMPANIES

Western Asset may utilize shares of open or closed-end investment companies to implement its investment strategies. Shareholder votes for investment companies that fall within the categories listed in Parts I and II above are voted in accordance with those guidelines.

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals relating to changes in the investment objectives of an investment company taking into account the original intent of the fund and the role the fund plays in the clients’ portfolios;

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis all proposals that would result in increases in expenses (e.g., proposals to adopt 12b-1 plans, alter investment advisory arrangements or approve fund mergers) taking into account comparable expenses for similar funds and the services to be provided.

VOTING SHARES OF FOREIGN ISSUERS

In the event Western Asset is required to vote on securities held in non-U.S. issuers – i.e. issuers that are incorporated under the laws of a foreign jurisdiction and that are not listed on a U.S. securities exchange or the NASDAQ stock market, the following guidelines are used, which are premised on the existence of a sound corporate governance and disclosure framework. These guidelines, however, may not be appropriate under some circumstances for foreign issuers and therefore apply only where applicable.

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals calling for a majority of the directors to be independent of management;

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals seeking to increase the independence of board nominating, audit and compensation committees;

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals that implement corporate governance standards similar to those established under U.S. federal law and the listing requirements of U.S. stock exchanges and that do not otherwise violate the laws of the jurisdiction under which the company is incorporated;

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals relating to (1) the issuance of common stock in excess of 20% of a company’s outstanding common stock where shareholders do not have preemptive rights, or (2) the issuance of common stock in excess of 100% of a company’s outstanding common stock where shareholders have preemptive rights.

RETIREMENT ACCOUNTS

For accounts subject to ERISA, as well as other Retirement Accounts, Western Asset is presumed to have the responsibility to vote proxies for the client. The Department of Labor (“DOL”) has issued a bulletin that states that investment managers have the responsibility to vote proxies on behalf of Retirement Accounts unless the authority to vote proxies has been specifically reserved to another named fiduciary.

Furthermore, unless Western Asset is expressly precluded from voting the proxies, the DOL has determined that the responsibility remains with the Investment Manager.

In order to comply with the DOL’s position, Western Asset will be presumed to have the obligation to vote proxies for its Retirement Accounts unless Western Asset has obtained a specific written instruction indicating

 

D-11


that: (a) the right to vote proxies has been reserved to a named fiduciary of the client, and (b) Western Asset is precluded from voting proxies on behalf of the client. If Western Asset does not receive such an instruction, Western Asset will be responsible for voting proxies in the best interests of the Retirement Account client and in accordance with any proxy voting guidelines provided by the client.

CORPORATE ACTIONS

Western Asset must pay strict attention to any corporate actions that are taken with respect to issuers whose securities are held in client accounts. For example, Western Asset must review any tender offers, rights offerings, etc., made in connection with securities owned by clients. Western Asset must also act in a timely manner and in the best interest of each client with respect to any such corporate actions.

Western Asset Management Company Ltd (“WAMJ”)

Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures

POLICY

As a fixed income only manager, the occasion to vote proxies for WAMJ is very rare. However, the Firm has adopted and implemented policies and procedures that we believe are reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interest of clients.

While the guidelines included in the procedures are intended to provide a benchmark for voting standards, each vote is ultimately cast on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration the Firm’s contractual obligations to our clients and all other relevant facts and circumstances at the time of the vote (such that these guidelines may be overridden to the extent the Firm deems appropriate).

In exercising its voting authority, WAMJ will not consult or enter into agreements with officers, directors or employees of Franklin Templeton or any of its affiliates (other than Western Asset affiliated companies) regarding the voting of any securities owned by its clients.

PROCEDURE

Responsibility and Oversight

The WAMJ Legal and Compliance Department (“Compliance Department”) is responsible for administering and overseeing the proxy voting process. The gathering of proxies is coordinated through the Corporate Actions area of Investment Operations (“Corporate Actions”). Research analysts and portfolio managers are responsible for determining appropriate voting positions on each proxy utilizing any applicable guidelines contained in these procedures.

Client Authority

The Investment Management Agreement for each client is reviewed at account start-up for proxy voting instructions. If an agreement is silent on proxy voting, but contains an overall delegation of discretionary authority, WAMJ will assume responsibility for proxy voting. The Legal and Compliance Department maintains a matrix of proxy voting authority.

Proxy Gathering

Registered owners of record, client custodians, client banks and trustees (“Proxy Recipients”) that receive proxy materials on behalf of clients should forward them to Corporate Actions. Proxy Recipients for new clients (or, if WAMJ becomes aware that the applicable Proxy Recipient for an existing client has changed, the Proxy

 

D-12


Recipient for the existing client) are notified at start-up of appropriate routing to Corporate Actions of proxy materials received and reminded of their responsibility to forward all proxy materials on a timely basis. If WAMJ personnel other than Corporate Actions receive proxy materials, they should promptly forward the materials to Corporate Actions.

Proxy Voting

Once proxy materials are received by Corporate Actions, they are forwarded to the Legal and Compliance Department for coordination and the following actions:

 

  e.

Proxies are reviewed to determine accounts impacted.

 

  f.

Impacted accounts are checked to confirm WAMJ voting authority.

 

  g.

Legal and Compliance Department staff reviews proxy issues to determine any material conflicts of interest. (See conflicts of interest section of these procedures for further information on determining material conflicts of interest.)

 

  h.

If a material conflict of interest exists, (i) to the extent reasonably practicable and permitted by applicable law, the client is promptly notified, the conflict is disclosed and WAMJ obtains the client’s proxy voting instructions, and (ii) to the extent that it is not reasonably practicable or permitted by applicable law to notify the client and obtain such instructions (e.g., the client is a mutual fund or other commingled vehicle), WAMJ seeks voting instructions from an independent third party.

 

  i.

Legal and Compliance Department staff provides proxy material to the appropriate research analyst or portfolio manager to obtain their recommended vote. Research analysts and portfolio managers determine votes on a case-by-case basis taking into account the voting guidelines contained in these procedures. For avoidance of doubt, depending on the best interest of each individual client, WAMJ may vote the same proxy differently for different clients. The analyst’s or portfolio manager’s basis for their decision is documented and maintained by the Legal and Compliance Department.

 

  j.

Legal and Compliance Department staff votes the proxy pursuant to the instructions received in (d) or (e) and returns the voted proxy as indicated in the proxy materials.

Timing

WAMJ personnel act in such a manner to ensure that, absent special circumstances, the proxy gathering and proxy voting steps noted above can be completed before the applicable deadline for returning proxy votes.

Recordkeeping

WAMJ maintains records of proxies. These records include:

 

  a.

A copy of WAMJ’s policies and procedures.

 

  b.

Copies of proxy statements received regarding client securities.

 

  c.

A copy of any document created by WAMJ that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies.

 

  d.

Each written client request for proxy voting records and WAMJ’s written response to both verbal and written client requests.

 

  e.

A proxy log including:

 

  i.

Issuer name;

 

  ii.

Exchange ticker symbol of the issuer’s shares to be voted;

 

  iii.

Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures (“CUSIP”) number for the shares to be voted;

 

D-13


  iv.

A brief identification of the matter voted on;

 

  v.

Whether the matter was proposed by the issuer or by a shareholder of the issuer;

 

  vi.

Whether a vote was cast on the matter;

 

  vii.

A record of how the vote was cast; and

 

  viii.

Whether the vote was cast for or against the recommendation of the issuer’s management team.

Records are maintained in an easily accessible place for five years, the first two in WAMJ’s offices.

Disclosure

WAMJ’s proxy policies are described in the firm’s Part 2A of Form ADV. Clients will be provided a copy of these policies and procedures upon request. In addition, upon request, clients may receive reports on how their proxies have been voted.

Conflicts of Interest

All proxies are reviewed by the Legal and Compliance Department for material conflicts of interest. Issues to be reviewed include, but are not limited to:

 

  1.

Whether Western (or, to the extent required to be considered by applicable law, its affiliates) manages assets for the company or an employee group of the company or otherwise has an interest in the company;

 

  2.

Whether Western or an officer or director of Western or the applicable portfolio manager or analyst responsible for recommending the proxy vote (together, “Voting Persons”) is a close relative of or has a personal or business relationship with an executive, director or person who is a candidate for director of the company or is a participant in a proxy contest; and

 

  3.

Whether there is any other business or personal relationship where a Voting Person has a personal interest in the outcome of the matter before shareholders.

Voting Guidelines

WAMJ’s substantive voting decisions turn on the particular facts and circumstances of each proxy vote and are evaluated by the designated research analyst or portfolio manager. The examples outlined below are meant as guidelines to aid in the decision making process.

Guidelines are grouped according to the types of proposals generally presented to shareholders. Part I deals with proposals which have been approved and are recommended by a company’s board of directors; Part II deals with proposals submitted by shareholders for inclusion in proxy statements; Part III addresses issues relating to voting shares of investment companies; and Part IV addresses unique considerations pertaining to foreign issuers.

 

  1b.

Board Approved Proposals

The vast majority of matters presented to shareholders for a vote involve proposals made by a company itself that have been approved and recommended by its board of directors. In view of the enhanced corporate governance practices currently being implemented in public companies, WAMJ generally votes in support of decisions reached by independent boards of directors. More specific guidelines related to certain board-approved proposals are as follows:

 

  1.

Matters relating to the Board of Directors

 

D-14


WAMJ votes proxies for the election of the company’s nominees for directors and for board-approved proposals on other matters relating to the board of directors with the following exceptions:

 

  i.

Votes are withheld for the entire board of directors if the board does not have a majority of independent directors or the board does not have nominating, audit and compensation committees composed solely of independent directors.

 

  ii.

Votes are withheld for any nominee for director who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation from the company other than for service as a director.

 

  iii.

Votes are withheld for any nominee for director who attends less than 75% of board and committee meetings without valid reasons for absences.

 

  iv.

Votes are cast on a case-by-case basis in contested elections of directors.

 

  b.

Matters relating to Executive Compensation

WAMJ generally favors compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company’s long- term performance. Votes are cast on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals relating to executive compensation, except as follows:

 

  i.

Except where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, WAMJ votes for stock option plans that will result in a minimal annual dilution.

 

  ii.

WAMJ votes against stock option plans or proposals that permit replacing or repricing of underwater options.

 

  iii.

WAMJ votes against stock option plans that permit issuance of options with an exercise price below the stock’s current market price.

 

  iv.

Except where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, WAMJ votes for employee stock purchase plans that limit the discount for shares purchased under the plan to no more than 15% of their market value, have an offering period of 27 months or less and result in dilution of 10% or less.

 

  c.

Matters relating to Capitalization

The management of a company’s capital structure involves a number of important issues, including cash flows, financing needs and market conditions that are unique to the circumstances of each company. As a result, WAMJ votes on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals involving changes to a company’s capitalization except where WAMJ is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

 

  i.

WAMJ votes for proposals relating to the authorization of additional common stock.

 

  ii.

WAMJ votes for proposals to effect stock splits (excluding reverse stock splits).

 

  iii.

WAMJ votes for proposals authorizing share repurchase programs.

 

  d.

Matters relating to Acquisitions, Mergers, Reorganizations and Other Transactions

WAMJ votes these issues on a case-by-case basis on board-approved transactions.

 

  e.

Matters relating to Anti-Takeover Measures

WAMJ votes against board-approved proposals to adopt anti-takeover measures except as follows:

 

  i.

WAMJ votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify or approve shareholder rights plans.

 

  ii.

WAMJ votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to adopt fair price provisions.

 

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  f.

Other Business Matters

WAMJ votes for board-approved proposals approving such routine business matters such as changing the company’s name, ratifying the appointment of auditors and procedural matters relating to the shareholder meeting.

 

  i.

WAMJ votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to amend a company’s charter or bylaws.

 

  ii.

WAMJ votes against authorization to transact other unidentified, substantive business at the meeting.

2b. Shareholder Proposals

SEC regulations permit shareholders to submit proposals for inclusion in a company’s proxy statement. These proposals generally seek to change some aspect of a company’s corporate governance structure or to change some aspect of its business operations. WAMJ votes in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s board of directors on all shareholder proposals, except as follows:

 

  a.

WAMJ votes for shareholder proposals to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans.

 

  iii.

WAMJ votes for shareholder proposals that are consistent with WAMJ’s proxy voting guidelines for board-approved proposals.

 

  iv.

WAMJ votes on a case-by-case basis on other shareholder proposals where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

 

  3b.

Voting Shares of Investment Companies

WAMJ may utilize shares of open or closed-end investment companies to implement its investment strategies. Shareholder votes for investment companies that fall within the categories listed in Parts I and II above are voted in accordance with those guidelines.

 

   

WAMJ votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals relating to changes in the investment objectives of an investment company taking into account the original intent of the fund and the role the fund plays in the clients’ portfolios.

 

   

WAMJ votes on a case-by-case basis all proposals that would result in increases in expenses (e.g., proposals to adopt 12b-1 plans, alter investment advisory arrangements or approve fund mergers) taking into account comparable expenses for similar funds and the services to be provided.

 

  4b.

Voting Shares of Foreign Issuers

In the event WAMJ is required to vote on securities held in non-U.S. issuers – i.e. issuers that are incorporated under the laws of a foreign jurisdiction and that are not listed on a U.S. securities exchange or the NASDAQ stock market, the following guidelines are used, which are premised on the existence of a sound corporate governance and disclosure framework. These guidelines, however, may not be appropriate under some circumstances for foreign issuers and therefore apply only where applicable.

 

  1.

WAMJ votes for shareholder proposals calling for a majority of the directors to be independent of management.

 

  g.

WAMJ votes for shareholder proposals seeking to increase the independence of board nominating, audit and compensation committees.

 

  h.

WAMJ votes for shareholder proposals that implement corporate governance standards similar to those established under U.S. federal law and the listing requirements of U.S. stock exchanges, and that do not otherwise violate the laws of the jurisdiction under which the company is incorporated.

 

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WAMJ votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals relating to (1) the issuance of common stock in excess of 20% of a company’s outstanding common stock where shareholders do not have preemptive rights, or (2) the issuance of common stock in excess of 100% of a company’s outstanding common stock where shareholders have preemptive rights.

Western Asset Management Company Pte. Ltd. (“WAMS”)

Compliance Policies and Procedures

Proxy Voting

WAMS has adopted and implemented policies and procedures that we believe are reasonably designed to ensure that proxies are voted in the best interest of clients, in accordance with our fiduciary duties and the applicable laws and regulations. In addition to SEC requirements governing advisers, our proxy voting policies reflect the long-standing fiduciary standards and responsibilities for ERISA accounts.

While the guidelines included in the procedures are intended to provide a benchmark for voting standards, each vote is ultimately cast on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration the Firm’s contractual obligations to our clients and all other relevant facts and circumstances at the time of the vote (such that these guidelines may be overridden to the extent the Firm deems appropriate).

In exercising its voting authority, WAMS will not consult or enter into agreements with officers, directors or employees of Franklin Templeton or any of its affiliates (other than Western Asset affiliated companies) regarding the voting of any securities owned by its clients.

Procedure

Responsibility and Oversight

The Western Asset Legal and Compliance Department is responsible for administering and overseeing the proxy voting process. The gathering of proxies is coordinated through the Corporate Actions area of Investment Support (“Corporate Actions”). Research analysts and portfolio managers are responsible for determining appropriate voting positions on each proxy utilizing any applicable guidelines contained in these procedures.

Client Authority

The Investment Management Agreement for each client is reviewed at account start-up for proxy voting instructions. If an agreement is silent on proxy voting, but contains an overall delegation of discretionary authority or if the account represents assets of an ERISA plan, Western Asset will assume responsibility for proxy voting. The Legal and Compliance Department maintains a matrix of proxy voting authority.

Proxy Gathering

Registered owners of record, client custodians, client banks and trustees (“Proxy Recipients”) that receive proxy materials on behalf of clients should forward them to Corporate Actions. Proxy Recipients for new clients (or, if Western Asset becomes aware that the applicable Proxy Recipient for an existing client has changed, the Proxy Recipient for the existing client) are notified at start-up of appropriate routing to Corporate Actions of proxy materials received and reminded of their responsibility to forward all proxy materials on a timely basis. If Western Asset personnel other than Corporate Actions receive proxy materials, they should promptly forward the materials to Corporate Actions.

Proxy Voting

Once proxy materials are received by Corporate Actions, they are forwarded to the Legal and Compliance Department for coordination and the following actions:

 

  1.

Proxies are reviewed to determine accounts impacted.

 

  2.

Impacted accounts are checked to confirm Western Asset voting authority.

 

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  3.

Legal and Compliance Department staff reviews proxy issues to determine any material conflicts of interest. [See conflicts of interest section of these procedures for further information on determining material conflicts of interest.]

 

  4.

If a material conflict of interest exists, (4.1) to the extent reasonably practicable and permitted by applicable law, the client is promptly notified, the conflict is disclosed and Western Asset obtains the client’s proxy voting instructions, and (4.2) to the extent that it is not reasonably practicable or permitted by applicable law to notify the client and obtain such instructions (e.g., the client is a mutual fund or other commingled vehicle or is an ERISA plan client), Western Asset seeks voting instructions from an independent third party.

 

  5.

Legal and Compliance Department staff provides proxy material to the appropriate research analyst or portfolio manager to obtain their recommended vote. Research analysts and portfolio managers determine votes on a case-by-case basis taking into account the voting guidelines contained in these procedures. For avoidance of doubt, depending on the best interest of each individual client, Western Asset may vote the same proxy differently for different clients. The analyst’s or portfolio manager’s basis for their decision is documented and maintained by the Legal and Compliance Department.

 

  6.

Legal and Compliance Department staff votes the proxy pursuant to the instructions received in (4) or (5) and returns the voted proxy as indicated in the proxy materials.

Timing

Western Asset personnel act in such a manner to ensure that, absent special circumstances, the proxy gathering and proxy voting steps noted above can be completed before the applicable deadline for returning proxy votes.

Recordkeeping

Western Asset maintains records of proxies voted pursuant to Section 204-2 of the Advisers Act and ERISA DOL Bulletin 94-2. These records include:

 

   

A copy of Western Asset’s policies and procedures.

 

   

Copies of proxy statements received regarding client securities.

 

   

A copy of any document created by Western Asset that was material to making a decision how to vote proxies.

 

   

Each written client request for proxy voting records and Western Asset’s written response to both verbal and written client requests.

 

   

A proxy log including:

 

   

Issuer name;

 

   

Exchange ticker symbol of the issuer’s shares to be voted;

 

   

Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures (“CUSIP”) number for the shares to be voted;

 

   

A brief identification of the matter voted on;

 

   

Whether the matter was proposed by the issuer or by a shareholder of the issuer;

 

   

Whether a vote was cast on the matter;

 

   

A record of how the vote was cast; and

Whether the vote was cast for or against the recommendation of the issuer’s management team. Records are maintained in an easily accessible place for five years, the first two in Western Asset’s offices.

 

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Disclosure

Western Asset’s proxy policies are described in the firm’s Part 2A of Form ADV. Clients will be provided a copy of these policies and procedures upon request. In addition, upon request, clients may receive reports on how their proxies have been voted.

Conflicts of Interest

All proxies are reviewed by the Legal and Compliance Department for material conflicts of interest. Issues to be reviewed include, but are not limited to:

 

   

Whether Western (or, to the extent required to be considered by applicable law, it affiliates) manages assets for the company or an employee group of the company or otherwise has an interest in the company;

 

   

Whether Western or an officer or director of Western or the applicable portfolio manager or analyst responsible for recommending the proxy vote (together, “Voting Persons”) is a close relative of or has a personal or business relationship with an executive, director or person who is a candidate for director of the company or is a participant in a proxy contest; and

 

   

Whether there is any other business or personal relationship where a Voting Person has a personal interest in the outcome of the matter before shareholders.

Voting Guidelines

Western Asset’s substantive voting decisions turn on the particular facts and circumstances of each proxy vote and are evaluated by the designated research analyst or portfolio manager. The examples outlined below are meant as guidelines to aid the decision making process.

Guidelines are grouped according to the types of proposals generally presented to shareholders. Part 1 deals with proposals which have been approved and are recommended by a company’s board of directors; Part 2 deals with proposals submitted by shareholders for inclusion in proxy statements; Part 3 addresses issues relating to voting shares of investment companies; and Part 4 addresses unique considerations pertaining to foreign issuers.

Part 1 Board Approved Proposals

The vast majority of matters presented to shareholders for a vote involve proposals made by a company itself that have been approved and recommended by its board of directors. In view of the enhanced corporate governance practices currently being implemented in public companies, Western Asset generally votes in support of decisions reached by independent boards of directors. More specific guidelines related to certain board-approved proposals are as follows:

 

   

Matters relating to the Board of Directors.

Western Asset votes proxies for the election of the company’s nominees for directors and for board-approved proposals on other matters relating to the board of directors with the following exceptions:

 

   

Votes are withheld for the entire board of directors if the board does not have a majority of independent directors or the board does not have nominating, audit and compensation committees composed solely of independent directors.

 

   

Votes are withheld for any nominee for director who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation from the company other than for service as a director.

 

   

Votes are withheld for any nominee for director who attends less than 75% of board and committee meetings without valid reasons for absences.

 

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Votes are cast on a case-by-case basis in contested elections of directors.

 

   

Matters relating to Executive Compensation.

Western Asset generally favors compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company’s long-term performance. Votes are cast on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals relating to executive compensation, except as follows:

 

   

Except where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, Western Asset votes for stock option plans that will result in a minimal annual dilution.

 

   

Western Asset votes against stock option plans or proposals that permit replacing or re-pricing of underwater options.

 

   

Western Asset votes against stock option plans that permit issuance of options with an exercise price below the stock’s current market price.

 

   

Except where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, Western Asset votes for employee stock purchase plans that limit the discount for shares purchased under the plan to no more than 15% of their market value, have an offering period of 27 months or less and result in dilution of 10% or less.

 

   

Matters relating to Capitalization.

The management of a company’s capital structure involves a number of important issues, including cash flows, financing needs and market conditions that are unique to the circumstances of each company. As a result, Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals involving changes to a company’s capitalization except where Western Asset is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

 

   

Western Asset votes for proposals relating to the authorization of additional common stock.

 

   

Western Asset votes for proposals to effect stock splits (excluding reverse stock splits).

 

   

Western Asset votes for proposals authorizing share repurchase programs.

 

   

Matters relating to Acquisitions, Mergers, Reorganizations and Other Transactions. Western Asset votes these issues on a case-by-case basis on board-approved transactions.

 

   

Matters relating to Anti-Takeover Measures. Western Asset votes against board-approved proposals to adopt anti-takeover measures except as follows:

 

   

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify or approve shareholder right plans.

 

   

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to adopt fair price provisions.

 

   

Other Business Matters. Western Asset votes for board-approved proposals approving such routine business matters such as changing the company’s name, ratifying the appointment of auditors and procedural matters relating to the shareholder meeting.

 

   

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals to amend a company’s charter or bylaws.

 

   

Western Asset votes against authorization to transact other unidentified, substantive business at the meeting.

Part 2 Shareholder Proposals

SEC regulations permit shareholders to submit proposals for inclusion in a company’s proxy statement. These proposals generally seek to change some aspect of a company’s corporate governance structure or to

 

D-20


change some aspect of its business operations. Western Asset votes in accordance with the recommendation of the company’s board of directors on all shareholder proposals, except as follows:

 

   

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans.

 

   

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals that are consistent with Western Asset’s proxy voting guidelines for board-approved proposals.

 

   

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on other shareholder proposals where the firm is otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Part 3 Voting Shares of Investment Companies

Western Asset may utilize shares of open or closed-end investment companies to implement its investment strategies. Shareholder votes for investment companies that fall within the categories listed in Parts 1 and 2 above are voted in accordance with those guidelines.

 

   

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals relating to changes in the investment objectives of an investment company taking into account the original intent of the fund and the role the fund plays in the clients’ portfolios.

 

   

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis all proposals that would result in increases in expenses (e.g. proposals to adopt 12b-1 plans, alter investment advisory arrangements or approve fund mergers) taking into account comparable expenses for similar funds and the services to be provided.

Part 4 Voting Shares of Foreign Issuers

In the event Western Asset is required to vote on securities held in non-U.S. issuers –i.e. issuers that are incorporated under the laws of a foreign jurisdiction and that are not listed on a U.S. securities exchange or the

NASDAQ stock market, the following guidelines are used, which are premised on the existence of a sound corporate governance and disclosure framework. These guidelines, however, may not be appropriate under some circumstances for foreign issuers and therefore apply only where applicable.

 

   

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals calling for a majority of the directors to be independent of management.

 

   

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals seeking to increase the independence of board nominating, audit and compensation committees.

 

   

Western Asset votes for shareholder proposals that implement corporate governance standards similar to those established under U.S. federal law and the listing requirements of U.S. stock exchanges, and that do not otherwise violate the laws of the jurisdiction under which the company is incorporated.

 

   

Western Asset votes on a case-by-case basis on proposals relating to (1) the issuance of common stock in excess of 20% of a company’s outstanding common stock where shareholders do not have pre-emptive rights, or (2) the issuance of common stock in excess of 100% of a company’s outstanding common stock where shareholders have pre-emptive rights.

Retirement Accounts

For accounts subject to ERISA, as well as other Retirement Accounts, Western Asset is presumed to have the responsibility to vote proxies for the client. The Department of Labor (“DOL”) has issued a bulletin that states that investment managers have the responsibility to vote proxies on behalf of Retirement Accounts unless the authority to vote proxies has been specifically reserved to another named fiduciary. Furthermore, unless Western Asset is expressly precluded from voting the proxies, the DOL has determined that the responsibility remains with the Investment Manager.

 

D-21


In order to comply with the DOL’s position, Western Asset will be presumed to have the obligation to vote proxies for its Retirement Accounts unless Western Asset has obtained a specific written instruction indicating that: (1) the right to vote proxies has been reserved to a named fiduciary of the client, and (2) Western Asset is precluded from voting proxies on behalf of the client. If Western Asset does not receive such an instruction, Western Asset will be responsible for voting proxies in the best interests of the Retirement Account client and in accordance with any proxy voting guidelines provided by the client.

 

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PART C

OTHER INFORMATION

Item 25. Financial Statements and Exhibits

 

(1)

Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024

 

  Part A

Financial Highlights

 

  Part B

Incorporated into Part B by reference to Registrant’s most recent Certified Shareholder Report on Form N-CSR, filed January 28, 2025 (File No. 811-21467):

 

 

Schedule of Investments as of November 30, 2024

 

 

Statement of Assets and Liabilities as of November 30, 2024

 

 

Statement of Operations for the Year Ended November 30, 2024

 

 

Statement of Changes in Net Assets for the Year Ended November 30, 2024

 

 

Notes to Financial Statements for the Year Ended November 30, 2024

 

 

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for the Year Ended November 30, 2024

 

(2)   Exhibits
(a)(1)   Articles of Incorporation, dated November 12, 2003 (1)
(a)(2)   Articles of Amendment, dated December 19, 2003 (2)
(a)(3)   Articles of Amendment, dated September 19, 2006 (3)
(b)   Fourth Amended and Restated By-Laws (4)
(c)   Not Applicable
(d)   Articles V and VIII of Registrant’s Articles of Incorporation are incorporated herein by reference.
(e)   Dividend Reinvestment Plan*
(f)   Not Applicable
(g)(1)   Investment Management Agreement between the Registrant and Franklin Templeton Fund Adviser, LLC (f/k/a Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC)*
(g)(2)   Subadvisory Agreement between Franklin Templeton Fund Adviser, LLC (f/k/a Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC) and ClearBridge Investments, LLC*
(g)(3)   Subadvisory Agreement between Franklin Templeton Fund Adviser, LLC (f/k/a Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC) and Western Asset Management Company, LLC*
(g)(4)   Subadvisory Agreement between Western Asset Management Company and Western Asset Management Company Limited*
(h)(1)   Underwriting Agreement**
(i)   Not Applicable
(j)(1)   Custodian Services Agreement with The Bank of New York Mellon, dated January 1, 2018*
(j)(2)   Amendment No. 9 to the Custodian Services Agreement, dated May 1, 2021, with The Bank of New York Mellon, dated January 1, 2018*
(k)(1)   Transfer Agency and Services Agreement with Computershare Inc., dated March 14, 2016*
(k)(2)   Amendment No. 9 to the Transfer Agency and Services Agreement, dated March 19, 2021, with Computershare Inc., dated March 14, 2016*

 

1


(k)(3)   Margin Loan and Security Agreement with Bank of America, N.A., dated May 6, 2022*
(k)(4)   First Amendment to Margin Loan and Security Agreement with Bank of America, N.A., dated June 21, 2023*
(k)(5)   Second Amendment to Margin Loan and Security Agreement with Bank of America, N.A., dated November 15, 2023*
(l)   Opinion and Consent of Venable LLP*
(m)   Not Applicable
(n)   Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm*
(o)   Not Applicable
(p)   Not Applicable
(q)   Not Applicable
(r)(1)   Code of Ethics of the Fund and FTFA*
(r)(2)   Code of Ethics of ClearBridge*
(r)(3)   Code of Ethics of Western Asset*
(s)   Filing Fee Table*
(t)   Power of Attorney (5)

 

(1)

Filed on November 14, 2003 with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File Nos. 333-110512 and 811-21467) and incorporated by reference herein.

 

(2)

Filed on December 22, 2003 with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File Nos. 333-110512 and 811-21467) and incorporated by reference herein.

 

(3)

Filed on December 29, 2006 with the Registrant’s Form NSAR-B (File No. 811-21467) and incorporated by reference herein.

 

(4)

Filed on November 20, 2024 with the Registrant’s Form 8-K (File No. 811-21467) and incorporated by reference herein.

 

(5)

Filed on January 10, 2025 with the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File Nos. 333-284227 and 811-21467) and incorporated by reference herein.

 

*

Filed herewith.

 

**

To be filed by amendment.

Item 26. Marketing Arrangements

Reference is made to the sales agreement for the Registrant’s common stock incorporated by reference herein or the form of underwriting agreement to be filed as an exhibit in a post-effective amendment to the Registrant’s Registration Statement and the section entitled “Plan of Distribution” contained in Registrant’s Prospectus incorporated by reference herein.

Item 27. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution

The following table sets forth the estimated expenses to be incurred in connection with the offering described in this Registration Statement:

 

SEC registration fees

   $ 22,965  

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority fees

     23,000  

Accounting fees and expenses

     10,000  

Legal fees and expenses

     175,000  
  

 

 

 

Total

   $ 230,965  
  

 

 

 

Item 28. Persons Controlled by or Under Common Control with Registrant

None.

 

2


Item 29. Number of Holders of Securities

At February 28, 2025:

 

Title of Class

   Number of
Record Holders
 

Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share

     9  

Item 30. Indemnification

Sections (1) to (3) of Article VII of the Registrant’s Articles of Incorporation, incorporated by reference as Exhibit (a) to this Registration Statement, provide that:

To the maximum extent permitted by Maryland statutory or decisional law, as amended or interpreted, no current or former director or officer of the Registrant shall have any liability to the Registrant or its stockholders for money damages. This limitation on liability applies to events occurring at the time a person serves as a director or officer of the Registrant whether or not such person is a director or officer at the time of any proceeding in which liability is asserted.

The Registrant shall indemnify and advance expenses to its currently acting and its former directors to the fullest extent that indemnification of directors is permitted by Maryland statutory or decisional law. The Registrant shall indemnify and advance expenses to its officers to the same extent as its directors and may do so to such further extent as is consistent with law. The Board of Directors may by By-Law, resolution or agreement make further provision for indemnification of directors, officers, employees and agents to the fullest extent permitted by the Maryland statutory or decisional law. The foregoing rights of indemnification shall not be exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification may be entitled. The Board of Directors may take such action as is necessary to carry out these indemnification provisions and is expressly empowered to adopt, approve and amend from time to time such By-Laws, resolutions or contracts implementing such provisions or such further indemnification arrangements as may be permitted by law. This indemnification applies to events occurring at the time a person serves as a director or officer of the Registrant whether or not such person is a director or officer at the time of any proceeding in which liability is asserted.

No provision of the Registrant’s Articles of Incorporation shall be effective to protect or purport to protect any director or officer of the Registrant against any liability to the Registrant or its security holders to which he would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his office.

Insofar as indemnification for liability arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that, in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

Item 31. Business and Other Connections of Adviser

The descriptions of FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset and Western Asset London under the caption “Management of the Fund” in the Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information of this registration statement are incorporated by reference herein. Information as to the directors and officers of FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset and Western Asset London, together with information as to any other business, profession, vocation or employment of a substantial nature engaged in by the directors and officers of FTFA, ClearBridge, Western Asset and Western Asset London in the last two years, is included in their respective applications for registration as an investment adviser on Form ADV (File Nos. 801-66785, 801-64710, 801-08162 and 801-21068, respectively) filed under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, and is incorporated herein by reference.

 

3


Item 32. Location of Accounts and Records

The accounts and records of the Registrant are maintained at the office of the Registrant at 620 Eighth Avenue, New York, New York 10018.

Item 33. Management Services

Not applicable.

Item 34. Undertakings

1. Not applicable.

2. Not applicable.

3. The Registrant undertakes:

(a) to file, during a period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this Registration Statement:

(1) to include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;

(2) to reflect in the prospectus any facts or events after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement.

(3) to include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the Registration Statement or any material change to such information in the Registration Statement.

Provided, however, that paragraphs a(1), a(2), and a(3) of this section do not apply to the extent the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference into the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.

(b) that, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment to this registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of those securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof;

 

4


(c) to remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering;

(d) that, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser:

(1) if the Registrant is relying on Rule 430B [17 CFR 230.430B]:

(A) Each prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and

(B) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (x), or (xi) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date; or

(2) if the Registrant is subject to Rule 430C: each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.

(e) that for the purpose of determining liability of the Registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of securities:

The undersigned Registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned Registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned Registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to the purchaser:

(1) any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned Registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424 under the Securities Act;

 

5


(2) free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned Registrant;

(3) the portion of any other free writing prospectus or advertisement pursuant to Rule 482 under the Securities Act relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned Registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant; and

(4) any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned Registrant to the purchaser

4. Registrant undertakes that, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act:

(a) the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in the form of prospectus filed by the Registrant under Rule 424(b)(1) shall be deemed to be a part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective; and

(b) each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus will be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of the securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

5. The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the Registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that is incorporated by reference into the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

6. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

7. The Registrant undertakes to send by first class mail or other means designed to ensure equally prompt delivery, within two business days of receipt of a written or oral request, any prospectus or Statement of Additional Information.

 

6


SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”) and the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Amendment to the Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of New York, State of New York on the 13th day of March, 2025.

 

LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC.
By:  

/s/ Jane E. Trust

  President, Chief Executive Officer and Director

Pursuant to the requirements of the 1933 Act, this Amendment to the Registration Statement has been signed by the following person in the capacity and on the date indicated.

 

Signature

  

Title

  

Date

/s/ Jane E. Trust

Jane Trust

   President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)    March 13, 2025

/s/ Christopher Berarducci

Christopher Berarducci

   Treasurer and Principal Financial Officer    March 13, 2025
     

/s/ Robert D. Agdern*

Robert D. Agdern

   Director    March 13, 2025
     

/s/ Carol L. Colman*

Carol L. Colman

   Director    March 13, 2025
     

/s/ Eileen A. Kamerick*

Eileen A. Kamerick

   Chair, Director    March 13, 2025
     

/s/ Nisha Kumar*

Nisha Kumar

   Director    March 13, 2025
     

/s/ Anthony Grillo*

Anthony Grillo

   Director    March 13, 2025
     

/s/ Peter Mason*

Peter Mason

   Director    March 13, 2025
     

/s/ Hillary A. Sale*

Hillary A. Sale

   Director    March 13, 2025

 

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*By:  

/s/ Jane E. Trust

  Jane Trust
  As Agent or Attorney-in-fact
March 13, 2025

The original power of attorney authorizing Jane Trust to execute this Registration Statement, and any amendments thereto, for the Directors of the Registrant on whose behalf this Registration Statement is filed, have been executed and are incorporated by reference herein to Item 25, Exhibit (t).

 

8


Schedule of Exhibits to Form N-2

 

(e)   Dividend Reinvestment Plan
(g)(1)   Investment Management Agreement between the Registrant and Franklin Templeton Fund Adviser, LLC (f/k/a Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC)
(g)(2)   Subadvisory Agreement between Franklin Templeton Fund Adviser, LLC (f/k/a Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC) and ClearBridge Investments, LLC
(g)(3)   Subadvisory Agreement between Franklin Templeton Fund Adviser, LLC (f/k/a Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC) and Western Asset Management Company, LLC
(g)(4)   Subadvisory Agreement between Western Asset Management Company and Western Asset Management Company Limited
(j)(1)   Custodian Services Agreement with The Bank of New York Mellon, dated January 1, 2018
(j)(2)   Amendment No. 9 to the Custodian Services Agreement, dated May 1, 2021, with The Bank of New York Mellon, dated January 1, 2018
(k)(1)   Transfer Agency and Services Agreement with Computershare Inc., dated March 14, 2016
(k)(2)   Amendment No. 9 to the Transfer Agency and Services Agreement, dated March 19, 2021, with Computershare Inc., dated March 14, 2016
(k)(3)   Margin Loan and Security Agreement with Bank of America, N.A., dated May 6, 2022
(k)(4)   First Amendment to Margin Loan and Security Agreement with Bank of America, N.A., dated June 21, 2023
(k)(5)   Second Amendment to Margin Loan and Security Agreement with Bank of America, N.A., dated November 15, 2023
(l)   Opinion and Consent of Venable LLP
(n)   Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
(r)(1)   Code of Ethics of the Fund and FTFA
(r)(2)   Code of Ethics of ClearBridge
(r)(3)   Code of Ethics of Western Asset
(s)   Filing Fee Table

 

9

DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN

Unless you elect to receive distributions in cash (i.e., opt-out), all dividends, including any capital gain dividends and return of capital distributions, on your Common Shares will be automatically reinvested by Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as agent for the shareholders (the “Plan Agent”), in additional Common Shares under the Fund’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan (the “Plan”). You may elect not to participate in the Plan by contacting the Plan Agent. If you do not participate, you will receive all cash distributions paid by check mailed directly to you by Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as dividend paying agent.

In the case of a registered shareholder such as a broker, bank or other nominee (together, a “nominee”) that holds Common Shares for others who are the beneficial owners, the Plan Agent will administer the Plan on the basis of the number of Common Shares certified by the nominee/record shareholder as representing the total amount registered in such shareholder’s name and held for the account of beneficial owners who are to participate in the Plan. If your Common Shares are held through a nominee and are not registered with the Plan Agent, neither you nor the nominee will be participants in or have distributions reinvested under the Plan. If you are a beneficial owner of Common Shares and wish to participate in the Plan, and your nominee is unable or unwilling to become a registered shareholder and a Plan participant on your behalf, you may request that your nominee arrange to have all or a portion of your shares re-registered with the Plan Agent in your name so that you may be enrolled as a participant in the Plan. Please contact your nominee for details or for other possible alternatives. Registered shareholders whose shares are registered in the name of one nominee firm may not be able to transfer the shares to another firm and continue to participate in the Plan.

If you participate in the Plan, the number of Common Shares you will receive will be determined as follows:

(1) If the market price of the Common Shares (plus $0.03 per share processing fee which includes any brokerage commission the Plan Agent is required to pay) on the payment date (or, if the payment date is not a NYSE trading day, the immediately preceding trading day) is equal to or exceeds the net asset value per share of the Common Shares at the close of trading on the NYSE on the payment date, the Fund will issue new Common Shares at a price equal to the greater of (a) the net asset value per share at the close of trading on the NYSE on the payment date or (b) 95% of the market price per share of the Common Shares on the payment date.

(2) If the net asset value per share of the Common Shares exceeds the market price of the Common Shares (plus $0.03 per share processing fee) at the close of trading on the NYSE on the payment date, the Plan Agent will receive the dividend or distribution in cash and will buy Common Shares in the open market, on the NYSE or elsewhere, for your account as soon as practicable commencing on the trading day following the payment date and terminating no later than the earlier of (a) 30 days after the dividend or distribution payment date, or (b) the payment date for the next succeeding dividend or distribution to be made to the shareholders; except when necessary to comply with applicable provisions of the federal securities laws. If during this period: (i) the market price (plus $0.03 per share processing fee) rises so that it equals or exceeds the net asset value per share of the Common Shares at the close of trading on the NYSE on the payment date before the Plan Agent has completed the open market purchases or (ii) if the Plan Agent is unable to invest the full amount eligible to be reinvested in open market purchases, the Plan Agent will cease purchasing Common Shares in the open market and the Fund shall issue the remaining Common Shares at a price per share equal to the greater of (a) the net asset value per share at the close of trading on the NYSE on the day prior to the issuance of shares for reinvestment or (b) 95% of the then current market price per share.

Common Shares in your account will be held by the Plan Agent in non-certificated form. Any proxy you receive will include all Common Shares you have received under the Plan.

You may withdraw from the Plan (i.e., opt-out) by notifying the Plan Agent through the Internet at www.computershare.com/investor, in writing at 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600, Louisville, KY 40202 or by calling the Plan Agent at 1-888-888-0151. Such withdrawal will be effective immediately if notice is received by the Plan Agent prior to any dividend or distribution record date; otherwise such withdrawal will be effective as soon as practicable after the Plan Agent’s investment of the most recently declared dividend or distribution on the Common Shares.


Plan participants who sell their shares will be charged a service charge (currently $5.00 per transaction) and the Plan Agent is authorized to deduct per share processing fees actually incurred from the proceeds (currently $0.05 per share, which includes any brokerage commission the Plan Agent is required to pay). There is no service charge for reinvestment of your dividends or distributions in Common Shares. However, all participants will pay per share processing fees (currently $0.03 per share) incurred by the Plan Agent when it makes open market purchases. Because all dividends and distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional Common Shares, this allows you to add to your investment through dollar cost averaging, which may lower the average cost of your Common Shares over time. Dollar cost averaging is a technique for lowering the average cost per share over time if the Fund’s net asset value declines. While dollar cost averaging has definite advantages, it cannot assure profit or protect against loss in declining markets.

Automatically reinvesting dividends and distributions does not mean that you do not have to pay income taxes due upon receiving dividends and distributions. Investors will be subject to income tax on amounts reinvested under the Plan.

The Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate the Plan if, in the judgment of the Board of Trustees, the change is warranted. The Plan may be terminated, amended or supplemented by the Fund upon notice in writing mailed to shareholders at least 30 days prior to the record date for the payment of any dividend or distribution by the Fund for which the termination or amendment is to be effective. Upon any termination, you will be sent cash for any fractional share of Common Shares in your account less any applicable fees. You may elect to notify the Plan Agent in advance of such termination to have the Plan Agent sell part or all of your Common Shares on your behalf. Additional information about the Plan and your account may be obtained from the Plan Agent through the Internet at www.computershare.com/investor, in writing at 462 South 4th Street, Suite 1600, Louisville, KY 40202 or by calling the Plan Agent at 1-888-888-0151.

MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT

Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC

This MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT (“Agreement”) is made this 31st day of July, 2020, by and between LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc. (the “Fund”) and Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Manager”).

WHEREAS, the Fund is registered as a management investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”);

WHEREAS, the Manager is engaged primarily in rendering investment advisory, management and administrative services and is registered as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended;

WHEREAS, the Fund wishes to retain the Manager to provide investment advisory, management, and administrative services to the Fund; and

WHEREAS, the Manager is willing to furnish such services on the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth;

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the promises and mutual covenants herein contained, it is agreed as follows:

1. The Fund hereby appoints the Manager to act as investment adviser and administrator of the Fund for the period and on the terms set forth in this Agreement. The Manager accepts such appointment and agrees to render the services herein set forth, for the compensation herein provided.

2. The Fund shall at all times keep the Manager fully informed with regard to the securities owned by it, its funds available, or to become available, for investment, and generally as to the condition of its affairs. It shall furnish the Manager with such other documents and information with regard to its affairs as the Manager may from time to time reasonably request.

3. (a) Subject to the supervision of the Fund’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), the Manager shall regularly provide the Fund with investment research, advice, management and supervision and shall furnish a continuous investment program for the Fund’s portfolio of securities and other investments consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives, policies and restrictions, as stated in the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information. The Manager shall determine from time to time what securities and other investments will be purchased, retained, sold or exchanged by the Fund and what portion of the assets of the Fund’s portfolio will be held in the various securities and other investments in which the Fund invests, and shall implement those decisions, all subject to the provisions of the Fund’s Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws (collectively, the “Governing Documents”), the 1940 Act, and the applicable rules and regulations promulgated thereunder by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and interpretive guidance issued thereunder by the SEC staff and any other applicable federal and state law, as well as the investment objectives, policies and restrictions of the Fund referred to above, and any other specific policies adopted by the Board and disclosed to the Manager. The Manager is authorized as the agent of the Fund to give instructions to the custodian of the Fund as to deliveries of securities and other investments and payments of cash for the account of the Fund. Subject to applicable provisions of the 1940 Act and direction from the Board, the investment program to be provided hereunder may entail the investment of all or substantially all of the assets of the Fund in one or more investment companies. The Manager will place orders pursuant to its investment

 

1


determinations for the Fund either directly with the issuer or with any broker or dealer, foreign currency dealer, futures commission merchant or others selected by it. In connection with the selection of such brokers or dealers and the placing of such orders, subject to applicable law, brokers or dealers may be selected who also provide brokerage and research services (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) to the Fund and/or the other accounts over which the Manager or its affiliates exercise investment discretion. The Manager is authorized to pay a broker or dealer who provides such brokerage and research services a commission for executing a portfolio transaction for the Fund which is in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction if the Manager determines in good faith that such amount of commission is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided by such broker or dealer. This determination may be viewed in terms of either that particular transaction or the overall responsibilities which the Manager and its affiliates have with respect to accounts over which they exercise investment discretion. The Board may adopt policies and procedures that modify and restrict the Manager’s authority regarding the execution of the Fund’s portfolio transactions provided herein. The Manager shall also provide advice and recommendations with respect to other aspects of the business and affairs of the Fund, shall exercise voting rights, rights to consent to corporate action and any other rights pertaining to the Fund’s portfolio securities subject to such direction as the Board may provide, and shall perform such other functions of investment management and supervision as may be directed by the Board.

(b) Subject to the direction and control of the Board, the Manager shall perform such administrative and management services as may from time to time be reasonably requested by the Fund as necessary for the operation of the Fund, such as (i) supervising the overall administration of the Fund, including negotiation of contracts and fees with and the monitoring of performance and billings of the Fund’s transfer agent, shareholder servicing agents, custodian and other independent contractors or agents, (ii) providing certain compliance, fund accounting, regulatory reporting, and tax reporting services, (iii) preparing or participating in the preparation of Board materials, registration statements, proxy statements and reports and other communications to shareholders, (iv) maintaining the Fund’s existence, and (v) during such times as shares are publicly offered, maintaining the registration and qualification of the Fund’s shares under federal and state laws. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Manager shall not be deemed to have assumed any duties with respect to, and shall not be responsible for, the distribution of the shares of the Fund, nor shall the Manager be deemed to have assumed or have any responsibility with respect to functions specifically assumed by any transfer agent, fund accounting agent, custodian, shareholder servicing agent or other agent, in each case employed by the Fund to perform such functions.

(c) The Fund hereby authorizes any entity or person associated with the Manager which is a member of a national securities exchange to effect any transaction on the exchange for the account of the Fund which is permitted by Section 11(a) of the Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 11a2-2(T) thereunder, and the Fund hereby consents to the retention of compensation for such transactions in accordance with Rule 11a2-2(T)(a)(2)(iv). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Manager agrees that it will not deal with itself, or with members of the Board or any principal underwriter of the Fund, as principals or agents in making purchases or sales of securities or other property for the account of the Fund, nor will it purchase any securities from an underwriting or selling group in which the Manager or its affiliates is participating, or arrange for purchases and sales of securities between the Fund and another account advised by the Manager or its affiliates, except in each case as permitted by the 1940 Act and in accordance with such policies and procedures as may be adopted by the Fund from time to time, and will comply with all other provisions of the Governing Documents and the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information relative to the Manager and its directors and officers.

 

2


4. Subject to the Board’s approval, the Manager or the Fund may enter into contracts with one or more investment subadvisers or subadministrators, including without limitation, affiliates of the Manager, in which the Manager delegates to such investment subadvisers or subadministrators any or all its duties specified hereunder, on such terms as the Manager will determine to be necessary, desirable or appropriate, provided that in each case the Manager shall supervise the activities of each such subadviser or subadministrator and further provided that such contracts impose on any investment subadviser or subadministrator bound thereby all the conditions to which the Manager is subject hereunder and that such contracts are entered into in accordance with and meet all applicable requirements of the 1940 Act.

5. (a) The Manager, at its expense, shall supply the Board and officers of the Fund with all information and reports reasonably required by them and reasonably available to the Manager and shall furnish the Fund with office facilities, including space, furniture and equipment and all personnel reasonably necessary for the operation of the Fund. The Manager shall oversee the maintenance of all books and records with respect to the Fund’s securities transactions and the keeping of the Fund’s books of account in accordance with all applicable federal and state laws and regulations. In compliance with the requirements of Rule 31a-3 under the 1940 Act, the Manager hereby agrees that any records that it maintains for the Fund are the property of the Fund, and further agrees to surrender promptly to the Fund any of such records upon the Fund’s request. The Manager further agrees to arrange for the preservation of the records required to be maintained by Rule 31a-1 under the 1940 Act for the periods prescribed by Rule 31a-2 under the 1940 Act. The Manager shall authorize and permit any of its directors, officers and employees, who may be elected as Board members or officers of the Fund, to serve in the capacities in which they are elected.

(b) The Manager shall bear all expenses, and shall furnish all necessary services, facilities and personnel, in connection with its responsibilities under this Agreement. Other than as herein specifically indicated, the Manager shall not be responsible for the Fund’s expenses, including, without limitation, advisory fees; distribution fees; interest; taxes; governmental fees; voluntary assessments and other expenses incurred in connection with membership in investment company organizations; organization costs of the Fund; the cost (including brokerage commissions, transaction fees or charges, if any) in connection with the purchase or sale of the Fund’s securities and other investments and any losses in connection therewith; fees and expenses of custodians, transfer agents, registrars, independent pricing vendors or other agents; legal expenses; loan commitment fees; expenses relating to share certificates; expenses relating to the issuing and redemption or repurchase of the Fund’s shares and servicing shareholder accounts; expenses of registering and qualifying the Fund’s shares for sale under applicable federal and state law; expenses of preparing, setting in print, printing and distributing prospectuses and statements of additional information and any supplements thereto, reports, proxy statements, notices and dividends to the Fund’s shareholders; costs of stationery; website costs; costs of meetings of the Board or any committee thereof, meetings of shareholders and other meetings of the Fund; Board fees; audit fees; travel expenses of officers, members of the Board and employees of the Fund, if any; and the Fund’s pro rata portion of premiums on any fidelity bond and other insurance covering the Fund and its officers, Board members and employees; litigation expenses and any non-recurring or extraordinary expenses as may arise, including, without limitation, those relating to actions, suits or proceedings to which the Fund is a party and the legal obligation which the Fund may have to indemnify the Fund’s Board members and officers with respect thereto.

 

3


6. No member of the Board, officer or employee of the Fund shall receive from the Fund any salary or other compensation as such member of the Board, officer or employee while he is at the same time a director, officer, or employee of the Manager or any affiliated company of the Manager, except as the Board may decide. This paragraph shall not apply to Board members, executive committee members, consultants and other persons who are not regular members of the Manager’s or any affiliated company’s staff.

7. As compensation for the services performed and the facilities furnished and expenses assumed by the Manager, including the services of any consultants retained by the Manager, the Fund shall pay the Manager, as promptly as possible after the last day of each month, a fee, computed daily by multiplying the annual rate set forth opposite the Fund’s name on Schedule A annexed hereto by the average daily value (as determined on the days and at the time set forth in the Prospectus for determining net asset value per share) of the Fund’s net assets plus (i) the proceeds of any outstanding borrowings used for leverage and (ii) any proceeds from the issuance of preferred stock, minus the sum of (x) accrued liabilities of the Fund, (y) any accrued and unpaid interest on outstanding borrowings and (z) accumulated dividends on shares of preferred stock, all during the proceeding month, provided however, that if the Fund invests all or substantially all of its assets in another registered investment company for which the Manager or an affiliate of the Manager serves as investment adviser or investment manager, the annual fee computed as set forth on such Schedule A shall be reduced by the aggregate management fees allocated to that Fund for the Fund’s then-current fiscal year from such other registered investment company. The first payment of the fee shall be made as promptly as possible at the end of the month succeeding the effective date of this Agreement, and shall constitute a full payment of the fee due the Manager for all services prior to that date. If this Agreement is terminated as of any date not the last day of a month, such fee shall be paid as promptly as possible after such date of termination, shall be based on the average daily net assets of the Fund in that period from the beginning of such month to such date of termination, and shall be that proportion of such average daily net assets as the number of business days in such period bears to the number of business days in such month. The average daily net assets of the Fund shall in all cases be based only on business days and be computed as of the time of the regular close of business of the New York Stock Exchange, or such other time as may be determined by the Board.

8. The Manager assumes no responsibility under this Agreement other than to render the services called for hereunder, in good faith, and shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law, or for any loss arising out of any investment or for any act or omission in the execution of securities transactions for the Fund, provided that nothing in this Agreement shall protect the Manager against any liability to the Fund to which the Manager would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of its reckless disregard of its obligations and duties hereunder. As used in this Section 8, the term “Manager” shall include any affiliates of the Manager performing services for the Fund contemplated hereby and the partners, shareholders, directors, officers and employees of the Manager and such affiliates.

9. Nothing in this Agreement shall limit or restrict the right of any director, officer, or employee of the Manager who may also be a Board member, officer, or employee of the Fund, to engage in any other business or to devote his time and attention in part to the management or other aspects of any other business, whether of a similar nature or a dissimilar nature, nor to limit or restrict the right of the Manager to engage in any other business or to render services of any kind, including investment advisory and management services, to any other fund, firm, individual or association. If the purchase or sale of securities consistent with the investment policies of the Fund or one or more other accounts of the Manager is considered at or about the same time, transactions in such securities will be allocated among the accounts in a manner deemed equitable by the Manager. Such transactions may be combined, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, and consistent with the Manager’s policies and procedures as presented to the Board from time to time.

 

4


10. For the purposes of this Agreement, the Fund’s “net assets” shall be determined as provided in the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information and the terms “assignment,” “interested person,” and “majority of the outstanding voting securities” shall have the meanings given to them by Section 2(a) of the 1940 Act, subject to such exemptions as may be granted by the SEC by any rule, regulation or order.

11. This Agreement will become effective with respect to the Fund on the date set forth on Schedule A annexed hereto, provided that it shall have been approved by the Fund’s Board and by the shareholders of the Fund in accordance with the requirements of the 1940 Act and, unless sooner terminated as provided herein, will continue in effect until the second anniversary of the date of effectiveness. Thereafter, if not terminated, this Agreement shall continue in effect with respect to the Fund, so long as such continuance is specifically approved at least annually (i) by the Board or (ii) by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, provided that in either event the continuance is also approved by a majority of the Board members who are not interested persons of any party to this Agreement, by vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval.

12. This Agreement is terminable with respect to the Fund without penalty by the Board or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice to the Manager, or by the Manager upon not less than 90 days’ written notice to the Fund, and will be terminated upon the mutual written consent of the Manager and the Fund. This Agreement shall terminate automatically in the event of its assignment by the Manager and shall not be assignable by the Fund without the consent of the Manager.

13. No provision of this Agreement may be changed, waived, discharged or terminated orally, but only by an instrument in writing signed by the party against which enforcement of the change, waiver, discharge or termination is sought, and no material amendment of the Agreement shall be effective until approved, if so required by the 1940 Act, by vote of the holders of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities.

14. This Agreement embodies the entire agreement and understanding between the parties hereto, and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings relating to the subject matter hereof. Should any part of this Agreement be held or made invalid by a court decision, statute, rule or otherwise, the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby. This Agreement shall be binding on and shall inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors.

15. This Agreement shall be construed and the provisions thereof interpreted under and in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.

[signature page to follow]

 

5


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their officers thereunto duly authorized.

 

    LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC.
    By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

    Name:   Jane Trust
    Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer
    LEGG MASON PARTNERS FUND ADVISOR, LLC
    By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

    Name:   Jane Trust
    Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer

 

6


Schedule A

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.

Date:

July 31, 2020

Annual Rate:

0.850%

 

7

SUBADVISORY AGREEMENT

This SUBADVISORY AGREEMENT (“Agreement”) is made this 31st day of July, 2020, by and between Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Manager”), and ClearBridge Investments, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Subadviser”).

WHEREAS, the Manager has been retained by LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc. (the “Fund”), a registered management investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”) to provide investment advisory, management, and administrative services to the Fund; and WHEREAS, the Manager wishes to engage the Subadviser to provide certain investment advisory services to the Fund, and the Subadviser is willing to furnish such services on the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth; NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the promises and mutual covenants herein contained, it is agreed as follows:

1. In accordance with and subject to the Management Agreement between the Fund and the Manager (the “Management Agreement”), the Manager hereby appoints the Subadviser to act as Subadviser with respect to the Fund for the period and on the terms set forth in this Agreement. The Subadviser accepts such appointment and agrees to render the services herein set forth, for the compensation herein provided.

2. The Manager shall cause the Subadviser to be kept fully informed at all times with regard to the securities owned by the Fund, its funds available, or to become available, for investment, and generally as to the condition of the Fund’s affairs. Manager shall furnish the Subadviser with such other documents and information with regard to the Fund’s affairs as the Subadviser may from time to time reasonably request.

3. (a) Subject to the supervision of the Fund’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) and the Manager, Subadviser shall regularly provide the Fund with respect to such portion of the Fund’s assets as shall be allocated to the Subadviser by the Manager from time to time (the “Allocated Assets”) with investment research, advice, management and supervision and shall furnish a continuous investment program for the Allocated Assets consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives, policies and restrictions, as stated in the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information. The Subadviser shall, with respect to the Allocated Assets, determine from time to time what securities and other investments will be purchased, retained, sold or exchanged by the Fund and what portion of the Allocated Assets will be held in the various securities and other investments in which the Fund invests, and shall implement those decisions, all subject to the provisions of the Fund’s Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws (collectively, the “Governing Documents”), the 1940 Act, and the applicable rules and regulations promulgated thereunder by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and interpretive guidance issued thereunder by the SEC staff and any other applicable federal and state law, as well as the investment objectives, policies and restrictions of the Fund referred to above, and any other specific policies adopted by the Board and disclosed to the Subadviser. The Subadviser is authorized as the agent of the Fund to give instructions with respect to the Allocated Assets to the custodian of the Fund as to deliveries of securities and other investments and payments of cash for the account of the Fund. Subject to applicable provisions of the 1940 Act, the investment program to be provided hereunder may entail the investment of all or substantially all of the assets of the Fund in one or more investment companies. The

 

1


Subadviser will place orders pursuant to its investment determinations for the Fund either directly with the issuer or with any broker or dealer, foreign currency dealer, futures commission merchant or others selected by it. In connection with the selection of such brokers or dealers and the placing of such orders, subject to applicable law, brokers or dealers may be selected who also provide brokerage and research services (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) to the Fund and/or the other accounts over which the Subadviser or its affiliates exercise investment discretion. The Subadviser is authorized to pay a broker or dealer who provides such brokerage and research services a commission for executing a portfolio transaction for the Fund which is in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction if the Subadviser determines in good faith that such amount of commission is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided by such broker or dealer. This determination may be viewed in terms of either that particular transaction or the overall responsibilities which the Subadviser and its affiliates have with respect to accounts over which they exercise investment discretion. The Board may adopt policies and procedures that modify and restrict the Subadviser’s authority regarding the execution of the Fund’s portfolio transactions provided herein. The Subadviser shall exercise voting rights, rights to consent to corporate action and any other rights pertaining to the Allocated Assets subject to such direction as the Board may provide, and shall perform such other functions of investment management and supervision as may be directed by the Board.

(b) The Fund hereby authorizes any entity or person associated with the Subadviser which is a member of a national securities exchange to effect any transaction on the exchange for the account of the Fund which is permitted by Section 11(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 11a2-2(T) thereunder, and the Fund hereby consents to the retention of compensation for such transactions in accordance with Rule 11a2-2(T)(a)(2)(iv). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Subadviser agrees that it will not deal with itself, or with members of the Board or any principal underwriter of the Fund, as principals or agents in making purchases or sales of securities or other property for the account of the Fund, nor will it purchase any securities from an underwriting or selling group in which the Subadviser or its affiliates is participating, or arrange for purchases and sales of securities between the Fund and another account advised by the Subadviser or its affiliates, except in each case as permitted by the 1940 Act and in accordance with such policies and procedures as may be adopted by the Fund from time to time, and will comply with all other provisions of the Governing Documents and the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information relative to the Subadviser and its directors and officers.

4. The Subadviser may delegate to any other one or more companies that the Subadviser controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, or to specified employees of any such companies, certain of the Subadviser’s duties under this Agreement, provided in each case the Subadviser will supervise the activities of each such entity or employees thereof, that such delegation will not relieve the Subadviser of any of its duties or obligations under this Agreement and provided further that any such arrangements are entered into in accordance with all applicable requirements of the 1940 Act.

5. The Subadviser agrees that it will keep records relating to its services hereunder in accordance with all applicable laws, and in compliance with the requirements of Rule 31a-3 under the 1940 Act, the Subadviser hereby agrees that any records that it maintains for the Fund are the property of the Fund, and further agrees to surrender promptly to the Fund any of such records upon the Fund’s request. The Subadviser further agrees to arrange for the preservation of the records required to be maintained by Rule 31a-1 under the 1940 Act for the periods prescribed by Rule 31a-2 under the 1940 Act.

 

2


6. (a) The Subadviser, at its expense, shall supply the Board, the officers of the Fund, and the Manager with all information and reports reasonably required by them and reasonably available to the Subadviser relating to the services provided by the Subadviser hereunder.

(b) The Subadviser shall bear all expenses, and shall furnish all necessary services, facilities and personnel, in connection with its responsibilities under this Agreement. Other than as herein specifically indicated, the Subadviser shall not be responsible for the Fund’s expenses, including, without limitation, advisory fees; distribution fees; interest; taxes; governmental fees; voluntary assessments and other expenses incurred in connection with membership in investment company organizations; organization costs of the Fund; the cost (including brokerage commissions, transaction fees or charges, if any) in connection with the purchase or sale of the Fund’s securities and other investments and any losses in connection therewith; fees and expenses of custodians, transfer agents, registrars, independent pricing vendors or other agents; legal expenses; loan commitment fees; expenses relating to share certificates; expenses relating to the issuing and redemption or repurchase of the Fund’s shares and servicing shareholder accounts; expenses of registering and qualifying the Fund’s shares for sale under applicable federal and state law; expenses of preparing, setting in print, printing and distributing prospectuses and statements of additional information and any supplements thereto, reports, proxy statements, notices and dividends to the Fund’s shareholders; costs of stationery; website costs; costs of meetings of the Board or any committee thereof, meetings of shareholders and other meetings of the Fund; Board fees; audit fees; travel expenses of officers, members of the Board and employees of the Fund, if any; and the Fund’s pro rata portion of premiums on any fidelity bond and other insurance covering the Fund and its officers, Board members and employees; litigation expenses and any non-recurring or extraordinary expenses as may arise, including, without limitation, those relating to actions, suits or proceedings to which the Fund is a party and the legal obligation which the Fund may have to indemnify the Fund’s Board members and officers with respect thereto.

7. No member of the Board, officer or employee of the Fund shall receive from the Fund any salary or other compensation as such member of the Board, officer or employee while he is at the same time a director, officer, or employee of the Subadviser or any affiliated company of the Subadviser, except as the Board may decide. This paragraph shall not apply to Board members, executive committee members, consultants and other persons who are not regular members of the Subadviser’s or any affiliated company’s staff.

8. As compensation for the services performed by the Subadviser, including the services of any consultants retained by the Subadviser, the Manager shall pay the Subadviser out of the management fee it receives with respect to the Fund, and only to the extent thereof, as promptly as possible after the last day of each month, a fee, computed daily at an annual rate set forth on Schedule A annexed hereto. The first payment of the fee shall be made as promptly as possible at the end of the month succeeding the effective date of this Agreement, and shall constitute a full payment of the fee due the Subadviser for all services prior to that date. If this Agreement is terminated as of any date not the last day of a month, such fee shall be paid as promptly as possible after such date of termination, shall be based on the average daily net assets of the Fund or, if less, the portion thereof comprising the Allocated Assets in that period from the beginning of such month to such date of termination, and shall be that proportion of such average daily net assets as the number of business days in such period bears to the number of business days in such month. The average daily net assets of the Fund or the portion thereof comprising the Allocated Assets shall in all cases be based only on business days and be computed as of the time of the regular close of business of the New York Stock Exchange, or such other time as may be determined by the Board.

 

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9. The Subadviser assumes no responsibility under this Agreement other than to render the services called for hereunder, in good faith, and shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law, or for any loss arising out of any investment or for any act or omission in the execution of securities transactions for the Fund, provided that nothing in this Agreement shall protect the Subadviser against any liability to the Manager or the Fund to which the Subadviser would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of its reckless disregard of its obligations and duties hereunder. As used in this Section 9, the term “Subadviser” shall include any affiliates of the Subadviser performing services for the Fund contemplated hereby and the partners, shareholders, directors, officers and employees of the Subadviser and such affiliates.

10. Nothing in this Agreement shall limit or restrict the right of any director, officer, or employee of the Subadviser who may also be a Board member, officer, or employee of the Fund, to engage in any other business or to devote his time and attention in part to the management or other aspects of any other business, whether of a similar nature or a dissimilar nature, nor to limit or restrict the right of the Subadviser to engage in any other business or to render services of any kind, including investment advisory and management services, to any other fund, firm, individual or association. If the purchase or sale of securities consistent with the investment policies of the Fund or one or more other accounts of the Subadviser is considered at or about the same time, transactions in such securities will be allocated among the accounts in a manner deemed equitable by the Subadviser. Such transactions may be combined, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, and consistent with the Subadviser’s policies and procedures as presented to the Board from time to time.

11. For the purposes of this Agreement, the Fund’s “net assets” shall be determined as provided in the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information and the terms “assignment,” “interested person,” and “majority of the outstanding voting securities” shall have the meanings given to them by Section 2(a) of the 1940 Act, subject to such exemptions as may be granted by the SEC by any rule, regulation or order.

12. This Agreement will become effective with respect to the Fund on the date set forth opposite the Fund’s name on Schedule A annexed hereto, provided that it shall have been approved by the Fund’s Board and, if so required by the 1940 Act, by the shareholders of the Fund in accordance with the requirements of the 1940 Act and, unless sooner terminated as provided herein, will continue in effect through the second anniversary of the date of effectiveness. Thereafter, if not terminated, this Agreement shall continue in effect with respect to the Fund, so long as such continuance is specifically approved at least annually (i) by the Board or (ii) by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, provided that in either event the continuance is also approved by a majority of the Board members who are not interested persons of any party to this Agreement, by vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval.

13. This Agreement is terminable with respect to the Fund without penalty by the Board or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice to the Subadviser, or by the Subadviser upon not less than 90 days’ written notice to the Fund and the Manager, and will be terminated upon the mutual written consent of the Manager and the Subadviser. This Agreement shall terminate automatically in the event of its assignment by the Subadviser and shall not be assignable by the Manager without

the consent of the Subadviser.

 

4


14. The Subadviser agrees that for any claim by it against the Fund in connection with this Agreement or the services rendered under this Agreement, it shall look only to assets of the Fund for satisfaction and that it shall have no claim against the assets of any other portfolios of the Fund.

15. No provision of this Agreement may be changed, waived, discharged or terminated orally, but only by an instrument in writing signed by the party against which enforcement of the change, waiver, discharge or termination is sought, and no material amendment of the Agreement shall be effective until approved, if so required by the 1940 Act, by vote of the holders of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities.

16. This Agreement, and any supplemental terms contained on Annex I hereto, if applicable, embodies the entire agreement and understanding between the parties hereto, and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings relating to the subject matter hereof. Should any part of this Agreement be held or made invalid by a court decision, statute, rule or otherwise, the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby. This Agreement shall be binding on and shall inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors.

17. This Agreement shall be construed and the provisions thereof interpreted under and in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.

[signature page to follow]

 

5


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their officers thereunto duly authorized.

 

LEGG MASON PARTNERS FUND ADVISOR, LLC
By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

Name:   Jane Trust
Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer
CLEARBRIDGE INVESTMENTS, LLC
By:  

/s/ Barbara Brooke Manning

Name:   Barbara Brooke Manning
Title:   Managing Director, General Counsel &Chief Compliance Officer

The foregoing is acknowledged:

The undersigned officer of the Fund has executed this Agreement not individually but in his/her capacity as an officer of the Fund. The Fund does not hereby undertake, on behalf of the Fund or otherwise, any obligation to the Subadviser.

 

LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC.
By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

Name:   Jane Trust
Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer

 

6


ANNEX I

Not applicable.

 

7


Schedule A

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.

Date:

July 31, 2020

Fee:

The sub-advisory fee will be 70% of the management fee paid to Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC, net of expense waivers and reimbursements, with respect to the Allocated Assets only.

 

8

SUBADVISORY AGREEMENT

This SUBADVISORY AGREEMENT (“Agreement”) is made this 31st day of July, 2020, by and between Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Manager”), and Western Asset Management Company, LLC, a California limited liability company (the “Subadviser”).

WHEREAS, the Manager has been retained by LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc. (the “Fund”), a registered management investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”) to provide investment advisory, management, and administrative services to the Fund; and

WHEREAS, the Manager wishes to engage the Subadviser to provide certain investment advisory services to the Fund, and the Subadviser is willing to furnish such services on the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth;

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the promises and mutual covenants herein contained, it is agreed as follows:

1. In accordance with and subject to the Management Agreement between the Fund and the Manager (the “Management Agreement”), the Manager hereby appoints the Subadviser to act as Subadviser with respect to the Fund for the period and on the terms set forth in this Agreement. The Subadviser accepts such appointment and agrees to render the services herein set forth, for the compensation herein provided.

2. The Manager shall cause the Subadviser to be kept fully informed at all times with regard to the securities owned by the Fund, its funds available, or to become available, for investment, and generally as to the condition of the Fund’s affairs. The Manager shall furnish the Subadviser with such other documents and information with regard to the Fund’s affairs as the Subadviser may from time to time reasonably request.

3. (a) Subject to the supervision of the Fund’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) and the Manager, Subadviser shall regularly provide the Fund with respect to such portion of the Fund’s assets as shall be allocated to the Subadviser by the Manager from time to time (the “Allocated Assets”) with investment research, advice, management and supervision and shall furnish a continuous investment program for the Allocated Assets consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives, policies and restrictions, as stated in the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information. The Subadviser shall, with respect to the Allocated Assets, determine from time to time what securities and other investments will be purchased (including, as permitted in accordance with this paragraph, swap agreements, options and futures), retained, sold or exchanged by the Fund and what portion of the Allocated Assets will be held in the various securities and other investments in which the Fund invests, and shall implement those decisions (including the execution of investment documentation), all subject to the provisions of the Fund’s Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws (collectively, the “Governing Documents”), the 1940 Act, and the applicable rules and regulations promulgated thereunder by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and interpretive guidance issued thereunder by the SEC staff and any other applicable federal and state law, as well as the investment objectives, policies and restrictions of the Fund referred to above, and any other specific policies adopted by the Board and disclosed to the Subadviser. The Subadviser is authorized as the agent of the Fund to give instructions with respect to the Allocated Assets to the custodian of the Fund as to deliveries of securities and other investments and payments of cash for the account of the Fund. Subject to applicable provisions of the

 

1


1940 Act, the investment program to be provided hereunder may entail the investment of all or substantially all of the assets of the Fund in one or more investment companies. The Subadviser will place orders pursuant to its investment determinations for the Fund either directly with the issuer or with any broker or dealer, foreign currency dealer, futures commission merchant or others selected by it. In connection with the selection of such brokers or dealers and the placing of such orders, subject to applicable law, brokers or dealers may be selected who also provide brokerage and research services (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) to the Fund and/or the other accounts over which the Subadviser or its affiliates exercise investment discretion. The Subadviser is authorized to pay a broker or dealer who provides such brokerage and research services a commission for executing a portfolio transaction for the Fund which is in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction if the Subadviser determines in good faith that such amount of commission is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided by such broker or dealer. This determination may be viewed in terms of either that particular transaction or the overall responsibilities which the Subadviser and its affiliates have with respect to accounts over which they exercise investment discretion. The Board may adopt policies and procedures that modify and restrict the Subadviser’s authority regarding the execution of the Fund’s portfolio transactions provided herein. The Subadviser shall exercise voting rights, rights to consent to corporate action and any other rights pertaining to the Allocated Assets subject to such direction as the Board may provide, and shall perform such other functions of investment management and supervision as may be directed by the Board.

(b) The Fund hereby authorizes any entity or person associated with the Subadviser which is a member of a national securities exchange to effect any transaction on the exchange for the account of the Fund which is permitted by Section 11(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 11a2-2(T) thereunder, and the Fund hereby consents to the retention of compensation for such transactions in accordance with Rule 11a2-2(T)(a)(2)(iv). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Subadviser agrees that it will not deal with itself, or with members of the Board or any principal underwriter of the Fund, as principals or agents in making purchases or sales of securities or other property for the account of the Fund, nor will it purchase any securities from an underwriting or selling group in which the Subadviser or its affiliates is participating, or arrange for purchases and sales of securities between the Fund and another account advised by the Subadviser or its affiliates, except in each case as permitted by the 1940 Act and in accordance with such policies and procedures as may be adopted by the Fund from time to time, and will comply with all other provisions of the Governing Documents and the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information relative to the Subadviser and its directors and officers.

4. The Subadviser may delegate to any other one or more companies that the Subadviser controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, or to specified employees of any such companies, certain of the Subadviser’s duties under this Agreement, provided in each case the Subadviser will supervise the activities of each such entity or employees thereof, that such delegation will not relieve the Subadviser of any of its duties or obligations under this Agreement and provided further that any such arrangements are entered into in accordance with all applicable requirements of the 1940 Act.

5. The Subadviser agrees that it will keep records relating to its services hereunder in accordance with all applicable laws, and in compliance with the requirements of Rule 31a-3 under the 1940 Act, the Subadviser hereby agrees that any records that it maintains for the Fund are the property of the Fund, and further agrees to surrender promptly to the Fund any of such records upon the Fund’s request. The Subadviser further agrees to arrange for the preservation of the records required to be maintained by Rule 31a-1 under the 1940 Act for the periods prescribed by Rule 31a-2 under the 1940 Act.

 

2


6. (a) The Subadviser, at its expense, shall supply the Board, the officers of the Fund, and the Manager with all information and reports reasonably required by them and reasonably available to the Subadviser relating to the services provided by the Subadviser hereunder.

(b) The Subadviser shall bear all expenses, and shall furnish all necessary services, facilities and personnel, in connection with its responsibilities under this Agreement. Other than as herein specifically indicated, the Subadviser shall not be responsible for the Fund’s expenses, including, without limitation, advisory fees; distribution fees; interest; taxes; governmental fees; voluntary assessments and other expenses incurred in connection with membership in investment company organizations; organization costs of the Fund; the cost (including brokerage commissions, transaction fees or charges, if any) in connection with the purchase or sale of the Fund’s securities and other investments and any losses in connection therewith; fees and expenses of custodians, transfer agents, registrars, independent pricing vendors or other agents; legal expenses; loan commitment fees; expenses relating to share certificates; expenses relating to the issuing and redemption or repurchase of the Fund’s shares and servicing shareholder accounts; expenses of registering and qualifying the Fund’s shares for sale under applicable federal and state law; expenses of preparing, setting in print, printing and distributing prospectuses and statements of additional information and any supplements thereto, reports, proxy statements, notices and dividends to the Fund’s shareholders; costs of stationery; website costs; costs of meetings of the Board or any committee thereof, meetings of shareholders and other meetings of the Fund; Board fees; audit fees; travel expenses of officers, members of the Board and employees of the Fund, if any; and the Fund’s pro rata portion of premiums on any fidelity bond and other insurance covering the Fund and its officers, Board members and employees; litigation expenses and any non-recurring or extraordinary expenses as may arise, including, without limitation, those relating to actions, suits or proceedings to which the Fund is a party and the legal obligation which the Fund may have to indemnify the Fund’s Board members and officers with respect thereto.

7. No member of the Board, officer or employee of the Fund shall receive from the Fund any salary or other compensation as such member of the Board, officer or employee while he is at the same time a director, officer, or employee of the Subadviser or any affiliated company of the Subadviser, except as the Board may decide. This paragraph shall not apply to Board members, executive committee members, consultants and other persons who are not regular members of the Subadviser’s or any affiliated company’s staff.

8. As compensation for the services performed by the Subadviser, including the services of any consultants retained by the Subadviser, the Manager shall pay the Subadviser out of the management fee it receives with respect to the Fund, and only to the extent thereof, as promptly as possible after the last day of each month, a fee, computed daily at an annual rate set forth on Schedule A annexed hereto. The first payment of the fee shall be made as promptly as possible at the end of the month succeeding the effective date of this Agreement, and shall constitute a full payment of the fee due the Subadviser for all services prior to that date. If this Agreement is terminated as of any date not the last day of a month, such fee shall be paid as promptly as possible after such date of termination, shall be based on the average daily net assets of the Fund or, if less, the portion thereof comprising the Allocated Assets in that period from the beginning of such month to such date of termination, and shall be that proportion of such average daily net assets as the number of business days in such period bears to the number of business days in such month. The average daily net assets of the Fund or the portion thereof comprising the Allocated Assets shall in all cases be based only on business days and be computed as of the time of the regular close of business of the New York Stock Exchange, or such other time as may be determined by the Board.

 

3


9. The Subadviser assumes no responsibility under this Agreement other than to render the services called for hereunder, in good faith, and shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law, or for any loss arising out of any investment or for any act or omission in the execution of securities transactions for the Fund, provided that nothing in this Agreement shall protect the Subadviser against any liability to the Manager or the Fund to which the Subadviser would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of its reckless disregard of its obligations and duties hereunder. As used in this Section 9, the term “Subadviser” shall include any affiliates of the Subadviser performing services for the Fund contemplated hereby and the partners, shareholders, directors, officers and employees of the Subadviser and such affiliates.

10. Nothing in this Agreement shall limit or restrict the right of any director, officer, or employee of the Subadviser who may also be a Board member, officer, or employee of the Fund, to engage in any other business or to devote his time and attention in part to the management or other aspects of any other business, whether of a similar nature or a dissimilar nature, nor to limit or restrict the right of the Subadviser to engage in any other business or to render services of any kind, including investment advisory and management services, to any other fund, firm, individual or association. If the purchase or sale of securities consistent with the investment policies of the Fund or one or more other accounts of the Subadviser is considered at or about the same time, transactions in such securities will be allocated among the accounts in a manner deemed equitable by the Subadviser. Such transactions may be combined, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, and consistent with the Subadviser’s policies and procedures as presented to the Board from time to time.

11. For the purposes of this Agreement, the Fund’s “net assets” shall be determined as provided in the Fund’s Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information and the terms “assignment,” “interested person,” and “majority of the outstanding voting securities” shall have the meanings given to them by Section 2(a) of the 1940 Act, subject to such exemptions as may be granted by the SEC by any rule, regulation or order.

12. This Agreement will become effective with respect to the Fund on the date set forth opposite the Fund’s name on Schedule A annexed hereto, provided that it shall have been approved by the Fund’s Board and, if so required by the 1940 Act, by the shareholders of the Fund in accordance with the requirements of the 1940 Act and, unless sooner terminated as provided herein, will continue in effect through the second anniversary of the date of effectiveness. Thereafter, if not terminated, this Agreement shall continue in effect with respect to the Fund, so long as such continuance is specifically approved at least annually (i) by the Board or (ii) by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, provided that in either event the continuance is also approved by a majority of the Board members who are not interested persons of any party to this Agreement, by vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval.

13. This Agreement is terminable with respect to the Fund without penalty by the Board or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice to the Subadviser, or by the Subadviser upon not less than 90 days’ written notice to the Fund and the Manager, and will be terminated upon the mutual written consent of the Manager and the Subadviser. This Agreement shall terminate automatically in the event of its assignment by the Subadviser and shall not be assignable by the Manager without the consent of the Subadviser.

 

4


14. The Subadviser agrees that for any claim by it against the Fund in connection with this Agreement or the services rendered under this Agreement, it shall look only to assets of the Fund for satisfaction and that it shall have no claim against the assets of any other portfolios of the Fund.

15. No provision of this Agreement may be changed, waived, discharged or terminated orally, but only by an instrument in writing signed by the party against which enforcement of the change, waiver, discharge or termination is sought, and no material amendment of the Agreement shall be effective until approved, if so required by the 1940 Act, by vote of the holders of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities.

16. This Agreement, and any supplemental terms contained on Annex I hereto, if applicable, embodies the entire agreement and understanding between the parties hereto, and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings relating to the subject matter hereof. Should any part of this Agreement be held or made invalid by a court decision, statute, rule or otherwise, the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby. This Agreement shall be binding on and shall inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors.

17. This Agreement shall be construed and the provisions thereof interpreted under and in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.

[signature page to follow]

 

5


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their officers thereunto duly authorized.

 

LEGG MASON PARTNERS FUND ADVISOR, LLC
By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

Name:   Jane Trust
Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer
WESTERN ASSET MANAGEMENT COMPANY, LLC
By:  

/s/ Daniel E. Giddings

Name:   Daniel E. Giddings
Title:   Manager of Global Legal Affairs

The foregoing is acknowledged:

The undersigned officer of the Fund has executed this Agreement not individually but in his/her capacity as an officer of the Fund. The Fund does not hereby undertake, on behalf of the Fund or otherwise, any obligation to the Subadviser.

 

LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC.
By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

Name:   Jane Trust
Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer

 

6


ANNEX I

Not applicable.

 

7


SCHEDULE A

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.

Date:

July 31, 2020

Fee:

The sub-advisory fee will be 70% of the management fee paid to Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC, net of expense waivers and reimbursements, with respect to the Allocated Assets only.

 

8

SUBADVISORY AGREEMENT

This SUBADVISORY AGREEMENT (“Agreement”) is made as of the 31st day of July, 2020, by and between Western Asset Management Company, LLC, a California limited liability company (the “Subadviser”) and Western Asset Management Company Limited, a corporation organized under the laws of England and Wales (“WAML”).

WHEREAS, the Subadviser has been retained by Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC to provide investment advisory, management, and administrative services to LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc. (the “Fund”), a registered management investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”); and

WHEREAS, the Subadviser wishes to engage WAML to provide certain investment advisory services to the Fund, and WAML is willing to furnish such services on the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth;

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the promises and mutual covenants herein contained, it is agreed as follows:

1. In accordance with and subject to the Subadvisory Agreement between the Subadviser and Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC with respect to the Fund (the “Subadvisory Agreement”), the Subadviser hereby appoints WAML to act as a subadviser with respect to the Fund for the period and on the terms set forth in this Agreement. WAML accepts such appointment and agrees to render the services herein set forth, for the compensation herein provided.

2. The Subadviser shall cause WAML to be kept fully informed at all times with regard to the securities owned by the Fund, its funds available, or to become available, for investment, and generally as to the condition of the Fund’s affairs. The Subadviser shall furnish WAML with such other documents and information with regard to the Fund’s affairs as WAML may from time to time reasonably request.

3. (a) Subject to the supervision of the Fund’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC and the Subadviser, WAML shall regularly provide the Fund with respect to such portion of the Fund’s assets as shall be allocated to WAML by the Subadviser from time to time (the “Allocated Assets”), with investment research, advice, management and supervision and shall furnish a continuous investment program for the Allocated Assets consistent with the Fund’s investment objectives, policies and restrictions, as stated in the Fund’s current Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information. WAML shall, with respect to the Allocated Assets, determine from time to time what securities and other investments will be purchased (including, as permitted in accordance with this paragraph, swap agreements, options and futures), retained, sold or exchanged by the Fund and what portion of the Allocated Assets will be held in the various securities and other investments in which the Fund invests, and shall implement those decisions (including the execution of investment documentation), all subject to the provisions of the Fund’s Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws (collectively, the “Governing Documents”), the 1940 Act, and the applicable rules and regulations promulgated thereunder by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and interpretive guidance issued thereunder by the SEC staff and any other applicable federal and state law, as well as the investment objectives, policies and restrictions of the Fund referred to above, and any other specific policies adopted by the Board and disclosed to WAML. WAML is authorized as the agent of the Fund to give instructions with respect to the Allocated Assets to the custodian of the Fund as to deliveries of securities and other investments and payments of cash for the account of the Fund. Subject to applicable provisions of the 1940 Act, the

 

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investment program to be provided hereunder may entail the investment of all or substantially all of the assets of the Fund in one or more investment companies. WAML will place orders pursuant to its investment determinations for the Fund either directly with the issuer or with any broker or dealer, foreign currency dealer, futures commission merchant or others selected by it. In connection with the selection of such brokers or dealers and the placing of such orders, subject to applicable law, brokers or dealers may be selected who also provide brokerage and research services (as those terms are defined in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) to the Fund and/or the other accounts over which WAML or its affiliates exercise investment discretion. WAML is authorized to pay a broker or dealer who provides such brokerage and research services a commission for executing a portfolio transaction for the Fund which is in excess of the amount of commission another broker or dealer would have charged for effecting that transaction if WAML determines in good faith that such amount of commission is reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided by such broker or dealer. This determination may be viewed in terms of either that particular transaction or the overall responsibilities which WAML and its affiliates have with respect to accounts over which they exercise investment discretion. The Board may adopt policies and procedures that modify and restrict WAML’s authority regarding the execution of the Fund’s portfolio transactions provided herein. WAML shall exercise voting rights, rights to consent to corporate action and any other rights pertaining to the Allocated Assets subject to such direction as the Board may provide, and shall perform such other functions of investment management and supervision as may be directed by the Board.

(b) The Fund hereby authorizes any entity or person associated with WAML which is a member of a national securities exchange to effect any transaction on the exchange for the account of the Fund which is permitted by Section 11(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 11a2-2(T) thereunder, and the Fund hereby consents to the retention of compensation for such transactions in accordance with Rule 11a2-2(T)(a)(2)(iv). Notwithstanding the foregoing, WAML agrees that it will not deal with itself, or with members of the Board or any principal underwriter of the Fund, as principals or agents in making purchases or sales of securities or other property for the account of the Fund, nor will it purchase any securities from an underwriting or selling group in which WAML or its affiliates is participating, or arrange for purchases and sales of securities between the Fund and another account advised by WAML or its affiliates, except in each case as permitted by the 1940 Act and in accordance with such policies and procedures as may be adopted by the Fund from time to time, and will comply with all other provisions of the Governing Documents and the Fund’s then-current Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information relative to WAML and its directors and officers.

4. WAML may delegate to any other one or more companies that WAML controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, or to specified employees of any such companies, certain of WAML’s duties under this Agreement, provided in each case WAML will supervise the activities of each such entity or employees thereof, that such delegation will not relieve WAML of any of its duties or obligations under this Agreement and provided further that any such arrangements are entered into in accordance with all applicable requirements of the 1940 Act.

5. WAML agrees that it will keep records relating to its services hereunder in accordance with all applicable laws, and in compliance with the requirements of Rule 31a-3 under the 1940 Act, WAML hereby agrees that any records that it maintains for the Fund are the property of the Fund, and further agrees to surrender promptly to the Fund any of such records upon the Fund’s request. WAML further agrees to arrange for the preservation of the records required to be maintained by Rule 31a-1 under the 1940 Act for the periods prescribed by Rule 31a-2 under the 1940 Act.

 

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6. (a) WAML, at its expense, shall supply the Board, the officers of the Fund, Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC and the Subadviser with all information and reports reasonably required by them and reasonably available to WAML relating to the services provided by WAML hereunder.

(b) WAML shall bear all expenses, and shall furnish all necessary services, facilities and personnel, in connection with its responsibilities under this Agreement. Other than as herein specifically indicated, WAML shall not be responsible for the Fund’s expenses, including, without limitation, advisory fees; distribution fees; interest; taxes; governmental fees; voluntary assessments and other expenses incurred in connection with membership in investment company organizations; organization costs of the Fund; the cost (including brokerage commissions, transaction fees or charges, if any) in connection with the purchase or sale of the Fund’s securities and other investments and any losses in connection therewith; fees and expenses of custodians, transfer agents, registrars, independent pricing vendors or other agents; legal expenses; loan commitment fees; expenses relating to share certificates; expenses relating to the issuing and redemption or repurchase of the Fund’s shares and servicing shareholder accounts; expenses of registering and qualifying the Fund’s shares for sale under applicable federal and state law; expenses of preparing, setting in print, printing and distributing prospectuses and statements of additional information and any supplements thereto, reports, proxy statements, notices and dividends to the Fund’s shareholders; costs of stationery; website costs; costs of meetings of the Board or any committee thereof, meetings of shareholders and other meetings of the Fund; Board fees; audit fees; travel expenses of officers, members of the Board and employees of the Fund, if any; and the Fund’s pro rata portion of premiums on any fidelity bond and other insurance covering the Fund and its officers, Board members and employees; litigation expenses and any non-recurring or extraordinary expenses as may arise, including, without limitation, those relating to actions, suits or proceedings to which the Fund is a party and the legal obligation which the Fund may have to indemnify the Fund’s Board members and officers with respect thereto.

7. No member of the Board, officer or employee of the Fund shall receive from the Fund any salary or other compensation as such member of the Board, officer or employee while he is at the same time a director, officer, or employee of WAML or any affiliated company of WAML, except as the Board may decide. This paragraph shall not apply to Board members, executive committee members, consultants and other persons who are not regular members of WAML’s or any affiliated company’s staff.

8. As compensation for the services performed by WAML, including the services of any consultants retained by WAML, the Subadviser shall pay WAML out of the subadvisory fee it receives with respect to the Fund, and only to the extent thereof, as promptly as possible after the last day of each month, a fee, computed daily at an annual rate set forth on Schedule A annexed hereto. The first payment of the fee shall be made as promptly as possible at the end of the month succeeding the effective date of this Agreement, and shall constitute a full payment of the fee due WAML for all services prior to that date. If this Agreement is terminated as of any date not the last day of a month, such fee shall be paid as promptly as possible after such date of termination, shall be based on the average daily net assets of the Fund or, if less, the portion thereof comprising the Allocated Assets in that period from the beginning of such month to such date of termination, and shall be that proportion of such average daily net assets as the number of business days in such period bears to the number of business days in such month. The average daily net assets of the Fund or the portion thereof comprising the Allocated Assets shall in all cases be based only on business days and be computed as of the time of the regular close of business of the New York Stock Exchange, or such other time as may be determined by the Board.

 

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9. WAML assumes no responsibility under this Agreement other than to render the services called for hereunder, in good faith, and shall not be liable for any error of judgment or mistake of law, or for any loss arising out of any investment or for any act or omission in the execution of securities transactions for the Fund, provided that nothing in this Agreement shall protect WAML against any liability to the Subadviser, Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC or the Fund to which WAML would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, or gross negligence in the performance of its duties or by reason of its reckless disregard of its obligations and duties hereunder. As used in this Section 9, the term “WAML” shall include any affiliates of WAML performing services for the Fund contemplated hereby and the partners, shareholders, directors, officers and employees of WAML and such affiliates.

10. Nothing in this Agreement shall limit or restrict the right of any director, officer, or employee of WAML who may also be a Board member, officer, or employee of the Fund, to engage in any other business or to devote his time and attention in part to the management or other aspects of any other business, whether of a similar nature or a dissimilar nature, nor to limit or restrict the right of WAML to engage in any other business or to render services of any kind, including investment advisory and management services, to any other fund, firm, individual or association. If the purchase or sale of securities consistent with the investment policies of the Fund or one or more other accounts of WAML is considered at or about the same time, transactions in such securities will be allocated among the accounts in a manner deemed equitable by WAML. Such transactions may be combined, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, and consistent with WAML’s policies and procedures as presented to the Board from time to time.

11. For the purposes of this Agreement, the Fund’s “net assets” shall be determined as provided in the Fund’s then-current Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information and the terms “assignment,” “interested person,” and “majority of the outstanding voting securities” shall have the meanings given to them by Section 2(a) of the 1940 Act, subject to such exemptions as may be granted by the SEC by any rule, regulation or order.

12. This Agreement will become effective with respect to the Fund on the date set forth opposite the Fund’s name on Schedule A annexed hereto, provided that it shall have been approved by the Fund’s Board and, if so required by the 1940 Act, by the shareholders of the Fund in accordance with the requirements of the 1940 Act and, unless sooner terminated as provided herein, will continue in effect through the second anniversary of the date of effectiveness. Thereafter, if not terminated, this Agreement shall continue in effect with respect to the Fund, so long as such continuance is specifically approved at least annually (i) by the Board or (ii) by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, provided that in either event the continuance is also approved by a majority of the Board members who are not interested persons of any party to this Agreement, by vote cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval.

13. This Agreement is terminable with respect to the Fund without penalty by the Board or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the Fund, in each case on not more than 60 days’ nor less than 30 days’ written notice to WAML or by WAML upon not less than 90 days’ written notice to the Fund and the Subadviser, and will be terminated upon the mutual written consent of the Subadviser and WAML. This Agreement shall terminate automatically in the event of its assignment by WAML and shall not be assignable by the Subadviser without the consent of WAML.

 

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14. WAML agrees that for any claim by it against the Fund in connection with this Agreement or the services rendered under the Agreement, it shall look only to assets of the Fund for satisfaction and that it shall have no claim against the assets of any other portfolios of the Fund.

15. No provision of this Agreement may be changed, waived, discharged or terminated orally, but only by an instrument in writing signed by the party against which enforcement of the change, waiver, discharge or termination is sought, and no material amendment of the Agreement shall be effective until approved, if so required by the 1940 Act, by vote of the holders of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding voting securities.

16. This Agreement, and any supplemental terms contained on Annex I hereto, if applicable, embodies the entire agreement and understanding between the parties hereto, and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings relating to the subject matter hereof. Should any part of this Agreement be held or made invalid by a court decision, statute, rule or otherwise, the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby. This Agreement shall be binding on and shall inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors.

17. This Agreement shall be construed and the provisions thereof interpreted under and in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.

[signature page to follow]

 

5


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their officers thereunto duly authorized.

 

WESTERN ASSET MANAGEMENT COMPANY, LLC
By:  

/s/ Daniel E. Giddings

Name:   Daniel E. Giddings
Title:   Manager of Global Legal Affairs
WESTERN ASSET MANAGEMENT COMPANY
LIMITED
By:  

/s/ Daniel E. Giddings

Name:   Daniel E. Giddings
Title:   Manager of Global Legal Affairs

The foregoing is acknowledged:

The undersigned officer of the Fund has executed this Agreement not individually but in his/her capacity as an officer of the Fund. The Fund does not hereby undertake, on behalf of the Fund or otherwise, any obligation to Western Asset Management Company Limited.

 

LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC.
By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

Name:   Jane Trust
Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer

 

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ANNEX I

This Annex I forms a part of the Subadvisory Agreement dated as of July 31, 2020 by and between Western Asset Management Company, LLC, a California limited liability company, and Western Asset Management Company Limited (“WAML”), an entity authorized and regulated in the United Kingdom by the Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”).

1. WAML represents, warrants and covenants that it is authorized and regulated by the FCA.

2. WAML has classified the Fund as a Professional Customer as defined by the FCA Rules.

 

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SCHEDULE A

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.

Date:

July 31, 2020

Fee:

The sub-advisory fee will be the following percentage of Allocated Assets: 0.30%

 

8

Exhibit (j)(1)

CUSTODIAN SERVICES AGREEMENT

THIS AGREEMENT is made as of January 1, 2018 by and among each Fund (as defined below) on behalf of each of its Portfolios (as defined below) and The Bank of New York Mellon (the “Custodian”).

WHEREAS, the Custodian is a bank having at least the minimum qualifications required by Section 17(f)(1) of the 1940 Act to act as custodian of the portfolio securities and other assets of investment companies; and

WHEREAS, each of the Funds on behalf of each of its Portfolios wishes to retain the Custodian to act as custodian of its portfolio securities and other assets, and the Custodian has indicated its willingness to so act;

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements hereinafter contained, and intending to be legally bound hereby, the parties hereto agree as follows:

 

1.

DEFINITIONS. As used in this Agreement:

Authorized Person” means any of the persons duly authorized by the applicable Fund’s Board of Trustees or Directors to give Proper Instructions or any other notice, request, direction, instruction, certificate or instrument on behalf of the Fund or one or more of its Portfolios as set forth in a certificate (which shall also set forth any limitations on such persons’ scope of authority), such certificate to be executed by the Secretary or Assistant Secretary of the applicable Fund, as the same may be revised from time to time.

Board” means the Board of Trustees or Directors of the applicable Fund.

CEA” means the Commodities Exchange Act, as amended, and “CFTC” means the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

Domestic Securities” means securities and other Financial Assets or instruments and other investments of a Portfolio to be held in places within the United States.

Domestic Sub-Custodian” shall have the meaning set forth in Section 2.6(b).

Federal Securities Laws” means the 1933 Act, the 1934 Act, the 1940 Act and the CEA.

Financial Assets” has the meaning set forth in the Uniform Commercial Code.

FINRA” means the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.

Foreign Assets” means any of the Portfolios’ investments (including foreign currencies) for which the primary market is outside the United States and such cash and cash equivalents as are reasonably necessary to effect the Portfolios’ transactions in such investments.


Foreign Custody Manager” has the meaning set forth in Section (a)(3) of Rule 17f-5 promulgated under the 1940 Act.

Foreign Securities” means securities and other Financial Assets of a Portfolio for which the primary market is outside the United States.

Foreign Securities Depository” means a foreign securities clearing system qualifying as an Eligible Securities Depository (as defined in Section (b)(1) of Rule 17f-7 under the 1940 Act) that is listed on Schedule B annexed hereto, as amended from time to time pursuant to Section 4.5 hereof.

Foreign Sub-Custodian” means a foreign banking institution qualifying as an Eligible Foreign Custodian (as defined in Section (a)(1) of Rule 17f-5 promulgated under the 1940 Act) that has been selected by the Custodian and is listed on Schedule A annexed hereto, as amended from time to time pursuant to Section 4.3 hereof.

Funds” means the investment companies, or wholly owned subsidiaries thereof, identified on Exhibit A annexed hereto, and such additional Funds made subject to this Agreement pursuant to Section 13(e) hereof.

Governing Documents” means, with respect to each of the Portfolios, (i) the declaration of trust, charter or other constituting document of the Fund of which the Portfolio is a series or portfolio, (ii) in the case of a Portfolio identified to the Custodian in writing as being an open-end fund, the currently effective prospectus and statement of additional information under the 1933 Act and the most recent statement of additional information or, as applicable, the most recent offering circular, offering circular or other comparable document, and (iii) a certified copy of the applicable Fund Board’s resolution approving the engagement of the Custodian to act as custodian of the securities and other assets of its Portfolio(s).

1933 Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

1934 Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

1940 Act” means the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

Portfolios” means the separate series or portfolios of the Funds identified on Exhibit A hereto, and such additional Portfolios made subject to this Agreement pursuant to Section 13(e) hereof, and, in the case of any closed-end investment company or other Fund for which no separate series or portfolio is so identified, the Fund itself.

Proper Instructions” means (1) written instructions given by an Authorized Person (or a person reasonably believed by the Custodian to be an Authorized Person) to the Custodian in such form and manner as the Custodian and the Funds shall agree upon from time to time, including communications effected directly between protected electromechanical or electronic devices, in each case in accordance with such testing and authentication procedures as may be agreed to from time to time by the Custodian and the Funds (“Written Instructions”) and (2) subject to any limitations in scope of authority, oral instructions (“Oral Instructions”) received by the Custodian in such manner and in accordance with such testing and authentication procedures


as the Custodian and the Funds shall agree upon from time to time, from a person reasonably believed by the Custodian to be an Authorized Person. It is understood that the Funds must follow such security procedures as the Custodian and the Funds shall agree upon from time to time. “Special Instructions” shall be Written Instructions accompanied by a copy of a resolution by the appropriate Board authorizing the action, or, if so approved by the Board, Written Instructions given by two Authorized Persons (or persons reasonably believed by the Custodian to be Authorized Persons) with authority (as specified in a certificate executed by the Secretary or Assistant Secretary of the applicable Fund) to give such Special Instructions.

Repo Custodian” means a custodian appointed by a Fund for the purpose of engaging in tri-party repurchase agreement transactions.

Rule 17f-5” means Rule 17f-5 under the 1940 Act.

Rule 17f-7” means Rule 17f-7 under the 1940 Act.

SEC” means the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Securities System” means a clearing agency which acts as a securities depository or a book-entry system authorized by the United States Department of the Treasury or another federal agency.

Shares” mean the shares of beneficial interest of any Portfolio.

Transfer Agent” means, with respect to each Fund, any transfer agent appointed by its Board.

Underlying Fund Shares” means uncertificated shares of registered “investment companies” (as defined in Section 3(a)(1) of the 1940 Act) that are held by, or under the control of, the Custodian, the ownership of which is evidenced through entries in the books and records of the transfer agent of the applicable registered “investment company.”

Underlying Transfer Agent” means the transfer agent with respect to Underlying Fund Shares.

U.S. Clearing System” means a clearing agency located in the United States which is registered with the SEC as a clearing agency under Section 17A of the 1934 Act or a book-entry system authorized by the U.S. Department of the Treasury.

 

2.

APPOINTMENT OF CUSTODIAN; GENERAL DUTIES.

 

  2.1.

Appointment.

(a) Each of the Funds hereby appoints the Custodian as the custodian of the cash, securities and other assets of each of its Portfolios, including Domestic Securities and Foreign Securities.


(b) Upon becoming a party to this Agreement, each of the Funds shall provide the Custodian with a copy of its Governing Documents (unless the same has previously been provided to the Custodian), and will provide the Custodian with a copy of amendments, supplements and modifications thereof from time to time.

(c) The Custodian hereby accepts appointment as custodian of the securities and assets of the Portfolios of the Funds, agrees to keep safely all cash, securities and other assets of each Portfolio delivered to the Custodian in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement and applicable statutes, laws, rules and regulations, and agrees to perform the duties of such custodian in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement and all statutes, laws, rules and regulations with which the Custodian or the Funds are required to comply in the performance of the services set forth in this Agreement. The duties of the Custodian shall only be those specifically undertaken pursuant to this Agreement.

 

  2.2.

Delivery of Portfolio Assets.

(a) Each Fund, on behalf of its Portfolio(s), shall deliver, or cause to be delivered, to the Custodian all securities, cash and other assets of such Portfolio(s), and from time to time all payments of income, payments of principal or capital distributions received by it with respect to Portfolio securities and other assets, and the cash consideration received by it for such new or treasury Shares representing interests in its Portfolio(s) as may be issued or sold from time to time. Securities may be delivered to the Custodian in physical form or by means of book-entry.

(b) The Custodian shall not be responsible for any property of a Portfolio which is not delivered to the Custodian or which has been delivered out by the Custodian in accordance with Proper Instructions, including without limitation Portfolio property (i) held by brokers, private bankers or other entities on behalf of the Portfolio, (ii) held by a sub-custodian or Repo Custodian authorized pursuant to Section 2.6(b) hereof, (iii) held by entities which have advanced monies to or on behalf of the Portfolio and which have received Portfolio property as security for such advance(s), or (iv) delivered or otherwise removed from the custody of the Custodian in advance of payment therefor pursuant to Section 2.5(vii) hereof. With respect to Underlying Fund Shares, the holding of confirmation statements that identify the shares as being recorded in the Custodian’s name on behalf of the Portfolios will be deemed custody for purposes hereof.

 

  2.3.

Reliance on Instructions and Authority.

(a) Concurrently with the execution of this Agreement, and from time to time thereafter, as appropriate, each Fund shall deliver to the Custodian, duly certified by such Fund’s Secretary or Assistant Secretary, a certificate setting forth: (i) the names, titles, signatures and scope of authority of all Authorized Persons, (ii) the names, titles and signatures of those Authorized Persons, if any, who are authorized to give Special Instructions, and (iii) a copy of resolutions of the Boards of the applicable Funds effecting the authorizations referred to in the preceding clauses (i) and (ii). Such certificate may be accepted and relied upon by the Custodian as conclusive evidence of the facts set forth therein and shall be considered to be in full force and effect until receipt by the Custodian of a similar certificate to the contrary.


(b) The Custodian will be protected in acting upon any Proper or Special Instructions which are transmitted with testing or authentication pursuant to terms and conditions agreed to by the Custodian and the Fund from time to time, provided that such instructions comply with the other provisions of this Agreement. The Funds shall promptly confirm any Oral Instructions with Written Instructions, provided that failure of such confirming Written Instructions to be received by the Custodian or to conform to the Oral Instructions shall in no way invalidate the transactions or enforceability of the transactions authorized by the Oral Instructions and effected prior to receipt by the Custodian of non-conforming Written Instructions, and provided further that if Written Instructions confirming Oral Instructions are inconsistent with such Oral Instructions the only obligation of the Custodian in connection therewith shall be to promptly notify the Fund of such inconsistency.

(c) The Custodian may receive and accept a copy of a resolution certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of any Fund as conclusive evidence (i) of the authority of any person to act in accordance with such resolution or (ii) of any determination or of any action by the applicable Board as described in such resolution, and such resolution may be considered as in full force and effect until receipt by the Custodian of written notice to the contrary.

(d) Third party providers of information to the Custodian may impose terms and conditions on a Fund’s use of that information, which can be found at http://www.bnymellon.com/products/assetservicing/vendoragreement.pdf (or any successor website the address of which is provided by Custodian to the Funds) (the “Data Terms Website”), and the Funds agree to those terms as they are posted in the Data Terms Website from time to time. The Custodian shall promptly notify the Funds in writing of any new postings or changes to the terms of any conditions previously posted in the Data Terms Website.

2.4 Bank Accounts. The Custodian shall open and maintain a separate bank account or accounts in the United States in the name of each Portfolio of each Fund, subject only to draft or order by the Custodian acting pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, and shall hold in such account or accounts, subject to the provisions hereof, all cash received by it from or for the account of the Portfolio, other than cash maintained by the Portfolio in a bank account established and used in accordance with Rule 17f-3 under the 1940 Act. Funds held by the Custodian for a Portfolio may be deposited by it to its credit as Custodian in the banking department of the Custodian or with sub-custodians appointed pursuant to Sections 2.6(b) or (c) hereof. Such funds shall be deposited by the Custodian in its capacity as Custodian and shall be withdrawable by the Custodian only in that capacity. The Custodian shall take reasonable steps to ensure that, to the extent reasonably possible, such funds are covered by federal deposit insurance.

2.5 Payment of Fund Moneys. Upon receipt of Proper Instructions on behalf of the applicable Portfolio, which may be continuing instructions when deemed appropriate by the parties, the Custodian shall pay out monies of a Portfolio in the following cases only (other than as set forth in Section 4.7(b) hereof; the provisions of Section 4.7(b) govern with respect to the transactions referenced therein):

(i) Upon the purchase of Domestic Securities for the account of the Portfolio but only (A) against the delivery of such securities or evidence of title thereto to the


Custodian or its agent appointed pursuant to Section 2.6(a) hereof registered in the name of the Portfolio or in the name of a nominee of the Custodian referred to in Section 3.3 hereof or in proper form for transfer; (B) in the case of a purchase effected through a U.S. Clearing System, in accordance with the conditions set forth in Section 3.5 hereof; (C) in the case of a purchase of Underlying Fund Shares, in accordance with the conditions set forth in Section 3.7 hereof; (D) in the case of repurchase agreements entered into between the applicable Fund on behalf of a Portfolio and the Custodian or another bank, or a broker-dealer, (i) against delivery of the securities either in certificate form or through an entry crediting the Custodian’s account at the U.S. Clearing System with such securities or (ii) where the counterparty is the Custodian, against delivery of the receipt evidencing purchase by the Portfolio of securities owned by the Custodian along with written evidence of the agreement by the Custodian to repurchase such securities from the Portfolio; or (E) for transfer to a time deposit account of the Fund in any bank; such transfer may be effected prior to receipt of a confirmation from a broker and/or the applicable bank pursuant to Proper Instructions from the Fund as defined herein.

(ii) In connection with conversion, exchange or surrender of securities owned by the Portfolio as set forth in Section 3.2(viii) hereof;

(iii) For the redemption or repurchase of Shares issued as set forth in Section 5 hereof;

(iv) For the payment of any expense or liability incurred by the Portfolio, including but not limited to the following payments for the account of the Portfolio: interest, taxes, management, accounting, transfer agent and legal fees, and operating expenses of the Fund whether or not such expenses are to be in whole or part capitalized or treated as deferred expenses;

(v) For the payment of any declared dividends on Shares;

(vi) For payment of the amount of dividends received in respect of securities sold short;

(vii) Upon the purchase of domestic investments that cannot, in accordance with domestic market practice, be delivered versus payment for such security, including without limitation repurchase agreement transactions involving delivery of Portfolio monies to a Repo Custodian in advance of delivery of the purchased securities, in accordance with Written Instructions, which (except in the case of a repurchase agreement transaction) have been signed by two Authorized Persons (or persons reasonably believed by the Custodian to be Authorized Persons), that set forth (A) that such payment is to be made as a “free delivery,” (B) the amount of such payment and (C) the person(s) to whom such payment is to be made;

(viii) For delivery in accordance with the provisions of any agreement among the Fund on behalf of a Portfolio, the Custodian and a broker-dealer, relating to compliance with the rules of The Options Clearing Corporation or of any registered national securities exchange, or of any similar organization or organizations, regarding escrow or other arrangements in connection with transactions by the Fund on behalf of such Portfolio;


(ix) For delivery in accordance with the provisions of any agreement among the Fund on behalf of a Portfolio, the Custodian and a futures commission merchant, relating to compliance with the rules of the CFTC and/or any contract market, or any similar organization or organizations, regarding account deposits in connection with transactions by the Fund on behalf of such Portfolio; and

(x) For any other purpose, but only upon receipt of Special Instructions from the Fund on behalf of the applicable Portfolio setting forth (A) the amount of such payment and (B) the person(s) to whom such payment is to be made.

 

  2.6.

Appointment of Agents and Sub-Custodians.

(a) Agents. The Custodian may at any time or times in its discretion appoint (and may at any time remove) any other bank or trust company which is itself qualified under the 1940 Act to act as a custodian (as such term is defined in Rule 17f-4 under the 1940 Act), as its agent, as the Custodian may from time to time direct; provided, however, that the appointment of any agent shall not relieve the Custodian of its responsibilities hereunder. (The Underlying Transfer Agent and any securities depository or clearing system shall not be deemed an agent or subcustodian of the Custodian for purposes of this Section 2.6 or any other provision of this Agreement.)

(b) Domestic Sub-Custodians. Upon receipt of Proper Instructions, the Custodian shall with respect to the applicable Portfolio(s) from time to time employ one or more subcustodians located in the United States that qualify to serve as custodians for registered management companies under the 1940 Act (“Domestic Sub-Custodians”), including without limitation any Repo Custodian or other sub-custodian appointed by a Fund for special purposes, provided that the Custodian shall have no more or less responsibility or liability to any Fund on account of any actions or omissions of any sub-custodian so employed than any such subcustodian has to the Custodian; provided further, however, that the Custodian shall be liable to the Fund, in accordance with Section 8 hereof, for the Custodian’s own actions in transmitting any instructions received by it from the Fund and for the Custodian’s own actions in connection with the delivery of any securities, cash or other assets held by it to any sub-custodian. In addition, if, at any time, a Portfolio suffers or incurs any loss, damage, cost, expense, liability or claim as a result of any action or omission on the part of any such sub-custodian, then, to the extent that the Custodian has a claim in connection therewith against such sub-custodian, the Custodian shall use commercially reasonable efforts to pursue such claim on behalf of the applicable Portfolio and shall promptly remit to the account of such Portfolio the amount of any recovery by the Custodian in connection therewith (less reasonable expenses incurred by the Custodian). Notwithstanding the immediately foregoing sentence, at a Fund’s election, the applicable Portfolio shall be entitled to be subrogated to the rights of the Custodian with respect to any claims against any such sub-custodian as a consequence of any such loss, damage, cost, expense, liability or claim if and to the extent that the Portfolio has not been made whole for any such loss, damage, cost, expense, liability or claim.


(c) Foreign Sub-Custodians. The Custodian may employ as sub-custodian for each Fund’s Foreign Securities on behalf of the applicable Portfolio(s) the foreign banking institutions and foreign securities depositories designated in Schedules A and B hereto, but only in accordance with the applicable provisions of Section 4 hereof.

2.7.  Actions Permitted Without Express Authority. The Custodian may in its discretion, without express authority from the applicable Fund on behalf of each applicable Portfolio:

(i) Surrender securities in temporary form for securities in definitive form;

(ii) Endorse for collection, in the name of the Portfolio, checks, drafts and other negotiable instruments; and

(iii) In general, attend to all non-discretionary details and mandatory actions in connection with the sale, exchange, substitution, purchase, transfer and other dealings with the securities and property of the Portfolio except as otherwise directed by Proper Instructions.

 

  2.8.

Records and Reports.

(a) The Custodian shall, with respect to each Portfolio, create and maintain all records relating to its activities and obligations under this Agreement in such manner as will, to the extent applicable, meet the obligations of each Fund under (i) the 1940 Act, with particular attention to Section 31 thereof and Rules 31a-1 and 31a-2 thereunder, and (ii) the CEA for any Portfolio identified to the Custodian in writing as being a commodity pool operated by a registered commodity pool operator.

(b) All records created for or on behalf of any Fund, including those maintained by the Custodian pursuant to Section 2.8(a) above, shall be the property of the applicable Fund and shall at all times during the regular business hours of the Custodian be open for inspection by duly authorized officers, employees, agents or independent auditors of such Fund and employees and agents of the SEC.

(c) The Custodian shall promptly provide or otherwise make available to the Funds on a daily or less frequent basis, such notifications, reports, statements, summaries, schedule, balances and trial balances, rollforwards, reconciliations and other information as may be mutually acceptable to the Funds and the Custodian, which may be included on a schedule to this Agreement.

(d) If a Fund elects to receive communications via the internet, the Fund acknowledges that there are risks inherent in receiving communications via such method (including but not limited to virus contamination, disruptions in service and the fact that such communications may not be secure) and that by electing to receive communications via the internet the Fund is assuming the risks of such communication method. For purposes of clarification, nothing in this Section 2.8(d) shall be deemed to reduce the standard of care or any obligation of the Custodian set forth elsewhere in this Agreement.


  2.9. 

Accountants; Compliance Matters.

(a) The Custodian shall take all reasonable action, as a Fund with respect to a Portfolio may from time to time request, in order for the Funds to obtain from year to year favorable opinions from the Fund’s independent accountants with respect to the Custodian’s activities hereunder and/or in connection with the preparation of the Fund’s Form N-lA or Form N-2, as applicable, and Form N-CSR, Form N-SAR (or any comparable successor thereto, including Form N-PORT and Form N-CEN), or other reports to the SEC and with respect to any other requirements thereof.

(b) The Custodian shall provide the applicable Fund, on behalf of each of the Portfolios, as such Fund may reasonably request, with a SOC 1 report under SSAE 18 (or any comparable successor report thereto) by independent public accountants on the Custodian’s system, relating to the services provided by the Custodian under this Agreement; such reports shall be of sufficient scope and in sufficient detail to provide reasonable assurance that any material inadequacies would be disclosed by such examination. The Custodian shall reasonably promptly (but, in any event, in not greater than sixty (60) days) notify each Fund of each determination of a significant deficiency, material weakness or inadequacy in the accounting controls of the Custodian which notification may be accomplished, among other means, by delivery of such SOC 1 report under SSAE 18.

(c) The Custodian further agrees to provide such information and assistance from time to time as may be reasonably requested by any of the Funds in connection with the Custodian’s compliance procedures as applicable to the Funds and/or in connection with the Funds’ periodic compliance audits of the Custodian. Without limiting the preceding sentence, the Custodian agrees to provide: (i) in connection with the Funds’ compliance programs pursuant to Rule 38a-l promulgated under the 1940 Act, such periodic reports, documentation and certifications as any Fund or its compliance officers may reasonably request, and reasonably prompt notification of any Material Compliance Matter (as such term is defined in Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act) that comes to the attention of the Custodian related to the performance of the services under this Agreement; (ii) reasonably prompt notification of any event that could materially adversely impact the services provided by the Custodian to the Funds under this Agreement; (iii) summary information about each business continuity plan, disaster recovery plan and similar plan enacted by the Custodian and applicable to the services provided under this Agreement and such amendments thereto as may be adopted from time to time, in order for the Fund to meet its regulatory obligations; (iv) sub-certificates in connection with the certification requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 applicable to services for the Funds and (v) a copy of each SSAE 18 (SOC 1) audit report (or any comparable successor report thereto) prepared in accordance with all applicable industry standards by an independent third party with respect to services hereunder.

 

  2.10.

Advances by the Custodian.

(a) The Custodian may, in its sole discretion, advance funds on behalf of any of the Portfolios to make any payment permitted by this Agreement.


(b) Upon mutual agreement between a Fund, on behalf of each applicable Portfolio, and the Custodian, the Custodian shall, upon receipt of Proper Instructions from the Fund on behalf of the Portfolio make federal funds available to such Portfolio as of specified times agreed upon from time to time by the Fund and the Custodian in the amount of checks received and/or wire transfers initiated in payment for Shares of such Portfolio which are deposited into the Portfolio’s account.

(c) Should a payment or payments pursuant to Section 2.10(a) or (b) above, with advanced funds, result in an overdraft (due to insufficiencies of the Portfolio’s account with the Custodian, or for any other reason), any such overdraft or indebtedness shall be deemed for purposes of this Agreement a loan made by the Custodian to the Fund for the account of the Portfolio payable on demand. Such overdraft or indebtedness shall bear interest, on any day, at the rate per annum set forth in the then-current written agreement between the Parties under Section 6 hereof. Each of the Funds agrees that the Custodian has and grants to the Custodian a continuing first lien and security interest (i) to the extent of any overdraft or indebtedness (prior to any rights of any other entity except as granted by statute, law, rule or regulation), and (ii) to the extent of any unpaid fees and expenses owing hereunder, after giving effect to applicable notice and cure periods, if any (or, in the absence of any notice and cure period stated herein, after giving written notice of any past due fees and expenses and providing a cure period of 30 days), in and to any property at any time held by the Custodian for the benefit of the applicable Portfolio or in which the applicable Portfolio has an interest and which is then in the Custodian’s possession or control (or in the possession or control of any third party acting on the Custodian’s behalf). Each of the Funds authorizes the Custodian, in the Custodian’s sole discretion, at any time to charge any overdraft or indebtedness, together with interest due thereon, against any balance of account standing to the credit of the applicable Portfolio on the Custodian’s books. In addition, the Custodian shall be entitled to utilize available cash and to dispose of such Portfolio’s Financial Assets and other assets to the extent necessary to obtain reimbursement, provided, however, the Custodian shall have provided the Fund three (3) days’ notice with respect thereto. In this regard, the Custodian shall be entitled to all the rights and remedies of a pledgee and secured creditor under applicable laws, rules and regulations as then in effect.

2.11.  Disruption of Services; Contingency Facilities. In order to minimize the disruption of the services to be provided under this Agreement or any exhibit, schedule or annex hereto, the Custodian shall implement and maintain directly or through third parties contingency facilities and procedures reasonably designed to provide for periodic back-up of the computer files and data with respect to the Portfolios and emergency use of electronic data processing equipment to provide services under this Agreement or any exhibit, schedule or annex hereto. The Custodian shall, upon reasonable request, discuss with senior management of the Funds such disaster recovery plan and shall, upon reasonable request, provide a high-level presentation summarizing such plan. In the event of equipment failure, work stoppage, governmental action, communication disruption or other impossibility of performance beyond the Custodian’s control, the Custodian shall, at no additional expense to the Funds, take reasonable steps to minimize service interruptions.

2.12  Not Payor. In making payments to service providers pursuant to Proper Instructions, each Fund acknowledges that the Custodian is acting in an administrative or in a ministerial capacity, and not as the payor, for tax information reporting and withholding purposes.


2.13. Float. Each Fund acknowledges that, as part of the Custodian’s compensation, the Custodian, to the extent permissible under applicable statutes, laws, rules and regulations, will earn interest on cash balances held by the Custodian as provided in the Custodian’s indirect compensation disclosures.

2.14. Contractual Settlement and Income. The Custodian may, as a matter of bookkeeping convenience, credit a Portfolio with the proceeds from the sale, redemption or other disposition of securities or interest, dividends or other distributions payable on securities prior to its actual receipt of final payment therefor. All such credits shall be conditional until the Custodian’s actual receipt of final payment and may be reversed by the Custodian to the extent that final payment is not received. Payment with respect to a transaction will not be “final” until the Custodian shall have received immediately available funds that under applicable local law, rule and practice are irreversible and not subject to any security interest, levy or other encumbrance, and that are specifically applicable to such transaction.

 

3.

CUSTODY WITH RESPECT TO DOMESTIC SECURITIES

3.1. Holding Domestic Securities. The Custodian shall hold and physically segregate for the account of each Portfolio all non-cash property, to be held by it in the United States, including all Domestic Securities owned by such Portfolio other than (i) securities which are maintained pursuant to Section 3.5 in a U.S. Clearing System and (ii) Underlying Fund Shares owned by each Fund which are maintained pursuant to Section 3.7 hereof in an account with the Underlying Transfer Agent.

3.2. Delivery of Securities. The Custodian shall release and deliver Domestic Securities owned by a Portfolio held by the Custodian, or in a U.S. Clearing System account of the Custodian or in an account at the Underlying Transfer Agent, only upon receipt of Proper Instructions (other than those actions which are expressly permitted to be taken without Proper Instructions under Section 2.7 hereof) on behalf of the applicable Portfolio, which may be continuing instructions when deemed appropriate by the parties, and only in the following cases:

(i) Upon sale of such securities for the account of the Portfolio and receipt of payment therefor as provided in this Agreement;

(ii) Upon the receipt of payment in connection with any repurchase agreement related to such securities entered into by the Portfolio;

(iii) In the case of a sale effected through a U.S. Clearing System, in accordance with the provisions of Section 3.5 hereof;

(iv) To the depository agent in connection with tender or other similar offers for securities of the Portfolio;

(v) To the issuer thereof or its agent when such securities are called, redeemed, retired or otherwise become payable; provided that, in any such case, the cash or other consideration is to be delivered to the Custodian;


(vi) To the issuer thereof, or its agent, for transfer into the name of the Portfolio or into the name of any nominee or nominees of the Custodian or into the name or nominee name of any agent or any sub-custodian appointed pursuant to Section 2.6; or for exchange for a different number of bonds, certificates or other evidence representing the same aggregate face amount or number of units; provided that, in any such case, the new securities are to be delivered to the Custodian;

(vii) Upon the sale of such securities for the account of the Portfolio, to the broker or its clearing agent, against a receipt, for examination in accordance with “street delivery” custom;

(viii) For exchange or conversion pursuant to any plan of merger, consolidation, recapitalization, reorganization or readjustment of the securities of the issuer of such securities, or pursuant to provisions for conversion contained in such securities, or pursuant to any deposit agreement; provided that, in any such case, the new securities and cash, if any, are to be delivered to the Custodian;

(ix) In the case of warrants, rights or similar securities, the surrender thereof in the exercise of such warrants, rights or similar securities or the surrender of interim receipts or temporary securities for definitive securities; provided that, in any such case, the new securities and cash, if any, are to be delivered to the Custodian;

(x) For delivery in connection with any loans of securities made by the Portfolio under a securities lending agreement to the lending agent, or the lending agent’s custodian, in accordance with Written Instructions (provided that the applicable Fund executes such agreement as the Custodian may reasonably require in connection with such arrangement, in such form as shall be reasonably negotiated by the Custodian, the lending agent and the applicable Fund);

(xi) For delivery as security in connection with any borrowing by a Fund on behalf of a Portfolio requiring a pledge of assets by the Fund on behalf of such Portfolio, but only against receipt of amounts borrowed;

(xii) For delivery in accordance with the provisions of any agreement among the Fund on behalf of a Portfolio, the Custodian and a broker-dealer, relating to compliance with the rules of The Options Clearing Corporation or of any registered national securities exchange, or of any similar organization or organizations, regarding escrow or other arrangements in connection with transactions by the Fund on behalf of such Portfolio;

(xiii) For delivery in accordance with the provisions of any agreement among a Fund on behalf of a Portfolio, the Custodian, and a futures commission merchant, relating to compliance with the rules of the CFTC and/or any contract market, or any similar organization or organizations, regarding account deposits in connection with transactions by the Fund on behalf of such Portfolio;

(xiv) Upon the sale or other delivery of such investments (including, without limitation, to one or more sub-custodians authorized pursuant to Section 2.6(b)), as set forth in Written Instructions, provided that such Written Instructions shall set forth (x) the securities of the Portfolio to be delivered and (y) the person(s) to whom delivery of such securities shall be made;


(xv) For delivery to the Portfolio’s Transfer Agent or to the holders of Shares in connection with distributions or redemptions in kind in satisfaction of requests by holders of Shares for repurchase or redemption;

(xvi) In the case of a sale processed through the Underlying Transfer Agent for Underlying Fund Shares, in accordance with Section 3.7 hereof; and

(xvii) For any other purpose, but only upon receipt of Special Instructions from the Fund on behalf of the applicable Portfolio specifying (A) the Domestic Securities of the Portfolio to be delivered and (B) the person(s) to whom delivery of such securities shall be made.

3.3. Registration of Securities. All securities accepted by the Custodian on behalf of the Portfolio under the terms of this Agreement shall be in “street name” or other good delivery form. Domestic Securities held by the Custodian (other than bearer securities) shall be registered in the name of the Portfolio or in the name of any nominee of a Fund on behalf of the Portfolio or of any nominee of the Custodian, or in the name or nominee name of any agent or any sub-custodian appointed pursuant to Section 2.6. If, however, a Fund directs the Custodian to maintain securities in “street name”, the Custodian shall utilize commercially reasonable efforts only to timely collect income due the Fund on such securities and to notify the Fund on a commercially reasonable efforts basis only of relevant corporate actions including, without limitation, pendency of calls, maturities, tender or exchange offers.

3.4. Collection of Income. Except with respect to Portfolio property released and delivered pursuant to Section 3.2(xiv) or purchased pursuant to Section 2.5(vii), and subject to the last sentence of Section 3.3, the Custodian shall collect on a timely basis all income and other payments with respect to registered Domestic Securities held hereunder to which each Portfolio shall be entitled either by law or pursuant to custom in the securities business, and shall collect on a timely basis all income and other payments with respect to bearer Domestic Securities if, on the date of payment by the issuer, such securities are held by the Custodian or its agent thereof and shall credit such income, as collected, to such Portfolio’s custodian account maintained hereunder. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Custodian shall detach and present for payment all coupons and other income items requiring presentation as and when they become due and shall collect interest when due on securities held hereunder. Income due each Portfolio on securities loaned pursuant to the provisions of Section 3.2(x) shall be the responsibility of the applicable Fund. The Custodian, in its capacity as custodian hereunder, will have no duty or responsibility in connection therewith, other than to provide the Fund with such information or data as may be necessary to assist the Fund in arranging for the timely delivery to the Custodian of the income to which the Portfolio is properly entitled. The Custodian shall as soon as reasonably practicable notify the Fund in such manner as the Fund and the Custodian may agree in writing if any amount payable to the Fund or other asset of the Fund is not received by the Custodian when due.


3.5. Deposit of Fund Assets in U.S. Clearing Systems. The Custodian may deposit and/or maintain securities or other Financial Assets owned by a Portfolio in a U.S. Clearing System in compliance with the conditions of Rule 17f-4 under the 1940 Act, as amended from time to time.

3.6. Segregated Account. The Custodian shall upon receipt of Proper Instructions on behalf of each applicable Portfolio, which may be continuing instructions, establish and maintain a segregated account or accounts for and on behalf of each such Portfolio, into which account or accounts may be transferred cash and/or securities, including securities maintained in an account by the Custodian pursuant to Section 3.5 hereof, (i) in accordance with the provisions of any agreement among the Fund on behalf of the Portfolio, the Custodian and a broker-dealer (or any futures commission merchant), relating to compliance with the rules of The Options Clearing Corporation or of any registered national securities exchange (or the CFTC or any registered contract market), or of any similar organization or organizations, regarding escrow or other arrangements in connection with transactions by the Portfolio, (ii) for purposes of segregating cash or securities in connection with options purchased, sold or written by the Portfolio or commodity futures contracts or options thereon purchased or sold by the Portfolio, (iii) for the purposes of compliance by the Portfolio with the procedures required by Investment Company Act Release No. 10666, or any subsequent rule or release of the SEC, or interpretative opinion of the staff of the SEC, relating to the maintenance of segregated accounts by registered investment companies, and (iv) for any other purpose in accordance with Proper Instructions and as required or permitted by applicable statutes, laws, rules and regulations and agreed between the Custodian and the applicable Fund.

3.7. Deposit of Fund Assets with the Underlying Transfer Agent. Underlying Fund Shares shall be deposited and/or maintained in an account or accounts maintained with the Underlying Transfer Agent, provided that such securities are maintained in an account or accounts on the books and records of the Underlying Transfer Agent in the name of the Custodian as custodian for the Portfolio. The records of the Custodian with respect to Underlying Fund Shares which are maintained with the Underlying Transfer Agent shall identify by book-entry those Underlying Fund Shares belonging to each Portfolio.

3.8. Ownership Certificates for Tax Purposes. The Custodian shall execute as soon as reasonably practicable, and shall require any Domestic Sub-Custodian to execute as soon as reasonably practicable, ownership and other certificates and affidavits for all federal and state tax purposes in connection with receipt of income or other payments with respect to Domestic Securities of each Portfolio held by it and in connection with transfers of securities.

3.9. Voting Domestic Shares. The Custodian shall, with respect to the Domestic Securities held hereunder, cause to be promptly executed by the registered holder of such securities, if the securities are registered otherwise than in the name of the Portfolio or a nominee of the Portfolio, all proxies, without indication of the manner in which such proxies are to be voted, and shall promptly deliver to the Fund such proxies, all proxy soliciting materials and all notices relating to such securities.


  3.10.

Communications Relating to Portfolio Securities.

(a) The Custodian shall transmit promptly to the applicable Fund for each Portfolio all written information and notices received by the Custodian in its capacity as custodian from issuers with regard to the Domestic Securities being held for the Portfolio and/or any corporate action by such issuer affecting such securities (including without limitation stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, pendency of calls and maturities of Domestic Securities and expirations of rights in connection therewith, notices of exercise of call and put options written by the Fund on behalf of the Portfolio and the maturity of futures contracts purchased or sold by the Fund on behalf of the Portfolio). For clarity, matters relating to bankruptcy cases are the responsibility of the applicable Fund; provided that the Custodian shall continue to be responsible for transmission of initial notice of the bankruptcy case received by the Custodian in its capacity as custodian and transmission of any required action relating to the bankruptcy case.

(b) With respect to tender or exchange offers, the Custodian shall transmit promptly to the applicable Fund all written information received by the Custodian in its capacity as custodian from issuers of the Domestic Securities whose tender or exchange is sought and from the party (or its agents) making the tender or exchange offer. If a Fund desires to take action with respect to any tender offer, exchange offer or any other similar transaction, the Fund shall notify the Custodian prior to the deadline established by the Custodian in its reasonable discretion as will give the Custodian sufficient time to take such action, which deadline shall in no event be longer than three (3) business days prior to the date on which the Custodian is to take action. If the Fund provides the Custodian with such notification after such deadline, the Custodian shall continue to use commercially reasonable efforts to take such action but will not be responsible if such efforts are unsuccessful. The Custodian shall inform the Fund or its appointed investment adviser a reasonable time in advance, to the extent reasonably possible, of pertinent deadlines in each case.

 

4.

CUSTODY WITH RESPECT TO FOREIGN SECURITIES

 

  4.1.

Foreign Custody Manager.

(a) Each Fund, by resolution adopted by its Board, hereby delegates to the Custodian, subject to Section (b) of Rule 17f-5 under the 1940 Act, the responsibilities set forth in Sections 4.1 through 4.4 with respect to Foreign Assets of the Portfolios held outside the United States, and the Custodian hereby accepts such delegation as Foreign Custody Manager with respect to the Portfolios.

(b) The Foreign Custody Manager shall be responsible for performing the delegated responsibilities defined below only with respect to the countries and custody arrangements for each such country listed on Schedule A to this Agreement, which list of countries may be amended from time to time by any Fund with the consent of the Foreign Custody Manager, which consent will not be unreasonably withheld, or as set forth in Section 4.1(d) hereof. Schedule A further lists the Foreign Sub-Custodians selected by the Foreign Custody Manager to maintain the assets of the Portfolios.

(c) Upon the receipt by the Foreign Custody Manager of Proper Instructions to open an account or to place or maintain Foreign Assets in a country listed on Schedule A, and the fulfillment by each Fund, on behalf of the applicable Portfolio(s), of the applicable account


opening requirements for such country, the Foreign Custody Manager shall be deemed to have been delegated by such Fund’s Board on behalf of such Portfolio(s) responsibility as Foreign Custody Manager with respect to that country and to have accepted such delegation. Execution of this Agreement by the Fund shall, to the extent any particular Fund has or will have Foreign Assets, be deemed to be a Proper Instruction to open an account or to place or maintain Foreign Assets in each country listed on Schedule A in which the Custodian has previously placed or currently maintains such Fund’s Foreign Assets pursuant to the terms of the Agreement. Following the receipt of Proper Instructions directing the Foreign Custody Manager to close the account of a Portfolio with the Foreign Sub-Custodian selected by the Foreign Custody Manager in a designated country, the delegation by the Board on behalf of such Portfolio to the Custodian as Foreign Custody Manager for that country shall be deemed to have been withdrawn and the Custodian shall immediately cease to be the Foreign Custody Manager with respect to such Portfolio with respect to that country and shall use commercially reasonable efforts to effect the closing of such account.

(d) The Foreign Custody Manager may withdraw its acceptance of delegated responsibilities with respect to a designated country upon at least 60 days (or such longer period which the parties may agree) prior written notice to the Fund.

 

  4.2.

Foreign Sub-Custodians.

(a) Subject to the provisions of this Section 4, the Foreign Custody Manager may place and maintain the Foreign Assets in the care of a Foreign Sub-Custodian in each country listed on Schedule A, as amended from time to time. In performing its delegated responsibilities as Foreign Custody Manager to place or maintain Foreign Assets with a Foreign Sub-Custodian, the Foreign Custody Manager shall determine that the Foreign Assets will be subject to reasonable care, based on the standards applicable to custodians in the country in which the Foreign Assets will be held by that Foreign Sub-Custodian, after considering all factors relevant to the safekeeping of such assets, including, without limitation the factors specified in Rule 17f- 5(c)(1) under the 1940 Act.

(b) The Foreign Custody Manager shall determine that the contract governing the foreign custody arrangements with each Foreign Sub-Custodian selected by the Foreign Custody Manager will satisfy the requirements of Rule 17f-5(c)(2).

(c) In each case in which the Foreign Custody Manager maintains Foreign Assets with a Foreign Sub-Custodian, the Foreign Custody Manager shall establish a system to monitor (i) the appropriateness of maintaining the Foreign Assets with such Foreign Sub-Custodian and (ii) the performance of the contract governing the custody arrangements established by the Foreign Custody Manager with the Foreign Sub-Custodian. In the event the Foreign Custody Manager determines that the custody arrangements with any Foreign Sub-Custodian it has selected are no longer appropriate pursuant to the requirements of Rule 17f-5, the Foreign Custody Manager shall notify the Board in accordance with Section 4.3 hereunder.

(d) The applicable Board shall, or in the event such Board shall have delegated to the applicable Adviser such duty in accordance with Rule 17f-5, such Adviser shall consider the Country Risk incurred by placing and maintaining the Foreign Assets in each country listed on


Schedule A (for which the Custodian is serving as Foreign Custody Manager of the Portfolios). For these purposes, “Country Risk” means all factors reasonably related to the systemic risk of holding Foreign Assets in a particular country including, but not limited to, such country’s political environment, economic and financial infrastructure (including any securities depositories or clearing systems operating in that country), prevailing or developing custody and settlement practices, governmental actions, market conditions which affect the orderly execution of transactions or affect the value of assets, and laws and regulations applicable to the safekeeping or recovery of Foreign Assets held in custody in that country; provided, however, that “Country Risk” shall not include the custody or settlement practices and procedures of a Foreign Sub-Custodian selected by the Foreign Custody Manager that are not substantially consistent with prevailing practices in the country in which the Foreign Assets are held or to be held by such Foreign Sub-Custodian. The Custodian’s responsibilities with respect to selection of Foreign Sub-Custodians do not include consideration of Country Risk, except to the extent necessary for the Custodian to perform its duties under Section 4.2.

(e) Upon reasonable request of a Fund, and subject to restrictions under applicable law, the Custodian will use reasonable efforts to arrange for the independent accountants of the Fund to be afforded reasonable access to the books and records of any foreign banking institution employed as a Foreign Sub-Custodian as may be required in connection with the examination of the Fund’s books and records.

4.3. Reporting Requirements. The Foreign Custody Manager shall report the withdrawal of the Foreign Assets from any Foreign Sub-Custodian and the placement of such Foreign Assets with another Foreign Sub-Custodian by providing the Board an amended Schedule A at the end of the calendar quarter in which an amendment to such schedule has occurred. The Foreign Custody Manager shall make reasonably prompt written reports to the Board of any other material change in the foreign custody arrangements of the Portfolios described in this Section 4 after the occurrence of the material change.

4.4. Representations with respect to Rule 17f-5. The Foreign Custody Manager represents to each Fund that it is a U.S. Bank as defined in Section (a)(7) of Rule 17f-5. Each Fund represents to the Custodian that its Board has determined that it is reasonable for such Board to rely on the Custodian to perform the responsibilities delegated pursuant to this Agreement to the Custodian as the Foreign Custody Manager of the Portfolios.

4.5. Foreign Securities Depositories. The Custodian shall provide the Fund with an analysis of the custody risks associated with maintaining assets with the Foreign Securities Depositories set forth on Schedule B hereto, in accordance with Section (a)(l)(i)(A) of Rule 17f- 7. The Custodian shall monitor such risks on a continuing basis and shall promptly notify the Fund of any material change in such risks, in accordance with Section (a)( 1 )(i)(B) of Rule 17f-7, and the Funds shall, as soon as reasonably practicable and via Proper Instructions to the Custodian, withdraw the Fund’s assets from a Foreign Securities Depository if the custody arrangements with such Foreign Securities Depository no longer meet the requirements of Rule 17f-7. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 8 of this Agreement, for the avoidance of doubt the Custodian shall have no obligation to withdraw assets from a Foreign Securities Depository other than upon receipt of such Proper Instructions from the Funds. Schedule B shall be updated from time to time by the Custodian’s provision to the Fund of an updated Schedule B at the end of the calendar quarter in which an amendment to such schedule has occurred.


  4.6.

Holding Foreign Securities.

(a) The Custodian shall identify on its books as belonging to the Portfolios the Foreign Securities held by each Foreign Sub-Custodian or Foreign Securities Depository. The Custodian may hold Foreign Securities for all of its customers, including the Portfolios, with any Foreign Sub-Custodian in an account that is identified as belonging to the Custodian for the benefit of its customers; provided, however, that (i) the records of the Custodian with respect to Foreign Securities of the Portfolios which are maintained in such account shall identify those securities as belonging to the Portfolios and (ii) to the extent permitted and customary in the market in which the account is maintained, the Custodian shall require that securities so held by the Foreign Sub-Custodian be held separately from any assets of such Foreign Sub-Custodian or of other customers of such Foreign Sub-Custodian.

(b) Foreign securities shall be maintained in a Foreign Securities Depository in a designated country through arrangements implemented by the Custodian or a Foreign Sub-Custodian, as applicable, in such country.

 

  4.7.

Transactions in Foreign Custody Account.

(a) The Custodian or a Foreign Sub-Custodian shall release and deliver Foreign Securities of the Portfolios held by the Custodian or such Foreign Sub-Custodian, or in a Foreign Securities Depository account, only upon receipt of Proper Instructions (other than those actions which are expressly permitted to be taken without Proper Instructions under Section 2.7 hereof), which may be continuing instructions when deemed appropriate by the parties, and only in the following cases:

(i) Upon the sale of such Foreign Securities for the Portfolio in accordance with market practice for institutional customers in the country where such Foreign Securities are held or traded, including, without limitation: (A) delivery against expectation of receiving later payment, provided the Custodian has advised the Fund or its duly appointed investment adviser of such practice in accordance with Section 4.7A(b) below; or (B) in the case of a sale effected through a Foreign Securities Depository, in accordance with the rules governing the operation of the Foreign Securities Depository;

(ii) In connection with any repurchase agreement related to Foreign Securities;

(iii) To the depository agent in connection with tender or other similar offers for Foreign Securities of the Portfolios;

(iv) To the issuer thereof or its agent when such Foreign Securities are called, redeemed, retired or otherwise become payable;

(v) To the issuer thereof, or its agent, for transfer into the name of the Custodian (or the name of the respective Foreign Sub-Custodian or of any nominee of the


Custodian or such Foreign Sub-Custodian) or for exchange for a different number of bonds, certificates or other evidence representing the same aggregate face amount or number of units;

(vi) To brokers, clearing banks or other clearing agents for examination or trade execution in accordance with market custom;

(vii) For exchange or conversion pursuant to any plan of merger, consolidation, recapitalization, reorganization or readjustment of the securities of the issuer of such securities, or pursuant to provisions for conversion contained in such securities, or pursuant to any deposit agreement;

(viii) In the case of warrants, rights or similar Foreign Securities, the surrender thereof in the exercise of such warrants, rights or similar securities or the surrender of interim receipts or temporary securities for definitive securities;

(ix) For delivery as security in connection with any borrowing by a Fund on behalf of a Portfolio requiring a pledge of assets by the Fund on behalf of such Portfolio, but only against receipt of amounts borrowed;

(x) In connection with trading in options and futures contracts, including delivery as original margin and variation margin;

(xi) Subject to Section 4.7(a)(i) hereof, upon the sale or other delivery of such Foreign Securities (including, without limitation, to one or more Repo Custodians) in advance of payment therefor, provided that applicable Proper Instructions shall set forth (A) the Foreign Securities to be delivered and (B) the person(s) to whom delivery shall be made;

(xii) In connection with the lending of Foreign Securities (provided that the applicable Fund executes such agreement as the Custodian may reasonably require in connection with such arrangement, in such form as shall be reasonably negotiated by the Custodian, the applicable Fund, the lending agent and/or such other party or parties as may be applicable);

(xiii) For delivery to the Portfolio’s Transfer Agent or to the holders of Shares in connection with distributions or redemptions in kind (or, with respect to a closed-end investment company, as may otherwise be described in writing in the Proper Instructions), in satisfaction of requests by holders of Shares for repurchase or redemption; and

(xiv) For any other purpose, but only upon receipt of Special Instructions specifying (A) the Foreign Securities to be delivered and (B) the person(s) to whom delivery of such securities shall be made.

(b) Upon receipt of Proper Instructions, which may be continuing instructions when deemed appropriate by the parties, the Custodian shall pay out, or direct the respective Foreign Sub-Custodian or the respective Foreign Securities Depository to pay out, monies of a Portfolio in the following cases only:


(i) Upon the purchase of Foreign Securities for the Portfolio in accordance with market practices for institutional customers in the country where such Foreign Securities are held or traded, unless otherwise directed by Proper Instructions, by (A) delivering money to the seller thereof or to a dealer therefor (or an agent for such seller or dealer) against expectation of receiving later delivery of such Foreign Securities provided the Custodian has advised the Fund or its duly appointed investment adviser of such practice in accordance with Section 4.7A(b) below; or (B) in the case of a purchase effected through a Foreign Securities Depository, in accordance with the rules governing the operation of such Foreign Securities Depository;

(ii) In connection with the conversion, exchange or surrender of Foreign Securities of the Portfolio as set forth in Section 4.7(a)(vii) hereof;

(iii) For the payment of any expense or liability of the Portfolio, including but not limited to the following payments: interest, taxes, investment advisory fees, transfer agency fees, fees under this Agreement, legal fees, accounting fees, and other operating expenses of the related Portfolio;

(iv) For the purchase or sale of foreign exchange or foreign exchange contracts for the Portfolio, including transactions executed with or through the Custodian or its Foreign Sub-Custodians;

(v) In connection with trading in options and futures contracts, including delivery as original margin and variation margin;

(vi) Subject to Section 4.7(a)(i) hereof, upon the purchase of foreign investments including, without limitation, repurchase agreement transactions involving delivery of Portfolio monies to Repo Custodian(s), in advance of delivery of the purchased securities, provided that applicable Proper Instructions shall set forth (A) the amount of such payment and (B) the person(s) to whom payment shall be made;

(vii) For payment of part or all of the dividends received in respect of securities sold short;

(viii) In connection with the borrowing or lending of Foreign Securities; and

(ix) For any other purpose, but only upon receipt of Special Instructions specifying (A) the amount of such payment and (B) the person(s) to whom such payment is to be made.

4.7A. Market Conditions.

(c) Except as more particularly set forth in Sections 4.7(a)(i) and 4.7(b)(i), settlement and payment for Foreign Assets received for the account of the Portfolios and delivery of Foreign Assets maintained for the account of the Portfolios may be effected in accordance with the customary established securities trading or processing practices and procedures in the country or market in which the transaction occurs.


(d) The Custodian shall provide to each Board or its duly authorized designee information with respect to custody and settlement practices in countries in which the Custodian employs a Foreign Sub-Custodian.

4.8. Registration of Foreign Securities. The Foreign Securities maintained in the custody of a Foreign Sub-Custodian (other than bearer securities) shall be registered in the name of the applicable Portfolio or in the name of the Custodian or in the name of any Foreign SubCustodian or in the name of any nominee of the foregoing, and the applicable Fund on behalf of such Portfolio agrees to hold any such nominee harmless from any liability as a holder of record of such foreign securities. The Custodian or a Foreign Sub-Custodian shall not be obligated to accept securities on behalf of a Portfolio under the terms of this Agreement unless the form of such securities and the manner in which they are delivered are in accordance with reasonable market practice.

4.9. Bank Accounts. With respect to transactions under this Section 4, the Custodian shall identify on its books as belonging to the applicable Fund cash (including cash denominated in foreign currencies) deposited with the Custodian. Where the Custodian is unable to maintain, or market practice does not facilitate the maintenance of, cash on the books of the Custodian, a bank account or bank accounts shall be opened and maintained outside the United States on behalf of a Portfolio with a Foreign Sub-Custodian in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement and Rule 17f-5. The Custodian shall take reasonable steps to ensure that, to the extent reasonably possible, such funds arc covered by any deposit insurance provided by the local government or other similar protections. All accounts referred to in this Section 4.9 shall be subject only to draft or order by the Custodian (or, if applicable, a Foreign Sub-Custodian) acting pursuant to the terms of this Agreement to hold cash received by or from or for the account of the Portfolio.

4.10. Collection of Income. The Custodian shall use reasonable commercial efforts to collect all income and other payments with respect to the Foreign Assets held hereunder to which the Portfolios shall be entitled either by law or pursuant to custom in the securities business and shall credit such income, as collected, to the applicable Portfolio. In the event that extraordinary measures are required to collect such income, the Fund and the Custodian shall consult as to such measures and as to the compensation and expenses of the Custodian relating to such measures and the Custodian’s services with respect thereto shall be subject to agreement regarding such measures. The Custodian shall as soon as reasonably practicable notify the Fund in such manner as the Fund and the Custodian may agree in writing if any amount payable to the Fund or other asset of the Fund is not received by the Custodian when due.

4.11. Shareholder Voting Rights. With respect to the Foreign Securities held pursuant to this Section 4, the Custodian shall use reasonable commercial efforts to facilitate the exercise of voting and other shareholder rights, subject always to the laws, regulations and practical constraints that may exist in the country where such securities are issued. Each Fund acknowledges that local conditions, including lack of regulation, onerous procedural obligations, lack of notice and other factors may have the effect of severely limiting the ability of such Fund to exercise shareholder rights.


4.12. Communications Relating to Foreign Securities. The Custodian shall transmit promptly to the applicable Fund written information with respect to materials received by the Custodian in its capacity as custodian via the Foreign Sub-Custodians from issuers of the Foreign Securities being held for the account of the Portfolios (including, without limitation, pendency of calls and maturities of foreign securities and expirations of rights in connection therewith). For clarity, matters relating to bankruptcy cases are the responsibility of the applicable Fund; provided that the Custodian shall continue to be responsible for transmission of initial notice of the bankruptcy case received by the Custodian in its capacity as custodian and transmission of any required action relating to the bankruptcy case. With respect to tender or exchange offers, the Custodian shall transmit promptly to the applicable Fund written information received by the Custodian in its capacity as custodian from issuers of the Foreign Securities whose tender or exchange is sought or from the party (or its agents) making the tender or exchange offer and shall promptly forward to the Foreign Sub-Custodian or the issuer, as applicable, any instructions, forms or other documents as the Custodian shall receive from the Fund in connection therewith. All primary written communications to the Funds with respect to Foreign Securities shall be in English. If a Fund desires to take action with respect to any tender offer, exchange offer or any other similar transaction, the Fund shall notify the Custodian prior to the deadline established by the Custodian in its reasonable discretion as will give the Custodian (including any Foreign Sub-Custodian) sufficient time to take such action. If the Fund provides the Custodian with such notification after such deadline, the Custodian shall continue to use commercially reasonable efforts to take such action (or to cause the Foreign Sub-Custodian to take such action) but will not be responsible if such efforts are unsuccessful. The Custodian shall inform the Fund or its duly appointed investment adviser a reasonable time in advance, to the extent reasonably possible, of pertinent deadlines in each case.

 

  4.13.

Liability in Respect of Foreign Assets.

(a) Each agreement pursuant to which the Custodian employs a Foreign Sub-Custodian shall meet the requirements set forth in Rule 17f-5(c)(2). If, at any time, a Portfolio suffers or incurs any loss, damage, cost, expense, liability or claim as a result of any action or omission on the part of a Foreign Sub-Custodian, then, to the extent that the Custodian has a claim in connection therewith against such Foreign Sub-Custodian under the Custodian’s agreement with the Foreign Sub-Custodian or under applicable law, the Custodian shall use commercially reasonable efforts to pursue such claim on behalf of the applicable Portfolio and shall promptly remit to the account of such Portfolio the amount of any recovery by the Custodian in connection therewith (less reasonable expenses incurred by the Custodian). Notwithstanding the immediately foregoing sentence, at a Fund’s election, the applicable Portfolio shall be entitled to be subrogated to the rights of the Custodian with respect to any claims against a Foreign Sub-Custodian as a consequence of any such loss, damage, cost, expense, liability or claim if and to the extent that the Portfolio has not been made whole for any such loss, damage, cost, expense, liability or claim by such Foreign Sub-Custodian. Such subrogation shall not relieve the Custodian to any extent from its liability or obligations to a Fund or Portfolio hereunder, provided that any recovery by the applicable Fund or Portfolio pursuant to such subrogation shall relieve the Custodian of liability and obligations to the extent of such recovery.


(b) Subject to Sections 8(a), 8(b) and 8(c) of this Agreement, the Custodian shall be responsible for the acts and omissions of any Foreign or Domestic Sub-Custodian as follows, taking into account established market practices and local laws prevailing in the jurisdiction in which the acts and omissions of the Foreign or Domestic Sub-Custodian occur: (1) with respect to damages incurred by a Fund as a result of an act or omission of a Foreign or Domestic Subcustodian relating to such Sub-Custodian’s provision of sub-custody services in a market listed in Schedule D hereto at the time such damages were incurred, the Custodian will be liable for such damages to the same extent as if the act or omission was that of the Custodian under this Agreement and (2) with respect to damages incurred by a Fund as a result of an act or omission of a Foreign or Domestic Sub-Custodian relating to such Sub-Custodian’s provision of subcustody services in a market other than one listed in Schedule D hereto at the time such damages were incurred, the Custodian shall take appropriate action to recover such damages from such Sub-Custodian and the Custodian’s liability with respect to such damages shall be limited to amounts recovered from such Sub-Custodian (less reasonable expenses incurred by the Custodian). If the Custodian no longer maintains client assets with a Foreign or Domestic SubCustodian in a market listed in Schedule D hereto or if the Custodian intends to remove all client assets from all Foreign and Domestic Sub-Custodians in a market listed in Schedule D hereto, the Custodian may remove that market from the list in Schedule D hereto upon prior notice to the applicable Fund; in all other circumstances the Custodian may not remove a market listed in Schedule D hereto without prior agreement of the applicable Fund.

(c) Subject to and to the extent of receipt by the Custodian of relevant and necessary information with respect to the Funds and Portfolios that the Custodian has requested, the Custodian shall perform the following services: (i) file claims for exemptions, reductions in withholding taxes, or refunds of any tax with respect to withheld foreign (non-U.S.) taxes in instances in which such claims are appropriate; (ii) withhold appropriate amounts as required by U.S. tax laws with respect to amounts received on behalf of nonresident aliens; and (iii) provide to the Funds such information actually received by the Custodian that could, in the Custodian’s reasonable belief and sole discretion, assist any of the Funds in their submission of any reports or returns with respect to taxes, it being specifically understood and agreed that the Custodian shall not thereby or otherwise be considered any Fund’s tax advisor or tax counsel. Other than the servicing responsibilities identified herein, the Custodian shall have no responsibility or liability for any tax payment obligations now or hereafter imposed on any Fund, the Portfolios or the Custodian as custodian of the Portfolios by the tax law of the United States or of any state or political subdivision thereof. It shall be the responsibility of each Fund to notify, or cause to be notified, the Custodian of the obligations imposed by such countries other than those mentioned in the above sentence, including responsibility for withholding and other taxes, assessments or other governmental charges, certifications and governmental reporting. The sole responsibilities of the Custodian with regard to such tax law shall be to use reasonable efforts to effect the withholding of local taxes and related charges with regard to market entitlement/payment in accordance with local law and subject to local market practice or custom and to assist the Fund with respect to any claim for exemption or refund under the tax law of countries for which such Fund has provided such information. Except as specifically provided in this Agreement or otherwise agreed to in writing by the Custodian, the Custodian shall have no independent obligation to determine the tax obligations now or hereafter imposed on any of the Funds by any taxing authority or to obtain or provide information relating thereto. Without limiting the Custodian’s obligations set forth in this Section 4.13(c), the Custodian shall have no obligation


or liability for tax obligations of the Funds. Each of the Funds agrees that the Custodian is authorized to deduct from any cash received or credited to the account of a Portfolio any taxes or levies required by any tax or other governmental authority having jurisdiction in respect of such Portfolio’s transactions, and that the Custodian is authorized to disclose any information required by any such tax or other governmental authority in relation to processing any claim for exemption from or reduction or refund of any taxes relating to Portfolio transactions and holdings.

4.14. Foreign Exchange Transactions. Any foreign exchange transaction effected by the Custodian in connection with this Agreement may be entered with the Custodian or an affiliate of the Custodian acting as a principal or otherwise through customary channels. A Fund may issue standing instructions with respect to foreign exchange transactions (including for the establishment of rate methodology), but the Custodian may establish rules or limitations concerning any foreign exchange facility made available to the Fund. With respect to foreign exchange transactions done through the Custodian’s foreign exchange desk, it is acting as a principal counterparty on its own behalf and is not acting as a fiduciary or agent for, or in connection with, a Fund or its investment manager. Nevertheless, the Custodian will make full and appropriate disclosure of the rate methodology for all foreign exchange transactions.

 

5.

PAYMENTS FOR SALES OR REPURCHASES OR REDEMPTIONS OF SHARES.

(a) The Custodian shall receive from the distributor of the Shares or from the Transfer Agent and deposit into the account of the appropriate Portfolio such payments as are received for Shares thereof issued or sold from time to time by the applicable Fund. The Custodian will provide timely notification to such Fund on behalf of each such Portfolio and the Transfer Agent of any receipt by it of payments for Shares of such Portfolio.

(b) From such funds as may be available for the purpose, the Custodian shall, upon receipt of instructions from the Transfer Agent, make funds available for payment to holders of Shares who have delivered to the Transfer Agent a request for redemption or repurchase of their Shares. In connection with the redemption or repurchase of Shares, the Custodian is authorized upon receipt of instructions from the Transfer Agent to wire funds to or through a commercial bank designated by the redeeming shareholders. In connection with the redemption or repurchase of Shares, the Custodian shall honor checks drawn on the Custodian by a holder of Shares, which checks have been furnished by a Fund to the holder of Shares, when presented to the Custodian in accordance with such procedures and controls as are mutually agreed upon from time to time between such Fund and the Custodian.

 

6.

COMPENSATION OF CUSTODIAN. The Custodian shall be entitled to compensation for its services and expenses as may be agreed to from time to time in writing by the Funds and the Custodian.

 

7.

ADDITIONAL SERVICES. The Funds engage the Custodian to provide, and the Custodian agrees to provide, those additional services (if any) set forth in Exhibit B annexed hereto.


8.

STANDARD OF CARE; LIMITATION OF LIABILITY; INDEMNIFICATION

(a) In performing its responsibilities under this Agreement (including without limitation in regard to its capacity as Foreign Custody Manager), the Custodian agrees to exercise reasonable care, prudence and diligence such as a person having responsibility for the safekeeping of assets of management investment companies registered under the 1940 Act would exercise (“Standard of Care”) and shall not be liable for any damages arising out of the Custodian’s performance of or failure to perform its duties under this Agreement except to the extent that such damages arise out of the Custodian’s willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or otherwise from a breach of this Agreement. Without limiting the foregoing, the Custodian shall not be liable for any damages arising out of any matter with respect to which the Custodian is otherwise relieved of liability as provided elsewhere in the Agreement. In no event shall a party to this Agreement be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages, or lost profits or loss of business, arising under or in connection with this Agreement, even if previously informed of the possibility of such damages and regardless of the form of action.

(b) The Custodian shall not be liable for any defect in the title, validity or genuineness of any property or in the evidence of title thereto received by it or delivered by it pursuant to this Agreement. Without limiting the Custodian’s obligations under Section 2.11 of this Agreement, the Custodian shall not be liable for any losses suffered by any of the Funds due to items within Country Risk or factors beyond the Custodian’s reasonable control (including acts of civil or military authority, national emergencies, general work stoppages, fire, flood, catastrophe, acts of God, insurrection, war, riots, terrorism, nationalization or expropriation, currency restrictions, or failure of the mails, transportation, communication or power supply), provided that, for the avoidance of doubt, a Fund’s failure to perform its obligations under this Agreement shall be excused to the extent that such failure to perform is caused by or results from the Custodian’s aforementioned failure to perform. Further, the Custodian shall not be liable for the validity or invalidity or authority or lack thereof of any Oral Instruction or Written Instruction delivered in accordance with Section 2.3(b) hereof.

(c) The Custodian shall be without liability for any loss, damage or expense caused by or resulting from the insolvency of any Domestic Sub-Custodian or Foreign Sub-Custodian that is not a majority-owned subsidiary of the Custodian; provided, however, that the foregoing exculpation of the Custodian with respect to the insolvency of a particular Foreign SubCustodian shall not be applicable if the Custodian fails to comply with its obligations as a Foreign Custody Manager pursuant to Rule 17f-5 with respect to such Foreign Sub-Custodian.

(d) Without limiting the Custodian’s responsibilities set forth in Section 4.5 hereof, the Custodian shall be without liability for any loss, damage or expense caused by or resulting from the action, inaction or insolvency of any U.S. Clearing System or Foreign Securities Depository; provided, however, that the foregoing exculpation of the Custodian with respect to the insolvency of any Foreign Securities Depository shall not be applicable if the Custodian fails to comply with its obligations under Section 4.5 of this Agreement or under Rule 17f-7 with respect to such Foreign Securities Depository.

(e) At any time, the Custodian may request Written Instructions from a Fund and may seek advice from legal counsel for the Fund, or its own legal counsel, with respect to any matter


arising in connection with this Agreement, and it shall not be liable for any action taken or not taken or suffered by it in good faith in accordance with such Written Instructions or in accordance with the opinion of counsel for the Fund or for the Custodian, provided that the Custodian at its own expense communicates to the Fund such opinion of counsel to the Custodian within a reasonable period of time prior to taking the action in question. Written Instructions requested by the Custodian will be provided by a Fund within a reasonable period of time.

(f) The applicable Fund shall indemnify and hold harmless the Custodian from all taxes, charges, assessments, claims, damages and liabilities (including, without limitation, liabilities arising under the Federal Securities Laws and any state or foreign securities and blue sky laws, and amendments thereto), and costs and expenses, including without limitation reasonable attorneys’ fees and reasonable disbursements (including, without limitation, those incurred in asserting any claim by the Custodian against the Fund arising from the obligations of the Fund hereunder), arising from any action which the Custodian takes in accordance with the terms of this Agreement or any omission by the Custodian to act or any other matter with respect to which the Custodian is otherwise relieved of liability or entitled to be held harmless as provided elsewhere in the Agreement; provided that the Custodian shall not be indemnified against any liability (or any expenses incident to such liability) to the extent arising out of the Custodian’s own, or its affiliate’s or agent’s (for whose actions the Custodian is responsible under this Agreement) willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or breach of this Agreement.

(g) The Custodian shall indemnify and hold harmless the Funds from all taxes, charges, assessments, claims, damages and liabilities arising directly from the Custodian’s failure to meet its obligations pursuant to this Agreement (including, without limitation, liabilities arising under the Federal Securities Laws, and any state and foreign securities and blue sky laws, and amendments thereto) and costs and expenses, including without limitation reasonable attorneys’ fees and reasonable disbursements (including, without limitation, those incurred in asserting any claim by any Fund against the Custodian arising from the obligations of the Custodian hereunder), to the extent that such damages arise out of the Custodian’s own, or its affiliate’s or agent’s (for whose actions the Custodian is responsible under this Agreement) willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or breach of this Agreement, provided that the Funds shall not be indemnified against any liability (or any expenses incident to such liability) to the extent arising out of any Fund’s own willful misfeasance, bad faith, negligence or breach of this Agreement.

(h) Upon the occurrence of any event relating to the services provided under this Agreement that causes or may cause any loss, damage or expense to one or more Funds or Portfolios, the Custodian (i) shall reasonably promptly notify each such Fund or Portfolio of the occurrence of such event and (ii) shall use (and shall use its reasonable best efforts to cause any applicable agent or domestic or foreign sub-custodian to use) commercially reasonable efforts and take reasonable steps under the circumstances to attempt to mitigate the effects of such event and avoid continuing harm to each such Fund or Portfolio. Upon the occurrence of any event that causes or may cause any loss, damage or expense to the Custodian, the applicable Fund (i) shall reasonably promptly notify the Custodian of the occurrence of such event and (ii) shall use commercially reasonable efforts and take reasonable steps under the circumstances to attempt to mitigate the effects of such event and avoid continuing harm to the Custodian.


(i) The Custodian will maintain, at all times during the term of this Agreement, errors and omissions insurance, fidelity bonds and such other insurance as the Custodian may deem appropriate, in each case in a commercially reasonable amount deemed by the Custodian to be sufficient to cover its potential liabilities under this Agreement, including without limitation cyberliability insurance coverage deemed by the Custodian to be appropriate (with due regard for industry standards, if any) to address damages arising from a Security Breach (as defined in Section 10(i)). The Custodian agrees to provide the Funds with summaries of its applicable insurance coverage, and agrees to provide updated summaries monthly or as requested by the Funds.

(j) In order that the indemnification provisions contained in this Section 8 shall apply, upon the assertion of a claim for which either party may be required to indemnify the other, the party seeking indemnification shall promptly notify the other party of such assertion, and shall keep the other party advised with respect to all developments concerning such claim. The party who may be required to indemnify shall have the right to control the defense of the claim, and the party seeking indemnification shall have the option to participate in the defense of such claim, at its own cost and expense. The party seeking indemnification will cooperate reasonably, at the indemnifying party’s expense, with the indemnifying party in the defense of such claim; provided, however, that the party seeking indemnification shall not be required to take any action that would impair any claim it may have against the indemnifying party. The party seeking indemnification shall in no case confess any claim or make any compromise in any case in which the other party may be required to indemnify it except with the other party’s prior written consent. The indemnifying party shall not settle or compromise any claim or consent to the entry of any judgment with respect to which indemnification is being sought hereunder without the prior written consent of the party seeking indemnification, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, delayed or conditioned.

 

9.

DURATION AND TERMINATION.

(a) Term. This Agreement shall be effective on the date first written above and shall continue in full force and effect until 11:59:59 PM (Eastern time) on December 31, 2021 (the “Initial Term”). The effective date of the Agreement for each Fund or Portfolio thereof listed at Exhibit A will be the first day the assets of the Fund or Portfolio are held in custody by the Custodian and the Custodian commences providing the services contemplated hereunder. This Agreement shall automatically renew for successive periods of one (1) year each (each a “Renewal Term”), unless a particular Fund or the Custodian gives written notice to the other party of its intent not to renew and such notice is received by the other party not less than ninety (90) days prior to the expiration of the Initial Term or the then-current Renewal Term (a “NonRenewal Notice”). In the event a party provides a Non-Renewal Notice this Agreement shall terminate with respect to the relevant Fund at 11:59:59 PM (Eastern time) on the last day of the Initial Term or Renewal Term, as applicable. For purposes of this Agreement, “Term” shall mean the Initial Term including, if applicable, any Renewal Term.

(b) Termination for Cause. Notwithstanding the preceding paragraph (a) of this Section 9, in the event that the Custodian or a Fund (as applicable, a “Defaulting Party”) shall fail in any material respect to perform its duties and obligations hereunder pursuant to the applicable standard of care set forth herein (including, in the case of the Custodian, through


(I) persistent non-material failures to perform its duties or obligations hereunder or (II) the persistent failure to meet key performance indicators pursuant to Section 11 of this Agreement, including the failure, as determined by a Fund in its sole discretion, of the Custodian to deliver the Anticipated Improvements under a Rectification Plan), the other party (the “Other Party”) shall have given written notice thereof to the Defaulting Party, and such material failure shall not have been remedied to the reasonable satisfaction of the Other Parly within thirty (30) days after such written notice is received, then, as applicable, the Fund or Funds may terminate this Agreement by providing thirty (30) days written notice of such termination to the Custodian, or the Custodian may terminate this Agreement by providing one-hundred twenty (120) days written notice of such termination to the Fund or Funds. In addition, notwithstanding the preceding sentence, this Agreement may be terminated by one or more Funds (i) immediately in the event of an appointment of a conservator or receiver for the Custodian or any parent of the Custodian by a regulatory agency or court of competent jurisdiction or, (ii) by providing thirty (30) days written notice of such termination to the Custodian in the event that the Custodian is indicted for a crime, commences any bankruptcy or insolvency proceeding or has such a proceeding initiated against it which is not dismissed within sixty (60) days, or suffers any other material adverse change in its condition, operations or professional reputation that is determined by a Fund in its reasonable discretion to threaten the continuing performance of services hereunder or the reputation of the Fund. Upon termination of this Agreement pursuant to this paragraph (b) with respect to any Fund or Portfolio, the applicable Fund shall pay Custodian its compensation due through, and shall reimburse Custodian for its reasonable costs, expenses and disbursements incurred through, the effective date of such termination.

(c) Termination for Convenience. Any Fund may terminate this Agreement with respect to such Fund or its Portfolio(s) for any reason provided that (i) the applicable Fund shall be required to provide the Custodian at least sixty (60) days’ notice of the effective date of such termination (the “Termination for Convenience Date”); (ii) on the Termination for Convenience Date, the applicable Fund shall pay the Custodian its compensation due through the Termination for Convenience Date and shall reimburse Custodian for its reasonable out-of-pocket costs, expenses and disbursements incurred through the Termination for Convenience Date; provided, however, that if the applicable Fund provides less than sixty (60) days’ notice of the Termination for Convenience Date, then on the Termination for Convenience Date the Fund shall pay the Custodian its compensation due through the date occurring sixty (60) days after the date of delivery of such lesser notice (based upon the average compensation previously earned by Custodian with respect to such Fund or Portfolio for the two (2) calendar months most recently preceding the delivery date of such notice) and shall reimburse the Custodian for its reasonable out-of-pocket costs, expenses and disbursements incurred through the Termination for Convenience Date; and (iii) notwithstanding the foregoing, if the end of the Term (as defined in paragraph (a) of this Section 9) is to occur less than sixty (60) days from the date of notice of termination, the applicable Fund shall provide such lesser notice as may be reasonably practicable, and on the Termination for Convenience Date the applicable Fund shall pay the Custodian its compensation due through the Termination for Convenience Date and shall reimburse Custodian for its reasonable out-of-pocket costs, expenses and disbursements incurred through the Termination for Convenience Date.


(d) Termination of this Agreement with respect to the coverage of any one particular Fund or Portfolio shall in no way affect the rights and duties under this Agreement with respect to any other Fund or Portfolio.

(e) If a successor custodian for one or more Portfolios shall be appointed by the applicable Board, the Custodian shall, upon termination pursuant to this Agreement and receipt of Proper Instructions, deliver to such successor custodian, duly endorsed and in the form for transfer, all securities of each applicable Portfolio then held by it hereunder and shall transfer to an account of the successor custodian all of the securities of each such Portfolio held in a Securities System or at the Underlying Transfer Agent. The Custodian shall also provide to the successor custodian a Fund’s records (as described in Section 2.8 of this Agreement) as reasonably requested by the Fund. The Custodian also agrees to reasonably cooperate with the successor custodian and the Fund in the execution of such documents and the performance of such other necessary actions as is in accordance with standard industry practice in order to substitute the successor custodian for the Custodian. If no such successor custodian shall be appointed, the Custodian shall, in like manner, upon receipt of Proper Instructions, transfer such securities, funds and other properties in accordance with such instructions. In the event that no Proper Instructions designating a successor custodian or alternative arrangements shall have been delivered to the Custodian on or before the date when such termination shall become effective, then the Custodian shall have the right to deliver to a bank or trust company, which is a “bank” as defined in the 1940 Act, doing business in Boston, Massachusetts or New York, New York, of its own selection, having an aggregate capital, surplus, and undivided profits, as shown by its last published report, of not less than $250,000,000 and which satisfies any other then applicable criteria for service as a custodian for registered management companies under the 1940 Act, all securities, funds and other properties held by the Custodian on behalf of each applicable Portfolio and all instruments held by the Custodian relative thereto and all other property held by it under this Agreement on behalf of each applicable Portfolio, and to transfer to an account of such successor custodian all of the securities of each such Portfolio held in any Securities System or at the Underlying Transfer Agent. Thereafter, such bank or trust company shall be the successor of the Custodian under this Agreement. All reasonable out-of-pocket expenses associated with the transfer of custody hereunder upon termination hereof shall be borne by the respective Funds (except as may be specifically agreed in writing by the parties in relation to special arrangements) and the Custodian shall not be required to undertake any non-industry standard activity until assured to its reasonable satisfaction of payment therefor.

(f) In the event that securities, funds and other properties remain in the possession of the Custodian after the effective date of the termination hereof owing to failure of any Fund to provide Proper Instructions as aforesaid, the Custodian shall be entitled to fair compensation for its services during such period as the Custodian retains possession of such securities, funds and other properties and the provisions of this Agreement relating to the duties and obligations of the Custodian shall remain in full force and effect.

(g) Notwithstanding any provision of this Section 9 to the contrary, in the event that this Agreement is terminated in its entirety, the parties agree to continue operating under the terms of this Agreement as if this Agreement remained in full force and effect for one year or for such shorter period of time as the parties mutually agree is necessary for the Custodian to deliver the books and records and any other properties of the Funds held hereunder by the Custodian to a successor custodian in an orderly manner.


(h) Any termination of services under this Agreement shall not affect the rights and obligations of the parties under Sections 4.13(c), 8, 9 and 10 hereof.

 

10.

CONFIDENTIALITY AND DATA SECURITY.

(a) The Custodian agrees to keep confidential, and to cause its employees and agents to keep confidential, all records of the Funds and information relating to the Funds, including without limitation information as to their respective shareholders and their respective portfolio holdings, unless the release of such records or information is made (i) in connection with the services provided under this Agreement, (ii) at the written direction of the applicable Fund or otherwise consented to, in writing, by the respective Funds, (iii) in response to a request of a governmental, regulatory or self-regulatory authority or agency or pursuant to a subpoena, court order or other legal process, in each case with respect to which the Custodian has determined, on the advice of counsel, that it is required to comply, or (iv) where the Custodian has determined, on the advice of counsel, that the failure to release such information would expose the Custodian to civil or criminal contempt proceedings; provided in the case of clause (iii) or (iv) the Custodian provides the applicable Fund written notice of such requirement to release such records or information, to the extent such notice is permitted. The foregoing shall not be applicable to any information that is publicly available when provided and shall cease to be applicable to any information that thereafter becomes publicly available, other than through a breach of this Section 10(a), or that is independently derived by any party hereto without the use of any information derived in connection with the services provided under this Agreement. Notwithstanding the foregoing but subject to Section 10(d), (1) the Custodian may use information regarding the Funds in connection with certain functions performed on a centralized basis by the Custodian, its affiliates or its or their service providers (including audit, accounting, risk, legal, compliance, sales, administration, product communication, relationship management, compilation and analysis of customer-related data and storage) and disclose such information to its affiliates and to its or their service providers who are subject to the confidentiality obligations hereunder with respect to such information, but only for the purpose of servicing the Funds in connection with the relationship contemplated by this Agreement or providing additional services to the Funds, and (2) the Custodian may aggregate Fund or Portfolio data with similar data of other customers of the Custodian (“Aggregated Data”) and may use Aggregated Data so long as such Aggregated Data represents such a sufficiently large sample that no Fund or Portfolio data can be identified either directly or by inference or implication.

(b) Each Fund agrees to keep confidential all information obtained hereunder relating to the Custodian’s business (it being understood, however, that the existence and the terms of this Agreement are required to be publicly disclosed by the Funds), unless the release of such records or information is (i) necessary to facilitate the receipt of services provided under this Agreement, (ii) in response to a request of a governmental, regulatory or self-regulatory authority or agency or pursuant to a subpoena, court order or other legal process, in each case with respect to which the Fund has determined, on the advice of counsel, that it is required to comply, or (iii) where the Fund has determined, on the advice of counsel, that the failure to release such information would expose the Fund to civil or criminal contempt proceedings;


provided in the case of clause (ii) or (iii) the Fund provides the Custodian written notice of such requirement to release such records or information, to the extent such notice is permitted. The foregoing shall not be applicable to any information that is publicly available when provided and shall cease to be applicable to any information that thereafter becomes publicly available, other than through a breach of this Agreement, or that is independently derived by any party hereto without the use of any information derived in connection with the services provided under this Agreement.

(c) Notwithstanding any provision herein to the contrary, each party hereto agrees that any Nonpublic Personal Information, as defined under Section 248.3(t) of Regulation S-P (“Regulation S-P”), promulgated under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the “GLB Act”), disclosed or otherwise made accessible by a party hereunder is for the specific purpose of permitting the other party to perform its duties as set forth in this Agreement. Each party agrees that, with respect to such information, it will comply with Regulation S-P and the GLB Act and that it will not disclose any Nonpublic Personal Information received in connection with this Agreement to any other party, except to the extent necessary to carry out the services set forth in this Agreement or as otherwise permitted by Regulation S-P or the GLB Act.

(d) Without limiting the generality of Section 10(a) hereof, the Custodian acknowledges and agrees that the Funds are prohibited by law from making selective public disclosure of information regarding portfolio holdings, that disclosure of any and all such information to the Custodian hereunder is made strictly under the conditions of confidentiality set forth in Section 10(a) hereof and solely for the purposes of the performance of custodial services hereunder, that any unauthorized disclosure or misuse of such information (including by the Custodian or any of its employees or agents, or any trading on the basis of such information by anyone in receipt of such information) may constitute a criminal offense of trading on or tipping of material inside information regarding publicly traded securities, that access to any and all such information regarding portfolio holdings of the Funds shall be restricted to those persons needing such information in the course of the performance of duties hereunder, and that the Custodian shall apprise all such persons having access of the obligation hereunder and under applicable law to prevent unauthorized disclosure of such confidential information.

(e) The parties acknowledge and agree that any breach of Section 10(a) hereof would cause not only financial damage, but irreparable harm to the other party, for which money damages will not provide an adequate remedy. Accordingly, in the event of a breach of Section 10(a) hereof, the non-breaching party shall (in addition to all other rights and remedies it may have pursuant to this Agreement, including without limitation Section 8(g) hereof, and at law and in equity) be entitled to an injunction, without the necessity of posting any bond or surety, to restrain disclosure or misuse, in whole or in part, of any information in violation of Section 10(a) hereof.

(f) The Custodian will implement and maintain a written information security program (the “Security Program”) that contains appropriate security measures designed to safeguard confidential records and information of the Funds consistent with applicable statutes, laws, rules and regulations, and definitive and binding guidance or interpretations by applicable authorities of any of the foregoing from time to time, including without limitation the personal information of the Funds’ shareholders, employees, trustees, directors and/or officers that the


Custodian receives, stores, maintains, processes or otherwise accesses in connection with the provision of services hereunder. For these purposes, “personal information” shall mean (i) an individual’s name (first initial and last name or first name and last name), plus (a) social security number, (b) driver’s license number, (c) state identification card number, (d) debit or credit card number, (e) financial account number or (f) personal identification number or password that would permit access to a person’s account or (ii) any combination of the foregoing that would allow a person to log onto or access an individual’s account with the Custodian. Notwithstanding the foregoing “personal information” shall not include information that is lawfully obtained from publicly available information, or from federal, state or local government records lawfully made available to the general public.

(g) The Security Program shall have administrative, technical and physical safeguards, appropriate to the type of information concerned, designed: (i) to maintain the security and confidentiality of records and information of the Funds; (ii) to protect against anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such records and information; and (iii) to protect against unauthorized access to or use of such records and information. The Custodian shall develop, implement and maintain, at its sole expense, a system or methodology to audit for compliance with the requirements of the preceding sentence that is consistent with the SOC controls framework. Such safeguards will include, but shall not be limited to, virus protection, password protection and encryption of data in transmission at a minimum standard of AES 256. The Custodian will provide the Fund, at least annually, with the most recent SOC reports of its systems and methodologies prepared by an independent third party, and will provide executive summaries of its most recent penetration and ethical hack testing of its internet-facing environment relevant to the systems used to provide services under this Agreement (in the form generally provided by the Custodian to other similarly situated customers of services similar to the services provided under this Agreement), as conducted by a qualified, independent third party selected by the Custodian. The Custodian shall maintain books and records sufficient to demonstrate its compliance with the terms of this Section 10(g).

(h) Upon reasonable notice to the Custodian, the Custodian will arrange for its relevant subject matter experts to meet with the relevant subject matter experts of the Funds once annually and at such other times as the Funds may reasonably request to review the Custodian’s security controls and any deficiencies identified in the SSAE-18 audit reports, and for the Custodian to review with the Funds the penetration testing results and provide such additional information concerning the penetration tests as the Custodian determines to be prudent. At such meeting, the Funds may view the Custodian’s security-related policies and procedures; however, no documentation may be copied, shared, transmitted or removed from the Custodian’s premises, except as mutually agreed. In the event that the Funds identify any control deficiencies, the Custodian will discuss such findings with the Funds and will use reasonable efforts to develop a mutually agreeable remediation plan. All nonpublic documentation and information disclosed to the Funds in accordance with this Section 10(h) shall be deemed proprietary and confidential information of the Custodian. The Funds shall not disclose such documentation or information to any third party (except to the extent permitted, necessary or required pursuant to Section 10(b)) or use it for any purpose other than evaluating the Custodian’s security controls, except that the Funds may disclose the Custodian’s SSAE-18 summary to the Funds’ external auditors provided that such external auditors are required to maintain the confidentiality of the summary and any related information.


(i) In the event of any actual or reasonably suspected, based on Custodian’s experience, breach of security of its systems resulting in the actual, probable or reasonably suspected unauthorized access to or acquisition, use, loss, destruction, compromise or disclosure of any of the confidential records or information of a Fund (each, a “Security Breach”), upon learning of the Security Breach, the Custodian shall notify such Fund as promptly as reasonably possible of the relevant facts related to such Security Breach then known to the Custodian, and of additional relevant facts promptly after they become known to the Custodian, in the manner provided in Section 12 hereof and also by sending notice to cybersecurity@leggmason.com and/or such other electronic mail address or addresses as a Fund may specify by written notice to the Custodian. The Custodian shall at its sole cost: (i) promptly investigate such Security Breach; (ii) resolve or mitigate the vulnerability that facilitated the Security Breach to the extent possible; (iii) restore any lost or damaged data using generally accepted data restoration techniques; and (iv) conduct a root cause analysis to provide the Fund with a summary of the findings and actions taken to prevent recurrence of such Security Breach. If a Security Breach occurs with respect to personal information in the possession or under the control of the Custodian or any of its affiliates, subsidiaries, agents or employees the Custodian shall be responsible for each Fund’s reasonable costs associated with responding to such Security Breach, including, but not limited to, the costs of notifying affected individuals and taking any remedial action required by applicable statutes, laws, rules and regulations and any such other remedial action that the Custodian reasonably deems necessary (with due regard for industry standards, if any).

(j) If the Custodian uses any subsidiary or affiliate or, pursuant to Section 2.6(a), agent to perform the duties assigned to the Custodian by this Agreement, such subsidiary, affiliate or agent shall have appropriate controls in place to meet the objectives of this Section 10, and the Custodian shall exercise oversight over each such subsidiary, affiliate or agent to ensure ongoing compliance with the objectives of this Section 10. The Custodian will require each Foreign Sub-Custodian that it engages to provide services under this Agreement to establish and maintain reasonably designed safeguards and controls against the unauthorized access to and use of Fund data and information.

 

11.

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

(a) The Custodian and the Funds may from time to time agree to document the manner in which they expect to deliver and receive the services contemplated by this Agreement. The parties agree that any such key performance indicators (hereinafter referred to as “KPIs” or, individually as a “KPI”) shall be agreed upon in writing by the parties and shall be reflected in one or more schedules to this Agreement. The Custodian and the Funds acknowledge that any failure to perform in accordance with KPIs shall not in and of itself be considered a breach of contract that gives rise to contractual or other remedies provided that such failure may be a breach giving rise to contractual or other remedies if it is persistent and not remedied after consultation. Nothing in this Section 11 shall modify any party’s applicable standard of care under this Agreement; nor shall any meeting or discussion among the parties regarding KPIs be construed to prevent a party from pursuing any remedy otherwise available to it pursuant to this Agreement.

(b) The parties agree to periodically review the Custodian’s performance against the KPIs. Where any such review reveals that the Custodian’s performance with respect to any KPI


has been unsatisfactory, as measured in accordance with any schedule to this Agreement pertaining to such KPI, for three consecutive months (a “Rectification Trigger”), the Funds may, in their sole discretion, invoke the process set out in this Section 11(b):

(i) The Custodian shall investigate, assemble and preserve (in accordance with its records management policy) all pertinent information with respect to, and report the root causes of the problem that led to, the Rectification Trigger;

(ii) The Custodian shall propose an appropriate written corrective action plan (“Rectification Plan”) with respect to such failure and in any event within ten (10) business days, or as otherwise reasonably agreed by the parties. The Rectification Plan shall set out the anticipated improvements (“Anticipated Improvements”) and the timeline over which those improvements are expected to be realized (“Plan Period”), which shall be no longer than sixty (60) days (without the Funds’ prior written consent). The Funds shall review the Rectification Plan within five (5) business days and shall (without liability or any resulting obligation or deemed acceptance of approach) comment on the Rectification Plan, suggest improvements and challenge any assumptions and ideas embodied in the Rectification Plan. It is acknowledged that the Funds shall not be obligated or required to acknowledge the Rectification Plan will achieve the relevant KPIs. Upon approval of the Rectification Plan, the Custodian shall, as soon as reasonably practicable, implement the Rectification Plan so as to deliver the anticipated improvements;

(iii) The Custodian shall provide the Funds with regular updates of the progress of the Rectification Plan and the parties shall periodically review the progress during the Plan Period;

(iv) The Custodian shall as soon as reasonably practicable notify the Funds in writing of any material changes to the Rectification Plan from time to time and the reasons for those changes; and

(v) At the end of the Plan Period, the Custodian shall report on whether the Rectification Plan has delivered the Anticipated Improvements in accordance with this Section 11(b).

 

12.

NOTICES.

All notices and other communications, excluding Oral Instructions, shall be in writing or by confirming telegram, cable, telex or facsimile sending device. If notice is sent by confirming telegram, cable, telex or facsimile sending device, it shall be deemed to have been given immediately. If notice is sent by first-class mail, it shall be deemed to have been given three days after it has been mailed. If notice is sent by messenger, it shall be deemed to have been given on the day it is delivered. Notices shall be addressed,

if to the Custodian, to:

The Bank of New York Mellon

135 Santilli Highway

Everett, MA 02149


Attention: Christopher Healy

with a copy to:

The Bank of New York Mellon

225 Liberty Street

New York, NY 10286

Attention: Asset Servicing – Legal

if to any of the Funds, to:

Legg Mason & Co., LLC

Attn: General Counsel

100 First Stamford PL, 6th FL

Stamford, CT 06902

or at such other address as shall have been provided by like notice to the sender of any such notice or other communication by the other party.

 

13.

FUNDS AS PARTIES; LIMITATION ON FUND LIABILITIES.

(a) The Custodian acknowledges and agrees that the obligations assumed by each of the Funds hereunder shall be limited in all cases to the assets of the Fund or Portfolio(s) thereof, as applicable, and that the Custodian may not seek satisfaction of any such obligation from the officers, agents, employees, trustees, directors or shareholders of the Fund or of any Portfolio of the Fund, and to the extent such trustees or officers are regarded as entering into this Agreement, they do so only as trustees or officers and not individually and that the obligations of this Agreement are not binding upon any such trustee, officer, employee or shareholder individually, but are binding only upon the assets and property of said Fund (or Portfolio thereof). The Custodian hereby agrees that such trustees, officers, employees or shareholders shall not be personally liable under this Agreement and that the Custodian shall look solely to the property of the Fund (or Portfolio thereof) for the performance of the Agreement or payment of any claim under the Agreement.

(b) A person who is not a party to this Agreement shall have no rights to enforce any provision of this Agreement, and no Fund or Portfolio shall have a right to enforce any provision of this Agreement as it relates to another Fund or Portfolio.

(c) This Agreement is an agreement entered into between the Custodian and each of the Funds with respect to each of such Fund’s Portfolios, as applicable. With respect to any obligation of the Fund on behalf of any Portfolio arising out of this Agreement, the Custodian shall look for payment or satisfaction of such obligation solely to the assets of the Portfolio to which such obligation relates with the same effect as if the Custodian had separately contracted with the Fund by separate written instrument with respect to each Portfolio.

(d) Notwithstanding that certain Funds are not registered with the SEC as investment companies under the 1940 Act, all services provided hereunder by the Custodian to or for the benefit of such Funds shall be performed as if such Funds were so registered.


(e) Additional management investment companies (each a “New Fund”) may from time to time become parties as Funds to this Agreement by (A) delivery to the Custodian of (i) an instrument of adherence agreeing to become bound by and party to this Agreement executed by any such New Fund on behalf of each of its series or portfolios and (ii) an amendment and restatement of Exhibit A setting forth the appropriate information as to such New Fund and its series or portfolios and (B) the Custodian’s receipt of the foregoing documents, whereupon the Custodian, shall agree in writing to the addition of such New Fund and its series or portfolios, which agreement shall not be unreasonably withheld, it being understood that the Custodian shall not be deemed to be unreasonable in the event that (i) the Custodian’s ability to provide services hereunder to the New Fund is otherwise restricted by regulatory requirements or (ii) the Custodian does not generally offer custodial services to institutional clients regarding the particular type of fund or assets.

(f) Additional portfolios or series of existing management investment companies that are already party to this Agreement (each a “New Portfolio”) may from time to time be added to the list of series or portfolios serviced under this Agreement by (A) delivery to the Custodian of (i) an instrument of adherence agreeing to become bound by and party to this Agreement executed by the existing party Fund on behalf its New Portfolio and (ii) an amendment and restatement of Exhibit A setting forth the appropriate information as to such New Portfolio and (B) the Custodian’s receipt of the foregoing documents, whereupon the Custodian, subject to satisfactory completion of its customary due diligence, shall agree in writing to the addition of such New Portfolio, which agreement shall not be unreasonably withheld, it being understood that the Custodian shall not be deemed to be unreasonable in the event that (i) the Custodian’s ability to provide services hereunder to the New Portfolio is otherwise restricted by regulatory requirements or (ii) the Custodian does not generally offer custodial services to institutional clients regarding the particular type of fund or assets.

 

14.

MISCELLANEOUS.

(a) This Agreement, or any term thereof, may be changed or waived only by written amendment, signed by the party against whom enforcement of such change or waiver is sought.

(b) This Agreement shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns. This Agreement may not be assigned by either party, nor may the duties of either party be delegated, without the prior written consent of the other party, except that (1) the Custodian may assign or delegate certain of its noncustodial obligations hereunder to an affiliate or subsidiary of the Custodian without the Funds’ prior written consent, provided that the Custodian shall remain responsible for the actions and omissions of such affiliate or subsidiary as if such actions or omissions were taken by the Custodian, (2) the Custodian may utilize sub-custodians as contemplated in this Agreement without limitation by this Section 14(b) and (3) the Custodian may assign or transfer this Agreement in connection with a sale of a majority or more of its assets, equity interests or voting control, provided that the Custodian gives the relevant Funds ninety (90) days’ prior written notice of such assignment or transfer, such assignment or transfer does not impair the provision of services under this Agreement in any material respect, in the reasonable view of the Funds, and the assignee or transferee agrees to be bound by all terms of this Agreement in place of the Custodian. The Custodian shall notify the Funds promptly following the execution of any agreement that would result in, or would be expected to result in, a change of control of the Custodian or any parent of the Custodian.


(c) This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. This Agreement and all schedules, exhibits, appendices, attachments and amendments hereto may be reproduced by any photographic, photostatic, microfilm, micro-card, miniature photographic or other similar process. The parties hereto each agree that any such reproduction shall be admissible in evidence as the original itself in any judicial or administrative proceeding, whether or not the original is in existence and whether or not such reproduction was made by a party in the regular course of business, and that any enlargement, facsimile or further reproduction of such reproduction shall likewise be admissible in evidence.

(d) Each party agrees to perform such further acts and execute such further documents as are necessary to effectuate the purposes hereof.

(e) This Agreement embodies the entire agreement and understanding between the parties and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings relating to the subject matter hereof.

(f) The captions in this Agreement are included for convenience of reference only and in no way define or delimit any of the provisions hereof or otherwise affect their construction or effect.

(g) This Agreement shall be deemed to be a contract made in the State of New York and governed by the laws of the State of New York, without regard to principles of conflicts of law. Each of the parties hereby consents to the jurisdiction of a state or federal court situated in New York City, New York in connection with any dispute arising hereunder, and waives to the fullest extent permitted by law its right to a trial by jury. To the extent that in any jurisdiction any Fund may now or hereafter be entitled to claim, for itself or its assets, immunity from suit, execution, attachment (before or after judgment) or other legal process, such Fund irrevocably agrees not to claim, and it hereby waives, such immunity.

(h) If any provision of this Agreement shall be held or made invalid by a court decision, statute, rule or otherwise, the remainder of this Agreement shall not be affected thereby.

(i) Regulation GG. Each Fund hereby represents and warrants that it does not engage in an “Internet gambling business,” as such term is defined in Section 233.2(r) of Federal Reserve Regulation GG (12 CFR 233) (“Regulation GG”). For the avoidance of doubt, the term “engage” shall not be deemed to include a passive investment made in the ordinary course of business. Each Fund hereby covenants and agrees that it shall not engage in an Internet gambling business. In accordance with Regulation GG, each Fund is hereby notified that “restricted transactions,” as such term is defined in Section 233.2(y) of Regulation GG, are prohibited in any dealings with the Custodian pursuant to this Agreement or otherwise between or among any party hereto.


(j) Shareholder Communications Election. With respect to securities issued in the United States, Rule 14b-2 under the 1934 Act requires banks that hold securities for the account of customers to respond to requests by issuers of securities for the names, addresses and holdings of beneficial owners of securities of that issuer held by the bank unless the beneficial owner has expressly objected to disclosure of this information. In order to comply with the rule, the Custodian needs each Fund to indicate whether it authorizes the Custodian to provide such Fund’s name, address, and share position to requesting companies whose securities the Fund owns. If a Fund tells the Custodian “no,” the Custodian will not provide this information to requesting companies. If a Fund tells the Custodian “yes” or does not check either “yes” or “no” below, the Custodian is required by the rule to treat the Fund as consenting to disclosure of this information for all securities owned by the Fund or any funds or accounts established by the Fund. For a Fund’s protection, Rule 14b-2 prohibits the requesting company from using the Fund’s name and address for any purpose other than corporate communications. Please indicate below whether the Fund consents or objects by checking one of the alternatives below.

 

YES ☐

  

The Custodian is authorized to release the Fund’s name, address, and share positions

NO ☒

  

The Custodian is not authorized to release the Fund’s name, address, and share positions.

With respect to securities issued outside the United States, the Custodian will disclose information required by law, regulation, rules of a stock exchange or organizational documents of an issuer.

A Fund will provide to the Custodian any required information if it is not otherwise reasonably available to the Custodian.

(k) As an accommodation to the Funds, the Custodian may provide consolidated recordkeeping services pursuant to which the Custodian reflects on statements securities and other assets not held by, or under the control of, the Custodian (“Non-Custody Assets”). NonCustody Assets shall be designated on the Custodian’s books as “shares not held” or by other similar characterization. Each Fund acknowledges and agrees that it shall have no security entitlement against the Custodian with respect to Non-Custody Assets, that the Custodian shall rely, without independent verification, on information provided by the Fund, its designee or the entity having custody regarding Non-Custody Assets (including but not limited to positions and market valuations), and that the Custodian shall have no responsibility whatsoever with respect to Non-Custody Assets or the accuracy of any information maintained on the Custodian’s books or set forth on account statements concerning Non-Custody Assets.

(l) The Funds acknowledge and agree that the Custodian is not a fiduciary by virtue of accepting and carrying out its obligations under this Agreement.

(m) Each Fund represents that it maintains compliance policies and procedures reasonably designed to prevent the Fund from violating any applicable laws, rules, regulations, executive orders or requirements administered by any governmental authority of the United States (including the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control) concerning economic sanctions.


Unless otherwise prohibited, a Fund will promptly provide to the Custodian such information in the Fund’s possession as the Custodian reasonably requests in connection with the matters referenced in this Section 14(m), including information regarding its accounts, the assets held or to be held in its accounts, the source thereof, and the identity of any individual or entity having or claiming an interest therein. The Custodian may decline to act or provide services in respect of an account if the Custodian determines, on the advice of legal counsel, that it is not permitted to take such action or provide such service under applicable law. If the Custodian declines to act or provide services as provided in the preceding sentence, the Custodian will inform the applicable Fund as soon as reasonably practicable and will communicate to the Fund the advice received from counsel to the Custodian.


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties has caused this instrument to be executed in its name and behalf by its duly authorized representative as of the date first above-written.

 

EACH INVESTMENT COMPANY IDENTIFIED ON EXHIBIT A HERETO
By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

 

Name: Jane Trust

Title:  President

THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON
By:  

/s/ Christopher Healy

 

Name: Christopher Healy

Title:  Manager Director


List of Exhibits/Schedules

 

Exhibit A:    List of Funds and Portfolios1
Exhibit B:    Additional Services
Schedule A:    Foreign Sub-Custodians
Schedule B:    Foreign Securities Depositories
Schedule C:    Information Provided regarding Foreign Custody and Settlement Practices
Schedule D:    Markets Relating to Sub-Custodian Liability

 

 

1

Note that open-end Funds, closed-end Funds and Cayman Islands Funds should be identified as such in Exhibit A.


Exhibit A

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.


Exhibit B

Reserved


Exhibit C

None

Exhibit (j)(2)

Amendment No. 9

To

Custodian Services Agreement

This Amendment No. 9 To Custodian Services Agreement (“Amendment No. 9”), dated as of May 1, 2021 (“Effective Date’’), is being entered into by and among The Bank of New York Mellon (the “Custodian”) and each Fund identified on Exhibit A to this Amendment No. 9 on behalf of each of its Portfolios identified on Exhibit A. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meaning ascribed to such terms in the Original Agreement (as defined below).

Background

The Custodian and certain of the Funds on behalf of certain of the Portfolios previously entered into the Custodian Services Agreement made as of January 1, 2018 (“Original Agreement”). The parties wish to amend the Original Agreement as set forth in this Amendment No. 9.

Terms

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties, intending to be legally bound, agree to all statements made above and as follows:

1. Modifications to Original Agreement. The Original Agreement is hereby amended by deleting Exhibit A in its entirety and replacing it with the Exhibit A attached to this Amendment No. 9.

2. Adoption of Amended Agreement by New Funds and New Portfolios. Each Fund and each Portfolio of a Fund that has been added to Exhibit A by virtue of this Amendment No. 9 acknowledges and agrees that (i) by virtue of its execution of this Amendment No. 9 it becomes and is a party to the Original Agreement as amended by this Amendment No. 9 (“Amended Agreement”) as of the Effective Date, or if the Custodian commenced providing services to the Fund or Portfolio, respectively, prior to the Effective Date, as of the date the Custodian first provided services to such Fund or Portfolio, respectively, (ii) it is bound by all terms and conditions of the Amended Agreement as of such date, and (iii) the duly authorized officer of the Fund or Portfolio identified on the signature page annexed hereto has full power and authority to enter into this Amendment No. 9 on behalf of such Fund or Portfolio.

3. Remainder of Original Agreement. Except as specifically modified by this Amendment No. 9, all terms and conditions of the Original Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.

4. Governing Law. The governing law of the Original Agreement shall be the governing law of this Amendment No. 9.

5. Entire Agreement. This Amendment No. 9 constitutes a complete, exclusive and fully integrated record of the agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter herein and the amendment of the Original Agreement with respect to such subject matter.

6. Signatures; Counterparts. The parties expressly agree that this Amendment No. 9 may be executed in one or more counterparts and expressly agree that such execution may occur by manual signature on a physically delivered copy of this Amendment No. 9, by a manual signature on a copy of this Amendment No. 9 transmitted by facsimile transmission, by a manual signature on a copy of this Amendment No. 9 transmitted as an imaged document attached to an email, or by “Electronic Signature”, which is hereby defined to mean inserting an image, representation or symbol of a signature into an electronic copy of this Amendment No. 9 by electronic, digital or other technological methods. Each counterpart executed in accordance with the foregoing shall be deemed an original, with all such counterparts together constituting one and the same instrument. The exchange of executed counterparts of this Amendment No. 9 or of executed signature pages to counterparts of this Amendment No. 9, in either case by facsimile transmission or as an imaged document attached to an email transmission, shall constitute effective execution and delivery of this Amendment No. 9 and may be used for all purposes in lieu of a manually executed and physically delivered copy of this Amendment No. 9.

 

1


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties hereto has caused this Amendment No. 9 to be executed as of the Effective Date by its duly authorized representative indicated below. An authorized representative, if executing this Amendment No. 9 by Electronic Signature, affirms authorization to execute this Amendment No. 9 by Electronic Signature and that the Electronic Signature represents an intent to enter into this Amendment No. 9 and an agreement with its terms.

 

EACH FUND ON BEHALF OF EACH OF ITS PORTFOLIOS IDENTIFIED ON EXHIBIT A ANNEXED HERETO
By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

Name:   Jane Trust
Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer
THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON
By:  

/s/ Armando Fernandez

Name:   Armando Fernandez
Title:   Vice President

 

2


EXHIBIT A1

(Dated: May 1, 2021)

This Exhibit A, amended and restated effective as of May 1, 2021, is Exhibit A to the Original Agreement, as amended through the Effective Date.

Funds/Portfolios

Open-End Funds

Legg Mason Global Asset Management Trust

BrandywineGLOBAL – Alternative Credit Fund

BrandywineGLOBAL – Diversified US Large Cap Value Fund

BrandywineGLOBAL Dynamic US Large Cap Value Fund

BrandywineGLOBAL – Global Flexible Income Fund

BrandywineGLOBAL – Global High Yield Fund

BrandywineGLOBAL – Global Opportunities Bond Fund

BrandywineGLOBAL – Global Opportunities Bond Fund (USD Hedged)

BrandywineGLOBAL – Global Unconstrained Bond Fund

BrandywineGLOBAL – International Opportunities Bond Fund

ClearBridge International Growth Fund

ClearBridge Small Cap Fund

ClearBridge Value Trust

Martin Currie Emerging Markets Fund

Martin Currie International Unconstrained Equity Fund

Martin Currie SMASh Series EM Fund

QS Global Market Neutral Fund

QS International Equity Fund

QS Strategic Real Return Fund

QS U.S. Small Capitalization Equity Fund

ClearBridge Global Infrastructure Income Fund

Legg Mason Partners Equity Trust

BrandywineGLOBAL – Corporate Credit Fund

BrandywineGLOBAL – High Yield Fund

ClearBridge Aggressive Growth Fund

ClearBridge All Cap Value Fund

ClearBridge Appreciation F und

ClearBridge Dividend Strategy Fund

ClearBridge International Small Cap Fund

ClearBridge International Value Fund

ClearBridge Large Cap Growth Fund

ClearBridge Large Cap Value Fund

ClearBridge Mid Cap Fund

ClearBridge Mid Cap Growth Fund

ClearBridge Select Fund

ClearBridge Small Cap Growth Fund

ClearBridge Small Cap Value Fund

 

1 

Note that open-end Funds, closed-end Funds and Cayman Islands Funds should be identified as such in Exhibit A.

 

3


ClearBridge Sustainability Leaders Fund

ClearBridge Tactical Dividend Income Fund

QS Conservative Growth Fund

QS Defensive Growth Fund

QS Global Dividend Fund

QS Global Equity Fund

QS Growth Fund

QS Moderate Growth Fund

QS S&P 500 Index Fund

QS U. S. Large Cap Equity Fund

Legg Mason Partners Income Trust

Western Asset Ultra-Short Income Fund

Western Asset California Municipals Fund

Western Asset Corporate Bond Fund

Western Asset Emerging Markets Debt Fund

Western Asset Global High Yield Bond Fund

Western Asset Income Fund

Western Asset Intermediate Maturity California Municipals Fund

Western Asset Intermediate Maturity New York Municipals Fund

Western Asset Intermediate-Term Municipals Fund

Western Asset Managed Municipals Fund

Western Asset Massachusetts Municipals Fund

Western Asset Mortgage Total Return Fund

Western Asset Municipal High Income Fund

Western Asset New Jersey Municipals Fund

Western Asset New York Municipals Fund

Western Asset Oregon Municipals Fund

Western Asset Pennsylvania Municipals Fund

Western Asset Short Duration High Income Fund

Western Asset Short Duration Municipal Income Fund

Western Asset Short-Term Bond Fund

Legg Mason Partners Institutional Trust

Western Asset Institutional Government Reserves

Western Asset Institutional Liquid Reserves

Western Asset Institutional U.S. Treasury Obligations Money Market Fund

Western Asset Institutional U.S. Treasury Reserves

Western Asset Premier Institutional Government Reserves

Western Asset Premier Institutional Liquid Reserves

Western Asset Premier Institutional U.S. Treasury Reserves

Western Asset Select Tax Free Reserves

Western Asset SMASh Series C Fund

Western Asset SMASh Series EC Fund

Western Asset SMASh Series M Fund

Western Asset SMASh Series TF Fund

Western Asset SMASh Series Core Completion Fund

Legg Mason Partners Money Market Trust

Western Asset Government Reserves

 

4


Western Asset New York Tax Free Money Market Fund

Western Asset Prime Obligations Money Market Fund

Western Asset Tax Free Reserves

Western Asset U.S. Treasury Reserves

Legg Mason Partners Premium Money Market Trust

Western Asset Premium Liquid Reserves

Western Asset Premium U.S. Treasury Reserves

Legg Mason Partners Variable Equity Trust

ClearBridgc Variable Aggressive Growth Portfolio

ClearBridge Variable Appreciation Portfolio

ClearBridge Variable Dividend Strategy Portfolio

ClearBridgc Variable Large Cap Growth Portfolio

ClearBridge Variable Large Cap Value Portfolio

ClearBridge Variable Mid Cap Portfolio

ClearBridge Variable Small Cap Growth Portfolio

Franklin Templeton Aggressive Model Portfolio (formerly, Legg Mason/QS Aggressive Model Portfolio)

Franklin Templeton Conservative Model Portfolio (formerly, Legg Mason/QS Conservative Model Portfolio)

Franklin Templeton Moderate Model Portfolio (formerly, Legg Mason/QS Moderate Model Portfolio)

Franklin Templeton Moderately Aggressive Model Portfolio (formerly, Legg Mason/QS Moderately Aggressive Model Portfolio)

Franklin Templeton Moderately Conservative Model Portfolio (formerly, Legg Mason/QS Moderately Conservative Model Portfolio)

QS Legg Mason Dynamic Multi-Strategy VIT Portfolio

QS Variable Conservative Growth

QS Variable Growth

QS Variable Moderate Growth

Legg Mason Partners Variable Income Trust

Western Asset Core Plus VIT Portfolio

Western Asset Variable Global High Yield Bond Portfolio

Master Portfolio Trust

Government Portfolio

Liquid Reserves Portfolio

Tax Free Reserves Portfolio

U.S. Treasury Obligations Portfolio

U.S. Treasury Reserves Portfolio

Western Asset Funds, Inc.

Western Asset Core Bond Fund

Western Asset Core Plus Bond Fund

Western Asset High Yield Fund

Western Asset Inflation Indexed Plus Bond Fund

Western Asset Intermediate Bond Fund

Western Asset Macro Opportunities Fund

Western Asset Total Return Unconstrained Fund

 

5


Open-End Funds (ETFs)

Legg Mason ETF Investment Trust

BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Total Return ETF

ClearBridge All Cap Growth ETF

ClearBridge Dividend Strategy ESG ETF

ClearBridge Large Cap Growth ESG ETF

Legg Mason Emerging Markets Low Volatility High Dividend ETF

Legg Mason Global Infrastructure ETF

Legg Mason International Low Volatility High Dividend ETF

Legg Mason Low Volatility High Dividend ETF

Legg Mason Small-Cap Quality Value ETF

Western Asset Short Duration Income ETF

Western Asset Total Return ETF

ActiveShares® ETF Trust

ClearBridge Focus Value ETF

Closed-End Funds

Clarion Partners Real Estate Income Fund Inc.

ClearBridge MLP and Midstream Fund Inc.

ClearBridge Energy Midstream Opportunity Fund Inc.

ClearBridge Energy MLP and Midstream Total Return Fund Inc.

BrandywineGLOBAL-Global Income Opportunities Fund Inc.

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset Corporate Loan Fund Inc.

Western Asset Diversified Income Fund*

Western Asset Emerging Markets Debt Fund Inc.

Western Asset Global Corporate Defined Opportunity Fund Inc.

Western Asset Global High Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset High Income Fund II Inc.

Western Asset High Income Opportunity Fund Inc.

Western Asset High Yield Defined Opportunity Fund Inc.

Western Asset Intermediate Muni Fund Inc.

Western Asset Investment Grade Defined Opportunity Trust Inc.

 

6


Western Asset Investment Grade Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset Managed Municipals Fund Inc.

Western Asset Middle Market Debt Fund Inc.

Western Asset Middle Market Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset Mortgage Opportunity Fund Inc.

Western Asset Municipal Defined Opportunity Trust Inc.

Western Asset Municipal High Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset Municipal Partners Fund Inc.

Western Asset Premier Bond Fund

Western Asset Variable Rate Strategic Fund Inc.

Western Asset Inflation-Linked Opportunities & Income Fund

Western Asset Inflation-Linked Income Fund

Cayman Island Funds

Western Asset Government Money Market Fund, Ltd.

Western Asset Institutional Cash Reserves, Ltd.

Western Asset Institutional Liquid Reserves, Ltd.

Western Asset Premier Institutional Liquid Reserves, Ltd.

Western Asset U.S. Treasury Obligations Money Market Fund, Ltd.

Western Asset U.S. Treasury Reserves, Ltd.

Cayman Island Funds (CFCs)

Alternative Core Fund, Ltd.

Real Return Fund, Ltd.

Western Asset Inflation-Linked Opportunities & Income Fund CFC

Western Asset Inflation-Linked Income Fund CFC

 

*

Added to Exhibit as of the Effective Date

 

7

Exhibit (k)(1)

TRANSFER AGENCY AND SERVICES AGREEMENT

AGREEMENT, dated as of March 14, 2016 (the “Effective Date”) by and between each of the investment companies listed on Schedule A attached hereto, as amended from time to time (each a “Fund” and collectively the “Funds”) and each having its principal place of business as listed on Schedule A, as amended from time to time, and Computershare Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Computershare”), and its fully owned subsidiary Computershare Trust Company, N.A., a federally chartered trust company (“Trust Company”, and together with Computershare, “Transfer Agent”) each having a principal office and place of business at 250 Royall Street, Canton, Massachusetts 02021. Any references herein to “the Fund” are meant to encompass each applicable Fund or any series thereof, as the context requires.

WITNESSETH

WHEREAS, each Fund desires to appoint Trust Company as its sole transfer agent and registrar for the Shares, and any dividend reinvestment plan or direct stock purchase plan for each Fund, and Computershare as dividend disbursement agent and as processer of all payments received or made by each Fund under this Agreement;

WHEREAS, Trust Company and Computershare will each separately provide specified services covered by this Agreement and, in addition, Trust Company may arrange for Computershare to act on behalf of Trust Company in providing certain of its services covered by this Agreement; and

WHEREAS, Trust Company and Computershare desire to accept such respective appointments and perform the services related to such appointments;

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and promises hereinafter set forth, each Fund and Transfer Agent agree as follows:

 

Article 1

Definitions

1.1 Whenever used in this Agreement, the following words and phrases, unless the context otherwise requires, shall have the following meanings:

(a) “Account” means the account of each Shareholder which reflects any full or fractional Shares held by such Shareholder, outstanding funds, or reportable tax information.

(b) “Agreement” means this agreement and any and all exhibits or schedules attached hereto and any and all amendments or modifications which may from time to time be executed.

 

- 1 -


(c) “Articles of Incorporation” shall mean the Articles of Incorporation, Declaration of Trust, or other similar organizational document as the case may be, of a Fund as the same may be amended from time to time.

(d) “Authorized Person” shall be any person, whether or not such person is an officer or employee of a Fund, duly authorized to give Oral Instructions or Written Instructions on behalf of a Fund as indicated in a written document that has been executed by the Secretary or the Assistant Secretary of the Fund and delivered to Transfer Agent from time to time.

(e) “Board Members” shall mean the Directors or Trustees of the governing body of the Fund, as the case may be.

(f) “Board of Directors” shall mean the Board of Directors or Board of Trustees of the Fund, as the case may be.

(g) “Code” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

(h) “Commission” shall mean the Securities and Exchange Commission.

(i) “Confidential Information” shall have the meaning set forth in Article 17.1(a) herein.

(j) “Custodian” refers to any custodian or subcustodian of securities and/or other property which a Fund may from time to time deposit, or cause to be deposited or held under the name or account of such a custodian pursuant to a custodian agreement.

(k) “DSPP” means direct stock purchase plan.

(l) “FATCA” shall mean Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code and any regulations or agreements thereunder or official interpretations thereof or any intergovernmental agreement between the United States and another jurisdiction facilitating the implementation thereof (or any law implementing such an intergovernmental agreement).

(m) “IRS” shall mean the United States Internal Revenue Service.

(n) “1933 Act” shall mean the Securities Act of 1933 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, all as amended from time to time.

(o) “1934 Act” shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, all as amended from time to time.

(p) “1940 Act” shall mean the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, all as amended from time to time.

 

- 2 -


(q) “Oral Instructions” shall mean instructions (including via electronic mail), other than Written Instructions, received by Transfer Agent from a person reasonably believed by Transfer Agent to be an Authorized Person, with subsequent Written Instructions confirming the instructions (as described below), provided acceptance of Oral Instructions by Transfer Agent is subject to its policies and/or procedures for the specific type of instruction submitted;

(r) “Plans” means any dividend reinvestment plan, DSPP, or other investment programs administered by Trust Company for each Fund, whether as of the Effective Date or at any time during the term of this Agreement.

(s) “Prohibited Person” shall mean (1) a person, entity, or organization named on the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons (the “SDN List”), as amended from time or (2) a person resident in, an entity organized under the laws of or having a place of business in, or the government of, a country or territory subject to the country-based U.S. trade sanctions programs administered and enforced by OFAC pursuant to any authorizing statute including, but not limited to, the International Economic Emergency Powers Act (50 U.S.C. § § 1701 et seq.), the Trading with the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. 1 et seq.) and any executive order, rule, or regulation promulgated thereunder.

(t) “Prospectus” shall mean the currently effective Fund Prospectus and Statement of Additional Information, including supplements thereto, if any, which has been filed under the 1933 Act and the 1940 Act.

(u) “Services” means all services performed or made available by Transfer Agent pursuant to this Agreement.

(v) “Shareholder” shall mean a holder of Shares of a Fund.

(w) “Shareholder Data” means all information maintained on the records database of Transfer Agent concerning Shareholders.

(x) “Shares” refers collectively to such shares of capital stock or beneficial interest, as the case may be, of a Fund as may be issued from time to time.

(y) “Side Agreement” means the Side Agreement for Transfer Agency Services between the Funds and Transfer Agent dated as of March 1, 2016.

(z) “Written Instructions” shall mean (i) a written instruction signed by an Authorized Person, including manually executed originals and telefacsimile of a manually executed original or other process; (ii) trade instructions transmitted (and received by Transfer Agent) by means of an electronic transaction reporting system access to which requires use of a password or other authorized identifier; and (iii) electronic mail from an Authorized Person in a format mutually acceptable to the parties to this Agreement, provided acceptance of Written Instructions by Transfer Agent is subject to its policies and/or procedures for the specific type of instruction submitted.

 

- 3 -


Article 2

Appointment of Transfer Agent

2.1 Each Fund hereby appoints Trust Company to act as sole Transfer Agent and registrar for all Shares and as administrator of Plans in accordance with the terms and conditions hereof and appoints Computershare as the service provider to Trust Company and as processor of all payments received or made by or on behalf of the Fund under this Agreement. Transfer Agent accepts each such appointment and agrees to perform the duties hereinafter set forth.

2.2 In connection with the appointments herein, each Fund will provide the following appointment and corporate authority documents to Transfer Agent:

(a) Copies of resolutions appointing Trust Company as the Transfer Agent;

(b) If applicable, specimens of all forms of outstanding Share certificates, in forms approved by the Board of Directors of the Fund, with a certificate of the Secretary of the Fund as to such approval;

(c) Specimens of the signatures of the officers or other authorized persons of the Fund authorized to sign Written Instructions and requests and, if applicable, sign Share certificates;

(d) Any and all opinions of counsel issued to the underwriter for any new Fund or future original issuance of Shares for any Fund added after the Effective Date for which Transfer Agent will act as transfer agent hereunder that may include:

 

  (i)

Fund is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of its state of organization;

 

  (ii)

All Shares issued and outstanding on the date hereof were issued as part of an offering that was registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“1933 Act”) and any other applicable federal or state statute or that was exempt from such registration;

 

  (iii)

All Shares issued and outstanding on the date hereof are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable; and

 

  (iv)

The use of facsimile signatures by Transfer Agent in connection with the countersigning and registering of Share certificates has been duly authorized by the Fund and is valid and effective.

 

- 4 -


(e) A certificate of each Fund as to the Shares authorized, issued and outstanding, as well as a description of all reserves of unissued Shares relating to the exercise of options;

(f) A completed Internal Revenue Service Form 2678; and

(g) A completed W-8 or W-9, as applicable.

2.3 Fund shall, if applicable, inform Transfer Agent as soon as possible in advance as to: (a) the existence or termination of any restrictions on the transfer of Shares, the application to or removal from any Share of any legend restricting the transfer of such Shares (subject, in the case of removal of any legend, to delivery of a legal opinion from counsel to Fund in form and substance acceptable to Transfer Agent), or the substitution for such Share of a Share without such legend; (b) any authorized but unissued Shares reserved for specific purposes; (c) any outstanding Shares which are exchangeable for Shares and the basis for exchange; (d) reserved Shares subject to option and the details of such reservation; (e) any Share split or Share dividend; (f) any other relevant event or special instructions which may affect the Shares; and (g) any bankruptcy, insolvency or other proceeding regarding Fund affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights.

2.4 Fund shall perform, execute, acknowledge and deliver or cause to be performed, executed, acknowledged and delivered all such further and other acts, documents, instruments and assurances as Transfer Agent may reasonably require in order to carry out or perform its obligations under this Agreement.

2.5 Scope of Agency.

(a) Transfer Agent shall act solely as agent for each Fund under this Agreement and owes no duties hereunder to any other person. Transfer Agent undertakes to perform the duties and only the duties that are specifically set forth in this Agreement, and no implied covenants or obligations shall be read into this Agreement under Transfer Agent.

(b) Transfer Agent may rely upon, and shall be protected in acting or refraining from acting in reliance upon, (i) any communication from Fund, any predecessor transfer agent or co-transfer agent or any registrar (other than Transfer Agent), predecessor registrar or co-registrar; (ii) any instruction, notice, request, direction, consent, report, certificate, opinion or other instrument, paper, document or electronic transmission believed by Transfer Agent in good faith to be genuine and to have been signed or given by the proper parties; (iii) any guaranty of signature by an “eligible guarantor institution” that is a member or participant in the Securities Transfer Agents Medallion Program or other comparable “signature guarantee program” or insurance program in addition to, or in substitution for, the foregoing; or (iv) any instructions received through Direct Registration System/Profile. In addition, Transfer Agent is authorized to refuse to make any transfer that it determines in good faith not to be in good order.

 

- 5 -


Article 3

Duties of Transfer Agent

3.1 Transfer Agent shall be responsible for:

(a) Administering and/or performing the customary services of a transfer agent, agent of each Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan, and dividend disbursing agent; acting as service agent in connection with dividend and distribution functions; and, if applicable for performing shareholder account and administrative agent functions in connection with the Shares of each Fund, as more fully described in the written schedule of Duties of Transfer Agent in Exhibit 2 of the Side Agreement, and in accordance with applicable laws, regulations and requirements of any governmental authority having jurisdiction over Transfer Agent with respect to the duties of Transfer Agent hereunder, and the procedures established from time to time between a Fund and Transfer Agent, provide services requested by a Fund to assist with liquidation or termination of the Fund, or provide assistance with any rights offerings to Shareholders, on terms and fees agreed upon by the parties. Transfer Agent shall perform its services as agent under each Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan in accordance with the plan described in the Fund’s reports to Shareholders.

(b) Transfer Agent shall perform its services as agent under each Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan in accordance with the plan described in the Fund’s reports to Shareholders. Trust Company shall perform all services under the Plans, as the administrator of such Plans, with the exception of payment processing for which Computershare has been appointed as agent by a Fund, and certain other services that Trust Company may subcontract to Computershare as permitted by applicable law (e.g., ministerial services).

(c) To the extent that a Fund does not have a DSPP as of the Effective Date, the Fund agrees that Trust Company may implement and administer Trust Company’s DSPP on behalf of the Fund at any time during the term of this Agreement, upon providing prior written notice to the Fund. In consideration of Trust Company receiving service and transaction fees from the DSPP participants in connection with its administration of the DSPP, Transfer Agent shall not charge any fees to the Fund for such administration.

(d) Transfer Agent shall act as agent for Shareholders pursuant to the Plans in accordance with the terms and conditions of such Plans. If applicable, each Fund hereby authorizes Computershare to receive all payments made to the Fund (i.e., optional cash purchases) or Transfer Agent under the Plans and make all payments required to be made under such Plans, including all payments required to be made to the Fund. For optional cash purchases, in the event funds are unavailable for any reason (including, without limitation, due to a rejection or reversal of the payment), Computershare shall sell the Shares purchased and any gain thereon shall accrue to Computershare.

 

- 6 -


(e) Recording the issuance of Shares and maintaining pursuant to Rule 17Ad-10(e) under the 1934 Act a record of the total number of Shares of each Fund which are authorized, based upon data provided to it by the Fund, and issued and outstanding. Transfer Agent shall provide each Fund on a regular basis, at such intervals as the parties hereto shall agree from time to time, with the total number of Shares that are authorized and issued and outstanding and shall have no obligation, when recording the issuance of Shares, to monitor the issuance of such Shares or to take cognizance of any laws relating to the issue or sale of such Shares, which functions shall be the sole responsibility of the Fund. Transfer Agent will comply with all requirements applicable to a transfer agent under the 1934 Act and other state or federal securities laws, as applicable.

(f) Providing a quarterly certification in its standard form and, upon request, information, access and reports to a Fund or the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer, as necessary for the Chief Compliance Officer or Fund to comply with Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act.

3.2 In addition to the duties set forth in Exhibit 2 of the Side Agreement Transfer Agent shall perform such other duties and functions, and shall be paid such amounts therefor, as may from time to time be agreed upon in writing between a Fund and Transfer Agent. The compensation for such other duties and functions shall be reflected in a written amendment to Exhibit 3 of the Side Agreement and the duties and functions shall be reflected in an amendment to Exhibit 2 of the Side Agreement, both dated and signed by authorized persons of the parties hereto.

3.3 In the event that any requests or demands are made for the disclosure of Confidential Information, other than requests to Transfer Agent for Shareholder records pursuant to subpoenas from state or federal government authorities (e.g., probate, divorce and criminal actions), the party receiving such request will promptly notify the other party to secure instructions from an authorized officer of such party as to such request and to enable the other party the opportunity to obtain a protective order or other confidential treatment, unless such notification is otherwise prohibited by law or court order. Each party expressly reserves the right, however, to disclose Confidential Information to any person whenever it is advised by counsel that it may be held liable for the failure to disclose such Confidential Information or if required by law or court order.

3.4 If the parties mutually agree, they will negotiate in good faith certain service level standards that, once agreed upon, may be incorporated into this Agreement subsequent to the effective date of the Agreement.

3.5 Transfer Agent shall make available to each Fund and its Shareholders, through www.computershare.com (“Web Site”), online access to certain Account and Shareholder information and certain transaction capabilities (“Internet Services”), subject to Transfer Agent’s security procedures and the terms and conditions set forth herein and on the Web Site. Transfer Agent provides Internet Services “as is,” on an “as available” basis, and hereby specifically disclaims any and all representations or warranties, express or implied, regarding such Internet Services, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose and implied warranties arising from course of dealing or course of performance.

 

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3.6 Fund agrees that the databases, programs, screen and report formats, interactive design techniques, Internet Services, software (including methods or concepts used therein, source code, object code, or related technical information) and documentation manuals furnished to a Fund by Transfer Agent as part of the Services are under the control and ownership of Transfer Agent or a third party (including its affiliates) and constitute copyrighted, trade secret, or other proprietary information (collectively, “Proprietary Information”). In no event shall Proprietary Information be deemed Shareholder Data. Each Fund agrees that Proprietary Information is of substantial value to Transfer Agent or other third party and will treat all Proprietary Information as confidential in accordance with Article 17 of this Agreement. Each Fund shall take reasonable efforts to advise its relevant employees and agents of its obligations pursuant to this Section 3.6.

3.7 Transfer Agent may provide real-time or delayed quotations and other market information and messages (“Market Data”), which Market Data is provided to Transfer Agent by certain third parties who may assert a proprietary interest in Market Data disseminated by them but do not guarantee the timeliness, sequence, accuracy or completeness thereof. Each Fund agrees and acknowledges that Transfer Agent shall not be liable in any way for any loss or damage arising from or occasioned by any inaccuracy, error, delay in, omission of, or interruption in any Market Data or the transmission thereof.

3.8 Lost Shareholders; In-Depth Shareholder Search.

 

  (a)

Transfer Agent shall conduct such database searches to locate lost Shareholders as are required by Rule 17Ad-17 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“1934 Act”), without charge to the Shareholder. If a new address is so obtained in a database search for a lost Shareholder, Transfer Agent shall conduct a verification mailing and update its records for such Shareholder accordingly.

 

  (b)

Computershare may facilitate the performance of a more in-depth search for the purpose of (i) locating lost Shareholders for whom a new address is not obtained in accordance with clause (a) above, (ii) identifying Shareholders who are deceased (or locating the deceased Shareholder’s estate representative, heirs or other party entitled to act with respect to such Shareholder’s account (“Authorized Representative”)), and (iii) locating Shareholders whose accounts contain an uncashed check older than 180 days, in each case using the services of a locating service provider selected by Computershare, which service provider may be an affiliate of Computershare. Such provider may compensate Computershare for processing and other services that Computershare provides in connection with such in-depth search, including providing Computershare a portion of its service fees.

 

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  (c)

Upon locating any Shareholder (or such Shareholder’s Authorized Representative) pursuant to clause (b) above, the locating service provider shall clearly identify to such Shareholder (or such Shareholder’s Authorized Representative) all assets held in such Shareholder’s account. Such provider shall inform any such located Shareholders (or such Shareholder’s Authorized Representative) that such Shareholder (or such Shareholder’s Authorized Representative) may choose either (i) to contact Transfer Agent directly to obtain the assets in such account, at no charge other than any applicable fees to replace lost certificates, if applicable, or (ii) to use the services of such provider for a processing fee, which may not exceed 20% of the asset value of such Shareholder’s property where the registered Shareholder is living, deceased, or not a natural person; provided that in no case shall such fee exceed the maximum statutory fee permitted by the applicable state jurisdiction. If a Fund selects a locating service provider other than one selected by Computershare, then Transfer Agent shall not be responsible for the terms of any agreement between such provider and the Fund and additional fees may apply.

 

  (d)

Pursuant to Section 6.2 of this Agreement, each Fund hereby authorizes and instructs Transfer Agent to provide a Shareholder file or list of those Shareholders not located following the required Rule 17Ad-17 searches to any service provider administering any in-depth shareholder location program on behalf of Transfer Agent or a Fund. Each Fund hereby authorizes Computershare to stop payment of checks issued in payment of sales proceeds and of dividends, if applicable, but not presented for payment, when the payees thereof allege either that they have not received the checks or that such checks have been mislaid, lost, stolen, destroyed or, through no fault of theirs, are otherwise beyond their control and cannot be produced by them for presentation and collection, and Computershare shall issue and deliver duplicate checks in replacement thereof, and each Fund shall indemnify Transfer Agent against any loss or damage resulting from reissuance of the checks.

 

Article 4

Delegation of Responsibilities

4.1 With respect to any Fund, Transfer Agent may without the consent of the Funds delegate some or all of its duties under this Agreement to the subcontractors listed on Exhibit 4 of the Side Agreement, and to any new or existing subcontractor except with respect to the functions set forth in Section 4.2. Transfer Agent shall provide the Funds with written notice in the form of a quarterly report of any new subcontractor with access to Shareholder Data and a description of the services to be provided by each such subcontractor. Transfer Agent shall be as fully responsible to the applicable Fund for the acts and omissions of any subcontractor as it is for its own acts and omissions.

4.2 Transfer Agent may delegate any transfer agent functions set forth in Section 3(a)(25) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 with the consent of the applicable Funds, which shall not be unreasonably withheld, to other parties that after reasonable inquiry Transfer Agent deems to be competent to assume such duties. In the event of any such delegation, Transfer Agent shall enter into a written agreement with the delegate in which the delegate will, among other things:

 

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(a) agree to provide the services delegated consistent with the terms of this Agreement, a written schedule of performance standards developed by Transfer Agent as deemed necessary to comply with the terms of this Agreement, and applicable laws, regulations and requirements of any governmental authority having jurisdiction over the provision of such services; and

(b) represent and warrant that it is duly registered as may be required under all federal and state securities laws to perform the services delegated.

In any such circumstance, Transfer Agent will be responsible for the services of the delegates, as if Transfer Agent were performing the services itself.

4.3 Nothing herein shall impose any duty upon Transfer Agent in connection with or make Transfer Agent liable for the actions or omissions to act of unaffiliated third parties other than delegates referenced in Section 4.2 and subcontractors referenced in Sections 4.1 of this Agreement such as, by way of example and not limitation, airborne services, delivery services, the U.S. mails, and telecommunication companies, provided, if Transfer Agent selected such company, Transfer Agent exercised due care in selecting the same.

 

Article 5

Recordkeeping and Other Information

5.1 Transfer Agent may adopt as part of its records all Shareholder lists, Share ledgers, records, books, and documents which have been employed by a Fund or any of its agents and which are certified to be true, authentic and complete. Transfer Agent shall keep records as set forth in Exhibit 2 of the Side Agreement, in a form and manner it deems advisable, but in any event in accordance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations, and consistent with the reasonable standards of the transfer agency industry. Transfer Agent agrees that all records prepared or maintained by it relating to the services provided under this Agreement, including records held in electronic storage, are the property of the applicable Fund and will be preserved, maintained and made available in accordance with the requirements of law and Transfer Agent’s records management policy, and will be surrendered promptly to the applicable Fund in accordance with its request subject to applicable law and Transfer Agent’s records management policy. The Transfer Agent will employ commercially reasonable security measures (including, but not limited to, virus protection safeguards, password protection and encryption – minimum AES 256 standard – at rest and in transit) reasonably acceptable to the Funds.

5.2 Transfer Agent agrees that all records prepared or maintained by Transfer Agent pertaining to the Services provided to a Fund hereunder are the property of the Fund and will be preserved, maintained and made available in accordance with Articles 5 and 15, and will be

 

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surrendered promptly to the Fund on and in accordance with the Fund’s request subject to applicable law and Transfer Agent’s records management policy. Transfer Agent will provide the Fund, at least annually, with the most recent SSAE16 or equivalent controls report in support of the services provided hereunder prepared by an independent third-party, and will provide executive summaries of the results of the most recent penetration and ethical hack testing conducted by a qualified independent third party on behalf of the Transfer Agent. The Transfer Agent shall cooperate with the Funds on any reasonable ongoing due diligence request, including, but not limited to, completion of Legg Mason’s Service Provider Security and Global Business Continuity questionnaires. Transfer Agent shall, upon 30 days written notice and no more frequently than once per year and at mutually agreed dates and times, allow a Fund, its auditors and/or its regulators, to inspect, examine, and audit (each, an “Audit”) Transfer Agent’s operations, procedures and business records that are relevant to the Services provided hereunder by Transfer Agent (collectively, “Records”) solely to determine Transfer Agent’s compliance with this Agreement and only to the extent that such Records were not included within the scope of the SSAE 16, AT 101, or equivalent audit conducted for Transfer Agent within the previous calendar year. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Transfer Agent may, in its sole discretion, prohibit the Fund from entering certain areas of its facilities for security reasons, in which case Transfer Agent will provide a Fund with alternative access to the Records, information or personnel in such restricted area, to the extent reasonably possible. Audits shall not include penetration testing. Further, the Fund agrees that any Audit includes the right of the Fund to inspect Records on site at Transfer Agent’s office, but not the right to copy Records, except for Fund records or Shareholder Data. The Fund will provide Transfer Agent with a written Scope of Work including a mutually agreed level of detail, at least 10 business days in advance of commencement of an Audit. Transfer Agent shall cooperate reasonably and in good faith with the Fund’s internal or external auditors to ensure a prompt and accurate Audit. In addition, Transfer Agent shall address within a reasonable time period and in the manner determined by Transfer Agent any practices found to be non-compliant with this Agreement after receipt of the Fund’s Audit report. The Fund acknowledges that Transfer Agent may require any such auditors and/or regulators of the Fund to agree to written confidentiality provisions relating to Transfer Agent’s proprietary and confidential information that such auditors and/or regulators may have access to during any such Audit. The Fund agrees to compensate Transfer Agent for all out of pocket expenses incurred in connection with any Audit, and also agrees to compensate Transfer Agent in accordance with the Transfer Agent fee schedule in effect at the time such Audit, for the time of each Transfer Agent employee required to assist such Audit; provided, however, that in no event shall the Fund be charged for the time incurred by Transfer Agent’s Relationship Management employees required to assist such Audit. Such fees must be pre-approved by Fund. For the avoidance of doubt, a Fund’s reasonable request to review a sampling of Fund records in connection with any routine diligence will not constitute an Audit.

 

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Article 6

Fund Instructions

6.1 Transfer Agent will not be liable for its acting upon Written or Oral Instructions reasonably believed to have been delivered by an Authorized Person in accordance with the terms of this Agreement and the standard of care provided in Article 10, and Transfer Agent will not be held to have any notice of any change of authority of any person, including any Authorized Person, until receipt of a Written Instruction thereof from a Fund. Transfer Agent will maintain written procedures reasonably designed to promptly respond to changes in the identities of Authorized Persons.

6.2 At any time, Transfer Agent may request Written Instructions from a Fund with respect to any matter arising in connection with this Agreement, and it shall not be liable for any action taken or not taken or suffered by it in good faith in accordance with such Written Instructions. Written Instructions requested by Transfer Agent will be provided by a Fund within a reasonable period of time. At any time, Transfer Agent may seek advice from legal counsel for the Fund, or its own legal counsel, with respect to any question of law arising in the course of Transfer Agent performing its duties in connection with this Agreement, and it shall not be liable for any action taken or not taken or suffered by it in good faith in accordance with the opinion of counsel for a Fund or for Transfer Agent, provided that Transfer Agent at its own expense communicates to a Fund such opinion of counsel to Transfer Agent prior to taking the action in question.

6.3 Transfer Agent, its officers, agents or employees, shall accept Oral Instructions or Written Instructions given to them by any person representing or acting on behalf of a Fund only if said representative is an Authorized Person.

 

Article 7

Compensation

7.1 Each Fund will compensate Transfer Agent or cause Transfer Agent to be compensated for the performance of its obligations hereunder (including for providing support services after a Fund’s termination, liquidation, reorganization or merger if requested) in accordance with the fees set forth in the written schedule of fees in Exhibit 3 of the Side Agreement. Transfer Agent will transmit an invoice to a Fund as soon as practicable after the end of each calendar month which will be detailed in accordance with Exhibit 3 of the Side Agreement, and the Fund will pay to Transfer Agent the amount of such invoice within thirty (30) days after the Fund’s receipt of the invoice, except for any fees or expenses that are subject to a good faith dispute. In the event of such a dispute, a Fund may only withhold that portion of the fee or expense subject to the good faith dispute. A Fund shall notify Transfer Agent in writing within thirty (30) days following the receipt of each invoice if the Fund is intends to dispute any amounts in good faith.

7.2 In addition, each Fund agrees to pay, and will be billed separately for, reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred by Transfer Agent in the performance of its duties hereunder. Out-of-pocket expenses shall be the items specified in the written schedule of out-of-pocket charges in Exhibit 3 of the Side Agreement, and such other items to which the parties may agree from time to time. Exhibit 3 of the Side Agreement may be modified only by written agreement between the parties. Unspecified out-of-pocket expenses shall be limited to those unexpected

 

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and non-routine out-of-pocket expenses reasonably incurred by Transfer Agent in the performance of its obligations hereunder. Out-of-pocket rates may change from time to time based upon charges received from Transfer Agent’s vendors, at Transfer Agent’s sole discretion, including any postal rate increases.

7.3 Any compensation agreed to hereunder may be adjusted from time to time by attaching to Exhibit 3 of the Side Agreement a revised fee schedule executed and dated by the parties hereto.

7.4 All funds received by Computershare under this Agreement that are to be distributed or applied by Computershare in the performance of Services (the “Monies”) shall be held by Computershare as agent for the Fund and deposited in one or more bank accounts to be maintained by Computershare in its name as agent for the Fund. Until paid pursuant to this Agreement, Computershare may hold or invest the Monies through such accounts in: (i) obligations of, or guaranteed by, the United States of America, (ii) commercial paper obligations rated A-1 or P-1 or better by Standard & Poor’s Corporation (“S&P”) or Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”), respectively, (iii) AAA rated money market funds with a Fixed NAV that comply with Rule 2a-7 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, or (iv) bank deposit accounts of commercial banks with Tier 1 capital exceeding $1 billion or with an average rating above investment grade by S&P (LT Local Issuer Credit Rating), Moody’s (Long Term Rating) and Fitch Ratings, Inc. (LT Issuer Default Rating) (each as reported by Bloomberg Finance L.P.). The Funds shall have no responsibility or liability for any diminution of the Monies that may result from any deposit or investment made by Computershare in accordance with this paragraph, except for any losses resulting from a default by any bank, financial institution or other third party. Computershare may from time to time receive interest, dividends or other earnings in connection with such deposits or investments. Computershare shall not be obligated to pay such interest, dividends or earnings to the Fund, any Shareholder or any other party.

 

Article 8

Representations and Warranties

8.1 Each Fund represents and warrants to Transfer Agent that:

(a) it is duly organized, existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction in which it is organized;

(b) it is empowered under applicable laws and by its Articles of Incorporation and/or By-laws to enter into this Agreement;

(c) all corporate proceedings required by said Articles of Incorporation, By-laws and applicable laws have been taken to authorize it to enter into this Agreement; and

 

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(d) a registration statement under the 1933 Act and the 1940 Act on behalf of the Fund, with respect to all Funds subject to this Agreement that are to be sold in transactions requiring such registration, is currently effective and will remain effective, and all appropriate state securities law filings have been made with respect to all Shares being offered for sale except for any Shares which are offered in a transaction or series of transactions which are exempt from the registration requirements of the 1933 Act, 1934 Act and state securities laws..

(e) The Shares issued and outstanding on the date hereof have been duly authorized, validly issued and are fully paid and are non-assessable; and any Shares to be issued hereafter, when issued, shall have been duly authorized, validly issued and fully paid and will be non-assessable.

(f) The use of facsimile signatures by Transfer Agent in connection with the countersigning and registering of Share certificates has been duly authorized by Fund and is valid and effective.

8.2 Transfer Agent makes the representations and warranties below, which are and shall remain true and correct throughout the term of the Agreement:

(a) Trust Company is a federally chartered trust company duly organized, validly existing, and in good standing under the laws of the United States and Computershare is a corporation duly organized, validly existing, and in good standing under the laws of the State of Delaware and each has full power, authority and legal right to execute, deliver and perform this Agreement.

(b) it is qualified to carry on its business in jurisdictions in which it is present;

(c) it is empowered under applicable laws and by its Articles of Incorporation and By-laws to enter into and perform this Agreement;

(d) all corporate proceedings required by said Articles of Incorporation, By-laws and applicable laws have been taken to authorize it to enter into and perform this Agreement, which constitutes the legal, valid and binding obligation of Transfer Agent enforceable against Transfer Agent in accordance with its terms;

(e) it is a transfer agent fully registered as a transfer agent pursuant to Section 17A(c)(2) of the 1934 Act, and such registration will remain in effect for the duration of this Agreement and Transfer Agent will promptly notify the Funds in the event of any change in its status as a registered transfer agent;

(f) it is in compliance with all federal and state laws, rules and regulations applicable to its transfer agency business and the performance of its duties, obligations and services under this Agreement;

 

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(g) the various procedures and systems which it has implemented with regard to safeguarding from loss or damage attributable to fire, theft, data/security breaches or any other cause, each Fund’s records and other data and Transfer Agent’s records, data equipment facilities and other property used in the performance of its obligations hereunder are consistent with industry standards applicable to serving as a transfer agent and that Transfer Agent will make such changes therein from time to time as it may deem reasonably necessary to make this representation and warranty true throughout the term of this Agreement and any extensions thereof;

(h) it will provide to a Fund, upon request, its certification by a senior officer relating to the adequacy of its internal controls for handling of the Fund’s information and it will engage a certified public accounting firm to conduct a SSAE 16, AT 101, or equivalent audit of the control environment and activities of Transfer Agent and prepare a report on an annual basis. Transfer Agent shall make available to the Funds a copy of each such report prepared in connection with each such audit, within a reasonable amount of time after receipt; and

(i) it has access to the necessary facilities, equipment and personnel to perform its duties and obligations under this Agreement.

8.3 If any out-of-proof condition caused by Fund or any of its prior agents arises during any term of this Agreement, Fund will, promptly upon Transfer Agent’s request, provide Transfer Agent with funds or shares sufficient to resolve the out-of-proof condition.

 

Article 9

Indemnification

9.1 Transfer Agent shall not be responsible for, and the relevant Fund shall indemnify and hold Transfer Agent harmless from and against, any and all losses, damages, reasonable costs, charges, reasonable counsel fees, payments, reasonable expenses and liability (collectively referred to as “Losses”) arising out of or attributable to:

(a) All actions of Transfer Agent or its agents or delegates required to be taken pursuant to this Agreement with respect to such Fund, provided that such actions are taken in good faith and without negligence, bad faith, willful misconduct or reckless disregard of its duties or their own duties hereunder and are not violations of applicable law or regulation pertaining to the manner transfer agency services are performed and not otherwise a breach of this Agreement (including the standard of care provided in Article 10);

(b) The reasonable reliance by Transfer Agent or its agents or delegates upon, and any subsequent use of or action taken or omitted by Transfer Agent or its agents or delegates pursuant to: (i) any Written Instructions of any Authorized Person; or (ii) any paper or document, reasonably believed, in conformity with security procedures established by Transfer Agent from time to time, to be genuine, authentic and signed by an Authorized Person; unless, in each case, such Losses are due to its failure to perform in accordance with its procedures, or its negligence, bad faith, willful misconduct or reckless disregard, violations of applicable law or regulation pertaining to the manner transfer agency services are performed or otherwise a breach of this Agreement (including the standard of care provided in Article 10); or

 

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(c) The offer or sale of Shares in violation of federal or state securities laws or regulations requiring that such Shares be registered or in violation of any stop order or other determination or ruling by any federal or any state agency with respect to the offer or sale of such Shares.

9.2 A Fund shall not be responsible for, and Transfer Agent shall indemnify and hold each Fund, and its affiliates, Board Members, officers, employees, successors, permitted assigns, agents and representatives (the “Fund Indemnitees”), harmless from and against any and all Losses arising out of or attributable to all actions of Transfer Agent or its agents taken outside of the scope of this Agreement or caused by Transfer Agent’s negligence, bad faith, willful misconduct, its breach of Article 17 of this Agreement or reckless disregard of its duties hereunder, or violations of applicable laws or regulations pertaining to the manner in which transfer agency services are performed or otherwise are a breach of this Agreement. Any liability of the Transfer Agent shall be limited as set forth in Exhibit 1 of the Side Agreement.

9.3 In any case in which a party hereto (the “Indemnifying Party”) may be asked to indemnify or hold the other party (the “Indemnified Party”) harmless, the Indemnifying Party shall be promptly advised of all pertinent facts concerning the situation in question. The Indemnified Party will notify the Indemnifying Party promptly after identifying any situation which it believes presents or appears likely to present a claim for indemnification against the Indemnifying Party although the failure to do so shall not prevent recovery by the Indemnified Party, except to the extent that the Indemnifying Party shall have been prejudiced by such failure. The Indemnified Party shall keep the Indemnifying Party advised with respect to all such developments concerning any claim, demand, action or suit or other proceeding (a “Claim”), which may be the subject of this indemnification. The Indemnifying Party shall have the option to participate with the Indemnified Party in defending against any Claim which may be the subject of this indemnification, and, in the event that the Indemnifying Party so elects, such defense shall be conducted by counsel chosen by the Indemnifying Party and reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Party, and thereupon the Indemnifying Party shall take over complete defense of the Claim and the Indemnified Party shall sustain no further legal or other expenses in respect of such Claim. The Indemnified Party will not confess any Claim or make any compromise in any case in which the Indemnifying Party will be asked to provide indemnification, except with the Indemnifying Party’s prior written consent. The parties shall cooperate with each other in defense of any Claim. In no event will either party be liable for any settlement of any action or Claim effected without its prior written consent. The obligations of the parties hereto under this Article 9 shall survive the termination of this Agreement.

 

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9.4 Except for remedies that cannot be waived as a matter of law (and injunctive or provisional relief), the provisions of this Article 9 shall be a party’s sole and exclusive remedy for Claims or other actions or proceedings to which the other party’s indemnification obligations pursuant to this Article 9 may apply.

9.5 The Board Members of a Fund, its officers and Shareholders shall not be liable for any obligations of the Fund under this Agreement, and Transfer Agent agrees that in asserting any rights or claims under this Agreement against a Fund, it shall look only to the assets and property of the Fund in settlement of such rights or Claims and not to such members of the Board, its officers or Shareholders, or any other Fund.

9.6 Transfer Agent agrees to provide each Fund with certificates of its insurance coverage for errors and omissions insurance, fidelity bonds or crime insurance, electronic data processing coverages and any other insurance coverage related to Transfer Agent’s services to the Funds, and agrees to provide updated certificates annually or as requested by the Fund.

 

Article 10

Standard of Care

10.1 Transfer Agent shall provide its services as transfer agent in accordance with the applicable provisions of Section 17A under the 1934 Act. In performing the responsibilities delegated to it under this Agreement, Transfer Agent shall at all times act in good faith and agrees to exercise reasonable care, diligence and expertise of a transfer agent having responsibility for providing transfer agent services, but shall not be liable for any damages arising out of Transfer Agent’s performance of or failure to perform its duties under this Agreement, except to the extent set forth in Section 9.2 of this Agreement and subject to Exhibit 1 of the Side Agreement.

 

Article 11

Consequential Damages

11.1 Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, neither Transfer Agent nor a Fund shall be liable to the other party for any consequential, special or indirect losses or damages which the party may incur or suffer by or as a consequence of the other party’s performance of the services provided hereunder.

 

Article 12

Insurance

12.1 Transfer Agent shall maintain insurance coverage including, without limitation, errors and omissions, fidelity bond or equivalent crime insurance and electronic data processing coverages at levels of coverage consistent with those customarily maintained by other high quality transfer agents for registered investment companies. Upon the request of a Fund, Transfer Agent shall provide evidence that such coverage is in place. Transfer Agent shall promptly notify the Funds in the event that such coverage is materially reduced or cancelled. To the extent that policies of insurance may provide for coverage of claims for liability or indemnity by the parties set forth in this Agreement, the contracts of insurance shall take precedence, and to the extent permitted by Transfer Agent’s respective policies no provision of this Agreement shall be construed to relieve an insurer of any obligation to pay claims to the Fund, Transfer Agent or other insured party which would otherwise be a covered claim in the absence of any provision of this Agreement.

 

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Article 13

Security

13.1 Transfer Agent represents, warrants and agrees that it shall itself implement and, as required, enter into and shall maintain in effect with appropriate parties one or more agreements making reasonable procedures and systems with regard to the safeguarding from loss or damage attributable to fire, theft or any other cause (including provision for twenty-four hours a day restricted access) of Confidential Information and each Fund’s records and other data and Transfer Agent’s records, data equipment facilities and other property used in the performance of its obligations hereunder, that are consistent with industry standards applicable to entities, including those serving as a transfer agent, that hold “personally identifiable information,” as defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and, provided further, that Transfer Agent will make such changes therein from time to time as it may deem reasonably necessary for the secure performance of its obligations hereunder, and that Transfer Agent’s equipment, facilities and other property used in the performance of its obligations hereunder are and shall be reasonable and comply with all applicable laws, rules, regulations and governmental standards, and it will make such changes therein from time to time as in its reasonable judgment, are required for the secure performance of its obligations hereunder, or as agreed upon by the parties. Transfer Agent agrees to review and consider the implementation of any written safeguarding policy concerning the security, confidentiality and privacy of a Fund’s blank checks, records and other data, which policy may be changed from time to time. Transfer Agent shall review such systems and procedures on a periodic basis (no less than annually). In no event shall Transfer Agent’s systems and procedures described in this Article 13.1 be less protective than those systems and procedures provided by Transfer Agent to other registered investment companies.

13.2 In the event of a breach of Confidential Information arising out of Transfer Agent’s negligence or willful misconduct, Transfer Agent will provide notices to and offer credit monitoring or other similar services for a one-year period to Fund Shareholders, subject to the limitation of liability in Exhibit 1 of the Side Agreement. Transfer Agent agrees that a breach of this Article 13.2 would irreparably damage each Fund and accordingly agrees that each Fund is entitled, without bond or other security, to an injunction or injunctions to prevent or halt breaches of this Article 13.2. The provisions of this Article 13.2 shall survive termination of this Agreement.

 

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13.3 Unauthorized Disclosure. As may be required by law and without limiting any party’s rights in respect of a breach of this Section 13, each party will promptly:

 

  (a)

notify the other party in writing of any unauthorized possession, use or disclosure of the other party’s Confidential Information by any person or entity that may become known to such party;

 

  (b)

furnish to the other party full details of the unauthorized possession, use or disclosure; and

 

  (c)

use commercially reasonable efforts to prevent a recurrence of any such unauthorized possession, use or disclosure of Confidential Information.

13.4 Costs. Each party will bear the costs it incurs as a result of compliance with this Article 13.

 

Article 14

Disaster Recovery

14.1 Transfer Agent shall enter into and shall maintain in effect with appropriate parties one or more agreements making reasonable provisions for periodic backup of computer files and data with respect to a Fund and emergency use of electronic data processing equipment. In the event of equipment failures, Transfer Agent shall, at no additional expense to a Fund, take reasonable steps to minimize service interruptions caused by equipment failure.

14.2 Transfer Agent shall: (i) maintain a comprehensive business recovery plan that: (A) is not less protective than the plan overview provided to a Fund by Transfer Agent as part of the Fund’s periodic review of its service providers; and (B) provides for sufficient recovery of its back office and administrative operations to enable Transfer Agent, within 24 hours or such other period as may be agreed upon in writing between the parties after any event necessitating the use of such plan to fulfill its obligations under this Agreement, and (ii) test such business recovery plan no less frequently than annually and upon request, the Fund may test its ability to access Issuer Online or similar issuer portal to Transfer Agent’s recordkeeping system during the disaster recovery test. Transfer Agent, upon request, will provide Fund a copy of its annual disaster recovery attestation letter. Transfer Agent shall maintain, at a location other than its normal location, appropriate redundant facilities for operational back-up in the event of a power failure, disaster or other interruption. Transfer Agent shall back-up each Fund’s records maintained by Transfer Agent, and shall store the backup in a secure manner at a location other than its normal location, so that, in the event of a power failure, disaster or other interruption at such normal location, the records will be maintained intact and will enable Transfer Agent to perform the Services under this Agreement. In the event of a business disruption that materially impacts Transfer Agent’s provision of Services under this Agreement, Transfer Agent will promptly notify the Funds of the disruption and the steps being implemented under the business continuity plan.

 

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Article 15

The U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act

15.1 Transfer Agent shall collect from all shareholders registered on the books of each Fund (each a “Customer”, and, collectively, the “Customers”), valid documentation sufficient to establish the US-status or non-US status, as the case may be, of each such Customer, for purposes of FATCA including by requiring Customers to provide Transfer Agent with an executed IRS Form W-8BEN, Form W-8BEN-E or other applicable IRS Form W-8 (or any successor thereto) and/or an IRS Form W-9 (or any successor thereto). All such documentation is hereinafter referred to as the “Customer Information.” Transfer Agent shall resolve to the reasonable satisfaction of a Fund any discrepancies in any Customer Information.

15.2 Transfer Agent shall monitor Customers and Customer Information for any changes with respect to a Customer’s US or non-US status in accordance with IRS FATCA regulations.

15.3 Transfer Agent shall comply with all applicable provisions of FATCA to the extent it is US Withholding Agent as that term is defined under FATCA, and shall take such actions as are necessary to ensure that (i) it is not and does not become subject to any withholding under FATCA on any payments made to it pursuant to this Agreement and (ii) the Funds do not become subject to any withholding under FATCA solely as a result of this Agreement or the provision of services by the Transfer Agent hereunder.

 

Article 16

Term and Termination

16.1 This Agreement shall be effective on the date first written above and shall continue for a period of 4 years from the date first stated above (the “Initial Term”) unless terminated pursuant to the provisions of this Article 16 or, with respect to any individual Fund, until the earlier liquidation and/or merger of such Fund, as applicable. This Agreement will renew automatically from year to year (each a “Renewal Term”), unless a terminating party gives; written notice at least 90 days prior to termination of the then-current Initial Term or Renewal Term. This Agreement may be terminated by Transfer Agent or the Funds upon written notice to the other party of a material breach of this Agreement that is not cured within thirty (30) days after receipt of such notice (provided a material breach by Transfer Agent could be as a result of persistent non-material breaches or persistent failure to meet the key performance indicators pursuant to Article 31, which taken together amount to a material breach), in which case the termination shall be effective as soon as practicable or such later date as may be specified in the breach termination notice. A material breach includes (i) the loss or suspension of the Transfer Agent’s registration as a transfer agent pursuant to Section 17(a)(c)2 of the 1934 Act, or any other license or registration necessary for the Transfer Agent to perform its duties under this Agreement and (2) the insolvency or bankruptcy of either party or the appointment of a receiver for a party. In all cases, termination by the non-breaching party shall not constitute a waiver by the non-breaching party of any other rights it might have under this Agreement or otherwise against the defaulting party. For purposes of this Agreement, the merger, reorganization or liquidation of a Fund shall not be deemed a termination of the Agreement with respect to any other Fund. Fees with respect to such Fund shall cease on the date of such merger, reorganization or liquidation.

 

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16.2 In the event a termination notice is given by a Fund (other than in connection with the liquidation, reorganization or merger of the Fund), the Fund shall provide to Transfer Agent a resolution of the Board of Directors, certified by the Secretary of the Fund, designating a successor transfer agent or transfer agents. Until such a successor transfer agent or transfer agents are designated, this Agreement will remain in effect unless Transfer Agent is notified otherwise by the applicable Fund.

16.3 Upon any notice of termination of services hereunder (whether as to only certain Funds or as to some or all of the non-core transfer agency services under this Agreement), Transfer Agent shall commence taking commercially reasonable steps, without additional compensation (except as provided below), to transfer the books and records and any other property of the applicable Fund held hereunder to a successor transfer agent, in a mutually agreed upon format, and to provide reasonable assistance and cooperation in connection with the transition, provided however, that such reasonable assistance and cooperation shall be limited to a period of one hundred and eighty (180) days from the date of termination of this Agreement (or such longer period to which Transfer Agent and a Fund may agree, including any period of post-termination services for the Fund), under the terms that the parties may agree upon. Upon termination or expiration of this Agreement for any reason, (a) all fees earned and expenses incurred by Transfer Agent up to and including the date of such termination or expiration shall be immediately due and payable to Agent on or before the effective date of such termination or expiration, (b) any applicable Fund shall pay (i) all reasonable out-of-pocket costs as contemplated by Article 7.2 and (ii) a conversion fee in an amount equal to 10% of the aggregate fees (not including reimbursable expenses) incurred by Funds during the immediately preceding twelve (12) month period, for standard conversion services.

16.4 A Fund will not be responsible for any fees, other than as set forth in Section 16.3, to Transfer Agent after the date of the Fund’s termination, liquidation, reorganization or merger unless the Fund requests Transfer Agent to provide support services after such action and Transfer Agent agrees to provide such services.

 

Article 17

Confidentiality/Privacy

17.1 Each party shall keep the Confidential Information (as defined in subsection (a) below) of the other party in confidence and will not use or disclose or allow access to or use of such Confidential Information except as further set forth herein or as otherwise expressly agreed in writing. Each party acknowledges that the Confidential Information of the disclosing party will remain the sole property of such party. The parties further agree that a breach of this provision would irreparably damage the other party and accordingly agree that each of them is entitled, without bond or other security, to an injunction or injunctions to prevent or halt breaches of this provision. Notwithstanding the foregoing, or anything in this Agreement to the contrary, each Fund is hereby authorized to identify Transfer Agent in its reports to Shareholders, registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the 1933 Act and the 1940 Act, and to file this Agreement as an exhibit to such registration statement.

 

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(a) “Confidential Information” means (i) any and all technical or business information relating to a party, including, without limitation, financial, marketing and product development information and Proprietary Information, (ii) non-public personal information of a Fund’s Shareholders, including Customer Information, (iii) the terms and conditions (but not the existence) of this Agreement, including all compensation agreements, arrangements and understandings (including waivers) respecting this Agreement, disputes pertaining to this Agreement, (iv) information related to security, disaster recovery, business continuity and any other operational plans, procedures, practices and protocols, and (v) anything designated as confidential, that is disclosed or otherwise becomes known to the other party or its affiliates, agents or representatives before or during the term of this Agreement.

(b) Information or data that would otherwise constitute Confidential Information under subsection (a) above shall not constitute Confidential Information to the extent it: (i) is already known to the receiving party without a duty of confidentiality at the time it is obtained; (ii) is or becomes publicly known or available through no wrongful act of the receiving party; (iii) is rightfully received from a third party who, to the receiving party’s knowledge, is not under a duty of confidentiality; (iv) is released by the protected party to a third party without restriction; or (v) has been or is independently developed or obtained by the receiving party without reference to the Confidential Information provided by the protected party.

(c) To the extent that a party hereto discloses the Confidential Information of another party hereto in accordance with Article 3.3, such disclosing party shall make reasonable efforts to ensure that the recipient of such Confidential Information is bound, contractually or otherwise, to confidentiality terms consistent with this Article 17.1.

(d) The provisions of this Article 17.1 shall survive termination of this Agreement.

17.2 Each party represents, warrants and agrees that it has adopted and implemented, and shall maintain written policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to prevent unauthorized access to or use of, or other compromise of Confidential Information, and address administrative, technical and physical safeguards, including encryption where required or appropriate, for the protection of Confidential Information in compliance with Regulation S-P promulgated under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (“Regulation S-P”), to the extent applicable, and all other applicable laws, rules, regulations, and governmental standards. Each party represents, warrants and agrees that it will use Confidential Information only in compliance with all of the following: (i) the provisions of this Agreement, including without limitation Article 17; (ii) its own privacy policy, as amended and updated from time to time; and (iii) privacy laws and regulations applicable to it, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999.

 

- 22 -


When each party disposes of Confidential Information, it shall properly dispose of Confidential Information, including, without limitation, any electronic or physical copies in any form subject to the terms of Section 5.1, by taking reasonable measures to protect against unauthorized access to or use of the records or information in connection with its disposal by properly destroying such records and data so that the information contained therein cannot be practicably read or reconstructed, as required by all applicable laws, rules, regulations and governmental standards. The provisions of this Article 17.2 shall survive termination of this Agreement.

 

Article 18

Force Majeure

18.1 No party shall be liable for any default or delay in the performance of its obligations under this Agreement if and to the extent such default or delay is caused, directly or indirectly, by (i) fire, flood, elements of nature or other acts of God; (ii) any outbreak or escalation of hostilities, war, riots or civil disorders in any country; (iii) any act or omission of any governmental authority; (iv) any labor disputes beyond the reasonable control of such party; (v) terrorist acts; or (v) nonperformance by a third party or any similar cause beyond the reasonable control of such party, including without limitation, failures or fluctuations in telecommunications or other equipment; except, in each case, to the extent that the non-performing party shall have failed to use its commercially reasonable efforts to minimize the likelihood of occurrence of such circumstances or to mitigate any loss or damage to the other party caused by such circumstances, or has not complied with the terms of Article 14. In any such event, the non-performing party shall be excused from any further performance and observance of the obligations so affected only for as long as such circumstances prevail and such party continues to use commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate damages and to recommence performance or observance as soon as practicable. This Article 18 shall not in any way limit Transfer Agent’s obligations under Article 14.

18.2 Upon request, Transfer Agent shall provide the Funds with a summary of any business continuity plan and disaster recovery plan during the term of this Agreement.

 

Article 19

Assignment

19.1 This Agreement may not be assigned or otherwise transferred by either party, without the prior written consent of the other party, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld; provided, however, that Transfer Agent may, upon 90 days’ notice to the Fund, in its sole discretion, assign all its right, title and interest in this Agreement to an affiliate, parent or subsidiary of Transfer Agent who meets all qualifications required of Transfer Agent under this Agreement and is qualified to act as such under the 1934 Act. In any event, the assignment or transfer of this Agreement shall not relieve Transfer Agent of any of its duties or obligations under this Agreement.

 

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Article 20

Notices

20.1 Any notice or other instrument authorized or required by this Agreement to be given in writing to a Fund or Transfer Agent, shall be sufficiently given if addressed to that party and received by it at its office set forth below or at such other place as it may from time to time designate in writing.

To the Funds:

Legg Mason Funds

100 First Stamford Place - 7th Floor

Stamford, Connecticut 06902

Attn: Robert I. Frenkel, Secretary

Fax: (203) 703-6248

For a data or cybersecurity breach:

E-mail: Cybersecurity@leggmason.com

To Transfer Agent:

Computershare Trust Company, N.A.

250 Royall Street

Canton, MA 02021

Attn: General Counsel

 

Article 21

Governing Law/Venue

21.1 The laws of the State of New York, shall govern the interpretation, validity, and enforcement of this agreement, without regard to the laws on conflicts of laws.

21.2 Any action arising out of or relating to this Agreement shall be brought only in the Chosen Court. The Chosen Court shall be the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (“SDNY”), unless such action cannot be brought in SDNY, in which case the Chosen Court shall be the appropriate New York State court located in New York (Manhattan), New York. Each Fund and Transfer Agent (a) waive any objection to the jurisdiction of the Chosen Court; (b) waive any objection to venue in the Chosen Court; and (c) waive any objection that the Chosen Court is an inconvenient forum.

 

Article 22

Counterparts

22.1 This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original; but such counterparts shall, together, constitute only one instrument. A signature to this Agreement executed and/or transmitted electronically shall have the same authority, effect, and enforceability as an original signature.

 

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Article 23

Captions

23.1 The captions of this Agreement are included for convenience of reference only and in no way define or delimit any of the provisions hereof or otherwise affect their construction or effect.

 

Article 24

Survival

24.1 All provisions regarding indemnification, warranty, liability and limits thereon, compensation and expenses and confidentiality and protection of proprietary rights and trade secrets shall survive the termination and expiration of this Agreement.

 

Article 25

Priorities

25.1 In the event of any conflict, discrepancy, or ambiguity between the terms and conditions contained in this Agreement and any schedules or attachments hereto, the terms and conditions contained in this Agreement shall take precedence.

 

Article 26

Reserved

 

Article 27

Publicity

27.1 Neither a Fund nor Transfer Agent shall release or publish news releases, public announcements, advertising or other publicity relating to this Agreement or to the transactions contemplated by it without the prior review and written approval of the other party; provided, however, that either party may make such disclosures as are required by legal, accounting or regulatory requirements after making reasonable efforts under the circumstances to notify the other party in advance.

 

Article 28

Relationship of Parties

28.1 The parties agree that they are independent contractors and not partners or coventurers and nothing contained herein shall be interpreted or construed otherwise.

28.2 Except as explicitly stated elsewhere in this Agreement, nothing under this Agreement shall be construed to give any rights or benefits in this Agreement to anyone other than Transfer Agent and the Funds, and the duties and responsibilities undertaken pursuant to this Agreement shall be for the sole and exclusive benefit of Transfer Agent and the Funds. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties and their respective permitted successors and assigns.

 

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Article 29

Entire Agreement; Severability

29.1 This Agreement, including Schedules and Exhibits hereto and any agreed-upon procedures referenced herein, constitutes the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous proposals, agreements, contracts, representations, and understandings, whether written or oral, between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof. No change, termination, modification, or waiver of any term or condition of the Agreement shall be valid unless in writing signed by the Transfer Agent and the applicable Fund. A party’s waiver of a breach of any term or condition in the Agreement shall not be deemed a waiver of any subsequent breach of the same or another term or condition.

29.2 The parties intend every provision of this Agreement to be severable. If a court of competent jurisdiction determines that any term or provision is illegal or invalid for any reason, the illegality or invalidity shall not affect the validity of the remainder of this Agreement. In such case, the parties shall in good faith modify or substitute such provision consistent with the original intent of the parties. Without limiting the generality of this Article 29.2, if a court determines that any remedy stated in this Agreement has failed of its essential purpose, then all other provisions of this Agreement, including the limitations on liability and exclusion of damages, shall remain fully effective.

 

Article 30

Customer Identification Program Notice

30.1 To help the U.S. government fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering activities, U.S. Federal law requires each financial institution to obtain, verify, and record certain information that identifies each person who initially opens an account with that financial institution. Transfer Agent and certain of Transfer Agent’s affiliates are financial institutions, and Transfer Agent may, as a matter of policy, request (or may have already requested) a Fund’s name, address and taxpayer identification number or other government-issued identification number. Transfer Agent may also ask (and may have already asked) for additional identifying information, and Transfer Agent may take steps (and may have already taken steps) to verify the authenticity and accuracy of these data elements.

 

Article 31

Key Performance Indicators

31.1 The Transfer Agent and the Funds may from time to time agree to document the manner in which they expect to deliver and receive the services contemplated by this Agreement. The parties agree that such measures (hereinafter referred to as a “KPI (s)”) listed in Exhibit 5 of the Side Agreement reflect performance goals and any failure to perform in accordance with the provisions thereof shall not in and of itself be considered a breach of contract that gives rise to contractual or other remedies unless such failure is persistent and not remedied after consultation. Nothing in this Article 31 shall modify any party’s applicable standard of care under this Agreement, and the holding of such meeting of the parties shall not be construed to prevent a party from pursuing any remedy otherwise available to it pursuant to this Agreement.

 

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31.2 The parties agree to periodically review the Transfer Agent’s performance against the KPIs.

31.3 Where any such review reveals that one specific KPI has measured at a “red” or “amber” status for three consecutive months (“Rectification Trigger”) (provided there have been at least 50 transactions during each month for such KPI), the Funds may, in their sole discretion invoke the process set out in this Article 31.3:

 

  (a)

The Transfer Agent shall investigate, assemble and preserve (in accordance with its records management policy) all pertinent information with respect to, and report the root causes of the problem that led to the Rectification Trigger and the Funds shall provide such assistance as the Transfer Agent may request;

 

  (b)

The Transfer Agent shall propose an appropriate written corrective action plan (“Rectification Plan”) with respect to such failure and in any event within ten (10) Business Days, or as otherwise reasonably agreed by the Parties. The Rectification Plan shall set out the anticipated improvements (“Anticipated Improvements”) and the timeline over which those improvements are expected to be realized (“Plan Period”), which shall be no longer than sixty (60) days (without the Fund’s prior written consent, not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed). The Funds shall review the Rectification Plan within five (5) Business Days and shall (without liability or any resulting obligation or deemed acceptance of approach) comment on the Rectification Plan, suggest improvements and challenge any assumptions and ideas embodied in the Rectification Plan. It is acknowledged that the Funds shall not be obligated or required to acknowledge the Rectification Plan will achieve the relevant KPIs. Upon approval of the Rectification Plan, the Transfer Agent shall, as soon as reasonably practicable, implement the Rectification Plan so as to deliver the anticipated improvements;

 

  (c)

The Transfer Agent shall provide the Funds with regular updates of the progress of the Rectification Plan and the parties shall periodically review the progress during the Plan Period;

 

  (d)

The Transfer Agent shall as soon as reasonably practicable notify the Funds in writing of any minor changes to the Rectification Plan from time to time and the reasons for those changes; and

 

  (e)

At the end of the Plan Period, the Transfer Agent shall report on whether the Rectification Plan has delivered the Anticipated Improvements in accordance with this Article 31.3.

 

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their duly authorized officers, as of the day and year first above written.

Each of the Investment Companies Listed On Schedule A Hereto,

Each of Which Is Acting On Its Own Behalf And

Not On Behalf Of Any Other Investment Company

 

By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

  Name: Jane Trust
  Title: President and Chief Executive Officer

Computershare Trust Company, N.A and

Computershare Inc.

 

By:   /s/ Martin J. McHale, Jr.
  Name: Martin J. McHale, Jr.
  Title:  President, U.S. Equity Services

 

- 28 -


SCHEDULE A

LIST OF FUNDS AND PRINCIPAL PLACES OF BUSINESS

List of Funds

ClearBridge American Energy MLP Fund Inc.

ClearBridge Energy MLP Fund Inc.

ClearBridge Energy MLP Opportunity Fund Inc.

ClearBridge Energy MLP Total Return Fund Inc.

Legg Mason BW Global Income Opportunities Fund Inc.

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.

LMP Corporate Loan Fund Inc.

LMP Real Estate Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset Diversified Income Fund

Western Asset Emerging Markets Debt Fund Inc.

Western Asset Emerging Markets Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset Global Corporate Defined Opportunity Fund Inc.

Western Asset Global High Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset Global Partners Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset High Income Fund II Inc.

Western Asset High Income Opportunity Fund Inc.

Western Asset High Yield Defined Opportunity Fund Inc.

Western Asset Income Fund

Western Asset Intermediate Muni Fund Inc.

Western Asset Investment Grade Defined Opportunity Trust Inc.

Western Asset Managed High Income Fund Inc.

 

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Western Asset Managed Municipals Fund Inc.

Western Asset Middle Market Debt Fund Inc.

Western Asset Middle Market Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset Mortgage Defined Opportunity Fund Inc.

Western Asset Municipal Defined Opportunity Trust Inc.

Western Asset Municipal High Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset Municipal Partners Fund Inc.

Western Asset Premier Bond Fund

Western Asset Variable Rate Strategic Fund Inc.

Western Asset Worldwide Income Fund Inc.

Western Asset/Claymore Inflation-Linked Opportunities & Income Fund

Western Asset/Claymore Inflation-Linked Securities & Income Fund

Principal Places of Business

The principal place of business for all Funds is:

620 Eighth Avenue

49th Floor

New York, NY 10018

 

- 30 -

Exhibit (k)(2)

Amendment No. 9

To

Transfer Agency and Services Agreement

This Amendment No. 9 To Transfer Agency and Services Agreement (“Amendment No. 9”), dated as of March 19, 2021 (“Effective Date”), is being entered into by and between Computershare Inc. (“Computershare”), Computershare Trust Company, N.A. (“Trust Company”, and together with Computershare, “Transfer Agent”) and the investment companies listed on the signature page to this Amendment No. 9 (“each a “Fund” and collectively the “Funds”).

Background

Transfer Agent and the Funds, on their own behalf, previously entered into the Transfer Agency and Services Agreement, made as of March 14, 2016 (“Current Agreement”. The parties wish to amend the Current Agreement as set forth in this Amendment No. 9.

Terms

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties, intending to be legally bound, agree to all statements made above and as follows:

NOW THEREORE, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy for which we are hereby acknowledged, the parties, hereby agree as follows:

1. Addition of Party and Amendment to Schedule A of the Agreement. Western Asset Diversified Income Fund is added as a party to the Agreement and is included as a “Fund” for all purposes. Schedule A of the Agreement is hereby amended to include the Western Asset Diversified Income Fund.

2. Modifications to Current Agreement. The Current Agreement is hereby amended as follows: Schedule A is hereby deleted in its entirety and replaced by the new Schedule A attached to this Amendment No. 9.

3. Adoption of Amended Agreement by New Funds. Each Fund that has been added to Schedule A by virtue of this Amendment No. 9 acknowledges and agrees that (i) by virtue of its execution of this Amendment No. 9 it becomes and is a party to the Current Agreement as amended by this Amendment No. 9 (“Amended Agreement”) as of the date first written above, or If Transfer Agent commenced providing services to the Fund prior to the date first written above, as of the date Transfer Agent first provided services to the Fund, and (ii) it is bound by all terms and conditions of the Amended Agreement as of such date.

4. Remainder of Current Agreement. Except as specifically modified by this Amendment No. 9, all terms and conditions of the Current Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.

5. Governing Law. The governing law of the Current Agreement shall be the governing law of this Amendment No. 9.

 

Page 1


5. Entire Agreement. This Amendment No. 9 constitutes a complete, exclusive and fully integrated record of the agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter herein and the amendment of the Current Agreement with respect to such subject matter.

6. Facsimile Signatures; Counterparts. This Amendment No. 9 may be executed in one more counterparts; such execution of counterparts may occur by manual signature, facsimile signature, manual signature transmitted by means of facsimile transmission or manual signature contained in an imaged document attached to an email transmission; and each such counterpart executed in accordance with the foregoing shall be deemed an original, with all such counterparts together constituting one and the same instrument. The exchange of executed copies of this Amendment No. 9 or of executed signature pages to this Amendment No. 9 by facsimile transmission or as an imaged document attached to an email transmission shall constitute effective execution and delivery hereof and may be used for all purposes in lieu of a manually executed copy of this Amendment No. 9.

[Remainder Of Page Intentionally Blank - Signatures Appear On Following Page]

 

Page 2


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Amendment No. 9 to Transfer Agency and Services Agreement, dated as of March 14, 2016, to be executed by their duly authorized officers as of the date first written above.

Computershare Inc. and

Computershare Trust Company, N.A.

On Behalf of Both Entities:

 

By:  

/s/ Rachel Fisher

Name: Rachel Fisher
Title: Sr Contract Negotiation Specialist

On behalf of each Fund listed in Schedule A attached hereto in its individual

and separate capacity, and not on behalf of any other Fund

 

By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

Name: Jane Trust
Title: President and Chief Executive Officer

 

Page 3


SCHEDULE A

LIST OF FUNDS

 

BWG    BrandywineGLOBAL - Global Income Opportunities Fund Inc.
CEM    ClearBridge MLP and Midstream Fund Inc.
CTR    ClearBridge MLP and Midstream Total Return Fund Inc.
DMO    Western Asset Mortgage Opportunity Fund Inc.
EHI    Western Asset Global High Income Fund Inc.
EMO    Clearbridge Energy Midstream Opportunity Fund Inc
EMD    Western Asset Emerging Markets Debt Fund Inc
GDO    Western Asset Global Corporate Defined Opportunity Fund Inc
HIO    Western Asset High Income Opportunity Fund Inc.
HIX    Western Asset High Income Fund II Inc.
HYI    Western Asset High Yield Defined Opportunity Fund Inc
IGI    Western Asset Investment Grade Defined Opportunity Trust Inc
MHF    Western Asset Municipal High Income Fund Inc.
MMU    Western Asset Managed Municipals Fund Inc.
MNP    Western Asset Municipal Partners Fund Inc.
MTT    Western Asset Municipal Defined Opportunity Trust Inc.
PAl    Western Asset Investment Grade Income Fund Inc.
SBI    Western Asset Intermediate Muni Fund Inc.
SCD    LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc
WEA    Western Asset Premier Bond Fund
WIA    Western Asset Inflation-Linked Income Fund
WIW    Western Asset Inflation-Linked Opportunities & Income Fund
XWMFX    Western Asset Middle Market Income Fund Inc.
TBD    Western Asset Diversified Income Fund

 

Page 4

Execution Version

 

 

 

MARGIN LOAN AND SECURITY AGREEMENT

dated as of May 6, 2022

by and between

LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC.,

as Borrower,

and

BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.,

as Lender

 

 

 


This MARGIN LOAN AND SECURITY AGREEMENT dated as of May 6, 2022, by and between LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC., a Maryland corporation registered as a diversified, closed-end management investment company (“Borrower”), and BANK OF AMERICA, N.A. (“Lender”).

WHEREAS, Borrower has requested that Lender make loans to it, from time to time, in an aggregate principal amount not exceeding the Facility Limit (as hereinafter defined); and

WHEREAS, Lender is prepared to make such loans upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in this Agreement (as hereinafter defined).

NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements, provisions and covenants contained herein and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and adequacy of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows:

ARTICLE I.

DEFINITIONS AND ACCOUNTING TERMS

 

  SECTION 1.01

Certain Defined Terms. As used in this Agreement, capitalized terms shall have the meanings specified below or on Schedule I hereto:

Act” has the meaning specified in Section 8.15.

Advance” has the meaning specified in Section 2.01.

Affiliate” means, with respect to any Person, another Person that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, Controls or is Controlled by or is under common Control with the Person specified. “Control” means the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of a Person, whether through the ability to exercise voting power, by contract or otherwise. “Controlling” and “Controlled” have meanings correlative thereto. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, a Person shall be deemed to be Controlled by another Person if such other Person possesses, directly or indirectly, power to vote 25% or more of the securities having ordinary voting power for the election of directors, managing general partners or the equivalent.

Agreement” means this Margin Loan and Security Agreement.

Anti-Corruption Laws” means all Laws of any jurisdiction applicable to Borrower or any of its Subsidiaries from time to time concerning or relating to bribery or corruption.

Applicable Rate” means, as of any date of determination, SOFR plus the Spread.

Applicable Accounting Principles” means generally accepted accounting principles in the United States set forth in the opinions and pronouncements of the Accounting Principles Board and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and statements and pronouncements of the Financial Accounting Standards Board or such other principles as may be approved by a significant segment of the accounting profession in the United States, that are applicable to the circumstances as of the date of determination, consistently applied.

Asset Coverage Ratio” means the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the value of the total assets of Borrower, less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities bears to the aggregate amount of senior securities representing indebtedness of Borrower (all as determined pursuant to and in accordance with Section 18(h) of the Investment Company Act).

 

 

Page 1


Borrower” has the meaning specified in the preamble hereto.

Borrowing Base” means, as of any date of determination, an amount equal to the aggregate Value of the Eligible Securities in the Collateral Account as of such date less the House Margin Requirement for such Eligible Securities; provided, however, that (a) at no time shall more than ten percent (10%) of the Borrowing Base be attributable to a single issuer, (b) at no time shall the Borrowing Base include any Eligible Securities which represent more than forty percent (40%) of the outstanding securities issued by any single issuer, and (c) at no time shall more than thirty-five percent (35%) of the Borrowing Base be attributable to Eligible Securities in a single GICS sector. Any assets in the Collateral Account that are not Eligible Securities (or which cease to be Eligible Securities) will not receive any value for purposes of determining the Borrowing Base. In no event shall any collateral value be given to any Eligible Securities in excess of (i) the amount permitted pursuant to the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation U or (ii) the limitations set forth on Schedule II.

Business Day” means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks are authorized to close under the Laws of, or are in fact closed in, the state of New York.

Cash” means all cash denominated in Dollars (or any other currency acceptable to Lender in its sole discretion) at any time and from time to time deposited in the Collateral Account, to the extent that it is not subject to any Liens other than Permitted Encumbrances.

Change in Law” means the occurrence, after the date of this Agreement, of any of the following: (a) the adoption or taking effect of any Law; (b) any change in any Law or in the administration, interpretation or application thereof by any Governmental Authority; or (c) the making or issuance of any request, guideline or directive (whether or not having the force of law) by any Governmental Authority.

Change of Management” shall be deemed to have occurred if Investment Adviser ceases to be the Qualified Investment Adviser of Borrower.

Closing Date” means the earliest date on which the conditions precedent set forth in Section 3.01 shall have been satisfied or waived in accordance with Section 8.01.

Code” means the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time.

Collateral” has the meaning specified in Section 7.01.

Collateral Account” means the account of Borrower established and maintained by Custodian pursuant to the Control Agreement, including any subaccount, substitute, successor or replacement account.

Collateral Requirement” means, at any time, all steps required under applicable Law or reasonably requested by Lender to ensure that the Facility Documents create a valid, first priority, perfected Lien on all the Collateral (subject only to Permitted Encumbrances) shall have been taken.

Confidential Information” means all information received by Lender in connection with the Facility Documents from Borrower or any Affiliate thereof, other than any such information that is available to Lender on a nonconfidential basis prior to disclosure by Borrower or any Affiliate thereof. Any Person required to maintain the confidentiality of Confidential Information as provided in this Agreement shall be considered to have complied with its obligation to do so if such Person has exercised the same degree of care to maintain the confidentiality of such Confidential Information as such Person would accord to its own confidential information.

 

 

Page 2


Control Agreement” means the Control Agreement, dated as of the date hereof among Borrower, Custodian, and Lender.

Custodian” means The Bank of New York Mellon, or its designee or nominee, acting in its capacity as custodian.

Custody Agreement” means the Custodian Agreement, dated as of January 1, 2018, between Borrower and Custodian.

Debtor Relief Laws” means the Bankruptcy Code of the United States, and all other liquidation, conservatorship, bankruptcy, assignment for the benefit of creditors, moratorium, rearrangement, receivership, insolvency, reorganization, or similar debtor relief Laws of the United States or other applicable jurisdictions from time to time in effect and affecting the rights of creditors generally.

Default” means any event or condition that constitutes an Event of Default or that, with the giving of any notice, the passage of time, or both, would be an Event of Default.

Dollars” and “$” mean the lawful money of the United States of America.

Eligible Securities” means marginable securities of the type, and subject to the requirements, set forth on Schedule I hereto, or as may otherwise be approved by Lender in writing in its sole discretion, in each case, to the extent fully paid for and on deposit in or credited to the Collateral Account and as to which the Collateral Requirement has been satisfied.

Equity Interests” means, with respect to any Person, all of the shares of capital stock of (or other ownership or profit interests in) such Person, all of the warrants, options or other rights for the purchase or acquisition from such Person of shares of capital stock of (or other ownership or profit interests in) such Person, all of the securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of capital stock of (or other ownership or profit interests in) such Person or warrants, rights or options for the purchase or acquisition from such Person of such shares (or such other interests), and all of the other ownership or profit interests in such Person (including partnership, member or trust interests therein), whether voting or nonvoting, and whether or not such shares, warrants, options, rights or other interests are outstanding on any date of determination.

Event of Default” has the meaning specified in Section 6.01.

Excess Amount” means, as of any date of determination, the amount by which the Total Accrued Loan Amount exceeds the Facility Limit.

Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended from time to time, and any successor statute.

Excluded Taxes” means any of the following Taxes imposed on or with respect to a Lender or required to be withheld or deducted from a payment to a Lender, (a) Taxes imposed on or measured by net income (however denominated), franchise Taxes, and branch profits Taxes, in each case, (i) imposed as a result of such Lender being organized under the laws of, or having its principal office or, in the case of any Lender, its applicable lending office located in, the jurisdiction imposing such Tax (or any political subdivision thereof) or (ii) Other Connection Taxes, (b) in the case of a Lender, U.S. federal withholding Taxes imposed on amounts payable to or for the account of such Lender with respect to an applicable interest in a Facility pursuant to a law in effect on the date on which (i) such Lender acquires such interest in the Facility or (ii) such Lender changes its lending office, except in each case to the extent that, pursuant to Section 2.09, amounts with respect to such Taxes were payable either to such Lender’s assignor immediately before such Lender became a party hereto or to such Lender immediately before it changed its lending office, (c) Taxes attributable to such Lender’s failure to comply with Section 2.09(e) and (d) any withholding Taxes imposed under FATCA.

 

 

Page 3


Facility” means the credit facility contemplated by this Agreement.

Facility Documents” means, collectively, this Agreement, the Control Agreement, the Custody Agreement, each document delivered pursuant to the Collateral Requirement and each other agreement or instrument executed or delivered in connection herewith or therewith.

Facility Limit” means $80,000,000.

FATCA” means Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code, as of the date of this Agreement (or any amended or successor version that is substantively comparable and not materially more onerous to comply with), any current or future regulations or official interpretations thereof, any agreements entered into pursuant to Section 1471(b)(1) of the Code and any fiscal or regulatory legislation, rules or practices adopted pursuant to any intergovernmental agreement, treaty or convention among Governmental Authorities and implementing such Sections of the Code.

FRB” means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System of the United States.

GICS” means the Global Industry Classification Standard.

Governmental Authority” means the government of the United States of America or any other nation, or of any political subdivision thereof, whether state or local, and any agency, authority, instrumentality, regulatory body, court, central bank or other entity exercising executive, legislative, judicial, taxing, regulatory or administrative powers or functions of or pertaining to government (including any supra-national bodies such as the European Union or the European Central Bank).

Guarantee” means, as to any Person, (a) any obligation, contingent or otherwise, of such Person guaranteeing or having the economic effect of guaranteeing any Indebtedness or other obligation payable or performable by another Person (the “Primary Obligor”) in any manner, whether directly or indirectly, and including any obligation of such Person, direct or indirect, (i) to purchase or pay (or advance or supply funds for the purchase or payment of) such Indebtedness or other obligation, (ii) to purchase or lease property, securities or services for the purpose of assuring the obligee in respect of such Indebtedness or other obligation of the payment or performance of such Indebtedness or other obligation, (iii) to maintain working capital, equity capital or any other financial statement condition or liquidity or level of income or cash flow of the primary obligor so as to enable the primary obligor to pay such Indebtedness or other obligation, or (iv) entered into for the purpose of assuring in any other manner the obligee in respect of such Indebtedness or other obligation of the payment or performance thereof; provided that the term “Guarantee” shall not include any endorsement of an instrument for deposit or collection in the ordinary course of business or to protect such obligee against loss in respect thereof (in whole or in part), or (b) any Lien on any assets of such Person securing any Indebtedness or other obligation of any other Person, whether or not such Indebtedness or other obligation is assumed by such Person (or any right, contingent or otherwise, of any holder of such Indebtedness to obtain any such Lien). The amount of any Guarantee shall be deemed to be an amount equal to the stated or determinable amount of the related primary obligation, or portion thereof, in respect of which such Guarantee is made or, if not stated or determinable, the maximum reasonably anticipated liability in respect thereof as determined by the guaranteeing Person in good faith. The term “Guarantee” as a verb has a corresponding meaning.

 

 

Page 4


House Margin Requirement” shall be, with respect to Eligible Securities included in the Borrowing Base, the aggregate margin requirement for such Eligible Securities determined in accordance with Schedule II.

Indebtedness” means, as to any Person at a particular time, without duplication, all of the following, whether or not included as indebtedness or liabilities in accordance with Applicable Accounting Principles: (a) all obligations of such Person for borrowed money and all obligations of such Person evidenced by bonds, debentures, notes, loan agreements or other similar instruments, (b) all direct or contingent obligations of such Person arising under letters of credit (including standby and commercial), bankers’ acceptances, bank guaranties, surety bonds and similar instruments, (c) the net obligations of such Person under any Swap Contract, (d) all obligations of such Person to pay the deferred purchase price of property or services (other than trade accounts payable in the ordinary course of business and, in each case, not past due for more than 90 days after the date on which such trade account payable was created), (e) all indebtedness (excluding prepaid interest thereon) secured by a Lien on property owned or being purchased by such Person (including indebtedness arising under conditional sales or other title retention agreements), whether or not such indebtedness shall have been assumed by such Person or is limited in recourse, (f) all capital leases and synthetic lease obligations, (g) all commitments of such Person to make an investment in another Person or to purchase, redeem, retire, defease or otherwise make any payment in respect of any Equity Interest in such Person or any other Person, valued, in the case of a redeemable preferred interest, at the greater of its voluntary or involuntary liquidation preference plus accrued and unpaid dividends, (h) all obligations of such Person to post margin or collateral (however characterized) under any prime brokerage, securities account, options or similar agreements, (i) all Guarantees of such Person in respect of any of the foregoing. For all purposes hereof, the Indebtedness of any Person shall include the Indebtedness of any partnership or joint venture (other than a joint venture that is itself a corporation or limited liability company) in which such Person is a general partner or a joint venturer, unless such Indebtedness is expressly made non-recourse to such Person. The amount of any net obligation under any Swap Contract on any date shall be deemed to be the swap termination value thereof as of such date. The amount of any capital lease or synthetic lease obligation as of any date shall be deemed to be the amount of attributable indebtedness in respect thereof in accordance with Applicable Accounting Principles as of such date.

Indemnified Taxes” means Taxes other than Excluded Taxes imposed on or with respect to any payment made by or on account of any Obligation of Borrower hereunder or under any other Facility Document.

Indemnitee” has the meaning specified in Section 8.04(b).

Interest Payment Date” means, with respect to each Interest Period, the fifth (5th) Business Day of the following Interest Period.

Interest Period” means (a) initially, the period commencing on the Closing Date and ending on the last day of the calendar month in which the Closing Date occurs and (b) thereafter, each calendar month during the term hereof, provided, that no Interest Period shall extend beyond the Maturity Date.

Investment Adviser” means Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC or any successor Qualified Investment Advisor appointed by Borrower not in contravention of this Agreement, as the Qualified Investment Adviser of Borrower.

Investment Company Act” means the United States Investment Company Act of 1940.

 

 

Page 5


Investment Policies” means the investment objectives, policies, and restrictions of Borrower as in effect as of the Closing Date as described in Borrower’s Organization Documents or Offering Documents.

IRS” means the United States Internal Revenue Service.

Judgment Currency” has the meaning specified in Section 8.13.

Law” means, collectively, all international, foreign, Federal, state and local statutes, treaties, rules, guidelines, regulations, ordinances, codes and administrative or judicial precedents or authorities, including the interpretation or administration thereof by any Governmental Authority charged with the enforcement, interpretation or administration thereof, and all applicable administrative orders, directed duties, requests, licenses, authorizations and permits of, and agreements with, any Governmental Authority, in each case whether or not having the force of law.

Lender” has the meaning specified therefore in the preamble hereto, and shall include any permitted assignee of Lender, and its permitted assigns.

Lending Office” means, with respect to Lender, the office of Lender specified as its “Lending Office” in Section 8.02 hereto, or such other office of Lender as Lender may from time to time specify in writing to Borrower.

Lien” means any lien (statutory or otherwise), pledge, security interest, mortgage, deed of trust or other charge or encumbrance of any kind, or any other type of preferential arrangement including the lien or retained security title of a conditional vendor and the interest of a lessor under a lease intended as security.

Margin Deficiency” means, as of any date of determination, the Total Accrued Loan Amount as of such date exceeds the Borrowing Base as of such date.

Margin Deficiency Notice” has the meaning specified in Section 2.06(c).

Material Adverse Effect” means a material adverse effect on (a) the ability of Borrower to perform any of its obligations under any of the Facility Documents, (b) the legality, validity or enforceability of any provision of this Agreement or any other Facility Document, (c) the business, condition (financial or otherwise), assets, or results of operations of Borrower or Investment Adviser, or (d) the priority of Lender’s security interest in the Collateral securing the Obligations.

Maturity Date” means the earliest of (a) the Termination Date, or (b) the date on which Lender’s commitment to make Advances otherwise terminates pursuant to Section 6.01.

Maximum Lawful Rate” has the meaning specified in Section 2.05(b).

NAV” means, as of any date of determination, the net asset value of Borrower as determined in accordance with Borrower’s Organization Documents, Offering Documents and applicable Law (including, without limitation, the Investment Company Act).

Notice of Borrowing” has the meaning specified in Section 2.01(b).

Obligations” means all Advances to, and debts, liabilities, obligations, covenants and duties of, Borrower arising under any Facility Document or otherwise with respect to any Advance, whether direct or indirect (including those acquired by assumption), absolute or contingent, due or to become due, now existing or hereafter arising and including interest and fees that accrue after the commencement by or against Borrower of any proceeding under any Debtor Relief Law naming Borrower as the debtor in such proceeding, regardless of whether such interest and fees are allowed claims in such proceeding.

 

 

Page 6


Offering Documents” means the prospectus (including the statement of additional information), and all supplements, amendments and modifications thereto, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and including modifications of the Borrower’s investment objectives, strategies and restrictions contained in shareholder reports, press releases or proposals contained in a proxy statement of the Borrower (such proposals having been approved by shareholders of the Borrower) of the Borrower.

Organization Documents” means, (a) with respect to any corporation, the certificate or articles of incorporation and the bylaws (or equivalent or comparable constitutive documents with respect to any non-U.S. jurisdiction); (b) with respect to any limited liability company, the certificate or articles of formation or organization and the limited liability company agreement or operating agreement; and (c) with respect to any partnership, joint venture, trust or other form of business entity, the partnership, joint venture or other applicable agreement of formation or organization and any agreement, instrument, filing or notice with respect thereto filed in connection with its formation or organization with the applicable Governmental Authority in the jurisdiction of its formation or organization and, if applicable, any certificate or articles of formation or organization of such entity.

Other Connection Taxes” means, with respect to any Lender, Taxes imposed as a result of a present or former connection between such Lender and the jurisdiction imposing such Tax (other than connections arising from such Lender having executed, delivered, become a party to, performed its obligations under, received payments under, received or perfected a security interest under, engaged in any other transaction pursuant to or enforced this Agreement or any other Facility Document, or sold or assigned an interest in this Agreement or any other Facility Document).

Other Taxes” means all present or future stamp or documentary taxes or any other excise or property taxes, charges or similar levies arising from any payment made hereunder or under any other Facility Document or from the execution, delivery or enforcement of, or otherwise with respect to, this Agreement or any other Facility Document.

Participant” has the meaning specified in Section 8.06(b).

Permitted Encumbrances” means (a) Liens imposed by Law for Taxes that are not yet due or are being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings which stay the imposition of any penalty, fine or lien resulting from the non-payment thereof and with respect to which adequate reserves in conformity with Applicable Accounting Principles have been set aside for the payment thereof; (b) Liens in favor of Custodian to secure reasonable and customary fees and expenses; (c) Liens created under Article VII herein; and (d) Liens securing judgments for the payment of money to the extent such judgments do not constitute an Event of Default under Section 6.01(l).

Person” means any natural person, corporation, limited liability company, trust, joint venture, association, company, partnership, Governmental Authority or other entity.

Qualified Investment Adviser” means an “investment adviser” as defined in the Investment Company Act.

Regulation U” means Regulation U issued by the FRB.

Regulation X” means Regulation X issued by the FRB.

 

 

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Regulatory Event” means (a) any investigation of Investment Adviser or Borrower made by any Governmental Authority for fraud or material non-compliance with applicable Law by Investment Adviser or Borrower to the extent that (x) such investigation is initially or subsequently based on the specific actions or omissions of Investment Adviser, but is not a general investigations conducted on an industry wide basis of Persons in substantially similar lines of business as Investment Adviser or Borrower, as applicable, or (y) could reasonably likely to result in a Material Adverse Effect, or (b) the revocation, suspension or termination of any license, permit or approval held by Borrower that, in the reasonable judgment of Lender, is (i) necessary for the conduct of the business of Borrower, or (ii) could reasonably result in a Material Adverse Effect.

Related Party” means, with respect to any Person, any Affiliate of such Person or partner, director, officer, employee, agent, trustee or advisor of such Person or its Affiliates.

Responsible Officer” of a Person means its chief executive officer or its chief financial officer (whether or not the Person performing such duties is so designated) or any authorized designee thereof.

Sanctioned Country” means, at any time, a country, region or territory which is the subject or target of comprehensive, country-wide or territory-wide Sanctions (as of the Closing Date, Crimea, so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics regions of Ukraine, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and Syria).

Sanctioned Person” means, at any time, (a) any Person listed in any Sanctions-related list of designated Persons maintained by OFAC, the U.S. Department of State, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, any European Union member state, Her Majesty’s Treasury of the United Kingdom, or other relevant sanctions authority, (b) any Person operating, organized or resident in a Sanctioned Country, (c) any Person owned or Controlled by any such Person or Persons described in the foregoing clauses (a) or (b), or (d) any Person otherwise the subject of any Sanctions.

Sanctions” means any sanction administered or enforced by the United States Government (including, without limitation, OFAC), the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, Her Majesty’s Treasury, the Government of Canada or other relevant sanctions authority.

Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended from time to time, and any successor statute.

SOFR” means, with respect to any Business Day, a rate per annum equal to the secured overnight financing rate for such Business Day published by the SOFR Administrator on the SOFR Administrator’s Website on the immediately succeeding Business Day; provided that if such rate shall be less than zero, then 0.00% shall apply.

SOFR Administrator” means the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (or a successor administrator of the secured overnight financing rate).

SOFR Administrator’s Website” means the website of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, currently at http://www.newyorkfed.org, or any successor source for the secured overnight financing rate identified as such by the SOFR Administrator from time to time.

Spread” means (a) for any day on which Utilization is less than 40%, 1.0% (100 basis points) per annum, or (b) for any day on which Utilization is equal to or greater than 40%, 0.70% (70 basis points) per annum.

Stated Rate” has the meaning specified in Section 2.05(b).

 

 

Page 8


Subsidiary” means, with respect to any Person, any corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity of which more than fifty percent (50%) of the securities or other ownership interests having by the terms thereof ordinary voting power to elect a majority of the board of directors or other persons performing similar functions of such corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity (irrespective of whether or not at the time securities or other ownership interests of any other class or classes of such corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity shall have or might have voting power by reason of the happening of any contingency) is at the time directly or indirectly owned or Controlled by such Person or one or more Subsidiaries of such Person or by such Person and one or more Subsidiaries of such Person.

Swap Contract” means (a) any and all rate swap transactions, basis swaps, total return swaps, credit derivative transactions, forward rate transactions, commodity swaps, commodity options, forward commodity contracts, equity or equity index swaps or options, bond or bond price or bond index swaps or options or forward bond or forward bond price or forward bond index transactions, interest rate options, forward foreign exchange transactions, cap transactions, floor transactions, collar transactions, currency swap transactions, cross-currency rate swap transactions, currency options, spot contracts, or any other similar transactions or any combination of any of the foregoing (including any options to enter into any of the foregoing), whether or not any such transaction is governed by or subject to any master agreement, and (b) any and all transactions of any kind, and the related confirmations, which are subject to the terms and conditions of, or governed by, any form of master agreement published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc., any International Foreign Exchange Master Agreement, or any other master agreement (any such master agreement, together with any related schedules, a “Master Agreement”), including any such obligations or liabilities under any Master Agreement.

Taxes” means all present or future taxes, levies, imposts, duties, deductions, withholdings, assessments, fees or other charges imposed by any Governmental Authority, including any interest, additions to tax and penalties applicable thereto.

Termination Date” means the date pursuant to Section 2.07 that is (i) 179 days after Lender provides written notice of its termination of this Agreement or (ii) 60 days after Borrower provides written notice of its termination of this Agreement.

Threshold Amount” means, as of any date of determination, three percent (3%) of the NAV of Borrower as of close of business on the Business Day immediately preceding such date of determination.

Threshold Debt” has the meaning specified in Section 6.01(j).

Total Accrued Loan Amount” means, at any time, the aggregate outstanding principal amount of all Advances plus all past due interest thereon.

Transfer Fees” has the meaning specified in Section 2.09(b).

Utilization” means, as of any date of determination, the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of the outstanding principal amount of all Advances as of such date of determination to the Facility Limit.

Value” means the market value as determined by Lender in accordance with the methodology applied to all other customers of Lender or its affiliates on the same margin platform.

 

  SECTION 1.02

Times of Day. Unless otherwise specified, all references herein to times of day shall be references to New York City time (daylight or standard, as applicable).

 

 

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  SECTION 1.03

Accounting Terms. All accounting terms not specifically defined herein shall be construed in accordance with the Applicable Accounting Principles. If at any time any change in the Applicable Accounting Principles would affect the computation of any financial ratio or requirement set forth in any Facility Document, and Borrower shall so request, Lender and Borrower shall negotiate in good faith to amend such ratio or requirement to preserve the original intent thereof in light of such change in the Applicable Accounting Principles; provided that, until so amended, (a) such ratio or requirement shall continue to be computed in accordance with the Applicable Accounting Principles prior to such change therein and (b) Borrower shall provide to Lender financial statements and other documents required under this Agreement or as reasonably requested hereunder setting forth a reconciliation between calculations of such ratio or requirement made before and after giving effect to such change in the Applicable Accounting Principles.

 

  SECTION 1.04

Principles of Construction.

(a)   The definitions of terms herein shall apply equally to the singular and plural forms of the terms defined. Whenever the context may require, any pronoun shall include the corresponding masculine, feminine and neuter forms. The words “include,” “includes” and “including” shall be deemed to be followed by the phrase “without limitation.” The word “will” shall be construed to have the same meaning and effect as the word “shall.” Unless the context requires otherwise, (i) any definition of or reference to any agreement, instrument or other document (including any Organization Document) shall be construed as referring to such agreement, instrument or other document as from time to time amended, supplemented or otherwise modified (subject to any restrictions on such amendments, supplements or modifications set forth herein or in any other Facility Document), (ii) any reference herein to any Person shall be construed to include such Person’s successors and assigns, (iii) the words “herein,” “hereof” and “hereunder,” and words of similar import when used in any Facility Document, shall be construed to refer to such Facility Document in its entirety and not to any particular provision thereof, (iv) all references in a Facility Document to Articles, Sections, Preliminary Statements, Exhibits and Schedules shall be construed to refer to Articles and Sections of, and Preliminary Statements, Exhibits and Schedules to, the Facility Document in which such references appear, (v) any reference to any Law shall include all statutory and regulatory provisions consolidating, amending, replacing or interpreting such Law and any reference to any law or regulation shall, unless otherwise specified, refer to such law or regulation as amended, modified or supplemented from time to time, and (vi) the words “asset” and “property” shall be construed to have the same meaning and effect and to refer to any and all tangible and intangible assets and properties, including Cash, securities, accounts and contract rights.

(b)   In the computation of periods of time from a specified date to a later specified date, the word “from” means “from and including;” the words “to” and “until” each mean “to but excluding;” and the word “through” means “to and including.”

(c)   Section headings herein and in the other Facility Documents are included for convenience of reference only and shall not affect the interpretation of this Agreement or any other Facility Document.

(d)   All valuations and calculations herein or under any other Facility Document shall be in Dollars.

 

 

Page 10


ARTICLE II.

AMOUNTS AND TERMS OF THE ADVANCES

 

  SECTION 2.01

The Advances.

(a)   Lender agrees, on the terms and conditions set forth herein, to make loans in Dollars to Borrower (each such loan, an “Advance”), from time to time, on any Business Day during the period from the Closing Date until the Maturity Date, in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed, at any time outstanding, the Facility Limit; provided, however, that Lender shall not be obligated to make an Advance (i) following the occurrence of a Default or an Event of Default, (ii) if a Margin Deficiency exists or would result therefrom, (iii) if an Excess Amount exists or would result therefrom, or (iv) if such Advance would result in the aggregate amount of the Advances exceeding the amount permitted to be borrowed under applicable Law, including Regulation U or X.

(b)   Each Advance shall be made on written notice (a “Notice of Borrowing”) from Borrower to Lender, given no later than 1:00 p.m. on the Business Day prior to the requested date for such Advance. Each Notice of Borrowing shall be in substantially the form of Exhibit A hereto, specifying therein (i) the requested date of such Advance, which must be a Business Day, (ii) the amount of such Advance, and (iii) the account to which such Advance shall be made. Borrower shall provide Lender with all information required in a Notice of Borrowing, including schedules thereto. If a Notice of Borrowing is not delivered by the time referred to above then, it shall be deemed to have been given on the next Business Day.

(c)   Each Notice of Borrowing shall be irrevocable and binding on Borrower. Borrower shall indemnify Lender against any loss, cost or expense reasonably incurred by Lender or any of its Affiliates as a result of any failure by Borrower to borrow such Advance (including as a result of Borrower’s failure to fulfill, on or before the date of an Advance, the applicable conditions set forth in Article III) and the liquidation or re-employment of deposits or other funds acquired by Lender (or any such Affiliate) to fund any Advance to be made by Lender as part of such borrowing. A certificate of Lender as to the amount of such losses, costs and expenses, submitted to Borrower by Lender and showing in reasonable detail the basis for the calculation thereof, shall be conclusive as to the amount of such losses, costs and expenses, absent manifest error. The obligation of Borrower in this subsection shall survive the termination of the Facility and the repayment, satisfaction or discharge of all the other Obligations.

 

  SECTION 2.02

Repayment of Advances. Borrower shall repay to Lender in full the principal amount of each Advance, and each Advance shall mature, on the Maturity Date.

 

  SECTION 2.03

Interest.

(a)   Ordinary Interest. Borrower shall pay interest on the unpaid principal amount of each Advance, from the date of such Advance until such principal amount shall be paid in full, at a rate per annum equal to the Applicable Rate, monthly in arrears by 5:00 p.m. on each Interest Payment Date.

(b)   Default Interest. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any Event of Default shall have occurred, Borrower shall pay, on demand (and in any event in arrears on the date such amount shall be due and payable hereunder) interest on: (i) the unpaid principal amount of each Advance, at a rate per annum equal at all times to two percent (2%) above the Applicable Rate; and (ii) the amount of any interest, fee or other amount payable hereunder that is not paid when due, from the date such amount shall be due until such amount shall be paid in full, at a rate per annum equal at all times to two percent (2%) above the Applicable Rate.

(c)   Computation of Interest. Interest shall be calculated on the basis of a 360-day year for the actual days elapsed. Each determination of an interest rate by Lender pursuant to any provision of this Agreement shall be conclusive and binding on Borrower in the absence of manifest error. Lender shall, at the request of Borrower, deliver to Borrower a statement showing the quotations used by Lender in determining any interest rate.

 

  SECTION 2.04

Fees. Borrower shall pay Lender a commitment fee on the daily undrawn portion of the entire Facility Limit on each day from the Closing Date through and including the day immediately preceding the Maturity Date, at a rate equal to (a) for any day on which Utilization is less than 50% as of such day, 0.10% (10 basis points) per annum, or (b) for any day on which Utilization is equal to or greater than 50% as of such day, 0.07% (7 basis points) per annum, in each case calculated on the basis of the actual days elapsed and a year of 360 days and payable for each Interest Period in arrears on each Interest Payment Date. The foregoing commitment fee shall accrue at all times during the term of this Facility, including at any time during which one or more of the conditions in Article III is not met.

 

 

Page 11


  SECTION 2.05

Maximum Interest.

(a)   In no event shall the interest charged with respect to any Advance, or any other Obligations of Borrower hereunder exceed the maximum amount permitted under the Laws of the State of New York or any other applicable jurisdiction.

(b)   Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein or elsewhere, if at any time the rate of interest payable for the account of Lender (the “Stated Rate”) would exceed the highest rate of interest permitted under any applicable Law to be charged by Lender (the “Maximum Lawful Rate”), then for so long as the Maximum Lawful Rate would be so exceeded, the rate of interest payable shall be equal to the Maximum Lawful Rate; provided, that if at any time thereafter the Stated Rate is less than the Maximum Lawful Rate, Borrower shall, to the extent permitted by Law, continue to pay interest at the Maximum Lawful Rate until such time as the total interest received by Lender is equal to the total interest which Lender would have received had the Stated Rate been (but for the operation of this provision) the interest rate payable. Thereafter, the interest rate payable shall be the Stated Rate unless and until the Stated Rate again would exceed the Maximum Lawful Rate, in which event this provision shall again apply.

(c)   In no event shall the total interest received by Lender exceed the amount which Lender could lawfully have received had the interest been calculated for the full term hereof at the Maximum Lawful Rate, provided that to the extent the Maximum Lawful Rate fluctuates during the term of this Facility, the foregoing calculation shall be based on the then applicable Maximum Lawful Rate.

(d)   If Lender has received interest hereunder in excess of the Maximum Lawful Rate, such excess amount shall be applied to the reduction of the principal balance of the Advances or to other amounts (other than interest) payable hereunder, and if no such principal or other amounts are then outstanding, such excess or part thereof remaining shall be paid to Borrower.

 

  SECTION 2.06

Prepayments of Advances; Withdrawal or Substitution of Collateral.

(a)   Borrower may at any time prepay the outstanding principal amounts of the Advances, in whole or in part, without premium or penalty, together with accrued interest to the date of such prepayment on the principal amount prepaid, so long as Borrower shall have given Lender notice (via email or otherwise in a form mutually agreed to by the parties) of any such prepayment not later than 10:00 a.m. on the Business Day of any such prepayment. All prepayments received by Lender after 5:00 p.m. shall be deemed received on the next Business Day and any applicable interest or fee shall continue to accrue thereon.

(b)   If there is any Excess Amount at any time, then such Excess Amount shall be immediately due and payable, and Borrower shall prepay the outstanding Advances in an amount greater than or equal to such Excess Amount to Lender within one Business Day of the first occurrence thereof.

(c)   If a Margin Deficiency occurs, Lender may notify Borrower of the occurrence of such Margin Deficiency (such notice, a “Margin Deficiency Notice”). If Lender delivers a Margin Deficiency Notice to Borrower, Borrower shall, not later than (i) 5:00 p.m. on the date Lender delivers such Margin Deficiency Notice if such Margin Deficiency Notice is delivered on or before 10:00 a.m. or (ii) 12:00 noon on the next succeeding Business Day if such Margin Deficiency Notice is delivered after 10:00 a.m., either prepay the outstanding Advances (in accordance with Subsection (a) of this Section provided that no notice from Borrower shall be required) or deposit additional Eligible Securities (satisfactory to Lender in its sole discretion) into the Collateral Account, in an amount necessary to, after giving effect to such payment or deposit, cure such Margin Deficiency. For purposes of this section, client reports provided to Borrower by electronic communication (email) shall constitute a Margin Deficiency Notice.

 

 

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(d)   Borrower shall not be permitted to request a withdrawal or substitution of any Collateral from the Collateral Account, except that Borrower shall be permitted to withdraw or substitute Collateral from the Collateral Account, on any Business Day, if all of the following conditions are met:

(i)   Borrower delivers, or causes to be delivered, a notice of withdrawal or substitution (in a form mutually agreed to by Lender and Borrower) to Lender on or before 10:00 a.m. on the Business Day of the requested date of the withdrawal or substitution;

(ii)   prior to and after giving effect to such withdrawal or substitution, no Default has occurred or would occur;

(iii)   all representations and warranties in the Facility Documents are true and correct in all material respects as of the date of the requested withdrawal or substitution as if made on such date, except to the extent such representations and warranties relate to an earlier date in which case such representations and warranties shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date

(iv)   prior to and after giving effect to such withdrawal or substitution, there is no Excess Amount;

(v)   prior to and after giving effect to such withdrawal or substitution, no Margin Deficiency exists;

(vi)   prior to and after giving effect to such withdrawal or substitution, the Asset Coverage Ratio is at least 300%; and

(vii)   the withdrawal or substitution of such amount of Collateral shall not violate any Law, including Regulation U, or X, as applicable.

Any withdrawal or substitution of Collateral shall require the delivery of a consent for such transaction from Lender to Custodian. To the extent Borrower is permitted to withdraw or substitute Collateral pursuant to this Subsection, Lender agrees to promptly deliver the required consent to the Custodian.

 

  SECTION 2.07

Termination or Reduction of Commitments.

(a)   Termination of Commitments. Borrower shall have the right, upon not less than 60 days’ prior written notice to Lender, to terminate this Agreement and Lender’s commitment to make Advances hereunder in full, but not in part. Lender shall have the right, upon not less than 179 days’ prior written notice to Borrower, to terminate this Agreement and Lender’s commitment to make Advances hereunder.

(b)   Reduction of Commitments. Borrower shall have the right, upon not less than five (5) Business Days’ prior written notice to Lender, to partially reduce the Facility Limit under this Agreement, provided that any such partial reduction shall be in an aggregate amount of $5,000,000 or any whole multiple of $1,000,000 in excess thereof; provided further that the Facility Limit shall not be reduced to an amount less than $125,000,000.

 

 

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  SECTION 2.08

Increased Costs.

(a)   Increased Costs Generally. If any Change in Law shall:

(i)   impose, modify or deem applicable any reserve, special deposit, compulsory loan, insurance charge or similar requirement against assets of, deposits with or for the account of, or credit extended or participated in by, Lender;

(ii)   subject Lender to any Tax of any kind whatsoever with respect to this Agreement, or any Advance made by it, or change the basis of taxation of payments to Lender in respect thereof (except for Indemnified Taxes or Other Taxes covered by Section 2.09 and the imposition of, or any change in the rate of, any Excluded Tax payable by Lender); or

(iii)   impose on Lender any other condition, cost or expense affecting this Agreement or any Advance made hereunder;

and the result of any of the foregoing shall be to increase the cost to Lender by an amount which the Lender reasonably deems material, or to reduce the amount of any sum received or receivable by Lender hereunder (whether of principal, interest or any other amount) then, upon request of Lender, Borrower will pay to Lender, promptly upon demand (and in any event within thirty (30) calendar days after demand by Lender), such additional amount or amounts as will compensate Lender for such additional costs incurred or reduction suffered.

(b)   Capital Requirements. If Lender reasonably determines that any Change in Law affecting Lender or its Lending Office or Lender’s holding company, if any, regarding capital requirements has or would have the effect of materially reducing the rate of return on Lender’s capital or on the capital of Lender’s holding company, if any, as a consequence of this Agreement or the Advances made by Lender, to a level below that which Lender or Lender’s holding company could have achieved but for such Change in Law (taking into consideration Lender’s policies and the policies of Lender’s holding company with respect to capital adequacy) and Lender provides reasonably prompt notice to Borrower of such Change in Law, then from time to time Borrower will pay to Lender, promptly upon demand (and in any event within 30 calendar days after demand by Lender), such additional amount or amounts as will compensate Lender or Lender’s holding company for any such reduction suffered.

(c)   Certificates for Reimbursement. A certificate of Lender setting forth the amount or amounts necessary to compensate Lender or its holding company, as the case may be, as specified in Subsection (a) or (b) of this Section and delivered to Borrower shall be conclusive absent manifest error (with respect to the amount or amounts of compensation). Borrower shall pay Lender the amount shown as due on any such certificate within thirty (30) calendar days after receipt thereof.

(d)   Delay in Requests. Failure or delay on the part of Lender to demand compensation pursuant to this Section shall not constitute a waiver of Lender’s right to demand such compensation, provided that Borrower shall not be required to compensate Lender pursuant to the foregoing provisions of this Section for any increased costs incurred or reductions suffered more than 180 days prior to the date that Lender notifies Borrower of the Change in Law giving rise to such increased costs or reductions and of Lender’s intention to claim compensation therefor (except that, if the Change in Law giving rise to such increased costs or reductions is retroactive, then the 180-day period referred to above shall be extended to include the period of retroactive effect thereof).

(e)   Survival. All of Borrower’s Obligations under this Section shall survive termination of the Facility and repayment of all other Obligations hereunder.

 

 

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  SECTION 2.09

Taxes.

(a)   Payments Free of Taxes. Any and all payments by or on account of any Obligation of Borrower hereunder or under any other Facility Document shall be made free and clear of and without deduction or withholding for any Indemnified Taxes or Other Taxes, provided that if Borrower shall be required by applicable Law to deduct any Indemnified Taxes (including any Other Taxes) from such payments, then (i) the sum payable shall be increased as necessary so that after making all required deductions or withholdings (including deductions or withholdings applicable to additional sums payable under this Section) Lender receives an amount equal to the sum it would have received had no such deductions or withholdings been made, (ii) Borrower shall make such deductions, and (iii) Borrower shall timely pay the full amount deducted to the relevant Governmental Authority in accordance with applicable Law.

(b)   Payment of Other Taxes by Borrower. Without limiting the provisions of Subsection (a) of this Section, Borrower shall timely pay any Other Taxes to the relevant Governmental Authority in accordance with applicable Law. Notwithstanding the foregoing or anything to the contrary in Subsection (a) or (c) of this Section, Borrower shall not be required to pay any additional amounts under Subsection (a) or have any indemnification obligations under Subsection (c) of this Section in respect of, any Other Taxes imposed on any transfer or assignment of, or any participation in, this Agreement or any other Facility Document (or any portion thereof) by Lender or any direct or indirect assignee or Participant of Lender (the “Transfer Fees”). For the avoidance of doubt, other than with respect to the Transfer Fees, the foregoing sentence shall not reduce Borrower’s Obligations herein to an assignee of Lender or a Participant.

(c)   Indemnification by Borrower. Borrower shall indemnify Lender for the full amount of any Indemnified Taxes or Other Taxes (including Indemnified Taxes or Other Taxes imposed or asserted on or attributable to amounts payable under this Section) paid by Lender for the account of Borrower, and any penalties, interest and reasonable expenses arising therefrom or with respect thereto, whether or not such Indemnified Taxes or Other Taxes were correctly or legally imposed or asserted by the relevant Governmental Authority. Borrower shall make such payment within ten (10) Business Days after demand therefor. A certificate as to the amount of such payment or liability delivered to Borrower by Lender shall be conclusive absent manifest error.

(d)   Evidence of Payments. As soon as practicable after any payment of Indemnified Taxes or Other Taxes by Borrower to a Governmental Authority, Borrower shall deliver to Lender the original or a certified copy of a receipt issued by such Governmental Authority evidencing such payment, a copy of the return reporting such payment or other evidence of such payment reasonably satisfactory to Lender.

(e)   Tax Documentation. Lender shall deliver to Borrower, at the time or times prescribed by applicable Laws, as well as when reasonably requested by Borrower, such properly completed and executed documentation prescribed by applicable Laws or by the taxing authorities of any jurisdiction as will permit Borrower to determine (i) whether or not payments made hereunder or under any other Facility Document are subject to Taxes, (ii) if applicable, the required rate of withholding or deduction, and (iii) Lender’s entitlement to any available exemption from, or reduction of, applicable Taxes in respect of all payments to be made to Lender by Borrower pursuant to this Agreement or otherwise to establish Lender’s status for withholding tax purposes in the applicable jurisdiction.

(f)   Treatment of Certain Refunds. If Lender determines, in its sole discretion, that it has actually received a refund of any Taxes or Other Taxes as to which it has been indemnified by Borrower or with respect to which Borrower has paid additional amounts pursuant to this Section, it shall promptly pay to Borrower an amount equal to such refund plus any interest paid thereon by the relevant Governmental Authority (but only to the extent of the aggregate indemnity payments made, or additional amounts paid, by

 

 

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Borrower under this Section on account of the Taxes or Other Taxes giving rise to such refund), reduced by all out-of-pocket expenses of Lender, as the case may be, and by the amount of any Taxes payable by Lender in connection with its receipt of such refund and interest, provided that Borrower, upon the request of Lender, agrees to repay the amount paid over to Borrower (plus any penalties, interest or other charges imposed by the relevant Governmental Authority) to Lender in the event Lender is required to repay such refund to such Governmental Authority. This paragraph shall not be construed to require Lender to make available its tax returns (or any other information relating to its Taxes that it deems confidential) to Borrower or any other Person.

(g)   Survival. All of Borrower’s obligations under this Section shall survive termination of the Facility, and repayment of all other Obligations hereunder.

 

  SECTION 2.10

Illegality. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, if Lender reasonably determines that any Law makes it unlawful, or any Governmental Authority asserts that it is unlawful, for Lender to perform its obligations to make Advances hereunder, the obligation of Lender to make the Advances shall be terminated and all Advances of Lender, all interest thereon and all other amounts payable under this Agreement to Lender shall become due and payable.

 

  SECTION 2.11

Evidence of Indebtedness. No promissory note shall be required to evidence the Advances by Lender to Borrower. Lender shall, on behalf of itself and Borrower, maintain in accordance with its usual practice an account or accounts or records evidencing the Indebtedness of Borrower to Lender resulting from the Advances made by Lender, including the amounts of principal and interest payable and paid to Lender from time to time hereunder, as well as the amount of each participation by Lender and name of each direct Participant of Lender in relation thereto. The entries maintained in Lender’s accounts shall be prima facie evidence of the existence and amounts of the obligations therein recorded; provided, however, that the failure of Lender to maintain such accounts or any error therein shall not in any manner affect the obligation of Borrower to repay such Obligations in accordance with their terms.

The provisions of this Section constitute a promissory note for the benefit of Lender. In furtherance of the foregoing, Borrower hereby promises to pay to Lender, in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, the principal amount of the Advances from time to time made by Lender to Borrower. In addition, Borrower promises to pay interest on the unpaid principal amount of the Advances made to Borrower, from the date of such Advance until such principal amount is paid in full, at such interest rates and at such times as provided in this Agreement. No other promissory note shall be required to evidence the Obligations.

 

  SECTION 2.12

Payments and Computations.

(a)   Borrower shall make all payments under this Agreement in Dollars, in immediately available funds, and without condition or deduction for any counterclaim, defense, recoupment or setoff. Borrower shall make each payment hereunder not later than 2:00 p.m. (other than payments pursuant to Section 2.06(a) or (c) and interest payments pursuant to Section 2.03(a)) on the day when due. Except as set forth above, all payments received by Lender after 2:00 p.m. shall be deemed received on the next succeeding Business Day and any applicable interest or fee shall continue to accrue.

(b)   Whenever any payment hereunder would be due on a day other than a Business Day, such payment shall be extended to the next succeeding Business Day, and such extension of time shall in such case be included in the computation of payment of interest or any fees, as the case may be.

(c)   All payments (including prepayments and any other amounts received hereunder in connection with the exercise of Lender’s rights after the occurrence of an Event of Default) made by Borrower to Lender under any Facility Document shall be applied to amounts then due and payable in the following order: (i) to any expenses and indemnities payable by Borrower to Lender under any Facility Document; (ii) to any accrued and unpaid interest and fees due under this Agreement; (iii) to principal payments on the outstanding Advances; and (iv) to the extent of any excess, to the payment of all other Obligations under the Facility Documents.

 

 

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ARTICLE III.

CONDITIONS PRECEDENT

 

  SECTION 3.01

Conditions Precedent to Closing. The effectiveness of this Agreement and the obligation of Lender to make the initial Advance is subject to the fulfillment, to the satisfaction of Lender, of each of the following conditions precedent on or before the Closing Date:

(a)   Lender shall have received each of the following documents in form and substance satisfactory to Lender:

(i)   duly executed counterpart of this Agreement;

(ii)   duly executed Control Agreement;

(iii)   duly executed Custody Agreement;

(iv)   certified copies of (A) the Organization Documents (including any amendments or supplements thereto) of Borrower, (B) the resolutions authorizing and approving the execution, delivery and performance by Borrower of this Agreement and the other Facility Documents and the Advances hereunder, and otherwise satisfactory to Lender, and (C) documents evidencing all other necessary company action, governmental approvals and third-party consents, if any, with respect to this Agreement and any other Facility Document;

(v)   a certificate of Borrower certifying the names and true signatures of the Responsible Officers of Borrower authorized to sign this Agreement and any other Facility Document to be delivered hereunder or thereunder;

(vi)   certificates evidencing the good standing of each of Borrower in its jurisdiction of formation and each other jurisdiction where it is qualified to do business dated a date not earlier than thirty (30) Business Days prior to the Closing Date as to the good standing of Borrower;

(vii)   opinions of counsel to Borrower in form and substance satisfactory to Lender; and

(viii)   the results of Tax, judgment and Lien searches on Borrower obtained by and satisfactory to Lender, as of a recent date.

(b)   The Collateral Account has been established by Borrower.

(c)   Any fees required to be paid on or before the Closing Date shall have been paid.

(d)   Borrower shall have provided any form requested by Lender necessary to comply with Regulation U, or X, or any other provisions of the regulations of the FRB.

(e)   Lender shall have completed its due diligence review with respect to Borrower and Investment Adviser and is satisfied, in its sole and absolute discretion, with the result of its due diligence review, including its due diligence review of Borrower’s Investment Policies.

 

 

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  SECTION 3.02

Conditions Precedent to Each Advance. The obligation of Lender to make an Advance (including any Advance made on the Closing Date) shall be subject to the following conditions precedent:

(a)   Borrower shall have delivered to Lender a Notice of Borrowing in accordance with the requirements of Section 2.01(b);

(b)   each of the representations and warranties contained in Article IV shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the date of such Advance as if made on such date, except to the extent that such representations and warranties specifically refer to an earlier date, in which case they shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date;

(c)   no event shall have occurred and be continuing, or would result from such Advance or from the application of the proceeds therefrom, which constitutes a Default or an Event of Default;

(d)   prior to and after giving effect to such Advance, there is no Excess Amount;

(e)   prior to and after giving effect to such Advance, no Margin Deficiency exists;

(f)   prior to and after giving effect to such Advance, the Asset Coverage Ratio shall be at least 300%;

(g)  the absence of any material action, suit, investigation or proceeding pending or, to the knowledge of Borrower, threatened in any court or before any arbitrator or Governmental Authority that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

ARTICLE IV.

REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

 

  SECTION 4.01

Representations and Warranties of Borrower. Borrower represents and warrants to Lender that:

(a)   Existence, Qualification and Power. The Borrower (i) is duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the Laws of the jurisdiction of its organization, (ii) is duly qualified and in good standing as a foreign company in each other jurisdiction in which it owns or leases property or in which the conduct of its business requires it to so qualify or be licensed and where, in each case, failure to so qualify and be in good standing would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, (iii) has all requisite company power and authority to own or lease and operate its properties and to carry on its business as now conducted and to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under each Facility Document, (iv) has all requisite governmental licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals to own or lease and operate its properties and to carry on its business as now conducted, except where the failure to have such licenses, authorities, consents and approvals would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect and (v) has all requisite governmental licenses, authorizations, consents and approvals to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under each Facility Document.

(b)   Authorization; No Contravention. The Organization Documents of the Borrower authorize the Borrower to borrow money. The execution, delivery and performance by Borrower of this Agreement and the other Facility Documents (when delivered) and the grant of the security interest contemplated hereby with respect to the Collateral are within its company powers, have been duly authorized by all necessary company action, and do not (i) contravene Borrower’s Organization Documents, (ii) contravene, in any material respect, any contractual restriction binding on it or require any consent under any agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which any of its properties or assets is bound, (iii) result in or require the creation or imposition of any Liens upon any property or assets of Borrower other than Liens in favor of Lender in connection with the Facility Documents, or (iv) violate any applicable Law (including, without limitation, the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and the Investment Company Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder) or writ, judgment, injunction, determination or award.

 

 

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(c)   Governmental Authorizations; Other Consents. Except for any applicable UCC filings or filings contemplated by this Agreement, no order, consent, approval, license, authorization or validation of, or filing, recording or registration with, or exemption or waiver by, any Governmental Authority or any other third party (except as have been obtained or made and are in full force and effect), is required to authorize, or is required in connection with, (i) the execution, delivery and performance by Borrower of any Facility Document or (ii) the legality, validity, binding effect or enforceability of any Facility Document.

(d)   Compliance with Laws. Each of Borrower and Investment Adviser is in compliance in all material respects with the requirements of all applicable Laws and all orders, writs, injunctions and decrees applicable to it or to its properties, except in such instances in which such requirement of Law or order, writ, injunction or decree is being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings diligently conducted.

(e)   Binding Effect. This Agreement and the other Facility Documents are and will be legal, valid and binding Obligations of Borrower enforceable against Borrower in accordance with their respective terms in all respects, except as enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent conveyance or similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally and generally principles of equity (regardless of whether the application of such principles is considered in a proceeding inequity or at law).

(f)   No Default. No Default has occurred and is continuing.

(g)   No Change of Management, Regulatory Event or Material Adverse Effect. Since April 30, 2021, (i) no event or condition has resulted in, or could reasonably be expected to cause, either individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect, and (ii) no Change of Management or Regulatory Event has occurred and is.

(h)   Absence of Litigation. There are no actions, suits, proceedings, claims or disputes pending or, to the knowledge of a Responsible Officer of Borrower, threatened in writing, at law, in equity, in arbitration or before any Governmental Authority, by or against (i) Borrower or against any of its properties or revenues that could reasonably result in a Material Adverse Effect or (ii) that challenge the legality, validity or enforceability of this Agreement, any Facility Document, or that involves a substantial likelihood of prohibiting, restricting, delaying or otherwise materially affecting the performance of any of the Facility Documents or the making of the Advances.

(i)   Investment Company Act. Borrower is an “investment company” and is classified as a “closed-end company” and is subject to the regulation under the Investment Company Act. The business and other activities of Borrower, including but not limited to, the making of the Advances by Lender, the application of the proceeds and repayment thereof by Borrower and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Facility Documents do not result in any violation of the provisions of the Investment Company Act, or any rules, regulations or orders issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission thereunder. Borrower is compliance in all material respects with Rule 18f-4 promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (or, prior to August 19, 2022, Release 10666 and related guidance issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission). Investment Adviser is a Qualified Investment Adviser.

(j)   Asset Coverage Ratio. As of the Closing Date, the Asset Coverage Ratio of Borrower is at least 300%.

 

 

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(k)   Regulatory Compliance. The Facility Documents, including the Advances and the withdrawal and substitution rights of Borrower, do not contemplate any actions that would violate Regulation U, or X, as applicable. Borrower has not taken any actions under the Facility Documents that could result in a violation of Regulation U or X, as applicable, and no part of the proceeds of any Advance will be used, whether directly or indirectly, and whether immediately, incidentally or ultimately, for any purpose that entails a violation of Regulation U or X, as applicable.

(l)   Ownership of Collateral. Borrower has good and marketable title to the Collateral free and clear of Liens, other than Permitted Encumbrances. Borrower has not made any registrations, filings or recordations in any jurisdiction evidencing a security interest in any of the Collateral including, but not limited to, the filing of a register of mortgages, charges and other encumbrances or filings of UCC-1 financing statements, other than with respect to Permitted Encumbrances.

(m)   Taxes. Borrower has filed all material federal income tax returns and all other material tax returns which are required to be filed by it in all jurisdictions except to the extent not delinquent (after giving effect to any extension granted by the applicable tax authority) and has paid all material Taxes, assessments, claims, governmental charges or levies imposed on it or its properties, except as otherwise permitted herein or for Taxes contested in good faith through proceedings diligently pursued and as to which adequate reserves have been provided in accordance with the Applicable Accounting Principles.

(n)   Solvency. (i) The present fair market value of Borrower’s assets exceeds the total amount of Borrower’s liabilities (including, without limitation, contingent liabilities); (ii) Borrower has capital and assets sufficient to carry on its businesses; (iii) Borrower is not engaged and is not about to engage in a business or a transaction for which its remaining assets are unreasonably small in relation to such business or transaction; and (iv) Borrower does not intend to incur or believe that it will incur debts beyond its ability to pay as they become due. Borrower will not be rendered insolvent by the execution, delivery and performance of documents relating to this Agreement or by the consummation of the transactions contemplated under this Agreement.

(o)   No Immunity. None of Borrower or any of its assets, properties or, to its knowledge, revenues has any right of immunity on the grounds of sovereignty or otherwise from jurisdiction of any court or from setoff or any legal process (whether through service or notice, attachment prior to judgment, attachment in aid of execution, execution or otherwise) under the applicable Law of any jurisdiction.

(p)   Recourse. The Advances are made with full recourse to Borrower and constitute direct, general, unconditional and unsubordinated Indebtedness of Borrower.

(q)   Disclosure. All written information provided with respect to Borrower by or on behalf of Borrower to Lender in connection with the negotiation, execution and delivery of this Agreement and the other Facility Documents or the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby including, but not limited to, any financial statements of Borrower provided to Lender other than any projections or forward looking statements (the “Projections”) (for which Borrower makes the representations in the next sentence) was, taken as a whole, on or as of the applicable date of provision thereof, complete and correct in all material respects and did not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements contained therein not misleading in light of the time and circumstances under which such statements were made. All Projections that have been prepared by or on behalf of Borrower and that have been made available to Lender by or on behalf of Borrower in connection with this Agreement have been prepared in good faith based on assumptions believed by Borrower to be reasonable at the time of delivery thereof (although Borrower gives no assurances that such Projections will, in fact, be achieved and results may vary significantly), it being understood that (i) the Projections are not to be viewed as facts and that actual results during the period or periods covered by any such Projections may differ significantly from the projected results and such differences may be material and (ii) the Projections are subject to significant uncertainties and contingencies and no assurance can be given that the projected results will be realized.

 

 

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(r)   Licenses; Approvals. All licenses, permits, approvals, concessions or other authorizations necessary to the conduct of the business of Borrower or Investment Adviser have been duly obtained and are in full force and effect, except where the failure to obtain and maintain any of the foregoing could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

(s)   Compliance with Applicable Accounting Principles. All financial statements concerning Borrower which have been or will hereafter be furnished by Borrower to Lender pursuant to this Agreement have been or will be prepared in accordance with Applicable Accounting Principles consistently applied and do or will, in all material respects, present fairly the financial condition of the Persons covered thereby as at the dates thereof and the results of their operations for the periods then ended.

(t)   ERISA. Borrower does not maintain or have any liability (contingent or otherwise) to any defined benefit plans, as defined in Section 3(35) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (as amended, “ERISA”), or other similar Laws in any jurisdiction, which could reasonably result in a Material Adverse Effect. Borrower is not a “benefit plan investor” as defined in Section 3(42) of ERISA and the regulations promulgated thereunder, as modified by Section 3(42) of ERISA.

(u)   Anti-Corruption Laws and Sanctions. Borrower has implemented and maintains in effect policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance in all material respects by Borrower and its Subsidiaries and their respective directors, officers, employees and agents with Anti-Corruption Laws and applicable Sanctions; and Borrower and its Subsidiaries and, to the knowledge of a Responsible Officer of Borrower, each of the officers, employees, directors and agents of Borrower and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with Anti-Corruption Laws and applicable Sanctions in all material respects. None of (i) Borrower, or (ii) to the knowledge of a Responsible Officer of Borrower, any of the directors, officers, or employees of Borrower, or any agents of Borrower that will act in any capacity in connection with or benefit from the Advances made hereby, is a Sanctioned Person. No Advance, use of proceeds or other transaction contemplated by this Agreement will violate the Anti-Corruption Laws or applicable Sanctions. No part of the proceeds of the Advances will be used, directly or indirectly, (x) for any payments to any governmental official or employee, political party, official of a political party, candidate for political office, or anyone else acting in an official capacity, in order to obtain, retain or direct business or obtain any improper advantage, in violation of the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”), or (y) to fund or facilitate any business with or involving a Sanctioned Person.

(v)   Limitation on Transactions. Borrower is in compliance with (i) the Trading with the Enemy Act, as amended, and each of the foreign assets control regulations of the United States Treasury Department (31 C.F.R., Subtitle B, Chapter V, as amended) and any other enabling legislation or executive order relating thereto (collectively, the “Trading with the Enemy Act”), (ii) the Act and (iii) the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act (31 U.S.C. §§ 5311-5330 and 12 U.S.C. §§ 1818(s), 1820(b) and 1951-1959) (also known as the “Bank Secrecy Act”) (together with the Trading with the Enemy Act and the Act, “Anti-Terrorism Laws”). Borrower is not, and to the knowledge of a Responsible Officer of Borrower, no director, officer, employee, or agent of Borrower is (A) currently (i) the subject of any Sanctions or (ii) located, organized or residing in any Sanctioned Country or (B) has been engaged in any transaction with any Person who, to the knowledge of Borrower, is now or was then the subject of Sanctions or located, organized or residing in a Sanctioned Country.

(w)   Use of Proceeds Borrower will use the proceeds of the Advances for portfolio investments and general corporate purposes of Borrower as an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act; provided that Borrower will not, directly or indirectly, use any part of such proceeds for any purpose which would violate any provision of its Investment Policies, Offering Documents, Organization Documents or any applicable law (including, without limitation, the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and the Investment Company Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder).

 

 

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(x)   Investment Policies. The Investment Policies are fully and accurately described in all material respects in Borrower’s Offering Documents, as supplemented by any annual report included within Form N-CSR filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as supplemented in any such annual report, there has been no change in the Investment Policies and Borrower has at all times complied in all material respects with such Investment Policies.

ARTICLE V.

COVENANTS OF BORROWER

 

  SECTION 5.01

Affirmative Covenants. On and after the Closing Date and so long as Lender has a commitment to make an Advance or any Obligations have not been indefeasibly paid in full:

(a)   Existence. Borrower shall preserve and maintain its existence and material rights and franchises.

(b)   Reporting Requirements. Borrower will furnish to Lender or cause to be furnished to Lender:

(i)   as soon as possible and in any event within five (5) Business Days after (A) the deadline for filing thereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission or any successor or analogous Governmental Authority, copies of all annual, semi-annual and quarterly reports to shareholders and (B) the filing thereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission or any successor or analogous Governmental Authority, copies of any material amendments and supplements to the registration statement, the prospectus, non-routine proxy statements, financial statements and other materials of a material nature; provided that publication of such information on Borrower’s website or public availability as posted on EDGAR shall constitute delivery for purposes of this Section 5.01(b)(i).

(ii)   the means (website access, daily reports) allowing Lender to daily monitor, on a real-time basis directly from the Custodian, all activities occurring in the Collateral Account;

(iii)   within five (5) Business Days after the end of each calendar month, a compliance certificate (substantially the form of Exhibit B hereto) executed by the Borrower, certifying (A) Borrower’s Asset Coverage Ratio as of the end of such month and (B) that Borrower is, as of the date thereof, in compliance in all respects with the Asset Coverage Ratio requirements set forth in this Agreement and that no Default or Event of Default has occurred or is continuing as a result of any violation of such provisions;

(iv)   as soon as possible and in any event within two (2) Business Days after the occurrence of (A) any Event of Default or Default or (B) any actual litigation which could reasonably result in a Material Adverse Effect, a statement of a Responsible Officer of Borrower setting forth the details thereof and the action which Borrower has taken and proposes to take with respect thereto; and

(v)   promptly after request therefor, such other business and financial information respecting the condition or operations, financial or otherwise, of Borrower as Lender may from time to time reasonably request.

 

 

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(c)   Use of Proceeds. Borrower shall use the proceeds of the Advances for portfolio investments and general corporate purposes of Borrower as an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act; provided that Borrower will not, directly or knowingly indirectly, use any part of such proceeds for any purpose which would violate any provision of its Investment Policies, Offering Documents, Organization Documents or any applicable law (including, without limitation, the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and the Investment Company Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder, including, without limitation, Regulation U and Regulation X).

(d)   Payment of Obligations. Borrower shall pay and discharge as the same shall become due and payable: (i) all material Taxes, assessments, claims and governmental charges or levies imposed upon it or upon its property; provided, however, that Borrower shall not be required to pay or discharge any such Tax, assessment, claim or charge that is being diligently contested in good faith and by proper proceedings and as to which appropriate reserves are being maintained; and (ii) all Indebtedness, as and when due and payable.

(e)   Inspection Rights. Borrower shall, at any reasonable time during normal business hours and upon reasonable prior written notice, from time to time permit Lender or any agent or representative thereof (not to exceed one time a year unless an Event of Default has occurred and in each case, subject to Section 8.11) to visit and inspect the properties of Borrower and discuss the affairs, finances, assets and accounts of Borrower with any of the officers, directors or other representatives of Borrower, all at the expense of the Lender; provided, however, that after the occurrence of an Event of Default, Lender or any agent or representative thereof may do any of the foregoing at the expense of Borrower at any time during normal business hours and with reasonable advance notice.

(f)   Collateral Requirement. Borrower shall comply with the Collateral Requirement in all respects and shall promptly notify Lender as soon as it has knowledge that Lender’s Lien thereon has been or may be materially impaired.

(g)   Keeping of Books. Borrower shall keep proper books of record and accounts as are necessary to prepare financial statements in accordance with Appropriate Accounting Principles.

(h)   Compliance with Laws. Borrower shall comply in all material respects with the requirements of all Laws (including, without limitation, the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and the Investment Company Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder (including, without limitation, Rule 18f-4, or, prior to August 19, 2022, Release 10666 and related guidance issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission)) and all orders, writs, injunctions and decrees applicable to it or to its business or property, except in such instances in which such requirement of Law or order, writ, injunction or decree is being contested in good faith by appropriate proceedings diligently conducted.

(i)   Compliance with Investment Policies. Borrower shall comply with its Investment Policies in all material respects at all times. Borrower shall furnish to Lender, prior to its effective date, prompt notice of any changes in the Investment Policies and shall not agree to or otherwise permit to occur any modification of the Investment Policies in any manner that (i) could reasonably be expected to adversely affect the rights and remedies of Lender under any Facility Document or (ii) otherwise fails to comply with the terms of this Agreement.

(j)   Material Agreements. Borrower shall comply with the terms of each provision of any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, credit agreement, loan agreement or any other material agreement or instrument to which Borrower is a party or by which Borrower or any of its properties or assets is bound in which the failure to comply could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

 

 

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(k)   Further Assurances. Borrower agrees that upon the request of Lender, it shall execute and/or deliver any additional agreements, documents and instruments, and take such further actions as Lender may reasonably deem necessary (i) to assure Lender is perfected with a first priority Lien on the Collateral and (ii) to carry out the provisions and purposes of the Facility Documents. Such agreements, documents or instruments or actions shall be reasonably satisfactory to Lender.

 

  SECTION 5.02

Negative Covenants. So long as Lender has a commitment to make an Advance or any Advance or other Obligation hereunder shall remain unpaid or unsatisfied:

(a)   Indebtedness. Borrower shall not create, incur, assume or suffer to exist any Indebtedness, except Indebtedness of Borrower incurred (a) under the Facility Documents, (b) under the Custody Agreement in favor of the Custodian to the extent (i) incurred in the ordinary course of business, (ii) incurred solely for temporary purposes with repayment in full within thirty days and without any renewal or extension thereof, (iii) not in excess of 5% of the value of the total assets of Borrower at the time at which any such Indebtedness is incurred (calculated in accordance with the Investment Company Act), and (iv) not secured by a Lien (other than Permitted Encumbrances) on the Collateral Account or any of the Collateral, (c) in the form of reverse repurchase transactions or derivative transactions to the extent in compliance with Rule 18f-4 promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (or, prior to August 19, 2022, Release 10666 and related guidance issued by the Securities and Exchange Commission), or (d) in the form of mandatory redeemable preferred shares issued in accordance with the Investment Company Act; and, in each case, which is not otherwise prohibited by law, is in the ordinary course of business, and is not in contravention of Borrower’s Offering Documents.

(b)   Liens. Borrower shall not (i) create, incur, assume or suffer to exist any Lien upon any Collateral, except Permitted Encumbrances, or (ii) post any securities that have not been fully paid for in the Collateral Account as Collateral.

(c)   Mergers, Etc. Without the prior written consent of Lender, Borrower shall not merge or consolidate with or into another Person, or convey, transfer, lease or otherwise dispose of, whether in one transaction or in a series of transactions, all or substantially all of the property and assets (whether now owned or hereafter acquired) of Borrower.

(d)   No New Business. Borrower shall not engage in any business other than as described in its Organization Documents and Offering Documents and consistent in all respects with its Investment Policies.

(e)   No Amendment of Investment Policies or Organization Documents. Borrower shall not effect and shall not consent to any material amendment, supplement or other material modification of any of the terms or provisions of its Investment Policies or Organization Documents that (i) could reasonably be expected to adversely affect the rights and remedies of Lender under any Facility Document, (ii) could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, or (iii) otherwise fails to comply with the terms of this Agreement or any other Facility Document.

(f)   Distribution, Etc. Borrower will not declare or make any dividend payment or other distribution of assets, property, Cash, rights, obligations or securities from the Collateral on account of any Equity Interests in Borrower, or purchase, redeem, retire or otherwise acquire for value any Equity Interests in Borrower, now or hereafter outstanding from any assets, property, Cash, rights, obligations or securities constituting Collateral that would, or could reasonably be expected to, result in a Default or an Event of Default.

(g)   Transactions with Affiliates. Borrower shall not enter into any transaction with or make any payment or transfer to any Affiliate of Borrower (including, without limitation, Investment Adviser), except in compliance with the Investment Company Act and the rules thereunder, as interpreted by the Securities and Exchange Commission.

 

 

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(h)   Fund Administration. Borrower shall not terminate the services of Investment Adviser or Custodian without the prior written consent of Lender. Borrower shall not enter into any other custody agreement or equivalent arrangement with any other Person unless such Person, Borrower, and Lender have entered into a control agreement in form and substance satisfactory to Lender.

(i)   Subsidiary. Borrower shall not form any Subsidiary.

ARTICLE VI.

EVENTS OF DEFAULT

 

  SECTION 6.01

Events of Default. If any of the following events (each, an “Event of Default”) shall occur:

(a)   Borrower shall fail to pay (i) any of the outstanding principal of any Advance when due; (ii) the amounts required to be prepaid pursuant to Section 2.06(b) when due; or (iii) accrued interest on any Advance or other amounts or fees owing pursuant to any of the Facility Documents within three (3) Business Days of when due; or

(b)   Borrower shall fail to provide Lender with the reports required to be delivered under Section 5.01(b) on the date required for such delivery, and such failure shall not be cured within two (2) Business Days; or

(c)   Borrower shall fail to perform or observe any term, covenant, or agreement contained in Section 5.01(a), (b), (c), (f), or (i), 5.02, or Article VII; or

(d)   without obtaining the prior written consent of Lender, Borrower submits unilateral instructions to Custodian for a withdrawal of Collateral from the Collateral Account in contravention of the Control Agreement; or

(e)   (i) the Custody Agreement shall have been terminated without the prior written consent of Lender, or (ii) Custodian (A) transfers or otherwise permits the withdrawal of Collateral in contravention of the terms of the Control Agreement, or (B) fails to comply with a notice of exclusive control (or any transfer instructions thereafter) from Lender in accordance with the terms of the Control Agreement, or (C) otherwise fails to comply with any other material provision of the Control Agreement; or

(f)   Borrower shall fail to pay to Custodian, when due, any fees, expenses or charges, individually or collectively in excess of $250,000, payable by the Borrower under the Custody Agreement and such failure continues for ten (10) Business Days and such failure entitles the Custodian to seek repayment of such fees, expenses or charges from the Collateral Account; or

(g)   Borrower shall fail to perform or observe (i) any other term, covenant or agreement contained in this Agreement or any other Facility Document (in each case, not otherwise specified in Subsections (a) to (f) of this Section) to which such Person is a party or (ii) any term, covenant or agreement contained in any other agreement between Lender, on the one hand, and Borrower, on the other hand, to be performed or observed by Borrower and such failure remains unremedied for thirty (30) days, except in the case of a failure related to any other Facility Document in which case such failure remains unremedied for five (5) Business Days following the expiration of the applicable cure period provided for under the applicable Facility Document; or

(h)   any representation, warranty, certification or statement of fact made or deemed made by or on behalf of Borrower herein, in any other Facility Document, or in any document delivered in connection herewith or therewith shall be incorrect or misleading when made or deemed made in any material respect; or

 

 

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(i)   any provision of any Facility Document, at any time after its execution and delivery and for any reason other than as expressly permitted hereunder or thereunder or satisfaction in full of all the Obligations, ceases to be in full force and effect in any material respect; or Borrower, Custodian or any other Person contests in any manner the validity or enforceability of any provision of any Facility Document; or Borrower denies that it has any or further liability or obligation under any Facility Document, or purports to revoke, terminate or rescind any provision of any Facility Document; or

(j)   (i) Borrower (A) fails to make any payment when due (whether by scheduled maturity, required prepayment, acceleration, demand, or otherwise and after giving effect to any applicable notice requirement or grace period) in respect of all Indebtedness (other than Indebtedness hereunder and Indebtedness under Swap Contracts) having an aggregate principal amount (including undrawn committed or available amounts and including amounts owing to all creditors under any combined or syndicated credit arrangement) of more than the Threshold Amount (the “Threshold Debt”), or (B) fails to observe or perform any other agreement or condition relating to any such Threshold Debt or contained in any instrument or agreement evidencing, securing or relating thereto, or any other event occurs, the effect of which default or other event is to cause such Threshold Debt to be demanded or to become due or to be repurchased, prepaid, defeased or redeemed (automatically or otherwise) after giving effect to any applicable notice requirement or grace period, or an offer to repurchase, prepay, defease or redeem such Threshold Debt to be made, prior to its stated maturity; or (ii) there occurs under any Swap Contract, an Early Termination Date (as defined in such Swap Contract) resulting from (A) any event of default under such Swap Contract as to which Borrower is the Defaulting Party (as defined in such Swap Contract) or (B) any Termination Event (as so defined) under such Swap Contract as to which Borrower is an Affected Party (as so defined) and, in either event, the Swap Termination Value (as so defined) owed by Borrower as a result thereof under all such Swap Contracts is greater than the Threshold Amount; or

(k)   (i) Borrower becomes unable or admits in writing its inability or fails generally to pay its debts as they become due; (ii) any writ or warrant of attachment or execution or similar process is issued or levied against all or any material part of the property of Borrower and is not released, vacated or fully bonded within thirty days after its issue or levy; (iii) Borrower institutes or consents to the institution of any proceeding under any Debtor Relief Law, or makes an assignment for the benefit of creditors, or applies for or consents to the appointment of any receiver, trustee, custodian, conservator, liquidator, rehabilitator or similar officer for it or for all or any material part of its property; (iv) any receiver, trustee, custodian, conservator, liquidator, rehabilitator or similar officer is appointed without the application or consent of Borrower and the appointment continues undischarged or unstayed for sixty calendar days; (v) any proceeding under any Debtor Relief Law relating to Borrower or to all or any material part of its property is instituted without the consent of Borrower and continues undismissed or unstayed for sixty calendar days, or an order for relief is entered in any such proceeding; or (vi) Borrower shall take any action to authorize any of the actions set forth above in this Subsection; or

(l)   There is entered against Borrower (i) one or more final judgments or orders for the payment of money in an aggregate amount (as to all such judgments or orders) exceeding the Threshold Amount (to the extent not covered by independent third-party insurance as to which the insurer does not dispute coverage), or (ii) any one or more non-monetary final judgments that have, or could reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect and, in either case, (A) enforcement proceedings are commenced by any creditor upon such judgment or order, or (B) there is a period of thirty (30) consecutive days during which a stay of enforcement of such judgment, by reason of a pending appeal or otherwise, is not in effect; or

 

 

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(m)   (i) Borrower shall deny in writing its Obligations under this Agreement, any other Facility Document (to which it is a party) or under any other agreement or instrument between Borrower or any Affiliate thereof, on the one hand, and Lender or any of its Affiliates, on the other hand, (ii) any Law shall purport to render invalid, or preclude enforcement of, any provision of this Agreement or any other Facility Document or impair performance of the obligations hereunder or under any other Facility Document of Borrower, or (iii) any dominant authority asserting or exercising de jure or de facto governmental or police powers shall, by moratorium Law or otherwise, cancel, suspend or defer the obligation of Borrower to pay; or

(n)   any Governmental Authority shall have condemned, nationalized, seized, or otherwise expropriated all or any substantial part of the property, shares of capital stock or equity or other assets of Borrower or shall have assumed custody or control of such property or other assets or of the business or operations of Borrower or shall have taken any action for the dissolution or disestablishment of Borrower or any action that would prevent Borrower or its officers or directors from carrying on the business of Borrower or a substantial part thereof; or

(o)   a Change of Management shall occur; or

(p)   a Regulatory Event shall occur; or

(q)   the Collateral Requirement shall cease to be satisfied, as reasonably determined by Lender, or Lender shall cease to have a first priority perfected Lien in the Collateral, subject only to Permitted Encumbrances; or

(r)   any officer of Borrower or Investment Adviser that has material involvement with the investment activities of Borrower or Investment Adviser shall have been indicted, with respect to a Governmental Authority in a jurisdiction in the United States, or criminally charged with an offense by any other Governmental Authority that is punishable by deprivation of liberty for a maximum term which shall be greater than one year, for a fraudulent act, a violation of securities or banking laws, or for a willful act related to Borrower or its business; or

(s)   a Margin Deficiency shall occur and such deficiency is not cured within the cure period set forth in Section 2.06(c);

(t)   Borrower’s Asset Coverage Ratio is at any time less than 275% and such failure is not cured within five (5) Business Days of the first occurrence thereof; or

(u)   Borrower fails to make any material filing (including, without limitation, Forms N-CSR and N-CSRS) with the Securities and Exchange Commission or any other Governmental Authority, as required by applicable Law, in each case, within the time period prescribed by applicable Law but after giving effect to any extension provided by filing a notification pursuant to Rule 12b-25 under the Exchange Act and any required approval by the applicable Governmental Authority; provided that to the extent such failure is caused by an error or omission of an administrative or operational nature, such failure shall not constitute an Event of Default unless such failure continues for three (3) Business Days; provided further that, (i) the foregoing cure period shall not apply with respect to filings of Forms N-CSR and N-CSRS, and (ii) no such cure period shall apply to the extent two (2) filing failures have already occurred during the then current calendar year;

then, and in any such event, Lender may (i) declare the Advances, all accrued interest thereon, all fees and all other accrued amounts payable under this Agreement and the other Facility Documents to be forthwith due and payable, whereupon the Advances, all such interest and fees and all such other amounts hereunder and under the Facility Documents shall become forthwith due and payable, without presentment, demand, protest or notice of any kind, all of which are hereby expressly waived by Borrower and (ii) declare the obligation of Lender to make any Advance to be terminated, whereupon the same shall forthwith terminate; provided, however, that upon the occurrence of any event in Section 6.01(k), (x) the Advances, all accrued interest and all accrued other amounts payable, including fees, under this Agreement and under the other Facility Documents shall automatically become and be due and payable, without presentment, demand,

 

 

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protest or any notice of any kind, all of which are hereby expressly waived by Borrower and (y) the obligation of Lender to make Advances shall automatically be terminated. In addition to the foregoing, upon the occurrence of an Event of Default, Lender may, at its option, instruct the Custodian to transfer the whole or any part of the Collateral into the name of Lender or the name of its nominee, notify the obligors on any Collateral to make payment to Lender or its nominee of any amounts due thereon, take control or grant its nominee the right to take control of any proceeds of the Collateral, liquidate any or all of the Collateral, withdraw and/or sell any or all of the Collateral and apply any such Collateral as well as the proceeds of any such Collateral to all unpaid Obligations in such order as Lender determines in its sole discretion, and exercise any other rights and remedies under any Facility Document, at law or in equity. Borrower will be responsible for any decrease in the value of the Collateral occurring prior to liquidation.

ARTICLE VII.

SECURITY AGREEMENT

 

  SECTION 7.01

Collateral. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Control Agreement, to secure the payment and performance of all of the Obligations, Borrower hereby grants to Lender a continuing security interest in all right, title and interest of Borrower in the following property, whether now owned or existing or hereafter acquired or arising and wherever located: (a) the Collateral Account, (b) all financial assets held therein or credited thereto, all security entitlements in respect thereof, and all other assets, including all interests of Borrower in any entity, indicated on the Custodian’s books and records as being credited to or recorded in the Collateral Account; (c) Borrower’s deposit account linked to the Collateral Account having account #294606 maintained with the Custodian and all amounts credited thereto; (d) all accounts and general intangibles (including all of its rights under the account agreement) related to the Collateral Account or any of the foregoing, and (e) all products and proceeds of any of the foregoing (including, without limitation, all dividends, distributions and payments received thereon or in exchange or substitution thereof), together with all books, records, writings, databases, information and other property evidencing, embodying or incorporating any of the foregoing (all such property, collectively, the “Collateral”). Capitalized terms used herein that are defined in Article 1, Article 8 or Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code as in effect from time to time in the State of New York shall have the meanings specified therein.

 

  SECTION 7.02

Preservation of Collateral and Perfection of Security Interests Therein. Borrower irrevocably authorizes Lender at any time, and from time to time, to file in any jurisdiction any initial financing statements and amendments thereto that contain any information required by Section 5 of Article 9 of the UCC of the jurisdiction wherein such financing statement or amendment is filed regarding the sufficiency or filing office acceptance of any financing statement or amendment, including whether Borrower is an organization, the type of organization and any organization identification number issued to Borrower. Borrower agrees to furnish any such information to Lender promptly upon its request. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, to perfect and keep, as a first priority perfected security interest (subject only to Liens permitted pursuant to Section 5.02(a)), the security interest and Liens in the Collateral granted by Borrower to Lender to secure the payment and performance of all of the Obligations, and to otherwise protect and preserve the Collateral and Lender’s security interest and Liens therein or to enforce Lender’s security interests and Liens in the Collateral, Borrower (a) shall execute and deliver to Lender, concurrently with the execution of this Agreement, and at any time or times hereafter, at the request of Lender, all instruments or other documents (and pay the cost of filing or recording the same in all public offices deemed necessary by Lender) and do such acts as Lender may reasonably request, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to Lender, and (b) irrevocably authorizes Lender at any time, and from time to time, to file (and if necessary to execute) in any jurisdiction any financing statements and any amendment to any financing statement. Borrower further ratifies and affirms its authorization for any financing statements and/or amendments thereto filed by Lender in any jurisdiction on or prior to the date of this Agreement.

 

 

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  SECTION 7.03

Set-off. Borrower agrees that Lender has all rights of set-off and banker’s lien provided by applicable Law with respect to Borrower and the Collateral and, in addition thereto, Borrower agrees that (in addition to Lender’s rights with respect to proceeds of Collateral) at any time after the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default any amount owing by it under this Agreement or any other Facility Document is then due, Lender may apply to the payment of the Obligations any and all balances, credits, deposits, accounts or monies of Borrower then or thereafter with Lender. Without limitation of the foregoing and in addition to Lender’s rights with respect to the proceeds of the Collateral, Borrower agrees that upon and after the occurrence and during the continuance of an Event of Default, Lender and each of its branches and offices is hereby authorized, at any time and from time to time, without notice, (a) to set-off against, and to appropriate and apply to the payment of, the Obligations (whether matured or unmatured, fixed or contingent or liquidated or unliquidated) any and all amounts owing by Lender or any such office or branch to Borrower (whether matured or unmatured, and, in the case of deposits, whether general or special, time or demand and however evidenced) and (b) pending any such action, to the extent necessary, to hold such amounts as collateral to secure such Obligations and to return as unpaid for insufficient funds any and all checks and other items drawn against any deposits so held as Lender may elect in its sole discretion.

 

  SECTION 7.04

Safekeeping. Lender shall not be responsible for: (a) the safekeeping of the Collateral, (b) any diminution in the value of the Collateral, or (c) any act or default of Custodian or any other Person with respect to the Collateral. All risk of loss, damage, destruction or diminution in value of the Collateral shall be borne by Borrower.

 

  SECTION 7.05

Other Actions. To further the attachment, perfection and first priority (subject only to Liens permitted under Section 5.02(a)) of, and the ability of Lender to enforce, its Liens in or on the Collateral, and without limitation Borrower’s other obligations in this Agreement, Borrower agrees, at the request and option of Lender, to take any and all other actions Lender may reasonably require to the extent necessary for the attachment, perfection and first priority of (subject only to Liens permitted under Section 5.02(a)), and the ability of Lender to enforce, its Liens on and in any and all of the Collateral.

ARTICLE VIII.

MISCELLANEOUS

 

  SECTION 8.01

Amendments, Etc.. Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, including, without limitation, no amendment or waiver of any provision of this Agreement or any other Facility Document, and no consent to any departure by Borrower or Lender therefrom, shall be effective unless in writing signed by Lender and Borrower, and each such waiver or consent shall be effective only in the specific instance and for the specific purpose for which given.

 

  SECTION 8.02

Notices; Effectiveness; Electronic Communications.

(a)   Except in the case of notices and other communications expressly permitted to be given by telephone (and except as provided in Subsection (b) of this Section), all notices and other communications provided for herein shall be in writing and shall be delivered by hand or overnight courier service, mailed by certified or registered mail or sent by facsimile, if to Borrower, to it at its address (or facsimile number) set forth below, and if to Lender, to it at its address (or facsimile number) set forth below. Notices sent by hand or overnight courier service shall be deemed to have been given when received; notices sent by certified or registered mail shall be deemed to have been given three Business Days after mailing; and notices sent by facsimile shall be deemed to have been given when sent (except that, if not given during normal business hours for the recipient, shall be deemed to have been given at the opening of business on the next Business Day for the recipient). Notices delivered through electronic communications to the extent provided in Subsection (b) of this Section, shall be effective as provided in such Subsection (b).

 

 

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Borrower’s Address for Notices:

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.

c/o Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC

620 Eighth Avenue, 47h Floor

New York, New York 10018

Telephone: 203-703-7026/212-805-3488

Facsimile: N/A / 646-502-7723

Attention: George Hoyt/Raymond Lui

Email: George.Hoyt@franklintempleton.com

Raymond.Lui@franklintempleton.com

LMCEFundOPS@franklintempleton.com

Lender’s Lending Office/Address for Notices:

Bank of America, N.A.

One Bryant Park

New York, NY 10036

Attention: Michael Balbick

Email: Michael.balbick@bofa.com

Facsimile No. 646-822-1055

with a copy to:

Moore & Van Allen PLLC

100 North Tryon Street, Suite 4700

Charlotte, NC 28202

Attention: Todd Ransom

Email: toddransom@mvalaw.com

Facsimile No: 704-378-2034

(b)   Notices and other communications to Lender hereunder may be delivered or furnished by electronic communication (including e-mail and Internet or intranet websites) pursuant to procedures approved by Lender. Lender or Borrower may, in its discretion, agree to accept notices and other communications to it hereunder by electronic communications pursuant to procedures approved by it, provided that approval of such procedures may be limited to particular notices or communications. Unless Lender otherwise prescribes, (i) notices and other communications sent to an e-mail address shall be deemed received upon the sender’s receipt of an acknowledgement from the intended recipient (such as by the “return receipt requested” function, as available, return e-mail or other written acknowledgement), provided that if such notice or other communication is not sent during the normal business hours of the recipient, such notice or communication shall be deemed to have been sent at the opening of business on the next Business Day for the recipient, and (ii) notices or communications posted to an Internet or intranet website shall be deemed received upon the receipt by the intended recipient at its e-mail address as described in the foregoing clause (i) of notification that such notice or communication is available and identifying the website address therefor.

(c)   Any party hereto may change its address or facsimile number for notices and other communications hereunder by written notice to the other party hereto.

 

 

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  SECTION 8.03

No Waiver; Securities Contract; Private Loan.

(a)   No failure on the part of Lender to exercise, and no delay in exercising, any right hereunder or under any other Facility Document shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall the single or partial exercise of any such right preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right. The remedies herein provided are cumulative and not exclusive of any remedies provided by Law. No notice to or demand on Borrower in any case shall entitle Borrower to any other or further notice or demand in similar or other circumstances or constitute a waiver of the rights of Lender to any other or further action in any circumstances without notice or demand.

(b)   Borrower and Lender acknowledge that this Agreement is a “securities contract” within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Code and that each delivery, transfer, payment and grant of a security interest made or required to be made hereunder or contemplated hereby or made, required to be made or contemplated in connection herewith is a “transfer” and a “margin payment” or a “settlement payment” within the meaning of Section 362(b)(6), (7), (17) and/or (27) and Sections 546(e), (f), (g) and/or (j) of the Bankruptcy Code.

(c)   Borrower and Lender acknowledge that this Facility is a privately arranged loan and is not intended to be publicly distributed.

 

  SECTION 8.04

Costs and Expenses; Indemnification; Damage Waiver.

(a)   Costs and Expenses. Borrower shall pay all expenses incurred by Lender and its Affiliates in connection with the enforcement or protection of its rights (i) in connection with this Agreement and the other Facility Documents, including its rights under this Section, or (ii) in connection with the Advances made hereunder, including all expenses incurred during any workout, restructuring or negotiations in respect of such Advances. Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary, Lender shall be (and Borrower shall not be) responsible for all of its costs and expenses incurred in connection with the closing of the transactions under this Agreement and the other Facility Documents and any amendment, waiver, consent or other modification of the provisions hereof and thereof (whether or not the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby are consummated).

(b)   Indemnification by Borrower. Borrower shall indemnify Lender and each Related Party of Lender (each such Person being called an “Indemnitee”) against, and hold each Indemnitee harmless from, any and all losses, claims, damages, liabilities and related expenses (including the reasonable fees, charges and disbursements of any counsel for any Indemnitee) incurred by any Indemnitee or asserted against any Indemnitee by any third party or by Borrower or any Related Party of Borrower arising out of, in connection with, or as a result of (i) the execution or delivery of this Agreement, any other Facility Document or any agreement or instrument contemplated hereby or thereby, the performance by the parties hereto of their respective obligations hereunder or thereunder or the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby, (ii) any Advance or the use or proposed use of the proceeds therefrom, (iii) any Indemnitee acting in reliance on any instruction given by Borrower or any Indemnitee failing to follow the unlawful or unreasonable instructions of Borrower, or (iv) any actual or prospective claim, litigation, investigation or proceeding relating to any of the foregoing, whether based on contract, tort or any other theory, whether brought by a third party or by Borrower or any other Related Party of Borrower, and regardless of whether any Indemnitee is a party thereto; provided that such indemnity shall not, as to any Indemnitee, be available to the extent that such losses, claims, damages, liabilities or related expenses (x) are determined by a court of competent jurisdiction by a final and nonappealable judgment to have resulted from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of such Indemnitee or (y) result from a claim brought by Borrower or any Related Party of Borrower against an Indemnitee for breach in bad faith of such Indemnitee’s obligations hereunder or under any other Facility Document, if Borrower or such Related Party has obtained a final and nonappealable judgment in its favor on such claim as determined by a court of competent jurisdiction; provided further that such indemnity shall not include Indemnified Taxes or Other Taxes, to the extent governed by Section 2.09, or Excluded Taxes.

 

 

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(c)   Waiver of Consequential Damages, Etc.  (i) To the fullest extent permitted by applicable Law, Borrower shall not assert, and hereby waives, any claim against any Indemnitee, on any theory of liability, for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages (as opposed to direct or actual damages) arising out of, in connection with, or as a result of, this Agreement, any other Facility Document or any agreement or instrument contemplated hereby or thereby, the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby, any Advance or the use of the proceeds thereof and (ii) other than with respect to any third party claims for which Borrower has indemnification obligation pursuant to Subsection (b) of this Section, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable Law, Lender shall not assert, and hereby waives, any claim against Borrower, on any theory of liability, for special, indirect, consequential or punitive damages (as opposed to direct or actual damages) arising out of, in connection with, or as a result of, this Agreement, any other Facility Document or any agreement or instrument contemplated hereby, the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby, any Advance or the use of the proceeds thereof. No Indemnitee referred to in Subsection (b) of this Section shall be liable for any damages arising from the use by unintended recipients of any information or other materials distributed by it through telecommunications, electronic or other information transmission systems in connection with this Agreement or the other Facility Documents or the transactions contemplated hereby or thereby.

(d)   Payments.  All amounts due under this Section shall be payable not later than ten Business Days after notice from Lender setting forth the amount of expenses or losses Lender has incurred.

(e)   Survival.  The agreements in this Section shall survive the termination of the Facility and the repayment, satisfaction or discharge of all other Obligations.

SECTION 8.05  Payments Set Aside.  To the extent that any payment by or on behalf of Borrower is made to Lender, or Lender exercises its right of setoff, and such payment or the proceeds of such setoff or any part thereof is subsequently invalidated, declared to be fraudulent or preferential, set aside or required (including pursuant to any settlement entered into by Lender) to be repaid to a trustee, receiver or any other party, in connection with any proceeding under any Debtor Relief Law or otherwise, then to the extent of such recovery, the obligation or part thereof originally intended to be satisfied shall be revived and continued in full force and effect as if such payment had not been made or such setoff had not occurred.

SECTION 8.06  Assignments and Participations.

(a)   Assignments.  Lender may, with prior notice to and consent of Borrower (which consent will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed), assign to any Person all or a portion of its respective rights and obligations under this Agreement (including all or a portion of the Advances); provided, however, that no such prior notice or consent shall be required if (i) the assignment is to an Affiliate of Lender or (ii) an Event of Default shall have occurred. Borrower may not assign its rights and Obligations under this Agreement or any other Facility Document, or any portion thereof, without the prior written consent of Lender. The provisions of this Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns permitted hereby.

(b)   Participations.

(i)   Lender may at any time, without the consent of, or notice to, Borrower, sell participations to any Affiliate (each, a “Participant”), but no other Person, in all or a portion of Lender’s rights and/or obligations under this Agreement (including all or a portion of its commitment and/or the Advances owing to it); provided that (i) Lender’s obligations under this Agreement shall remain unchanged, (ii) Lender shall remain solely responsible to the other parties hereto for the performance of such obligations and (iii) Borrower shall continue to deal solely and directly with Lender in connection with Lender’s rights and obligations under this Agreement.

 

 

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(ii)   Any agreement or instrument pursuant to which Lender sells such a participation shall provide that Lender shall retain the sole right to enforce this Agreement and to approve any amendment, modification or waiver of any provision of this Agreement; provided that such agreement or instrument may provide that Lender will not, without the consent of the Participant, agree to any amendment, waiver or other modification of any provision of this Agreement the effect of which would (A) postpone any date fixed by this Agreement for the payment of principal, interest, fees or other amounts due to Lender hereunder, (B) reduce the principal of, or the rate of interest specified on, any Advance or any fees or other amounts payable hereunder; provided however, that only the consent of Lender shall be necessary to (1) amend Section 2.03(b) or waive any obligation of Borrower to pay interest at the rate specified in Section 2.03(b) or (2) to amend any covenant hereunder (or an defined term used therein) even if the effect of such amendment would be to reduce the rate of interest on any Advance or to reduce any fee payable hereunder, or (C) release all or substantially all of the Collateral. Subject to the succeeding clause (iii), Borrower agrees that each Participant, through the participating Lender, shall be entitled to the benefits of Sections 2.08 and 2.09 to the same extent as if it were a Lender and had acquired its interest by assignment pursuant to this Section. To the extent permitted by Law, each Participant also shall be entitled to the benefits of Section 8.13 as though it were a Lender.

(iii)   A Participant shall not be entitled to receive any greater payment under either Section 2.08 or 2.09 than Lender would have been entitled to receive under each respective section with respect to the participation sold to such Participant, unless the sale of the participation to such Participant is made with Borrower’s prior written consent. A Participant shall not be entitled to the benefits of Section 2.09 until Borrower is notified of the participation sold to such Participant and such Participant agrees, for the benefit of Borrower, to comply with Section 2.09 as though it were a Lender.

SECTION 8.07  Governing Law; Submission to Jurisdiction.

(a)   Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the Laws of the State of New York, without giving effect to its conflict of laws provisions other than Section 5-1401 or 5-1402 of the New York General Obligations Law.

(b)   Submission to Jurisdiction. Borrower irrevocably and unconditionally submits, for itself and its property, to the nonexclusive jurisdiction of the United States District Court of the Southern District of the State of New York, and all appropriate appellate courts or, if jurisdiction in such court is lacking, any New York State court of competent jurisdiction sitting in New York (and all appropriate appellate courts), in any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or any other Facility Document, or for recognition or enforcement of any judgment, and each of the parties hereto irrevocably and unconditionally agrees that all claims in respect of any such action or proceeding may be heard and determined in such New York State court or, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable Law, in such Federal court. Each of the parties hereto agrees that a final judgment in any such action or proceeding shall be conclusive and may be enforced in other jurisdictions by suit on the judgment or in any other manner provided by law. Nothing in this Agreement or in any other Facility Document shall affect any right that Lender may otherwise have to bring any action or proceeding relating to this Agreement or any other Facility Document against Borrower or its properties in the courts of any jurisdiction.

(c)   Waiver of Venue. Each of the parties hereto irrevocably and unconditionally waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable Law, any objection that it may now or hereafter have to the laying of venue of any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or any other Facility Document in any court referred to in the first full sentence of Subsection (b) of this Section. Each of the parties hereto hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable Law, the defense of an inconvenient forum to the maintenance of such action or proceeding in any such court.

 

 

Page 33


(d)  Service of Process.  Each party hereto irrevocably consents to service of process in the manner provided for notices in Section 8.02(a). Nothing in this Agreement will affect the right of any party hereto to serve process in any other manner permitted by applicable Law.

(e)   WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL. EACH PARTY HERETO HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR ANY OTHER FACILITY DOCUMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY OR THEREBY (WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT OR ANY OTHER THEORY). EACH PARTY HERETO (A) CERTIFIES THAT NO REPRESENTATIVE, AGENT OR ATTORNEY OF ANY OTHER PERSON HAS REPRESENTED, EXPRESSLY OR OTHERWISE, THAT SUCH OTHER PERSON WOULD NOT, IN THE EVENT OF LITIGATION, SEEK TO ENFORCE THE FOREGOING WAIVER AND (B) ACKNOWLEDGES THAT IT AND THE OTHER PARTIES HERETO HAVE BEEN INDUCED TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT AND THE OTHER FACILITY DOCUMENTS BY, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MUTUAL WAIVERS AND CERTIFICATIONS IN THIS SUBSECTION.

SECTION 8.08  Severability.  In case any provision in this Agreement or any other Facility Document shall be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, such provision shall be severable from the rest of this Agreement or such other Facility Document, as the case may be, and the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby.

SECTION 8.09 Counterparts; Integration; Effectiveness; Electronic Execution.

(a)   Counterparts; Integration; Effectiveness.  This Agreement may be executed in counterparts (and by different parties hereto in different counterparts), each of which shall constitute an original, but all of which when taken together shall constitute a single contract. Except as provided in Article III, this Agreement shall become effective when it shall have been executed by Lender and when Lender shall have received counterparts hereof that, when taken together, bear the signatures of each of the other parties hereto. Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page of this Agreement by telecopier shall be effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart of this Agreement.

(b)   Electronic Execution of Assignments.  The words “execution,” “signed,” and “signature” shall be deemed to include electronic signatures or the keeping of records in electronic form, each of which shall be of the same legal effect, validity or enforceability as a manually executed signature or the use of a paper-based recordkeeping system, as the case may be, to the extent and as provided for in any applicable Law, including the Federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, the New York State Electronic Signatures and Records Act, or any other similar state Laws based on the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act.

SECTION 8.10  Survival of Representations.  All representations and warranties made hereunder and in any other Facility Document or other document delivered pursuant hereto or thereto or in connection herewith or therewith shall survive the execution and delivery hereof and thereof. Such representations and warranties have been or will be relied upon by Lender, regardless of any investigation made by Lender or on its behalf and notwithstanding that Lender may have had notice or knowledge of any Default or Event of Default at the time of any Advance and shall continue in full force and effect as long as any Advance or any other Obligation hereunder shall remain unpaid or unsatisfied.

 

 

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SECTION 8.11  Confidentiality.

(a)   Lender agrees to maintain the confidentiality of the Confidential Information, except that Confidential Information may be disclosed (i) to Lender’s Affiliates and its and their respective partners, directors, officers, employees, agents, advisors and other representatives who need to know such Confidential Information in relation to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (it being understood that the Persons to whom such disclosure is made will be informed of the confidential nature of such Confidential Information and instructed to keep such Confidential Information confidential), (ii) to the extent requested by any regulatory authority purporting to have jurisdiction over it (including any self-regulatory authority), (iii) to the extent required by applicable Law or regulations or by any subpoena or similar legal process, (iv) in connection with the exercise of any remedies hereunder or under any other Facility Document or any action or proceeding relating to this Agreement or any other Facility Document or the enforcement of rights hereunder or thereunder, (v) subject to an agreement containing provisions substantially the same as those of this Section, to any permitted assignee of or Participant in, or any prospective assignee of or Participant in, any of its rights or obligations under this Agreement, (vi) with the consent of Borrower or (vii) to the extent such Confidential Information (X) becomes publicly available other than as a result of a breach of this Section or (Y) becomes available to Lender or any of its Affiliates on a nonconfidential basis from a source other than Borrower.

(b)   Borrower agrees to maintain the confidentiality of the content of Schedule II, except that such content may be disclosed (i) to its Investment Adviser, each of its and its Investment Adviser’s directors, officers, employees, agents, advisors and other representatives who need to know the contents of Schedule II in relation to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (it being understood that the Persons to whom such disclosure is made will be informed of the confidential nature of such Schedule and instructed to keep such Schedule confidential), (ii) to the extent requested by any regulatory authority purporting to have jurisdiction over it (including any self-regulatory authority), (iii) to the extent required by applicable Law or regulations or by any subpoena or similar legal process, or (iv) with the consent of Lender.

SECTION 8.12  No Advisory or Fiduciary Relationship.  In connection with all aspects of each transaction contemplated hereby (including in connection with any amendment, waiver or other modification hereof or of any other Facility Document), Borrower acknowledges and agrees that: (a) the Facility provided by Lender is arm’s-length commercial transactions between Borrower and its Affiliates, on the one hand, and Lender and its Affiliates, on the other hand, (b) Borrower has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate, and (c) Borrower is capable of evaluating, and understands and accepts, the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated hereby and by the other Facility Documents. Borrower acknowledges that Lender’s Affiliates may be engaged in a broad range of transactions that involve interests that differ from those of Borrower or its Affiliates, and Lender’s Affiliates have no obligation to disclose any of such interests to Borrower or its Affiliates. To the fullest extent permitted by law, Borrower hereby waives and releases any claims that it may have against Lender or Lender’s Affiliates with respect to any breach or alleged breach of agency or fiduciary duty in connection with any aspect of any transaction contemplated hereby.

SECTION 8.13  Judgment Currency.  If a judgment, order or award is rendered by any court or tribunal for the payment of any amounts owing to Lender under this Agreement or any other Facility Document or for the payment of damages in respect of a judgment or order of another court or tribunal for the payment of such amount or damages, such judgment, order or award being expressed in a currency (the “Judgment Currency”) other than Dollars, Borrower agrees (a) that its obligations in respect of any such amounts owing shall be discharged only to the extent that on the Business Day following Lender’s receipt of any sum adjudged in the Judgment Currency, Lender may purchase Dollars with the Judgment Currency, and (b) to indemnify and hold harmless Lender against any deficiency in terms of Dollars in the amounts actually received by Lender following any such purchase (after deduction of any premiums and costs of exchange

 

 

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payable in connection with the purchase of, or conversion into, Dollars). The indemnity set forth in the preceding sentence shall (notwithstanding any judgment referred to in the preceding sentence) constitute an Obligation of Borrower separate and independent from its other Obligations hereunder, shall apply irrespective of any indulgence granted by Lender, and shall survive the termination of this Agreement.

SECTION 8.14 Headings Descriptive.  The headings of the sections and subsections of this Agreement are inserted for convenience only and shall not in any way affect the meaning or construction of any provision of this Agreement.

SECTION 8.15 USA PATRIOT Act Notice.  Lender hereby notifies Borrower that pursuant to the requirements of the USA PATRIOT Act (Title III of Pub. L. 107-56 (signed into law October 26, 2001)) (the “Act”), Lender is required to obtain, verify and record information that identifies Borrower, which information includes the name and address of Borrower and other information that will allow Lender to identify Borrower in accordance with the Act. Borrower agrees to promptly provide Lender with all of the information requested by Lender to the extent Lender deems such information reasonably necessary to identify Borrower in accordance with the Act.

SECTION 8.16  Entire Agreement.  This Agreement and the other Facility Documents constitute the entire agreement between the parties hereto relating to the subject matter hereof and supersede any and all previous agreements and understandings, oral or written, between the parties hereto relating to the subject matter hereof.

[END OF TEXT]

 

 

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be duly executed and delivered by their respective officers or representatives thereunto duly authorized, as of the date first above written.

 

BORROWER:
LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC.,
as Borrower
By:  

/s/ Jane E. Trust

Name:   Jane E. Trust
Title:   Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer

[Additional signature page follows]

 

 

Signature Page to Loan Agreement


LENDER:
BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.
as Lender
By:  

/s/ Michael Balbick

Name:   Michael Balbick
Title:   Director

 

 

Signature Page to Loan Agreement


Schedule I

Eligible Securities

Any Debt Position, Equity Position or any Cash and Cash Equivalents (as each such term is defined below).

As used in this Schedule I, the following terms have the following meaning:

Debt Position” means any position that at all times as determined by Lender is a Convertible Bond.

Equity Position” means any position that at all times as determined by Lender in its reasonable discretion:

(i)   is listed and freely tradeable under applicable law without suspension on a stock exchange in, and has a “country of risk” of, one or more countries that in each case are a Tier 1 Country of Risk;

(ii)   is a position in which Lender has a security interest in accordance with the terms of this Agreement; provided, however, that none of the following instruments or ownership interests in the following entities shall be deemed by Lender to be an “Equity Position” for purposes of this Term Margin Agreement: warrants that are not exchange listed or freely exercisable, special purpose acquisition corporations (SPAC), special purpose vehicle (SPV) or conduit issuer, private investment public equity vehicles (PIPE), participatory notes (P-notes), equity linked notes (ELN), issuers whose ownership interests are listed on the Pink Sheets or OTC Bulletin Board, trust units, securities or other instruments which are not listed or traded freely without suspension on a recognized exchange, securities or other instruments subject to trading limitations or any other instrument which Lender determines has similar characteristics to any of the foregoing instruments or which is created after the date hereof. If an equity position is only referenced on this Schedule as part of a strategy or a combination of positions then that position will only be included as an Equity Position so long as it is held at Lender as part of that strategy or combination; and

(iii)   is issued by an issuer with a market capitalization of at least $300,000,000.

Convertible Bond” means any position that as determined by Lender in its reasonable discretion:

(i)   is a corporate bond that is freely convertible into shares of stock in the issuing company;

(ii)   is DTC, Clearstream or Euroclear eligible; and

(iii)   is a position in which Lender has a security interest in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, and has a country of risk that is a Tier 1 Country of Risk; provided, however, that positions that are convertible into any of the following instruments or ownership interests in the following entities shall not be deemed by Lender to be a “Convertible Bond” for purposes of this Term Margin Agreement: bank loans, municipal bonds, fixed income derivatives, exchange traded funds for which all the underlying securities are not eligible Convertible Bonds and not deemed to be risk reducing in nature by Lender, participatory notes (P-notes), equity linked notes (ELN), structured notes, trust units, instruments with embedded options, instruments issued by a SPV or conduit issuer, securities or other instruments subject to trading limitations, bond converting to a security that is not yet listed, or any other instrument which Lender determines has similar characteristics to any of the foregoing instruments or which is created after the date hereof.

 

 

Schedule I to Margin Loan and Security Agreement


Tier 1 Country of Risk” means Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Sweden, Singapore, United States.

Cash and Cash Equivalents” means cash denominated in USD and money market funds approved at the sole discretion of Lender.

 

 

Schedule I to Margin Loan and Security Agreement


Schedule II

House Margin Requirements

Cash and Cash Equivalents. 0% for USD cash and 2% for money market funds approved at the sole discretion of Lender.

Equity Positions. The House Margin Requirement for Borrower’s portfolio of Eligible Securities comprised of Equity Positions shall be determined by Lender as the sum of (i) the Base Equity Requirement and (ii) the Equity Add-On Requirement, as each are set forth below.

Base Equity Requirement – The Base Equity Requirement of an Equity Position shall be equal to the absolute value of the product of (x) 35% and (y) the net market value of such position. Market values will be appropriately adjusted for leveraged Equity ETFs, using the leverage factor of such ETFs (e.g., with respect to a double leveraged ETF, the market value of the ETF will be multiplied by two).

Equity Add-On Requirement – The Equity Add-On Requirement shall be equal to the sum of (A) the Country Add-On, (B) the Liquidity Add-On, (C) the Market Capitalization Add-On, and (D) the Sector Add-On, each as set forth below. For all add-ons, market values will be appropriately adjusted for leveraged Equity ETFs, using the leverage factor of such ETFs (e.g., with respect to a double leveraged ETF, the market value of the ETF will be multiplied by two).

 

  a.

Country Add-On, of a position in a portfolio shall be equal to the absolute value of the product of (x) the net market value of such position; and (y) the applicable value in the “Country Addon” table below.

 

    Country Multiplier     
    Country    Country Addon
             

Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Sweden, Singapore, United States

 

   0%
  Other    At Lender’s discretion

 

  b.

Liquidity Add-On, of a position in a portfolio shall be equal to the absolute value of the product of (x) the net market value of such position; and (y) the applicable value in the “Liquidity Add-on” table below. The Liquidity addon is based on the Days Trading Volume (DTV) of the position calculated as number of shares/average trading volume. Liquidity addon values are interpolated within specified ranges

 

 

Schedule II to Margin Loan and Security Agreement


Liquidity Multiplier

DTV    Liquidity Addon
< 2    0%
> = 2 and < 3    0% ~ 4%
> = 3 and < 4    4% ~ 10%
> = 4 and < 6    10% ~ 17%
> = 6 and < 8    17% ~ 23%
> = 8 and < 10    23% ~ 30%
> = 10 and < 12    30% ~ 35%
> = 12 and < 14    35% ~ 42%
> = 14 and < 16    42% ~ 48%
> = 16 and < 18    48% ~ 55%
> = 18 and < 20    55% ~ 65%
> = 20    65%

 

  c.

Market Capitalization Add-On, of a position in a portfolio shall be equal to the absolute value of product of (x) the net market value of such position; and (y) the applicable multiplier in the “Market Capitalization Add-on” table below, based on the Market Capitalization of the corresponding issuer.

Market Capitalization Add-on

Market Capitalization*    Market Cap Add-
on
<$100 M    65%
> = $100M and < $300M    65%
> = $300M and < $1B    10%

* M is million and B is billion

 

  d.

Sector Add-On, of a position in a portfolio shall be equal to the absolute value of the product of (x) the net market value of such Name; and (y) the applicable value in the “Equity – Sector Concentration Add-on” table below, based on the GMV% of the Sector (values are interpolated within specified ranges).

Equity – Sector Concentration Add-on

Sector Concentration Ratio    Sector Add-on
< 35%    0%
> = 35%    65%

Debt Positions. The House Margin Requirement for Borrower’s portfolio of Eligible Securities comprised of Debt Positions shall be determined by Lender as the Debt Margin Requirement, as defined below.

Debt Margin Requirement. The margin amount for Borrower’s portfolio of Eligible Securities comprised of Debt Positions shall be equal to the sum of (i) the Base Debt Requirement and (ii) any Debt Add-On Risk Charges.

Base Debt Requirement – The Base Debt Requirement of a Debt Position shall be equal to the absolute value of the product of (x) position market value and (y) the applicable debt margin rate based on the table below; provided that (a) the lower of Moody’s, S&P or Fitch ratings given that they have a published rating may be chosen at Lender’s sole discretion, (b) “NR” means a security is not rated (although ratings may be assigned by Lender in its sole discretion on a case by case basis

 

 

Schedule II to Margin Loan and Security Agreement


based on credit spreads which may be implied from price or CDS markets). Notwithstanding the above, component of the Base Debt Requirement calculation for (y) above with respect to a Debt Position that is a Convertible Bond shall be the lesser of (i) the applicable debt margin rate based on the table below and (ii) 100% of the Premium, plus 35% of the Parity. As used herein, (i) “Premium” means, with respect to any Convertible Bond, the price thereof minus Parity, and (ii) “Parity” means, with respect to any Convertible Bond, the conversion ratio multiplied by the stock price.

Debt Margin Rate Table

Debt Positions must be rated by S&P, Moody’s or Fitch. The lower of applicable ratings will be used at the discretion of Lender. If a bond has not priced in the last 5 Business Days, it is deemed to be illiquid and the margin requirement is increased to 100%.

Convertible Bonds – Tier 1

Countries

            Years to Maturity
Moody’s    S&P/Fitch Ratings    0-3    3-8    8-12    12-30
Aaa    AAA    4%    7%    9%    13%
Aa1 Aa2 Aa3    AA AA+ AA-    4%    7%    9%    13%
A1 A2 A3    A A+ A-    6%    10%    12%    15%
Baa1 Baa2 Baa3    BBB BBB+ BBB-    15%    17%    22%    25%
Ba1 Ba2 Ba3    BB BB+ BB-     25%      30%      35%     35%
B1 B2 B3    B B+ B-    30%    35%    40%    45%
Caa1 Caa2 Caa3    CCC CCC+ CCC-    45%    50%    55%    62%
Ca1 or Worse, NR    CC+ or Worse, NR    100%

Debt Add On-Risk Charges – The Debt Add-on Risk Charge shall be equal to the sum the “Debt Amount Outstanding Add-On” across all names in the portfolio.

Debt Amount Outstanding Add-On” means, with respect to Borrower’s portfolio of Eligible Securities comprised of Convertible Bonds, an amount equal to the product of (x) the aggregate Base Debt Requirement with respect thereto and (y) the “Amount Outstanding Add On” set forth in the table below.

Amount Outstanding Add On

% of outstanding issue*    Amount Outstanding Multiplier
< 10%    0
> = 10% and < 20%    0.5
> = 20% and < 30%    1
> = 30% and < 40%    1.5
> 40%    100% Requirement

* Issue: a set of bonds offered for sale by a corporation with the same interest rate and maturity and with a distinct identifier (e.g., cusip or isin).

 

 

Schedule II to Margin Loan and Security Agreement


EXHIBIT A

FORM OF NOTICE OF BORROWING

Bank of America, N.A.

One Bryant Park

New York, NY 10036

[Date]

Ladies and Gentlemen:

The undersigned, LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc. (“Borrower”), refers to the Margin Loan and Security Agreement dated as of May 6, 2022 (as amended, modified or restated from time to time, the “Loan Agreement”), by and between Borrower and Bank of America, N.A. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meaning given thereto in the Loan Agreement. The undersigned gives you notice, irrevocably, pursuant to Section 2.01(b) of the Loan Agreement, that the undersigned hereby requests an Advance under the Loan Agreement, and in that regard sets forth below the information relating to such Advance (the “Proposed Borrowing”) as required by Section 2.01(b) of the Loan Agreement:

 

  (i)

The Business Day of the Proposed Borrowing is ___________ __, ____.

 

  (ii)

The amount of the Proposed Borrowing is $_____________.

 

  (iii)

The account to which proceeds of the Proposed Borrowing should be deposited is ____________.

The undersigned hereby certifies that on the date of the Proposed Borrowing, (x) each of the representations and warranties contained in Article IV of the Loan Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such date, except to the extent that such representations and warranties specifically refer to an earlier date, in which case they shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date, and (y) all other conditions specified in Section 3.02 of the Loan Agreement will have been satisfied.

 

Very truly yours,

 

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.
By:  

     

Name:  

 

Title:  

 

 

 

 

 

Exhibit A to Margin Loan and Security Agreement


EXHIBIT B

FORM OF COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE

Bank of America, N.A.

One Bryant Park

New York, NY 10036

[Date]

Ladies and Gentlemen:

The undersigned, LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc. (“Borrower”), refers to the Margin Loan and Security Agreement dated as of May 6, 2022 (as amended, modified or restated from time to time, the “Loan Agreement”), by and between Borrower and Bank of America, N.A. (“Lender”). Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meaning given thereto in the Loan Agreement.

In accordance with Section 5.01(b)(iv) of the Loan Agreement, the undersigned hereby certifies (i) that the Asset Coverage Ratio of Borrower as of [____] is [____] and (ii) that Borrower is, as of the date hereof, in compliance in all respects with the Asset Coverage Ratio requirements set forth in the Loan Agreement and that no Default or Event of Default has occurred or is continuing as a result of any violation of such provisions.

By signing below, Borrower represents and warrants to Lender that all information Borrower has provided herein is true and accurate as of the date hereof.

 

Very truly yours,

 

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.
By:  

    

Name:  

 

Title:  

 

 

 

 

 

Exhibit B to Margin Loan and Security Agreement

Execution Version

FIRST AMENDMENT TO MARGIN LOAN AND SECURITY AGREEMENT

 

 

This First Amendment to Margin Loan and Security Agreement (this “Amendment”) is executed as of June 21, 2023, by and between LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC., a Maryland corporation registered as a diversified, closed-end management investment company (“Borrower”), and BANK OF AMERICA, N.A. (“Lender”).

WHEREAS, Borrower and Lender have previously entered into that certain Margin Loan and Security Agreement dated as of May 6, 2022 (as previously amended, the “Loan Agreement”); and

WHEREAS, Borrower and Lender have agreed to make certain amendments to the Loan Agreement as more particularly set forth herein.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the covenants set forth in this Amendment, and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto hereby agree that the Loan Agreement is hereby amended and modified as follows:

Section 1. Definitions. All capitalized terms used herein but not defined herein shall have the meaning ascribed thereto in the Loan Agreement.

Section 2. Amendments to Loan Agreement.

(a) Section 1.01 of the Loan Agreement is hereby amended by deleting the definition of “Borrowing Base” in its entirety and replacing it with the following:

Borrowing Base” means, as of any date of determination, an amount equal to the aggregate Value of the Eligible Securities in the Collateral Account as of such date less the House Margin Requirement for such Eligible Securities; provided, however, that (a) at no time shall more than ten percent (10%) of the Borrowing Base be attributable to a single issuer, (b) at no time shall the Borrowing Base include any Eligible Securities which represent more than forty percent (40%) of the outstanding securities issued by any single issuer, and (c) at no time shall more than forty percent (40%) of the Borrowing Base be attributable to Eligible Securities in a single GICS sector. Any assets in the Collateral Account that are not Eligible Securities (or which cease to be Eligible Securities) will not receive any value for purposes of determining the Borrowing Base. In no event shall any collateral value be given to any Eligible Securities in excess of (i) the amount permitted pursuant to the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation U or (ii) the limitations set forth on Schedule II.

(b) Schedule II of the Loan Agreement is hereby amended by deleting clause d. of the Equity Add-On Requirement in its entirety and replacing it with the following:

d. Sector Add-On, of a position in a portfolio shall be equal to the absolute value of the product of (x) the net market value of such Name; and (y) the applicable value in the “Equity – Sector Concentration Add-on” table below, based on the GMV% of the Sector (values are interpolated within specified ranges).

Equity – Sector Concentration Add-on

 

Sector Concentration Ratio

   Sector Add-on  

< 40%

     0

> = 40%

     65


Section 3. Conditions to this Amendment. This Amendment shall be effective upon satisfaction of the following conditions precedent.

(a) The Lender shall have received duly executed counterparts of this Amendment.

(b) No Default or Event of Default shall exist under the Loan Documents or would result from the execution of this Amendment.

(c) The representations and warranties of Borrower contained in Article IV of the Loan Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the date hereof except to the extent that such representations and warranties specifically refer to an earlier date, in which case they shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date.

Section 4. Acknowledgment, Ratification and Reaffirmation of Obligations. Borrower hereby acknowledges and reaffirms its Obligations under the Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents, as modified by this Amendment, and ratifies and confirms the continued effectiveness of the Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents, as modified by this Amendment. Except as modified hereby, the Loan Agreement and each of the other Loan Documents remains unmodified and in full force and effect and the valid, binding and enforceable obligations of Borrower, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally, and general principles of equity. All terms, covenants and conditions of the Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents, in each case as amended by this Amendment, are hereby ratified and confirmed in all respects by Borrower.

Section 5. No Claims; Offsets or Defenses. Borrower hereby acknowledges and agrees that, as of the date hereof, no such party has any existing defenses (other than the defenses of actual payment and performance), counterclaims, offsets, cross-complaints, causes of action, claims or demands of any kind or nature whatsoever, in each case with respect to causes of action, claims or demands known to such party as of the date hereof, against Lender, any loan participant, any servicer or any of their respective affiliates (including, without limitation, any usury or lender liability claims or defenses) arising out of the Obligations or the Loan Documents or, in connection with the Obligations. Borrower further acknowledges that any such claim is hereby, fully, finally and irrevocably released by Borrower.

Section 6. No Oral Modification. This Amendment may not be amended except pursuant to a written agreement executed by all of the parties hereto.

Section 7. Binding Upon Successors and Assigns. This Amendment shall inure to the benefit of, and shall be binding upon, the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns under the Loan Agreement, as amended hereby.

Section 8. Headings. The headings of the sections and subsections of this Amendment are for convenience of reference only and shall not be considered a part hereof nor shall they be deemed to limit or otherwise affect any of the terms or provisions hereof.

Section 9. Validity of Provisions. Any provision of this Amendment which may prove unenforceable under law shall not affect the validity of the other provisions hereof.

Section 10. Conflicting Provisions. In the event of any conflict between this Amendment and the terms of the Loan Agreement or any of the other Loan Documents, the terms of this Amendment shall govern and control.

 

 

Page 2


Section 11. No Waiver. Nothing contained in this Amendment shall be construed as a waiver by Lender of (a) any rights or remedies available to Lender pursuant to the Loan Agreement or any of the other Loan Documents or (b) any past, present or future breach or default on the part of Borrower under the Loan Agreement or the other Loan Documents.

Section 12. Authorization and Power. Borrower has the full power and requisite authority to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under this Amendment and any other document executed by Borrower in connection herewith and is duly authorized to, and has taken all action necessary to authorize it to, execute, deliver and fully perform its obligations under this Amendment.

Section 13. Valid and Binding Obligations. This Amendment constitutes legal, valid and binding obligations of Borrower, enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally, and general principles of equity.

Section 14. Consents, Etc. No consent, approval, authorization or order of any court or Governmental Authority or any third party is required in connection with the execution and delivery by Borrower of this Amendment or to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby, which consent has not been obtained.

Section 15. Conforming Modifications. This Amendment modifies and amends the Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents. This Amendment shall constitute a “Loan Document” as that term is defined in the Loan Agreement. References made in the Loan Agreement or any Loan Document to any other Loan Document shall be to such documents as modified by this Amendment (as applicable) and references therein to terms defined in the Loan Agreement or the other Loan Documents shall be to terms defined therein as modified by this Amendment (as applicable). Except as specifically modified and amended hereby, all other terms, conditions, and covenants contained in the Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents shall remain unmodified and in full force and effect and the valid, binding and enforceable obligations of Borrower, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally, and general principles of equity.

Section 16. Counterparts; Electronic Signatures. This Amendment may be executed in one or more counterparts with the same effect as if all parties hereto had signed the same document. All such counterparts shall be construed together and shall constitute one instrument, but in making proof hereof it shall only be necessary to produce one such counterpart. This Amendment shall be valid, binding, and enforceable against a party when executed and delivered by an authorized individual on behalf of the party by means of: (a) an original manual signature; (b) a faxed, scanned, or photocopied manual signature, or (c) any other electronic signature permitted by the Federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, state enactments of the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, and/or any other relevant electronic signatures law, including any relevant provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code, in each case to the extent applicable. Each faxed, scanned, or photocopied manual signature, or other electronic signature, shall for all purposes have the same validity, legal effect, and admissibility in evidence as an original manual signature. Each party hereto shall be entitled to conclusively rely upon, and shall have no liability with respect to, any faxed, scanned, or photocopied manual signature, or other electronic signature, of any other party and shall have no duty to investigate, confirm or otherwise verify the validity or authenticity thereof.

Section 17. Further Assurances. Borrower agrees to execute, acknowledge, deliver, file, record and publish, at its sole cost and expense, such further reasonable certificates, amendments, legal opinions, instruments and documents, and do all such other reasonable acts and things as may be required by law, or as may be reasonably requested by Lender from time to time, to carry out the intent and purposes of this Amendment.

 

 

Page 3


Section 18. Governing Law. This Amendment shall be subject to the provisions of Section 8.07 of the Loan Agreement.

Section 19. Entire Agreement. This Amendment, the Loan Agreement, the other Loan Documents and the documents executed and delivered by Borrower in connection herewith constitute the entire agreement among the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, and all understandings (oral or written) and agreements heretofore had among the parties are merged in or contained in this Amendment and such documents.

[Signature page follows]

 

 

Page 4


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Amendment to be duly executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the date first written above.

 

BORROWER:
LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC.
By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

Name:   Jane Trust
Title:   President and CEO

 

 

Signature Page to First Amendment to Margin Loan and Security Agreement


LENDER:
BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.
By:  

/s/ Michael Balbick

Name:   Michael Balbick
Title:   Director

 

 

Signature Page to First Amendment to Margin Loan and Security Agreement

Execution Version

SECOND AMENDMENT TO MARGIN LOAN AND SECURITY AGREEMENT

 

 

This Second Amendment to Margin Loan and Security Agreement (this “Amendment”) is executed as of November 15, 2023, by and between LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC., a Maryland corporation registered as a diversified, closed-end management investment company (“Borrower”), and BANK OF AMERICA, N.A. (“Lender”).

WHEREAS, Borrower and Lender have previously entered into that certain Margin Loan and Security Agreement dated as of May 6, 2022 (as amended, modified or restated prior to the date hereof, the “Loan Agreement”); and

WHEREAS, Borrower and Lender have agreed to make certain amendments to the Loan Agreement as more particularly set forth herein.

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the covenants set forth in this Amendment, and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto hereby agree that the Loan Agreement is hereby amended and modified as follows:

Section 1. Definitions. All capitalized terms used herein but not defined herein shall have the meaning ascribed thereto in the Loan Agreement.

Section 2. Amendments to Loan Agreement. The definition of “Spread” set forth in Section 1.01 of the Loan Agreement is hereby deleted in its entirety and replaced with the following:

Spread” means (a) for any day on which Utilization is less than 40%, 1.0% (100 basis points) per annum, or (b) for any day on which Utilization is equal to or greater than 40%, 0.80% (80 basis points) per annum.

Section 3. Conditions to this Amendment. This Amendment shall be effective upon satisfaction of the following conditions precedent.

(a) The Lender shall have received duly executed counterparts of this Amendment.

(b) No Default or Event of Default shall exist under the Loan Documents or would result from the execution of this Amendment.

(c) The representations and warranties of Borrower contained in Article IV of the Loan Agreement shall be true and correct in all material respects as of the date hereof except to the extent that such representations and warranties specifically refer to an earlier date, in which case they shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such earlier date.

Section 4. Acknowledgment, Ratification and Reaffirmation of Obligations. Borrower hereby acknowledges and reaffirms its Obligations under the Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents, as modified by this Amendment, and ratifies and confirms the continued effectiveness of the Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents, as modified by this Amendment. Except as modified hereby, the Loan Agreement and each of the other Loan Documents remains unmodified and in full force and effect and the valid, binding and enforceable obligations of Borrower, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally, and general principles of equity. All terms, covenants and conditions of the Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents, in each case as amended by this Amendment, are hereby ratified and confirmed in all respects by Borrower.

 

 


Section 5. No Claims; Offsets or Defenses. Borrower hereby acknowledges and agrees that, as of the date hereof, no such party has any existing defenses (other than the defenses of actual payment and performance), counterclaims, offsets, cross-complaints, causes of action, claims or demands of any kind or nature whatsoever, in each case with respect to causes of action, claims or demands known to such party as of the date hereof, against Lender, any loan participant, any servicer or any of their respective affiliates (including, without limitation, any usury or lender liability claims or defenses) arising out of the Obligations or the Loan Documents or, in connection with the Obligations. Borrower further acknowledges that any such claim is hereby, fully, finally and irrevocably released by Borrower.

Section 6. No Oral Modification. This Amendment may not be amended except pursuant to a written agreement executed by all of the parties hereto.

Section 7. Binding Upon Successors and Assigns. This Amendment shall inure to the benefit of, and shall be binding upon, the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns under the Loan Agreement, as amended hereby.

Section 8. Headings. The headings of the sections and subsections of this Amendment are for convenience of reference only and shall not be considered a part hereof nor shall they be deemed to limit or otherwise affect any of the terms or provisions hereof.

Section 9. Validity of Provisions. Any provision of this Amendment which may prove unenforceable under law shall not affect the validity of the other provisions hereof.

Section 10. Conflicting Provisions. In the event of any conflict between this Amendment and the terms of the Loan Agreement or any of the other Loan Documents, the terms of this Amendment shall govern and control.

Section 11. No Waiver. Nothing contained in this Amendment shall be construed as a waiver by Lender of (a) any rights or remedies available to Lender pursuant to the Loan Agreement or any of the other Loan Documents or (b) any past, present or future breach or default on the part of Borrower under the Loan Agreement or the other Loan Documents.

Section 12. Authorization and Power. Borrower has the full power and requisite authority to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under this Amendment and any other document executed by Borrower in connection herewith and is duly authorized to, and has taken all action necessary to authorize it to, execute, deliver and fully perform its obligations under this Amendment.

Section 13. Valid and Binding Obligations. This Amendment constitutes legal, valid and binding obligations of Borrower, enforceable in accordance with its terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally, and general principles of equity.

Section 14. Consents, Etc. No consent, approval, authorization or order of any court or Governmental Authority or any third party is required in connection with the execution and delivery by Borrower of this Amendment or to consummate the transactions contemplated hereby, which consent has not been obtained.

Section 15. Conforming Modifications. This Amendment modifies and amends the Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents. This Amendment shall constitute a “Loan Document” as that term is defined in the Loan Agreement. References made in the Loan Agreement or any Loan Document to any other Loan Document shall be to such documents as modified by this Amendment (as applicable) and references therein to terms defined in the Loan Agreement or the other Loan Documents shall be to terms defined therein as modified by this Amendment (as applicable). Except as specifically modified and

 

 

Page 2


amended hereby, all other terms, conditions, and covenants contained in the Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents shall remain unmodified and in full force and effect and the valid, binding and enforceable obligations of Borrower, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting the rights of creditors generally, and general principles of equity.

Section 16. Counterparts; Electronic Signatures. This Amendment may be executed in one or more counterparts with the same effect as if all parties hereto had signed the same document. All such counterparts shall be construed together and shall constitute one instrument, but in making proof hereof it shall only be necessary to produce one such counterpart. This Amendment shall be valid, binding, and enforceable against a party when executed and delivered by an authorized individual on behalf of the party by means of: (a) an original manual signature; (b) a faxed, scanned, or photocopied manual signature, or (c) any other electronic signature permitted by the Federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, state enactments of the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, and/or any other relevant electronic signatures law, including any relevant provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code, in each case to the extent applicable. Each faxed, scanned, or photocopied manual signature, or other electronic signature, shall for all purposes have the same validity, legal effect, and admissibility in evidence as an original manual signature. Each party hereto shall be entitled to conclusively rely upon, and shall have no liability with respect to, any faxed, scanned, or photocopied manual signature, or other electronic signature, of any other party and shall have no duty to investigate, confirm or otherwise verify the validity or authenticity thereof.

Section 17. Further Assurances. Borrower agrees to execute, acknowledge, deliver, file, record and publish, at its sole cost and expense, such further reasonable certificates, amendments, legal opinions, instruments and documents, and do all such other reasonable acts and things as may be required by law, or as may be reasonably requested by Lender from time to time, to carry out the intent and purposes of this Amendment.

Section 18. Governing Law. This Amendment shall be subject to the provisions of Section 8.07 of the Loan Agreement.

Section 19. Entire Agreement. This Amendment, the Loan Agreement, the other Loan Documents and the documents executed and delivered by Borrower in connection herewith constitute the entire agreement among the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, and all understandings (oral or written) and agreements heretofore had among the parties are merged in or contained in this Amendment and such documents.

[Signature page follows]

 

 

Page 3


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Amendment to be duly executed by their duly authorized representatives as of the date first written above.

 

BORROWER:
LMP CAPITAL AND INCOME FUND INC.
By:  

/s/ Jane Trust

Name:   Jane Trust
Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer
LENDER:
BANK OF AMERICA, N.A.
By:  

/s/ Michael Balbick

Name:   Michael Balbick
Title:   Director

 

 

Signature Page to Second Amendment to Margin Loan and Security Agreement

LOGO

March 13, 2025

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.

620 Eighth Avenue, 47th Floor

New York, New York 10018

 

  Re:

Registration Statement on Form N-2 (File Nos. 333-284227 and 811-21467)

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We have served as Maryland counsel to LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc., a Maryland corporation registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), as a closed-end management investment company (the “Company”), in connection with certain matters of Maryland law arising out of the registration of the following securities of the Company having an aggregate initial offering price of up to $150,000,000 (collectively, the “Securities”): (i) shares (the “Shares”) of common stock, $0.001 par value per share (“Common Stock”), and (ii) subscription rights for shares of Common Stock (“Subscription Rights”) covered by the above-referenced Registration Statement, and all amendments thereto (the “Registration Statement”), filed by the Company with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “1933 Act”), and the 1940 Act.

In connection with our representation of the Company, and as a basis for the opinion hereinafter set forth, we have examined originals, or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of the following documents (collectively, the “Documents”):

1. The Registration Statement and the related form of prospectus included therein, substantially in the form transmitted to the Commission under the 1933 Act and the 1940 Act;

2. The charter of the Company (the “Charter”), certified by the State Department of Assessments and Taxation of Maryland (the “SDAT”);

3. The Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, certified as of the date hereof by an officer of the Company;

4. A certificate of the SDAT as to the good standing of the Company, dated as of a recent date;


LOGO

 

 

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.

March 13, 2025

Page 2

 

5. Resolutions (the “Resolutions”) adopted by the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) relating to the registration and issuance of the Securities, certified as of the date hereof by an officer of the Company;

6. A certificate executed by an officer of the Company, dated as of the date hereof; and

7. Such other documents and matters as we have deemed necessary or appropriate to express the opinion set forth below, subject to the assumptions, limitations and qualifications stated herein.

In expressing the opinion set forth below, we have assumed the following:

1. Each individual executing any of the Documents, whether on behalf of such individual or another person, is legally competent to do so.

2. Each individual executing any of the Documents on behalf of a party (other than the Company) is duly authorized to do so.

3. Each of the parties (other than the Company) executing any of the Documents has duly and validly executed and delivered each of the Documents to which such party is a signatory, and such party’s obligations set forth therein are legal, valid and binding and are enforceable in accordance with all stated terms.

4. All Documents submitted to us as originals are authentic. The form and content of all Documents submitted to us as unexecuted drafts do not differ in any respect relevant to this opinion from the form and content of such Documents as executed and delivered. All Documents submitted to us as certified or photostatic copies conform to the original documents. All signatures on all such Documents are genuine. All public records reviewed or relied upon by us or on our behalf are true and complete. All representations, warranties, statements and information contained in the Documents are true and complete. There has been no oral or written modification of or amendment to any of the Documents, and there has been no waiver of any provision of any of the Documents, by action or omission of the parties or otherwise.


LOGO

 

 

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.

March 13, 2025

Page 3

 

5. The issuance, and certain terms, of the Securities to be issued by the Company from time to time will be authorized and approved by the Board, or a duly authorized committee thereof, in accordance with the Maryland General Corporation Law, the Charter, the Bylaws, the Registration Statement and the Resolutions; and with respect to any Subscription Rights, a Subscription Rights Certificate representing such Subscription Rights will be duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company and the specific terms of such Subscription Rights will be duly established by the Board, and such Subscription Rights will be duly distributed by the Company, in accordance with the Charter, the Bylaws, the Registration Statement and the Resolutions (such approvals referred to herein as the “Corporate Proceedings”).

6. Upon the issuance of any Shares, including Shares that may be issued upon the conversion or exercise of any Subscription Rights, the total number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding will not exceed the total number of shares of Common Stock that the Company is then authorized to issue under the Charter.

Based upon the foregoing, and subject to the assumptions, limitations and qualifications stated herein, it is our opinion that:

1. The Company is a corporation duly incorporated and existing under and by virtue of the laws of the State of Maryland and is in good standing with the SDAT.

2. Upon the completion of all Corporate Proceedings relating to the Shares, the issuance of the Shares will be duly authorized and, when and if issued and delivered against payment therefor in accordance with the Registration Statement, the Resolutions and the Corporate Proceedings, the Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.

3.  Upon the completion of all Corporate Proceedings relating to the Subscription Rights, the issuance of the Subscription Rights will be duly authorized.

The foregoing opinion is limited to the laws of the State of Maryland and we do not express any opinion herein concerning any other law. We express no opinion as to the applicability or effect of the 1940 Act or other federal securities laws, or state securities laws, including the securities laws of the State of Maryland. To the extent that any matter as to which our opinion is expressed herein would be governed by the laws of any jurisdiction other than the State of Maryland, we do not express any opinion on such matter. The opinion expressed herein is subject to the effect of judicial decisions which may permit the introduction of parol evidence to modify the terms or the interpretation of agreements.

The opinion expressed herein is limited to the matters specifically set forth herein and no other opinion shall be inferred beyond the matters expressly stated. We assume no obligation to supplement this opinion if any applicable law changes after the date hereof or if we become aware of any fact that might change the opinion expressed herein after the date hereof.


LOGO

 

 

LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.

March 13, 2025

Page 4

 

This opinion is being furnished to you for submission to the Commission as an exhibit to the Registration Statement. We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement and to the use of the name of our firm therein. In giving this consent, we do not admit that we are within the category of persons whose consent is required by Section 7 of the 1933 Act.

 

Very truly yours,
/s/ Venable LLP

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in this Registration Statement on Form N-2 of LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc. of our report dated January 21, 2025, relating to the financial statements and financial highlights, which appears in LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.’s Annual Report on Form N-CSR for the year ended November 30, 2024. We also consent to the references to us under the headings “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm”, “Financial Statements”, “Senior Securities”, and “Financial Highlights” in such Registration Statement.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Baltimore, Maryland

March 10, 2025

 

LOGO

 

Personal Investments and

Insider Trading Policy (“the policy”)

   LOGO

LOGO

(This Policy serves as a code of ethics adopted pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the

Investment Company Act of 1940 and Rule 204A-1 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940)

Revised September 9, 2024

 

SECTION 1.

  PURPOSE OF THE POLICY      2  

1.1

  SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE POLICY      2  

1.2

  STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES      2  

1.3

  PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES      2  

1.4

  MONITORING OF THE POLICY AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION      3  

SECTION 2.

  PERSONAL INVESTMENTS      3  

2.1

  STATEMENT ON COVERED EMPLOYEE INVESTMENTS      3  

2.2

  CATEGORIES OF PERSONS SUBJECT TO THE POLICY      3  

2.3

  ACCOUNTS AND TRANSACTIONS COVERED BY THE POLICY      4  

2.4

  PROHIBITED TRANSACTIONS      4  

2.5

  ADDITIONAL PROHIBITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCESS PERSONS AND PORTFOLIO PERSONS      5  

2.6

  REPORTING REQUIREMENTS      6  

2.7

  PRE-CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS      7  

2.8

  REQUIREMENTS FOR INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS      8  

SECTION 3.

  INSIDER TRADING      8  

3.1

  POLICY ON INSIDER TRADING      8  

SECTION 4.

  RELATED POLICIES AND REQUIREMENTS      9  

4.1

  STATEMENT ON OTHER POLICIES AND REQUIREMENTS      9  

SECTION 5.

  ADMINISTRATION OF THE POLICY, WAIVERS & REPORTING VIOLATIONS      9  

5.1

  CODE OF ETHICS COMMITTEE; REPORTING TO FT FUND BOARDS      9  

5.2

  VIOLATIONS OF THE POLICY      9  

5.3

  WAIVERS OF THE POLICY      9  

5.4

  REPORTING VIOLATIONS      10  

This document is the proprietary product of Franklin Templeton. Any unauthorized use, reproduction or transfer of this document is strictly prohibited. Franklin Templeton © 2024. All Rights Reserved.

 

 

Franklin Templeton


Personal investments and insider trading policy    September 2024    2

 

SECTION 1. PURPOSE OF THE POLICY

 

1.1

Scope and Purpose of the Policy

The Franklin Templeton Personal Investments and Insider Trading Policy (the “Policy”) applies to the personal investment activities of all Covered Employees (as defined in section 2.2 of the Policy) of Franklin Resources, Inc. (“FRI”) and all of its subsidiaries (collectively, “Franklin Templeton”).

Franklin Templeton provides services to the funds that are advised or sub-advised by a Franklin Templeton investment adviser (the “FT Funds”) and other client accounts (“Client Accounts”). Thus, for purposes of this Policy, “FT Fund” includes all open-end and closed-end funds within the Franklin Templeton Group of Funds, as well as any other fund that is advised or sub-advised by a Franklin Templeton investment adviser, such as the Putnam Funds.

The purpose of the Policy is to summarize the values, principles and business practices that guide Franklin Templeton’s business conduct and to establish a set of principles to guide Covered Employees regarding the conduct expected of them when managing their personal investments.

 

1.2

Statement of Principles

All Covered Employees are required to conduct themselves in a lawful, honest and ethical manner in their business practices and to maintain an environment that fosters fairness, respect and integrity.

Franklin Templeton’s policy is that the interests of the FT Funds and Client Accounts are paramount and come before the interests of any employee. Information concerning the securities, which include derivatives, such as futures, options and swaps, holdings and financial circumstances of the FT Funds and Client Accounts, as well as the identity of certain Client Accounts, is confidential and Covered Employees are required to safeguard this information.

The personal investment activities of Covered Employees must be conducted in a manner to avoid actual or potential conflicts of interest with the FT Funds and Client Accounts. In particular, to the extent that a Covered Employee learns of an investment opportunity because of his or her position with Franklin Templeton (e.g., internal or third party research, Franklin Templeton or company sponsored conferences, or communications with company officers), the Covered Employee must give preference to the FT Funds or Client Accounts.

Personal transactions in a security may not be executed, regardless of quantity, if the Covered Employee has access to information regarding, or knowledge or even a presumed knowledge of, FT Fund or Client Account activity in such security, including proposed activity and recommendations.

 

1.3

Prohibited Activities

Covered Employees generally are prohibited from engaging or participating in any activity that has the potential to cause harm to an FT Fund or Client Account. Examples of prohibited activities include, but are not limited to:

 

   

Making investment decisions, changes in research ratings and trading decisions other than exclusively for the benefit of, and in the best interest of, the FT Funds or Client Accounts;

 

   

Taking, delaying or omitting to take any action with respect to any research recommendation, report or rating or any investment or trading decision for an FT Fund or Client Account in order to avoid economic injury to themselves or anyone other than the FT Funds or Client Accounts;

 

   

Purchasing or selling a security on the basis of knowledge of a possible trade by or for an FT Fund or Client Account with the intent of personally profiting from, or avoiding a loss with respect to, personal holdings in the same or related securities;

 

 

Franklin Templeton


Personal investments and insider trading policy    September 2024    3

 

 

   

Revealing to any other person (except in the normal course of the Covered Employee’s duties on behalf of an FT Fund or Client Account) any information regarding securities transactions by any FT Fund or Client Account or the consideration by any FT Fund or Client Account of any such securities transactions; or

 

   

Engaging in any act, practice or course of business that operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit on an FT Fund or Client Account or engaging in any manipulative practice with respect to any FT Fund or Client Account.

 

1.4

Monitoring of the Policy and Additional Information

Questions regarding the Policy and related requirements should be directed to the Code of Ethics Department located in San Mateo, CA. The Code of Ethics Department can be reached by e-mail at lpreclear@franklintempleton.com. The Code of Ethics Department uses StarCompliance, https://franklintempleton.starcompliance.com/ an automated transaction pre-clearance system, to manage the oversight of personal investments. Administration of the Policy is the responsibility of the Code of Ethics Committee.

SECTION 2. PERSONAL INVESTMENTS

 

2.1

Statement on Covered Employee Investments

Franklin Templeton recognizes the importance to Covered Employees of managing their own financial resources. However, because of the potential conflicts of interest inherent in its business, Franklin Templeton has implemented this Policy with regard to personal investments of Covered Employees. This Policy is designed to minimize these conflicts and help ensure that Franklin Templeton focuses on meeting its duties as a fiduciary to the FT Funds or Client Accounts.

Covered Employees should be aware that their ability to invest in certain securities and to liquidate those positions may be severely restricted under this Policy due to trading by the FT Funds or Client Accounts, including during times of market volatility. Therefore, as a general matter, Franklin Templeton encourages Covered Employees to exercise caution when investing in individual securities, particularly in situations where a Covered Employee wishes to invest in securities held or likely to be held by the FT Funds or Client Accounts.

Franklin Templeton also discourages Covered Employees from engaging in a pattern of securities transactions that is so excessively frequent as to potentially impact the Covered Employee’s ability to carry out their assigned responsibilities, increases the possibility of potential conflicts or violates the Policy or the FT Funds’ prospectuses.

 

2.2

Categories of Persons Subject to the Policy

All persons subject to the Policy are assigned to the following categories based on their access to information regarding, or involvement in, investment activities. In limited circumstances, certain affiliates of FRI may adopt separate policies or codes of ethics governing personal trading to address the specific features of their investment activities and operations. Persons subject to other personal trading policies or codes of ethics adopted by Franklin Templeton or its affiliates generally are exempt from this Policy. Please consult the Code of Ethics Department if you have any questions about how this Policy applies to you.

Covered Employees: Covered Employees are: (1) partners, officers, directors (or persons occupying a similar status or having similar functions) and employees (including certain designated temporary employees or consultants) of any Franklin Templeton investment adviser, as well as any other persons who provide advice on behalf of any Franklin Templeton investment adviser and are subject to the supervision and control of that investment adviser; (2) Access Persons, as defined below; and (3) Independent directors of FT Funds within the Franklin Templeton Group of Funds and independent directors of Franklin Templeton investment advisers (collectively, “Independent Directors”).

 

 

Franklin Templeton


Personal investments and insider trading policy    September 2024    4

 

Access Persons: Access Persons are those who have access to non-public information regarding FT Funds’ or Client Accounts’ securities transactions; or have access to recommendations that are non-public; or have access to non-public information regarding the portfolio holdings of the FT Funds or Client Accounts.

Portfolio Persons: Portfolio Persons, a subset of Access Persons, are those who, in connection with their regular functions or duties, make or participate in the decision to purchase or sell a security by an FT Fund or Client Account or if his or her functions relate to the making of any recommendations about those purchases or sales.

Please see the Appendix to this Policy for a table indicating how the provisions of the Policy apply to each category of persons. In addition, please see section 2.8 of the Policy for a description of the requirements for Independent Directors.

 

2.3

Accounts and Transactions Covered by the Policy

The Policy covers two types of securities accounts and transactions: (1) those in which Covered Employees have or share investment control, and (2) those in which Covered Employees have direct or indirect beneficial ownership. Generally, a person has a beneficial ownership in a security if he or she, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, has or shares a direct or indirect pecuniary interest in the security. “Pecuniary interest” has the same meaning as in Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Generally, a pecuniary interest in a security means the opportunity, directly or indirectly, to profit or share in any profit derived from a transaction in the security. Covered Employees are presumed to have a pecuniary interest in securities held by members of their immediate family or domestic partners sharing the same household.

Certain types of securities and investments are exempt from the Policy. These include, but are not limited to, direct obligations of the U.S. government, money market instruments, and registered open-end funds other than the FT Funds. Cryptocurrencies and digital assets must be precleared and are reportable only, (1) by members of those investment teams investing in cryptocurrencies, or any FT employee involved in trading or the creation and redemption process for any FT digital currency Fund or account, and (2) for the cryptocurrencies in which they are investing on behalf of clients or funds, and (3) those involved in the creation and redemption process for any FT digital currency ETF must also preclear their investments in FT digital Funds. Please consult the Code of Ethics Department for further information about specific types of securities that are exempt from the Policy.

 

2.4

Prohibited Transactions

Trading that Conflicts with FT Funds or Client Accounts

Covered Employees are prohibited from any trading activity that conflicts with the FT Funds’ or Client Accounts’ trading activity. Examples of prohibited trading activity include, but are not limited to:

 

   

“front running” or trading ahead of an FT Fund or Client Account; and

 

   

trading parallel to or against an FT Fund or Client Account.

Short Sales of Securities Issued by Franklin Resources and FT Sponsored Closed-end Funds and Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)

Covered Employees are prohibited from effecting short sales, including “short sales against the box,” of securities issued by FRI, or any FT sponsored closed-end funds or FT exchange traded funds (ETFs). This prohibition includes economically equivalent transactions such as call or put options, swap transactions or other derivatives that would result in having a net short exposure to FRI or any closed-end fund or ETF sponsored or advised by Franklin Templeton.

 

 

Franklin Templeton


Personal investments and insider trading policy    September 2024    5

 

Pledged Securities

Directors and Executive Officers are also prohibited from pledging, hypothecating or otherwise encumbering securities issued by Franklin Resources as described in greater detail in the FRI Code of Ethics and Business Conduct.

Trading in Shares of the FT Funds

A Covered Employee is prohibited from buying or selling shares of an FT Fund while in possession of material non-public information about the FT Fund. Specifically, Covered Employees are prohibited from taking personal advantage of their non-public knowledge of recent or impending investment activities of FT Funds or the FT Funds’ investment advisers or any other non-public information that a reasonable investor would likely consider important in making his or her investment decisions, including information that may have a material effect on an FT Fund’s share price or net asset value.

In addition, Covered Employees must keep confidential at all times non-public information they may obtain about an FT Fund, including but not limited to information such as portfolio holdings, pricing or valuation of an FT Fund’s portfolio holdings, recent or impending securities transactions by an FT Fund, changes related to an FT Fund’s investment adviser, offerings of new FT Funds, changes to investment minimums, FT Fund closures or liquidations, changes to investment personnel, FT Fund flow activity, and information on current or prospective FT Fund shareholders.

Please consult your local Legal or Compliance department if you have any questions about materiality, confidentiality, or any other concerns before trading on or sharing non-public information relating to FT Funds.

Special Provision Relating to Ownership of Putnam Funds

Employees of Putnam Investment Management, LLC, The Putnam Advisory Company LLC, Putnam Investments Limited and of the principal underwriter of the Putnam open-end U.S. mutual funds Franklin Distributors, LLC (collectively, the “Putman Entities”) must hold shares of Putnam open-end U.S. mutual funds through the Putnam transfer agent (Putnam Investor Services, Inc.) and all transactions must be executed through Franklin Distributors, LLC as dealer of record. Holding Putnam mutual fund shares in discretionary accounts is prohibited. This requirement does not apply to shares of Putnam mutual funds owned in retirement accounts or other accounts required to be held through third-party administrators.

Short-Term Trading in Open-end FT Funds

Franklin Templeton discourages short-term or excessive trading, often referred to as “market timing,” in shares of the open-end FT Funds. Covered Employees must be familiar with the “Frequent Trading Policy” or its equivalent described in the prospectus of each open-end FT Fund in which they invest and must not engage in trading activity that might violate the purpose or intent of such policy. Accordingly, all Covered Employees must comply with the purpose and intent of each open-end FT Fund’s Frequent Trading Policy or its equivalent and must not engage in any short-term trading (if the relevant FT Fund has adopted a policy regarding short-term trading) or excessive trading in open-end FT Funds.

For open-end FT Funds within the Franklin Templeton Group of Funds, including FT Funds purchased through a 401(k) plan, trading activity by Covered Employees is monitored and any trading patterns or behaviors that may constitute short-term or excessive trading is reported to the Code of Ethics Department. These reports will include descriptions of any actions taken and any sanctions or penalties imposed in response to such trading activity. This policy does not apply to purchases and sales of money market funds.

 

2.5

Additional Prohibitions and Requirements for Access Persons and Portfolio Persons

Initial Public Offerings

Access Persons are prohibited from investing in securities sold in an initial public offering or a secondary offering (including Initial Coin Offerings (“ICOs”)) by an issuer except for offerings of securities made by closed-end FT Funds advised or sub-advised by Franklin Templeton. However, IPOs may be permissible in certain circumstances or jurisdictions. Please contact the Code of Ethics department or your local Compliance Officer in advance of executing any IPO.

 

 

Franklin Templeton


Personal investments and insider trading policy    September 2024    6

 

Single Stock ETFs

Access Persons are prohibited from investing in single stock ETFs including derivatives of the single stock ETF such as options.

Short Sales of Securities

Portfolio Persons are prohibited from selling short any security held by the FT Funds, including “short sales against the box.” This prohibition also applies to effecting economically equivalent transactions, including, but not limited to, sales of uncovered call options, sales of put options while not owning the underlying security, and short sales of bonds that are convertible into equity positions, swaps or other derivatives where the security is held by FT Funds.

Short Swing Rule

Portfolio Persons are subject to a short swing rule whereby they cannot sell shares of a security at a price higher than any price paid within the prior 60 calendar days or buy a security at a price below any price which they sold it within the past 60 calendar days, including transactions in derivatives and transactions that may occur in margin and option accounts. Any profits made must be disgorged. Please consult the Code of Ethics Department for any exemptions and how profits are calculated.

Disclosure of Interest in Securities or Private Investments

Portfolio Persons are required to disclose any interest they have in the securities of an issuer or direct investment in any company if they are involved in either analysis or investment decisions related to the issuer or company. Portfolio Persons must re-disclose any such interest if they participate in later recommendations or investment decisions related to the issuer or company.

Portfolio Persons must also disclose any personal transactions they are contemplating in the securities referenced above, any position they hold with the issuer and any proposed business relationship between the issuer and the Portfolio Person or any party in which the Portfolio Person has an interest.

The disclosures above must be made to their Chief Investment Officer and /or Director of Research.

 

2.6

Reporting Requirements

All Accounts

All Covered Employees must complete an Initial Code of Ethics Certification no later than 10 calendar days after the date the person is notified by a member of the Human Resources Department of the requirement to do so. Additionally, by February 15th of each subsequent year they must complete an annual certification that they have complied with and will comply with the Policy.

Access Persons must also file an Initial Broker Accounts Certification and Initial Holdings Certification no later than 10 calendar days after the date the person is notified by a member of the Human Resources Department of the requirement to do so. Additionally, by February 15th of each subsequent year, Access Persons must file a then current annual report of all personal securities accounts and securities holdings and must certify that they have complied with and will comply with the Policy.

Non-Discretionary Accounts

On a quarterly basis, and no later than 30 calendar days after the end of each calendar quarter, every Access Person must report all transactions in securities covered by this Policy, except for those executed through an Automatic Investment Plan or that would duplicate information already provided in broker confirmations or statements sent to the Code of Ethics Department directly from the broker.

 

 

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Personal investments and insider trading policy    September 2024    7

 

No later than 30 calendar days after the calendar quarter, Access Persons must report any account established in which any securities were held during that calendar quarter.

Discretionary Accounts

Reporting of transactions is not required for discretionary accounts. A discretionary account is managed by a non-affiliated third party (registered broker-dealer, a registered investment adviser, or other investment manager acting in a similar fiduciary capacity) who exercises sole investment discretion.

The Access Person must certify initially and annually thereafter that they do not have investment control of the discretionary account other than the right to terminate. If the Access Person makes or participates in an investment decision for an account that has been reported as a discretionary account, any transactions related to that investment decision must be pre-cleared. If there is any uncertainty about whether a particular account would be deemed discretionary for purposes of the Policy, please consult the Code of Ethics Department.

 

2.7

Pre-Clearance Requirements

Securities Transactions

Access Persons must obtain pre-clearance from the Code of Ethics Department before buying or selling any security (other than those not requiring pre-clearance, a full list of which is available from the Code of Ethics Department) and are always prohibited from executing transactions in a security if aware that the FT Funds or Client Accounts are active or contemplate being active in the security (even if the transactions have been pre-cleared). Pre-clearance requests should be submitted via StarCompliance.

Private Investments and Limited Offerings

Access Persons must obtain pre-clearance from the Code of Ethics Department before investing in a private placement or purchasing other securities in a limited offering. For example, investments in private or unregistered funds (i.e., hedge funds) are required to be pre-cleared under the Policy.

Discretionary Accounts

Transactions in discretionary accounts do not need to be pre-cleared if satisfactory evidence has been provided to the Code of Ethics Department that sole investment discretion has been granted to an investment manager. If the Access Person makes or participates in an investment decision for an account that has been reported as a discretionary account, any transactions related to that investment decision must be pre-cleared.

Exemptions from Pre-Clearance

Certain types of securities and transactions are exempt from pre-clearance requirements. Examples of these types of securities and transactions include, but are not limited to, shares issued by FRI; shares of open-end Funds (including FT open-ended Funds) and permitted ETFs (including FT ETFs for certain FT employees) and closed-end funds (excluding FT sponsored closed-end Funds); certain government obligations and transactions effected pursuant to dividend reinvestment plans. In addition, transactions in small quantities of securities (e.g., in the case of equity securities, 500 shares within a 30 calendar day period) are not required to be pre-cleared. Please consult the Code of Ethics Department for further information about the types of securities and transactions that are exempt from the pre-clearance requirements of the Policy.

“Intent” Is Important

While pre-clearance of Access Persons’ transactions is a cornerstone of Franklin Templeton’s compliance efforts, it cannot detect inappropriate or illegal transactions where the intent conflicts with the principles of the Policy. Thus, the fact that a proposed transaction received pre-clearance is not a defense against a charge of violating the Policy or the securities laws. For example, even if an Access Person received pre-clearance for a transaction, that transaction might constitute front-running if it occurred shortly before a transaction by an FT Fund or Client Account that the Access Person was aware of. In cases like this, the intent may not be evident when a particular transaction request is analyzed for pre-clearance.

 

 

Franklin Templeton


Personal investments and insider trading policy    September 2024    8

 

2.8

Requirements for Independent Directors

Pre-clearance and Reporting Requirements

Unless covered by a separate policy, an Independent Director is subject to the pre-clearance and transaction reporting requirements of the Policy only if such Independent Director, at the time of his or her transaction, knew or should have known that, during the 15 calendar day period before or after the date of the Independent Director’s transaction, the security was purchased or sold or considered for purchase or sale by an FT Fund or Client Account. The pre-clearance and reporting requirements of the Policy do not apply to securities transactions conducted in an account where an Independent Director has granted full investment discretion to a brokerage firm, bank or investment adviser or conducted in a trust account in which the trustee has full investment discretion. Independent Directors are not required to disclose any securities holdings or brokerage accounts, including brokerage accounts where he/she has granted discretionary authority to a brokerage firm, bank or investment adviser.

Initial and Annual Acknowledgment Reports

An Independent Director must complete and return an executed Acknowledgment Form to the Code of Ethics Department no later than 10 calendar days after the date the person becomes an Independent Director. Independent Directors will be asked to certify by February 15th of each year that they have complied with and will comply with the Policy by filing the Acknowledgment Form with the Code of Ethics Department.

SECTION 3. INSIDER TRADING

 

3.1

Policy on Insider Trading

Insider trading, or trading on material non-public information, is against the law and penalties are severe, both for individuals involved in such unlawful conduct and their employers. No Covered Employee may (1) trade, either personally or on behalf of the FT Funds or Client Accounts, while in possession of material non-public information, or (2) communicate material non-public information to others.

Material non-public information may be obtained by many means, both in connection with a Covered Employee’s job functions (e.g., from meetings with company executives or consultations with expert networks) or independent of the Covered Employee’s employment or relationship with Franklin Templeton (e.g., from friends or relatives).

Before trading for themselves or others (including FT Funds and Client Accounts) in the securities of a company about which a Covered Employee potentially may have material non-public information, the Covered Employee should consider the following questions:

 

   

First, is the information material? Information is considered material if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider the information to be important in making his or her investment decision, or if it is reasonably certain to have a substantial effect on the price of the company’s securities.

 

   

Second, is the information non-public? Information is non-public until it has been effectively communicated to the marketplace. For example, information in a report filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or that appears in a publication of general circulation (e.g., The Wall Street Journal or Reuters) would be considered public. If the information has been obtained from someone who is betraying an obligation not to share the information (e.g., a company insider), that information is very likely to be non-public.

If, after consideration of these questions, the Covered Employee believes that the information that they have about a company may be material and non-public, or if the Covered Employee has questions as to whether the information is material or non-public, he or she must report the matter immediately to Trading Desk Compliance/IC, the designated Compliance Officer or Legal Department. In addition, the Covered Employee must not purchase or sell any securities issued by such company on behalf of themselves or others (including on behalf of any FT Fund or Client Account), or communicate the information inside or outside Franklin Templeton.

 

 

Franklin Templeton


Personal investments and insider trading policy    September 2024    9

 

Trading Desk Compliance/IC or the Compliance Officer will promptly contact the Legal Department for advice. After review of the facts, the Legal Department, Trading Desk Compliance/IC or the Compliance Officer will provide instructions to the Covered Employee. If the information in the Covered Employee’s possession is determined to be material and non-public, the Covered Employee is required to keep the information confidential and secure. Those securities for which the Covered Employee has material non-public information will be placed on restricted trading lists for a timeframe determined by the Compliance Officer.

SECTION 4. RELATED POLICIES AND REQUIREMENTS

 

4.1

Statement on Other Policies and Requirements

In addition to the Policy, Covered Employees are required to observe the applicable policies and procedures prescribed in the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct, the policies contained in the U.S. and non-U.S. employee handbooks (as applicable), and various other policies adopted by Franklin Templeton.

SECTION 5. ADMINISTRATION OF THE POLICY, WAIVERS & REPORTING VIOLATIONS

 

5.1

Code of Ethics Committee; Reporting to FT Fund Boards

The Code of Ethics Committee is responsible for the administration of the Policy and provides oversight of compliance with the personal trading requirements of the Policy. Among other things, the Committee has the authority and responsibility to review the Policy periodically, review sanction guidelines for violations of the Policy and review trading violations and waivers granted.

At least annually, the FT Fund Boards who have adopted this policy will be provided with a report describing any issues arising under the Policy if requested. FT Fund Boards may require more frequent reporting, including detailing all violations of the Policy.

 

5.2

Violations of the Policy

A Covered Employee that violates this Policy will be sanctioned in a manner commensurate with the violation. Prescribed sanctions range from warning memos for a first time failure to pre-clear a transaction to the immediate sale of positions, disgorgement of profits, personal trading suspensions and other sanctions, up to and including termination and reporting to regulatory authorities for more serious violations.

 

5.3

Waivers of the Policy

The Chief Compliance Officer of the relevant investment adviser, or primary regional officer, may, in his or her discretion, waive compliance by any Covered Employee with the provisions of the Policy, if he or she finds that such a waiver:

 

  (1)

is necessary to alleviate undue hardship or in view of unforeseen circumstances or is otherwise appropriate under all the relevant facts and circumstances;

 

  (2)

will not be inconsistent with the purposes and objectives of the Policy;

 

  (3)

will not adversely affect the interests of the FT Funds or Client Accounts or the interests of Franklin Templeton; and

 

  (4)

will not result in a transaction or conduct that would violate provisions of applicable laws or regulations.

 

 

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Any waiver will be in writing, will contain a statement of the basis for it, and any waivers granted by the Chief Compliance Officer of the relevant investment adviser, or primary regional officer, will be reported to the SVP of Regulatory Compliance.

 

5.4

Reporting Violations

Covered Employees are required to report violations of the Policy or the related Procedures, whether by themselves or by others.

Franklin Templeton is dedicated to providing Covered Employees with the means and opportunity to report violations of the Policy or the related Procedures, or other instances of wrongdoing, or any concerns they may have regarding ethical violations or accounting, internal control or auditing matters, including fraud. Several means are provided by which reports to the Compliance and Ethics Hotline can be made including:

Online at: https://franklintempleton.ethicspoint.com

U.S., U.S. Territories or Canada can call toll-free 1-800-648-7932

All other countries can call collect at 704-540-0139

Franklin Templeton will not allow retaliation against any Covered Employee who has submitted a report of a violation of the Policy or the related Procedures in good faith.

 

 

Franklin Templeton


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Appendix

 

     Covered
Employees
   Access
Persons
   Portfolio
Persons
   Independent
Directors

Prohibited Activities (Section 1.3)

   X    X    X    X

Prohibited Transactions and Other Requirements (Sections 2.4 and 2.5)

Prohibition on Trading Activity that Conflicts with FT Funds or Client Accounts

   X    X    X    X

Prohibition on Short Sales of FRI and Closed-end FT Funds and ETFs

   X    X    X    X

Trading in Shares of the FT Funds When in Possession of Material Non-Public Information

   X    X    X    X

Special Provision on Ownership of Putnam Funds

      X    X   

Short-Term Trading in Open-end FT Funds

   X    X    X    X

Prohibition on Investments in Initial Public Offerings

      X    X   

Prohibition on Single Stock ETFs

      X    X   

Prohibition on Short Sales of All Securities

         X   

Short Swing Rule

   X   

Disclosure of Interest in Securities

         X   

Reporting Requirements (Section 2.6)

Initial Certification/Acknowledgment

   X    X    X    X

Initial Disclosure of Accounts and Holdings

      X    X   

Annual Disclosure of Accounts and Holdings

      X    X   

Annual Certification of Compliance

   X    X    X    X

Quarterly Disclosure of Transactions

      X    X    X*

Quarterly Disclosure of New Accounts

      X    X   

Pre-Clearance Requirements (Section 2.7)

      X    X    X*

Insider Trading (Section 3)

   X    X    X    X

Requirement to Report Violations (Section 5.4)

   X    X    X    X

 

*

Only applicable if the Independent Director, at the time of his or her transaction, knew or should have known that, during the 15 calendar day period before or after the date of the Independent Director’s transaction, the security was purchased or sold or considered for purchase or sale by an FT Fund or Client Account.

 

 

Franklin Templeton

LOGO

Code of Ethics

Amended as of June 2024

Scope and Purpose

Set forth below is the Code of Ethics (the “Code”) for ClearBridge Investments as required by Rule 204A-1 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”), and Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”).

This Code is based on the principle that ClearBridge and its employees owe a fiduciary duty to ClearBridge’s clients, and that all persons covered by this code must therefore avoid activities, interests and relationships that might (i) present a conflict of interest or the appearance of a conflict of interest, or (ii) otherwise interfere with ClearBridge’s ability to make decisions in the best interests of any of its clients.

This Code of Ethics applies to all officers, directors and employees (full and part time) of ClearBridge as well as certain consultants designated by the General Counsel/Chief Compliance Officer from time to time (“Access Persons”).

Statement of Policies

(A) STANDARDS OF BUSINESS CONDUCT

All Access Persons must comply with the following standards of business conduct:

Clients Come First. At all times, Access Persons are required to place the interests of clients before their own and not to take inappropriate advantage of their position with ClearBridge. An Access Person may not induce or cause a client to take action, or not to take action, for the Access Person’s personal benefit, rather than for the benefit of the client.

Do Not Take Advantage. Access Persons may not use their knowledge of open, executed, or pending portfolio transactions to profit by the market effect of such transactions, nor may they use their knowledge of transactions or portfolio holdings of investment companies and separate accounts managed by ClearBridge to engage in short term or other abusive trading.

Avoid Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts of interest may arise in situations where client relationships may tempt preferential treatment, e.g., where account size or fee structure would make it more beneficial for the adviser to allocate certain trades to a client. Conflicts of interest may also arise in connection with securities transactions by employees of the adviser, especially those employees who are aware of actual transactions or client holdings or transactions under consideration for clients.


Compliance policies and procedures have been adopted by ClearBridge in order to meet all legal obligations to our clients, particularly those arising under the federal securities laws and ERISA. Procedures have been instituted to mitigate or obviate actual or potential conflicts of interest. The Compliance Department’s role is to ensure that appropriate procedures are adopted by the business and to monitor to ascertain that such procedures are followed. Any questions relating to this Code or other policies or procedures should be addressed to the Compliance Department.

(B) CONFIDENTIALITY

Access Persons are expected to honor the confidential nature of company and client affairs. Confidential information shall not be communicated outside of ClearBridge or to other affiliated companies of Franklin Resources, Inc. (“Franklin”) in compliance with the Information Barrier Policy, and shall only be communicated within ClearBridge on a “need to know” basis.

Access Persons must also avoid making unnecessary disclosure of ANY internal information concerning ClearBridge, Franklin, or their affiliates and their business relationships.

For information relating to “material non-public information” and “insider trading,” please see ClearBridge’s Policy on Material Non-Public Information on the intranet site.

(C) REQUIREMENTS

 

  (i)

All Access Persons who are subject to this Code are required to comply with all federal securities and other pertinent laws applicable to ClearBridge’s business.

 

  (ii)

All Access Persons are required to comply with the Personal Securities Transactions Policy incorporated herein.

 

(D)

DUTY TO REPORT AND NON-RETALIATION POLICY

Should an employee become aware of any conduct which the employee believes may constitute a violation of this Code, the law, or any ClearBridge policy, the employee must promptly report such conduct to the General Counsel/Chief Compliance Officer or her designee. All information about potential or suspected violations reported to the General Counsel/Chief Compliance Officer will be investigated and the identity of the reporting person will be kept confidential. ClearBridge’s policy prohibits any retaliatory action against a reporting person, including discharge, demotion, suspension, threats or harassment.

Administration of the Code

Administration of the Code shall be the responsibility of the Compliance Department, which is also responsible for monitoring for compliance with the Code. Any violation of this Code by Access Persons will be considered serious and may result in disciplinary action, which may include the unwinding of trades, disgorgement of profits, monetary fine or censure and suspension or termination of employment. Any violation of this Code will be reported by the Compliance Department to the person’s supervisor, and, as appropriate, to ClearBridge’s Management Committee and/or to the Chief Compliance Officers of any funds managed by ClearBridge.

 

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The Human Resources Department is responsible for ensuring that a copy of the Code is delivered to all persons at the time they become Access Persons of ClearBridge. As a condition of continuing employment, each employee is required to acknowledge, in writing (See Exhibit A), receipt of a copy of the Code and that he or she understands his/her obligations and responsibilities hereunder within 10 days of becoming an Access Person subject to this Code. Each Access Person is also obligated to acknowledge receipt of any amendments to the Code. On an annual basis, each Access Person must certify that s/he has complied with the Code.

Questions

All questions about an individual’s responsibilities and obligations under the Code of Ethics should be referred to ClearBridge’s General Counsel/Chief Compliance Officer or her designee.

Outside Directorships

Access Persons are prohibited from serving on the board of directors of any publicly listed or traded company or of any company whose securities are held in any client portfolio, except with the prior authorization (See Exhibit B) of (i) the Chief Executive Officer of ClearBridge or, in his/her absence, the General Counsel based upon a determination that the board service would be consistent with the best interests of ClearBridge’s clients. If permission to serve as a director is given, the company will be placed on a Restricted List. Transactions in that company’s securities for client and personal securities accounts will only be authorized when certification has been obtained from that company’s Secretary or similar officer that its directors are not in possession of material price sensitive information with respect to its securities.

 

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PERSONAL SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS POLICY

POLICY STATEMENT

While Access Persons are neither prohibited from holding individual securities nor engaging in individual securities transactions, by promulgating this Policy, ClearBridge is not endorsing or encouraging such activity. ClearBridge recognizes that in its role as an investment adviser, its responsibility is to its clients and their investments. Clients always come first. ClearBridge believes that its primary obligation is that any potential investment first be considered from the perspective of its appropriateness for any client portfolios. Only after it is determined that it is not appropriate for any client should an employee consider it for a personal account.

SUMMARY

All Access Persons are subject to the restrictions contained in this Personal Securities Transactions Policy (the “Policy”) with respect to their securities transactions. The following serves as a summary of the most common restrictions. Please refer to specific sections that follow this summary for more detail, including definitions of persons covered by this Policy, accounts covered by this Policy (“Covered Accounts”), securities covered by this Policy (“Covered Securities”), reports required by this Policy (“Reports”) and the procedures for compliance with this Policy.

 

   

All purchases or sales of equity securities and securities convertible into equity securities (generally, stocks, convertible bonds and their equivalents) by Access Persons, and certain of their family members, must be precleared, except as noted below.

 

   

All Access Persons must execute their transactions in Covered Securities through approved broker/dealers which are broker/dealers who feed transaction and holding information to ClearBridge through FIS Employee Compliance Manager ECM® (“Approved Brokers”). The list of Approved Brokers is on the ECM site. Permission to use a non-approved broker will only be granted in exigent circumstances (See Exhibit C).

 

   

Portfolio Managers and Portfolio Analysts are prohibited from purchasing or selling a Covered Security within seven calendar days before or after an account managed by them has traded in the same (or a related) security, unless a de minimis exception applies. This includes a change in a model utilized in a retail “SMA” or “wrap” program.

 

   

All other Access Persons are prohibited from transacting in a Covered Security on any day a client is trading in such security, unless a de minimis exception applies.

 

   

De Minimis Exception: There is a de minimis exception pertaining to transactions of up to 500 shares in any 7 calendar day period of a large cap US equity ($10 billion or greater in market cap) or the equivalent number of shares of non-US large cap companies trading in the US as American Depository Receipts or American Depository Shares (“ADRs”).

 

   

Access Persons are prohibited from profiting from the purchase and sale or sale and purchase of a Covered Security, or a related security, within 60 calendar days.

 

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Portfolio Managers are prohibited from buying securities, directly or indirectly, in an initial public offering. Any other Access Person wishing to buy securities, directly or indirectly, in an initial public offering must receive prior permission from the Chief Investment Officer (or his designee) and the Chief Compliance Officer (or her designee).

 

   

Any Access Person wishing to buy securities, directly or indirectly, in a private placement must receive prior permission from the Chief Compliance Officer and his/her immediate supervisor (See Exhibit D).

 

   

All Access Persons must report all trades in Reportable Funds, as defined, below.

 

   

Funds managed by ClearBridge (“Managed Funds”):

 

   

Shares must be held in an Approved Brokerage Account (except if they are in the Franklin Resources, Inc. 401(k) plan or held directly by the transfer agent of our proprietary funds). Compliance must be notified of directly held proprietary funds.

 

   

Shares are subject to a 60 day holding period, as explained below.

DEFINITIONS

Access Person means an employee, director or officer of ClearBridge or a consultant designated as Access Person from time to time.

Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, this Code does not cover any individual covered under the Franklin Resources, Inc.’s 17j-1/Personal Trading Policy (the “Franklin Access Persons”), including, without limitation:

 

(1)

the Franklin representatives on the Clearbridge Board of Directors; and

 

(2)

any other employee of Franklin who may be considered an “Access Person” to ClearBridge (as such term is defined in Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act), unless such person has been designated as an Access Person subject to this Code by the General Counsel/Chief Compliance Officer.

ClearBridge hereby delegates to the Franklin Regulatory Compliance Department responsibility for monitoring the Franklin Access Persons’ compliance with the Franklin17j-1/Personal Trading Policy and for enforcing the provisions of such policy against such persons.

Portfolio Analyst means any research analyst who supports one or more specific management teams and who has been designated as such by the General Counsel/Chief Compliance Officer.

Covered Securities means stocks, notes, bonds, closed-end funds, exchange- traded funds, off-shore funds, hedge funds, debentures, and other evidences of indebtedness, including senior debt, subordinated debt, investment contracts, commodity contracts and futures. Managed Funds and Reportable Funds, as defined herein, are also Covered Securities. The same limitations of this Code pertain to transactions in a security related to a Covered Security, such as an option to purchase or sell a Covered Security and any security convertible into or exchangeable for a Covered Security.

 

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Covered Account means an account in which Covered Securities are owned by an Access Person or an account in which the Access Person has a Beneficial Interest, as defined below. A Covered Account includes all accounts that could hold Covered Securities in which the Access Person has a Beneficial Interest regardless of what, if any, securities are maintained in such accounts (thus, even if an account does not hold Covered Securities, if it has the capability of holding Covered Securities, the account must be disclosed). Funds held directly with fund companies do not need to be disclosed if no Managed Funds (as defined below) or Reportable Funds (as defined below) are held in such accounts. Qualified Tuition Programs (“Section 529 plans” or “College Savings Plans”) are not subject to this Policy.

SECURITIES AND TRANSACTIONS NOT COVERED BY THIS POLICY ARE:

 

   

shares in any open-end US registered investment company (mutual fund), which is not managed, advised or sub-advised by ClearBridge or a Franklin affiliate

 

   

shares issued by money market funds, including Reportable Funds

 

   

shares issued by unit investment trusts that are invested exclusively in one or more open-end funds other than Reportable Funds

 

   

securities which are direct obligations of the U.S. Government (i.e., Treasuries)

 

   

bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper, repurchase agreements and other high quality short-term debt instruments1

IF A SECURITY IS NOT COVERED BY THIS POLICY, YOU MAY PURCHASE OR SELL IT WITHOUT OBTAINING PRECLEARANCE AND YOU DO NOT HAVE TO REPORT IT.

Approved Broker means any broker/dealer who feeds transaction and holding information to ClearBridge through FIS Employee Compliance Manager ECM®.

Managed Funds means US registered investment companies advised or subadvised by ClearBridge. They can include proprietary as well as non-proprietary funds, open-end, closed-end and exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”). Access Persons are prohibited from engaging in short sales of ETFs managed by ClearBridge, except short sales against the box.

Reportable Funds means US registered investment companies advised or subadvised by any advisory affiliate of ClearBridge. They can include proprietary and non-proprietary funds.

Beneficial Interest means the opportunity, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise, to share at any time in any profit derived from a transaction in a Covered Security.

You are deemed to have a Beneficial Interest in the following:

 

  (1)

any Security owned individually by you;

 

  (2)

any Security owned jointly by you with others (for example, joint accounts, spousal accounts, partnerships, trusts and controlling interests in corporations); and

 

1 

High quality short-term debt instruments means any instrument having a maturity at issuance of less than 366 days and which is rated in one of the highest two rating categories by a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization, or which is unrated but is of comparable quality.

 

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  (3)

any Security in which a member of your Immediate Family has a Beneficial Interest if the Security is held in an account over which you have decision making authority (for example, you act as trustee, executor, or guardian).

You are deemed to have a Beneficial Interest in accounts held by your spouse (including his/her IRA accounts), minor children and other members of your immediate family (children, stepchildren, grandchildren, parents, step parents, grandparents, siblings, in-laws and adoptive relationships) who share your household. In addition, you are deemed to have a Beneficial Interest in accounts maintained by your domestic partner (an unrelated adult with whom you share your home and contribute to each other’s support). This presumption may be rebutted by convincing evidence that the profits derived from transactions in the Covered Securities will not provide you with any economic benefit.

You have a Beneficial Interest in the following:

 

   

Your interest as a general partner in Covered Securities held by a general or limited partnership;

 

   

Your interest as a manager-member in the Covered Securities held by a limited liability company;

 

   

Your interest as a member of an “investment club” or an organization that is formed for the purpose of investing a pool of monies in Covered Securities;

 

   

Your ownership of Covered Securities as trustee where either you or members of your immediate family have a vested interest in the principal or income of the trust;

 

   

Your ownership of a vested interest in a trust;

 

   

Your status as a settlor or a trust, unless the consent of all of the beneficiaries is required in order for you to revoke the trust.

You do not have a Beneficial Interest in Covered Securities held by a corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity in which you hold an equity interest unless you are a controlling equity holder or you have or share investment control over the Covered Securities held by the entity.

IF YOU ARE IN ANY DOUBT AS TO WHETHER AN ACCOUNT FALLS WITHIN THE DEFINITION OF COVERED ACCOUNT OR WHETHER YOU WOULD BE DEEMED TO HAVE A BENEFICIAL INTEREST IN AN ACCOUNT, PLEASE SEE COMPLIANCE.

BLACK OUT PERIODS

Portfolio Managers - In order to prevent buying or selling securities in competition with orders for clients, or from taking advantage of knowledge of securities being considered for purchase or sale for clients2, Portfolio Managers and the Portfolio Analysts working directly with the Portfolio Manager on his/her portfolios will not be able to execute a trade in a Covered Security within seven calendar days before or after an account managed by said Portfolio Manager has traded in the same (or a related) security (the “Blackout Period”). The blackout period also pertains to situations when the Portfolio Manager changes a model utilized in a retail “SMA” or “wrap” program.

 

2 

A security is “being considered for purchase or sale” when a recommendation to purchase or sell a security has been made or communicated and, with respect to the person making the recommendation, when such person seriously considers making such a recommendation.

 

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Research Analysts—For purposes of the Vision Fund, a research analyst is deemed to be a portfolio manager for his/her sleeve of the Fund and is subject to the 14 day Blackout Period for purchases and sales made at his/her direction.

All Other Access Persons are precluded from executing a trade in a Covered Security on the same day that there is a client order for the same (or a related) security, unless a de minimis exception applies.

De Minimis exception: Transactions involving shares in certain companies traded on US stock exchanges or the NASDAQ will be approved regardless of whether there are outstanding client orders. The exception applies to transactions involving no more than 500 shares, during any 7 calendar day period, per issuer (or the equivalent number of shares represented by ADRs) in securities of companies with market capitalizations of $10 billion or more. In the case of options, an employee may purchase or sell up to 5 option contracts to control up to 500 shares in the underlying security of such large cap company.

 

   

Preclearance is required for all de minimis transactions.

HOLDING PERIODS

TRADES BY ACCESS PERSONS IN MANAGED FUNDS ARE SUBJECT TO A 60 CALENDAR DAY HOLDING PERIOD. SECURITIES MAY NOT BE SOLD OR BOUGHT BACK WITHIN 60 CALENDAR DAYS AFTER THE ORIGINAL TRANSACTION WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF THE CHIEF COMPLIANCE OFFICER.

ACCESS PERSONS CANNOT PURCHASE OR SELL THE SAME COVERED SECURITY WITHIN 60 CALENDAR DAYS IF SUCH TRANSACTIONS WILL RESULT IN A PROFIT.

The Short Term Trading Prohibition does not pertain to individual stock options that are part of a hedged position where the underlying stock has been held for more than 60 calendar days and the entire position (including the underlying security) is closed out. ETFs* not managed by ClearBridge are also not subject to the Holding Period.

 

*

Transactions in Single Stock and Inverse ETFs subject to the 60 day holding period.

PRECLEARANCE

 

   

Preclearance is obtained through the Personal Trading Assistant found under “Compliance” on the ClearBridge intranet site.

 

   

Preclearance is valid until close of business on the business day during which preclearance was obtained. If the transaction has not been executed within that timeframe, a new preclearance must be obtained.

 

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IF YOU WISH TO PURCHASE AN INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING3, YOU MUST OBTAIN PERMISSION FROM THE CIO AND THE CHIEF COMPLIANCE OFFICER (SEE, EXHIBIT F). PORTFOLIO MANAGERS CANNOT PARTICIPATE IN IPOS FOR THEIR PERSONAL ACCOUNTS EXCEPT FOR OFFERINGS OF CLOSED END FUNDS.

 

   

IF YOU WISH TO PURCHASE SECURITIES IN A PRIVATE PLACEMENT,4 YOU MUST OBTAIN PERMISSION FROM THE CHIEF COMPLIANCE OFFICER AND YOUR SUPERVISOR.

The following transactions do not require pre-clearance:

 

   

Transactions in a Covered Account over which an Access Person has no direct or indirect influence or control such as where investment discretion is delegated in writing to an independent fiduciary. Fully discretionary accounts managed by either an internal or external registered investment adviser are permitted and may be custodied away from an Approved Broker if copies of periodic (monthly or quarterly) statements that contain transaction information as detailed under Reporting Requirements be sent to the Compliance Department. The Access Person must ensure that there is no communication between the manager and the Access Person with regard to investment decisions prior to execution. The Access Person must provide the Compliance Department with a copy of the advisory agreement reflecting that a third party has discretion and ensure that Compliance receives transactions and holdings information.

 

   

Transactions in ETFs and exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”); however, they must be reported. Transactions in ETFs and ETNs which occur in a Covered Account do not need to be separately reported. Transactions in Single Stock and Inverse ETFs REQUIRE PRECLEARANCE and are subject to the 60 day holding period.

 

   

Transactions in estate or trust accounts of which an Access Person or related person has a beneficial ownership, but no power to affect investment decisions. There must be no communication between the account(s) and the Access Person with regard to investment decisions prior to execution. The Access Person must direct the trustee/bank to furnish copies of statements that contain transaction information as detailed under Reporting Requirements to the Compliance Department.

 

   

Transactions which are non-volitional on the part of an Access Person (i.e., the receipt of securities pursuant to a stock dividend or merger, a gift or inheritance). However, the sale of securities acquired in a non-volitional manner is treated as any other transaction and subject to pre-clearance.

 

   

Sales pursuant to a bona fide tender offer.

 

   

Purchases of the stock of a company pursuant to an automatic investment plan which is a program in which regular periodic purchases (or withdrawals) are made automatically in (or from) investment accounts in accordance with a predetermined schedule and allocation. An automatic investment plan includes a dividend reinvestment plan. Payroll deduction contributions to 401(k) plans are deemed to be pursuant to automatic investment plans. (Preclearance and reporting of particular instances of dividend reinvestment is not required; annual reporting of holdings is required).

 

3 

An IPO is an offering of securities registered under the Securities Act, the issuer of which, immediately before the registration, was not subject to reporting requirements under the federal securities laws.

4 

A private placement is an offering of securities that are not registered under the Securities Act because the offering qualified for an exemption from the registration provisions.

 

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The receipt or exercise of rights issued by a company on a pro rata basis to all holders of a class of security and the sale of such rights. However, if you purchase the rights from a third-party, the transaction must be pre-cleared. Likewise, the sale of such rights must be pre-cleared.

 

   

Purchases and sales of Franklin’s publicly traded securities or the receipt or exercise of an employee stock option under any of Franklin’s employee stock plans. See below. e

 

   

Purchases of an employer’s securities done under a bona fide employee benefit plan or the receipt or exercise of options in an employer’s securities done under a bona fide employee stock option plan of a company not affiliated with Franklin by an employee of that company who is a member of an Access Person’s immediate family do not require preclearance. However, sales of the employer’s stock, whether part of the employee benefit or stock option plans, do require preclearance and reporting. Furthermore, employee benefit plans that allow the employee to buy or sell Covered Securities other than those of the employer are subject to the requirements of the Code, including preclearance, reporting and holding periods.

 

   

Any transaction involving non-financial commodities, futures (including currency futures and futures on securities comprising part of a broad-based, publicly traded market based index of stocks) and options on futures.

 

   

Any acquisition or disposition of a security in connection with an option-related transaction that has been previously approved. For example, if you received clearance to buy a call and then decide to exercise it, you are not required to obtain preclearance in order to exercise the call.

 

   

Transactions involving options on broad-based indices, including, but not limited to, the S&P 500, the S&P 100, NASDAQ 100, Russell 2000, Russell 1000, Russell 3000, Nikkei 300, NYSE Composite and the Wilshire Small Cap.

 

   

Access Persons desiring to make a bona fide5 gift or charitable contribution of Covered Securities or who receive a bona fide gift of Covered Securities, including an inheritance, do not need to preclear the transactions. However, such gift or contribution must be reported in the next quarterly report (See “Reporting Requirements”).

 

   

Fixed income investments other than fixed income securities convertible into equity securities.

Transactions in open-end Managed Funds and Reportable Funds (including ETFs*). Note: transactions in all closed end funds, including the ones managed by ClearBridge, do require preclearance.*Transactions in Single Stock and Inverse ETFs require Preclearance.

 

5 

A bona fide gift or contribution is one where the donor does not receive anything of monetary value in return.

 

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SHORTING TRANSACTIONS IN FRANKLIN RESOURCES INC. SECURITIES AND CLOSED-END FUNDS

Access Persons are prohibited from effecting short sales, including “short sales against the box” of securities issued by Franklin and securities issued by any closed-end fund sponsored or advised by any Franklin adviser. Also prohibited are economically equivalent transactions, whether in the form of call or put options, swap transactions or other derivative transactions, that would result in a Access Person having a net short exposure to Franklin or any closed-end fund sponsored or advised by the Franklin’s subsidiaries. The list of closed end funds sponsored or advised by such subsidiaries is contained in the list of Reportable Funds available in ECM.

 

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REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

All Access Persons are required to immediately report the establishment of any new Covered Accounts to Compliance, even if the Covered Account is with an Approved Broker. This is necessary so that the Covered Account can be linked to ECM. Access Persons are also required to report to the Compliance Department the establishment of any account in a Managed Fund directly with the Funds’ transfer agent.

The Approved Brokers provide the Compliance Department with a daily report of all transactions executed by personnel. The Funds’ transfer agent provides the Compliance Department with transactions in the Managed Funds. If you have received permission to maintain a Covered Account at other than an Approved Broker, including spousal accounts for which you received a waiver from the requirement to preclear, you must arrange for the broker to provide Compliance with the following information.

Reports of Each Transaction in a Covered Security

No later than at the opening of business on the business day following the day of execution of a trade for a Covered Account, Compliance must be provided with the following information:

name of security

exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP

nature of transaction (purchase, sale, etc.)

number of shares/units or principal amount

price of transaction

date of trade

name of broker

the date the Access Person submits the report

Quarterly Reports

If you have engaged in a transaction that did not require preclearance but did require reporting, please confirm that Compliance has received the required information, as follows:

No later than 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter, each Access Person who maintains a Covered Account at other than an Approved Broker will provide Compliance with a report of all transactions in Covered Securities in the quarter, including the name of the Covered Security, the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP, the number of shares and principal amount, whether it was a buy or sell, the price and the name of the broker through whom effected.

Annual Reports

Within 45 days after the end of the calendar year, each Access Person must report all his/her holdings in Covered Securities as at December 31, including the title, exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP, number of shares and principal amount of each Covered Security the Access Person owns (as defined above) and the names of all Covered Accounts. The report will be made through certification on the Personal Trading Assistant. Any holdings that do not appear should be provided to Compliance for entry in the system prior to certification. Any Access Person failing to certify within the required time period will not be allowed to engage in any personal securities transactions.

 

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OTHER REPORTS

Initial Employment

No later than 10 days after initial employment with ClearBridge, or notification of coverage under this Code, each Access Person must provide Compliance with a list of each Covered Security s/he owns (as defined above). The information provided, which must be current as of a date no more than 45 days prior to the date such person became an employee (or subject to this Code), must include the title of the security, the exchange ticker symbol or CUSIP, the number of shares owned (for equities) and principal amount (for debt securities), The Access Person must also provide information, which must include the name of the broker, dealer or bank with whom the Access Person maintains an account in which any securities are held for the direct or indirect benefit of the Access Person. This information will be entered into the Personal Trading Assistant by Compliance and must be certified to, electronically, by the Access Person before s/he can effectuate any transactions. If the Access Person does not maintain a Covered Account with an Approved Broker, s/he will be given a reasonable amount of time to transfer the Covered Account(s) to an Approved Broker.

Reportable Funds

No later than 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter, TRANSACTIONS IN REPORTABLE FUNDS (OTHER THAN THOSE MANAGED BY CLEARBRIDGE) MUST BE REPORTED.

The information on personal securities transactions received and recorded will be deemed to satisfy the obligations contained in Rule 204A-1 under the Advisers Act and Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act. Such reports may, where appropriate, contain a statement to the effect that the reporting of the transaction is not to be construed as an admission that the person has any direct or indirect beneficial interest or ownership in the security.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE CODE

At least annually, the Chief Compliance Officer, on behalf of ClearBridge, will furnish to the boards or to the Chief Compliance Officer of any US registered investment company to which ClearBridge acts as adviser or subadviser, a written report that:

 

(i)

Describes any issues arising under the Code or this Policy since the last report to the board, including, but not limited to, information about material violations of the Code or this Policy and sanctions imposed in response to the material violations; and

 

(ii)

Certifies that the ClearBridge has adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent Access Persons from violating the Code or this Policy.

Adopted: February 14, 2007*

Amended: April 1, 2007

Amended: June 1, 2007

 

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Amended: December 10, 2008

Amended: August 10, 2009

Amended: June 8, 2010

Amended: January 7, 2013

Amended: May 15, 2017

Amended: June 27, 2024

*Amending and Restating the Code of Ethics adopted January 28, 2005, as amended.

 

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Exhibit A

Acknowledgement of Code of Ethics Form

I acknowledge that I have received and read the Code of Ethics for ClearBridge dated August ___, 20__. I understand the provisions of the Code of Ethics as described therein and agree to abide by them.

 

   Access Person Name (Print):   

 

   Signature:   

 

   Date:   

 

 

Date of Hire:     
   
Job Function & Title:     
   
Supervisor:     
   
Location:     
   
Floor and/or Zone:     
   
Telephone Number:     

This Acknowledgment form must be completed and returned within 10 days of employment or otherwise becoming an Access Person of ClearBridge to:

ClearBridge Compliance

One Madison Avenue

New York, NY 10010

Please fax to: (877) 406-7343

Original signature must be sent, however a fax copy may be sent to (877) 406-7343 in order to meet the ten (10) day deadline.


Exhibit B

Outside Directorship Form

Access Persons must obtain prior written approval from ClearBridge’s CEO or, in his/her absence, the General Counsel, to serve as a director of any publicly held company or any company whose securities are held by clients. Access Persons serving as outside directors are not entitled to indemnification or insurance coverage by ClearBridge or its affiliates unless service on the board is at the specific written request of ClearBridge or its affiliates.

COMPLETE ONE COPY OF THIS FORM FOR EACH APPLICABLE ENTITY

 

Print Name
 
Title                             Office Telephone Number
Department Name    Location
1. Name of Entity    Date
2. Main Activity of the Entity
3. Your Title or Function    Date Association/Term Begins    Date Term Expires   

Annual Compensation

$

4.  Is the Directorship requested by ClearBridge or its affiliates?

   ☐ No    ☐ Yes    ☐ Attach copy of Request Letter and other details.

5.  Do you know of any significant adverse information about the entity or any actual or potential conflict of interest between the entity and ClearBridge or its affiliates?

   ☐ No    ☐ Yes    ☐ Attach detail and documents.

6.  For PUBLIC COMPANIES attach the most recent “10-K”; “10-Q”; Latest Annual Report; “8-K’s”; and Prospectus

  

10-K

Attached

   ☐ Ann. Rpt Attached    ☐ Prospectus Attached

For NON-PUBLIC ENTITIES attach Audit Financial Statements

  

10-Q

Attached

   8-K’s Attached    ☐ Fin. Stmts. Attached

7.  Does the entity or any principal have an account or other business relationship with ClearBridge or its affiliates?

   ☐ No    ☐ Yes    If yes, specify Account No.or describe relationship
8. Additional Remarks

Access Person Representations:

 

   

I will not use any material non-public information gleaned through my directorship for my own benefit nor share any such information with others.

 

Access Person Signature    Access Person’s Signature    Date
       
Chief Executive Officer    Print Name    Signature    Date
       
General Counsel    Print Name    Signature    Date

Upon completion of this form, fax to Compliance at 877-406-7343, then forward via inter-office mail to:

ClearBridge Compliance, One Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010

 

-16-


Exhibit C

Outside Brokerage Account Approval Request Form

Access Person Name: _________________________________________

The following information is provided in order to obtain Compliance approval to open and/or maintain a brokerage account outside the approved list of brokers:

 

Outside Brokerage Firm Name:   

 

Brokerage Firm Address:   

 

(Where letter should be sent)   

 

  

 

Account Number:   

 

Full Account Title:   

 

Please indicate the reason why you are requesting to open and/or maintain a brokerage account outside of the approved list of brokers:

 

 

The account is a fully discretionary account managed by an investment adviser, registered with the SEC.

 

 

The account is a joint account with my spouse who works for the brokerage firm where the account will be maintained.

 

 

The account is my spouse’s individual account who works for a regulated entity.

 

 

Estate or trust accounts of which an Access Person or related person has a beneficial ownership, but no power to affect investment decisions. There must be no communication between the account(s) and the Access Person or related person with regard to investment decisions prior to execution.

 

 

Other: _____________________________________________________________.

A copy of any relevant statement(s) and this completed form must be provided to:

ClearBridge Compliance

One Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010

Please fax to: (877) 406-7343

 

 

     

 

     

 

     

 

Access Person Signature       Date               Chief Compliance Officer Signature       Date    

 

-17-


Exhibit D

Outside Investment Approval Request Form

 

ClearBridge policy requires Access Persons to obtain the prior written approval of the Chief Compliance Officer and your immediate supervisor before making an outside investment. Examples of “outside investments” include, but are not limited to, Private Placements and any investments in securities that cannot be made through an Approved Brokerage account. If the investment is a private placement, you must provide a copy of the prospectus, offering statement or other similar document. If you are a broker-dealer registered representative, a copy of this form and supporting documentation will be provided to Franklin Distributors Compliance.

 

Access Persons must not make outside investments if such investments could present a potential conflict of interest. Approval of such an investment reflects a determination that it does not pose a conflict of interest with ClearBridge’s clients.

PRINT Name   Date
Title/Position   Office Telephone Number
Department Name   Location
Name of Investment  

Anticipated Date

of Investment

 

Amount of investment

$

Type of Investment    ☐ Private Placement   ☐ Other investment which cannot be made through an approved brokerage account. (specify)
Is your participation exclusively as a passive investor?    ☐ Yes   ☐ No   If no, please explain any other involvement.
Will this purchase be made in a brokerage account?    ☐ Yes   ☐ No   If yes, which account?
Did you raise capital for this investment?      Or use your own money ☐

Access Person Representations:

 

   

I certify that this investment does not take an investment opportunity from a client.

Send the completed form and all relevant documents to:

ClearBridge Compliance, One Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010

Please fax to (877) 406-7343

 

Access Person Signature    Access Person’s Signature   Date
         
Supervisor Approval    Print Name of Supervisor    Title of Supervisor   Signature of Supervisor   Date
       
Chief Compliance Officer Approval    Print Name of CCO   Signature of CCO   Date

 

-18-


Exhibit E

Initial Report of Securities Holdings Form

This report must be signed, dated and returned within 10 days of employment or otherwise becoming an Access Person and the holdings report must be current as of a date not more than 45 days prior to the person becoming an Access Person. This report must be submitted to:

ClearBridge Compliance

One Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10010

Please fax to (877) 406-7343

 

 

Employee Name:  

 

    Date of Employment:  

 

 

 

Brokerage Accounts:

 

I do not have a beneficial ownership of any account(s) with any financial services firm.

Please refer to Exhibit “A” for definition of beneficial ownership.

 

I maintain or have a beneficial ownership in the following account(s) with the financial services firm(s) listed below (attach additional information if necessary-e.g., a brokerage statement). Please include the information required below for any broker, dealer or bank where an account is maintained which holds securities for your direct or indirect benefit as of the date you began your employment.

 

Name of Financial Service(s) Firm and Address

  

Account Title

  

Account

Number

           
           

Securities Holdings:

Complete the following (or attach a copy of your most recent statement(s)) listing all of the securities holdings in which you have a beneficial ownership, with the exception of non-proprietary U.S. registered open-ended mutual funds for which CBI does not serve as adviser or sub-adviser and U.S Government securities if:

 

   

You own securities that are held by financial services firm(s) as described above. If you submit a copy of a statement, it must include all of the information set forth below. Please be sure to include any additional securities purchased since the date of the brokerage statement that is attached. Use additional sheets if necessary.

 

   

Your securities are not held with a financial service(s) firm (e.g., stock and dividend reinvestment programs and private placements, shares held in certificate form by you or for you or shares held at a transfer agent).

 

Title of Security

  

Ticker Symbol or CUSIP
No.

  

Number of Shares

  

Principal Amount

  

Financial Services Firm

                     
                     

 

I have no securities holdings to report.

 

Signature:  

 

    Date of Signature:  

 

 

-19-


Exhibit F

Initial Public Offering Request Form

 

ClearBridge’s Code of Ethics requires Access Persons to obtain the prior written approval of a Chief Investment Officer and the Chief Compliance Officer before buying an initial public offering. (An IPO is an offering of securities registered under the Securities Act, the issuer of which, immediately before the registration, was not subject to reporting requirements under the federal securities laws.)

 

Please note that Portfolio Managers are prohibited from participating in an IPO in their personal accounts except for offerings of closed end funds that are either advised or sub-advised by ClearBridge.

 

Access Persons must not make an investment in an initial public offering if such investment may present a potential conflict of interest.

 

Print Name    Date     
Title/Position     
Name of Security    Anticipated Date of Offering    Number of Shares

Access Person Representation:

I certify that this investment does not take an investment opportunity from a client.

Send the completed form and all relevant documents to:

ClearBridge Compliance

One Madison Avenue

New York, NY 10010

Please fax to (877) 406-7343

 

Access Person Name    Access Person’s Signature    Date
     
Chief Compliance Officer    Chief Compliance Officer’s Signature    Date
     
Chief Investment Officer    Chief Investment Officer’s Signature    Date

 

-20-

CODE OF ETHICS

Western Asset Investment Grade Income Fund, Inc.

Western Asset Management Company, LLC

Western Asset Management Company Limited

Western Asset Management Company Pte. Ltd.

Western Asset Funds, Inc.

Western Asset Premier Bond Fund

Western Asset Inflation-Linked Income Fund

Western Asset Inflation-Linked Opportunities & Income Fund

December 1, 2022



WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES AND SPIRIT OF THE CODE?

Adoption of Code of Ethics by Western Asset and the Funds. Western Asset Management Company, Western Asset Management Company Pte. Ltd. and Western Asset Management Company Limited (referred to generally as “Western Asset”) act as fiduciaries and, as such, are entrusted to act in the best interests of all clients, including investment companies. Accordingly, Western Asset has adopted this Code of Ethics in order to ensure that employees uphold their fiduciary obligations and to place the interests of clients, including the Funds, before their own.

In addition, Western Asset Investment Grade Income Fund, Western Asset Premier Bond Fund, Western Asset Funds, Inc., Western Asset Inflation-Linked Securities & Income Fund and Western Asset Inflation-Linked Income Fund (referred to generally as the “Funds”) have also adopted this Code of Ethics in order to ensure that persons associated with the Funds, including Directors/Trustees (“Directors”), honor their fiduciary commitment to place the interests of the Funds before their own.

Regulatory Requirement. The Investment Company Act of 1940 requires each investment company (i.e., the Funds), as well as its investment adviser and principal underwriter, to adopt a code of ethics. In addition, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 requires each investment adviser (i.e., Western Asset) to adopt a code of ethics. Both Acts also require that records be kept relating to the administration of the Code of Ethics. This Code of Ethics shall be read and interpreted in a manner consistent with these Acts and their related rules.

Compliance with Applicable Law. All persons associated with Western Asset are obligated to understand and comply with their obligations under applicable law. Among other things, laws and regulations make clear that it is illegal to defraud clients and Funds in any manner, mislead clients or Funds by affirmative statement or by omitting a material fact that should be disclosed, or to engage in any manipulative conduct with respect to clients, Funds, or the trading of securities.

Confidential Information. All persons associated with Western Asset and the Funds may be in a position to know about client identities, investment objectives, funding levels, and future plans as well as information about the transactions that Western Asset executes on their behalf and the securities holdings in their accounts. All this information is considered confidential and must not be shared unless otherwise permitted. Avoiding Conflicts of Interest. Neither Western Asset employees nor Fund Directors may take advantage of their knowledge or position to place their interests ahead of Western Asset clients or the Funds, as the case may be. Different obligations may apply to different persons under this Code of Ethics, but this duty includes an obligation not to improperly trade in personal investment accounts, as well as an obligation to maintain complete objectivity and independence in making decisions that impact the management of client assets, including the Funds. Western Asset employees and Fund Directors must disclose all material facts concerning any potential conflict of interest that may arise to the Funds’ Chief Compliance Officer or the Western Asset Chief Compliance Officer, as appropriate.

 

3


Upholding the Spirit of the Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics sets forth principles and standards of conduct, but it does not and cannot cover every possible scenario or circumstance. Each person is expected to act in accordance with the spirit of the Code of Ethics and their fiduciary duty. Technical compliance with the Code of Ethics is not sufficient if a particular action or series of actions would violate the spirit of the Code of Ethics.

Western Asset Compliance Policies and Procedures. In addition to the Code of Ethics, Western Asset has established policies and procedures that are designed to address compliance requirements and conflicts and potential conflicts of interest not related to personal trading. Employees have an obligation to follow Western Asset’s compliance policies and procedures.

 

4


WHO IS SUBJECT TO THE CODE?

While the spirit and objectives of the Code generally are the same for each person covered by the Code of Ethics, different specific requirements may apply to different categories of people. Western Asset and the Funds have both adopted the Code of Ethics, and the requirements for Western Asset employees differ from those for Fund Directors. You must understand what category or categories apply to you in order to understand which requirements you are subject to.

Western Asset Employees, Officers and Directors. As a condition of employment, all Western Asset employees, officers and directors (generally referred to as “Western Asset employees”) must read, understand and agree to comply with the Code of Ethics. You have an obligation to seek guidance or take any other appropriate steps to make sure you understand your obligations under the Code of Ethics. On an annual basis, you are required to certify that you have read and understand the Code of Ethics and agree to comply.

Western Asset Independent Contractors. Independent contractors may be subject to the Code of Ethics depending on the length of time with Western Asset, the nature of the engagement and the access to information. If designated, you are required to comply with the Code of Ethics and make all the required certifications. All independent contractors are still obliged to observe obligations of confidentiality and other terms of their engagements.

Directors of the Funds. The Code of Ethics applies to interested Directors of the Funds who are also Western Asset employees or otherwise interested persons because of their business affiliations with Western Asset. Interested Directors who are also employees or are otherwise interested persons because of their business affiliations with Franklin Templeton Investments are subject to the Franklin Templeton Investments Code of Ethics.

 

   

What are the “Funds”?

 

     

Western Asset Funds, Inc.

     

Western Asset Investment Grade Income Fund, Inc.

     

Western Asset Premier Bond Fund

     

Western Asset Inflation-Linked Income Fund

     

Western Asset Inflation-Linked Opportunities & Income Fund.

 

   

If a Director is considered to be an “interested person” of a Fund, its investment adviser or principal underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a) (19) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, then heor she is considered an Interested Director.

 

   

If a Director is not considered to be an “interested person,” then he or she is considered to be a Disinterested Director.

 

   

If you are both a Fund Director and an employee of Western Asset, you are subject to the requirements that apply to you as an employee of Western Asset, as applicable.

 

5


   

Western Asset Interested Directors are subject to those requirements forth in the Section below titled “Requirements for Fund Directors.”

Access Persons. Western Asset employees and Fund Officers and Directors are considered “Access Persons” because they may have access to information regarding investment decisions, transactions and holdings. Other people may also be considered to be “Access Persons” and subject to the same requirements as Western Asset employees including the following:

 

   

Any natural person that has the power to exercise a controlling influence over the management and policies of Western Asset or the Funds and who obtains information concerning recommendations made to a client account, including a Fund, with regard to the purchase or sale of a security.

 

   

Any person who provides advice on behalf of Western Asset and is subject to Western Asset’s supervision and control.

 

   

Any other such person as the Chief Compliance Officer of Western Asset or the Funds designate.

Investment Persons. If you are a Western Asset employee and you also make recommendations or investment decisions on behalf of Western Asset as part of your regular functions or duties, or you make or participate in making recommendations regarding the purchase or sale of securities for a Western Asset client or account, you are considered an “Investment Person.” Investment Persons are subject to all the requirements of Western Asset employees, but also must comply with additional restrictions due to their knowledge and involvement with investment decisions Western Asset is considering or planning for the future.

Other Codes of Ethics. If you are an Access Person under this Code, but you are employed principally by affiliates of Western Asset and you are subject to a Code of Ethics that complies with applicable law, you are subject to the relevant provisions of the Code of Ethics of your principal employer and not subject to this Code. The principal application of this is for those subject to codes of Franklin Resources, Inc. and related subsidiaries (collectively, “Franklin Templeton Investments.”)

 

6


WHO ADMINISTERS THE CODE?

Western Asset Pasadena Management Committee:

 

   

Responsibilities. The Western Asset Pasadena Management Committee has ultimate responsibility for the Code of Ethics. The Management Committee shall review and approve or deny any changes or proposed changes to the Code of Ethics. The Management Committee shall also receive periodic reports from the Legal and Compliance Department regarding violations of the Code of Ethics. The Management Committee shall determine the appropriate policy with respect to sanctions for Code of Ethics violations. The Management Committee may delegate the administration of this Code of Ethics to other individuals or departments, including the power to impose sanctions for particular violations according to the framework approved by the Committee.

 

   

Interpretation: The Management Committee is the final arbiter of questions of interpretation under this Code of Ethics.

Western Asset Chief Compliance Officer:

 

   

Receipt of Violations. The Chief Compliance Officer (known as the “CCO”) for Western Asset is the person designated to receive all violations of the Code of Ethics. If a Western Asset employee becomes aware of a violation of this Code of Ethics or a violation of applicable law, they have an obligation to report the matter promptly to the CCO.

 

   

Review of Violations. The Western Asset CCO must review all violations of the Code of Ethics and oversee any appropriate investigation and subsequent response with respect to Western Asset.

Chief Compliance Officer for the Funds:

 

   

Responsibilities. The Chief Compliance Officer for the Funds is responsible for overseeing the administration of the Funds’ compliance policies and procedures.

 

   

Reporting of Violations. All violations of the Funds’ Code of Ethics must be reported to the Funds’ Chief Compliance Officer. To the extent that a violation involves a Fund Director, the Funds’ CCO shall oversee any appropriate investigation and subsequent response with respect to the Funds.

Sanctions for Violations of the Code of Ethics:

 

   

If you violate the Code of Ethics, you may be subject to sanctions. Violations may take a variety of forms, depending on the facts and circumstances and should reflect the nature of the violation, the risk to clients and other similar factors.

 

   

In evaluating a violation, a variety of factors may be considered including any evidence of a violation of the law, potential or actual harm to client interests, evidence of fraud, neglect or indifference to the Code of Ethics, frequency of violations, prior violations, and cooperation or mitigation efforts of the employee.

 

7


   

Sanctions may include any of the following types of sanctions or such other sanctions as may be deemed appropriate:

 

     

Verbal or written warnings

     

Written warnings with copies to the employee’s supervisor and/or personnel file

     

Limits on personal trading activities, such as limits on the ability to trade or open new positions

     

Requirements to disgorge profits and/or reverse trades o Referrals to Human Resources for disciplinary action

     

Terminations

 

8


FIDUCIARY DUTY TO CLIENTS AND FUNDS

Comply with Applicable Law. A variety of securities laws, including those described in this Code of Ethics, apply to the operation of Western Asset and the Funds. It is your responsibility to understand your obligations under these laws and to comply with those requirements. You have an obligation to seek assistance from the Legal and Compliance Department if you are unsure of what your obligations are under this Code of Ethics.

Fiduciary Duty. As a fiduciary for Western Asset clients, including the Funds, you have an obligation to act in clients’ best interests. You must scrupulously avoid serving your personal interests ahead of the interests of clients and the Funds. That includes making sure that client interests come first and that you avoid any potential or actual conflicts of interest. That fiduciary duty extends to all aspects of the business. Conflicts and potential conflicts can arise in a variety of situations. You may have information regarding clients, their investment strategies, strategic plans, assets, holdings, transactions, personnel matters and other information. This information may not be communicated in any manner to benefit yourself or other persons. This obligation extends to avoiding potential conflicts between client accounts as well. You may not inappropriately favor the interests of one client over another.

Compliance with the Code of Ethics. All new staff are provided with a copy of this Code of Ethics upon joining the Firm and the current version is posted on the Firm’s intranet. From time to time, the Firm may revise the Code of Ethics and you will be provided with a copy of any such amendments to the Code. On an annual basis and when the Code of Ethics is amended, you will be required to acknowledge in writing that you have received, understand and agree to comply with the Code of Ethics.

Personal Interests. As a general matter, you may not improperly take personal advantage of your knowledge of recent, pending or intended securities activities for clients, including the Funds. In addition, you may not improperly take advantage of your position to personally gain at the expense of the interests of Western Asset, clients, or the Funds.

Maintaining the Best Interests of Clients. The provisions of this Code of Ethics address some of the ways in which you are expected to uphold the fiduciary duty to clients and the Funds. It is not an exclusive list. Confidentiality. Unless otherwise permitted, information regarding clients or their accounts may not be shared with persons outside of the Firm, such as vendors, family members, or market participants. In particular, information regarding the trading intentions of clients or Western Asset on behalf of its clients may not be shared.

Personal trading:

 

   

A potential conflict exists between the interests of clients (including the Funds) and your personal investment activities. This conflict may take shape in a variety of ways, including the particular trades you execute and the volume of trading you do.

 

9


   

You may not engage in an excessive volume of trading in your personal accounts. High volumes of personal trading may raise concerns that your energies and interests are not aligned with client interests.

 

   

Depending on the particular security that you choose to buy, a holding period may also apply that requires you to hold that security for a minimum period of time.

 

   

At all times, you have an obligation to refrain from personally trading to manipulate the prices of securities and trading on material non-public information.

 

   

Given the potential conflict that exists between client transactions, holdings and intentions and your personal trading activity, the Code of Ethics contains detailed requirements regarding your personal conduct and the monitoring of your personal trading activity. The remaining sections of the Code of Ethics provide guidance on the requirements that must be followed in connection with your personal trading activity.

 

10


REPORTING OF PERSONAL TRADING

You must provide information regarding your personal investment accounts as required under this Code of Ethics. Reporting obligations take effect at the inception of your involvement with Western Asset or a Fund, and continue on a monthly, quarterly and annual basis. As with other provisions of the Code of Ethics, you are expected to understand and comply with the obligations that apply to you. (Applicable provisions for Western Asset Interested Directors are described more fully below in the Section titled “Requirements for Fund Directors.”)

In order to monitor potential conflicts of interest and your compliance with the Code, Western Asset employees and Interested Directors must identify investment accounts and provide information on particular securities transactions in those accounts.

Western Asset Management Company employees (i.e., those located in the Pasadena and New York offices) must maintain personal brokerage accounts only with brokers approved by the Firm. New hires must transfer their accounts within 90-days of hire. The criterion for broker approval is whether a broker is willing and able to provide electronic feeds to Western Asset for purposes of monitoring and administration of the Code of Ethics and Western Asset’s systems can effectively accommodate the electronic feeds. A list of approved brokers shall be published by the Legal and Compliance Department for reference by employees. Limited exceptions may be granted by the General Counsel or Chief Compliance Officer in such cases as may be necessary or prudent on a case by case basis (such as for accounts of family members of employees).

Which investment accounts do Western Asset employees and Western Asset Interested Directors need to report?

Report any of the following investment accounts:

 

   

Any investment account with a broker-dealer or bank in which you have a direct or indirect interest, including accounts that are yours or that you share jointly with another person. This includes joint accounts, spousal accounts, UTMA accounts, partnerships, trusts and controlling interests in corporations.

 

     

This requirement generally will cover any type of brokerage account opened with a broker-dealer or bank.

 

     

You must also report any Individual Retirement Account (“IRA”) held with a broker-dealer or bank.

 

   

Any investment account with a broker-dealer or bank over which you have investment decision-making authority (including accounts you are named on, such as being a guardian, executor or trustee, as well as accounts you are not named on, such as an account owned by another person for which you have been granted trading authority).

 

   

Any investment account with a broker-dealer or bank established by partnership, corporation, or other entity in which you have a direct or indirect interest through any formal or informal understanding or agreement.

 

11


   

Any college savings account in which you hold securities issued under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code and in which you have a direct or indirect interest.

 

   

Any account established to hold shares in a Franklin Resources, Inc. Employee Stock Investment Plan (ESIP) or similar plan.

 

   

Any other account that the Western Asset Management Committee or its delegate deems appropriate in light of your interest or involvement.

 

   

You are presumed to have investment decision-making authority for, and therefore must report, any investment account of a member of your immediate family if they live in the same household as you. (Immediate family includes a spouse, child, grandchild, stepchild, parent, grandparent, sibling, mother or father-in-law, son or daughter in-law, or brother or sister in-law.) You may rebut this presumption if you are able to provide Western Asset with satisfactory assurances that you have no material interest in the account and exercise no control over investment decisions made regarding the account. Consult with the Legal and Compliance Department for guidance regarding this process.

Do not report any of the following accounts:

 

   

Do not report investment accounts that are not held at a broker-dealer or bank that permit investments only in shares of open-end investment companies or funds:

 

     

Do not report such an investment account if the account holds only shares in money market funds.

 

     

Do not report such an investment account if you only invest in open-end funds not advised or sub-advised by Western Asset or a Franklin Templeton Investments affiliate. If you begin investing in open-end funds advised or sub-advised by Western Asset or an affiliate, you must report the investment account.

 

   

Do not report any 401(k), 403(b) or other company sponsored retirement accounts unless there is trading activity in funds advised or sub-advised by Western Asset or an affiliate. The list is available from the Legal and Compliance Department. Note: If you have a Western Asset 401(k) account, no additional reporting is required, but you are subject to the holding period requirements described in the Section below titled “Personal Trading Restrictions.”

What reports are Western Asset employees and Western Asset Interested Directors required to provide?

At hire: What information is required when you are hired or become a Western Asset employee or a Western Asset Interested Director of a Fund?

 

   

You must report all of your investment accounts. (See information above for more detail on which accounts must be reported.)

 

12


   

The report must either include copies of statements or the name of the broker, dealer or bank, title on the account, security names, exchange ticker and CUSIP as applicable, and the number of shares and principal amount of all holdings.

 

   

There is no requirement to report holdings of digital tokens, altcoins, crypto currencies or similar assets. This obligation may be revised based on further regulatory guidance, particularly if such instruments are deemed to be “securities.”

 

   

You must sign and date all initial reports.

 

   

You must report required information within 10 calendar days from the date of hire or the date on which you become a Western Asset employee or Western Asset Interested Director.

 

   

All the information that you report must be no more than 45 days old.

 

   

The Legal and Compliance Department will attempt to arrange with your brokerage firm to receive duplicate confirmations and statements to enable the firm to monitor your trading activities, but your assistance may be required.

Electronic Confirmations and Statements: The Western Asset Legal and Compliance Department will attempt to arrange to receive duplicate copies of transaction confirmations and account statements for each investment account directly from each financial institution with whom you have reported having an investment account. To the extent that Western Asset is able to directly obtain such information, you will not be required to separately provide the information described below for quarterly or annual transaction reports. You may be asked to confirm Western Asset’s records in lieu of providing your own holdings or transaction reports. Your assistance may be required for information Western Asset does not have or is not able to obtain otherwise, which may include providing statements to Western Asset yourself or coordinating with your financial institution to send confirmations and statements to Western Asset.

Quarterly Transaction Reports: What information is required on a quarterly basis?

 

   

You must report all transactions in covered securities in which you have a direct or indirect beneficial interest during a quarter to the Legal and Compliance Department within 30 days after quarter end, regardless of whether the account is required to be reported as described above.

 

     

What are “covered securities”? “Covered securities” are any security as defined by the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, Investment Company Act of 1940, any financial instrument related to a security, including fixed income securities, any equity securities, any derivatives on fixed income or equity securities, ETFs, closed-end mutual funds, and any open-end mutual funds managed, advised or sub-advised by Western Asset or an affiliate. “Covered securities” does not include digital tokens, altcoins, crypto currencies or similar assets. This obligation may be revised based on further regulatory guidance, particularly if such instruments are deemed to be “securities.”

 

     

“Covered securities” does not include obligations of the US government, bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper and high quality short-term debt instruments such as repurchase agreements and other instruments as described below in the Section titled “What Trades are Not Required to be Precleared?”

 

 

13


   

The report shall state the title and number of shares, the principal amount of the security involved, the interest rate and maturity date if applicable, the date and nature of the transaction, the price at which the transaction was effected and the name of the broker, dealer or bank with or through whom the transaction was effected.

 

   

The report must also include the date it was submitted.

 

   

You may not be required to file a quarterly report if the Legal and Compliance Department received duplicate copies of your broker confirmations and statements within the 30-day time period. From time to time, however, the Legal and Compliance Department may not receive all duplicate statements from brokers or may not receive them on a timely basis. In those cases, you will be notified by the Legal and Compliance Department and you have an obligation to provide copies of the statements or report all transactions you execute during the quarter in some other form.

 

   

If you have no investment accounts or executed no transactions in covered securities, you may be asked to confirm that you had no investment activity (either independent of an account or in a newly opened account).

Annual Holdings Reports: What information is required on an annual basis?

 

   

You must provide a list of all covered securities in which you have a direct or indirect interest, including those not held in an account at a broker-dealer or bank. The list must include the title, the exchange ticker or CUSIP number as applicable, number of shares and principal amount of each covered security. Copies of investment account statements containing such information are sufficient. Holdings are not required to include digital tokens, altcoins, crypto currencies or similar assets unless they are held in a securities account at a broker-dealer or bank.

 

   

You must report the account number, account name and financial institution for each investment account with a broker-dealer of bank for which you are required to report.

 

   

While the Western Asset Legal and Compliance Department may be receiving duplicate statements and confirmations for your investment accounts, this annual reporting requirement is intended to serve as a check to make sure that all of Western Asset’s information is accurate and current.

 

   

The information in the annual report must be current as of a date no more than 45 days before the report is submitted and the annual report must include the date it was submitted to the Western Asset Legal and Compliance Department.

 

   

You also must certify annually that you have complied with the requirements of this Code of Ethics and that you have disclosed or reported all transactions and holdings required to be disclosed or reported pursuant to the requirements of this Code.

 

14


New Investment Accounts: When do I need to report new investment accounts that are required to be reported under the Code of Ethics?

 

   

After you open an account or after you assume a role or obtain an interest in an account that requires reporting (as discussed in the Section titled “Reporting of Personal Trading”), you have 30 calendar days after the end of the quarter to report the account.

 

   

You must report the title of the account, the name of the financial institution for the account, the date the account was established (or the date on which you gained an interest or authority that requires the account to be reported) and the date reported.

Additional Reporting for Certain Persons. What additional reporting obligations exist for Directors and Officers of Closed-End Investment Companies, officers or Western Asset, or designated members of the Western Asset Investment Strategy Group?

 

   

Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 requires Directors and Officers of any closed-end investment company to report to the Securities and Exchange Commission changes in their personal ownership of that closed-end investment company’s stock. Note that reporting is not required for all close-end investment companies, but only the shares of those closed-end funds for which a person serves as a director or officer.

 

   

In addition, Section 16 requires Western Asset officers and designated members of the Western Asset Investment Strategy Group to forfeit to the Fund any profit realized from any purchase and sale, or any sale and purchase, of Fund shares within any period of less than six months. Under Section 16, holding periods operate on a “last in, first out” methodology, so the six-month holding period for all holdings re-sets with each new purchase. Such persons should consult the Western Asset Legal and Compliance Department for further guidance regarding specific provisions of the law, including applicable reporting requirements .

 

   

If provided with the necessary information, the Western Asset Legal and Compliance Department will assist and make the filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission on your behalf.

 

15


PRECLEARANCE PROCESS FOR PERSONAL TRADING

Before you execute a personal trade, the trade may need to be precleared to ensure that there is no conflict with Western Asset’s current trading activities on behalf of its clients (including the Funds). All Western Asset employees are required to preclear trades in securities except as provided below.

WHAT TRADES MUST BE PRECLEARED?

Any Security (unless excluded below). You must preclear trades in any security, which means any bond, stock, debenture, certificate of interest or participation in any profit sharing venture, warrant, right and generally anything that meets the definition of “security” under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and the Investment Company Act of 1940. Except for money market instruments, G-7 government direct obligations and government direct obligations of Singapore and Australia, all fixed income securities must be precleared.

Restricted List. Subject to the caveat below for common stock, you are required to preclear the securities of any issuer that are listed on the Western Asset restricted list.

Common Stocks. You are only required to preclear publicly traded common stocks if the issuer of the common stock is listed on the Western Asset restricted list. In cases where the common stock is on the restricted list, designated as being eligible for trading, and the issuer has USD$10 billion or more in market capitalization, pre-clearance is only required if your trade is over USD$100,000 in value. Restrictions also apply to investments in private placements (including private funds) or initial public offerings (see discussion below). Preclearance is not required, however, for trading in stocks issued by Franklin Resources, Inc. as long as all other restrictions such as restricted periods are followed.

Stocks of Brazilian Issuers. You must preclear all Brazilian equity trades except trades of a de minimis amount (i.e., trades of 500 shares or less per day for any issuer with a market capitalization in excess of USD$10 billion). This preclearance requirement includes both common and preferred shares as well as local shares and GDR/ADR securities.

Derivatives. Trades in any financial instrument related to a security that is required to be pre-cleared, including options on securities, futures contracts, single stock futures, options on futures contracts and any other derivative must be precleared.

Shares in any Affiliated Open or Closed-end Mutual Fund or REIT. Preclearance is required if you purchase or sell shares of open-end or closed-end funds and/or REITs advised or sub-advised by Western Asset outside of your Western Asset 401(k) participant account. This includes preclearance for such purchases or sales in a spouse’s retirement account. You are not required to preclear trades in your Western Asset 401(k) participant account. Note: No preclearance is required for investments in any money market funds.

Systematic Investment Plans. Preclearance is required when executing an initial instruction for any purchases or sales that are made pursuant to a systematic investment or withdrawal plan involving a security that requires preclearance. For example, a systematic investment plan that regularly purchases

 

16


shares of a Western Asset Fund would need to be precleared when the initial instruction was made, but not for each specific subsequent purchase. A systematic investment or withdrawal plan is one pursuant to which a prescribed purchase or sale will be automatically made on a regular, predetermined basis without affirmative action by the Access Person. As such, only the initial investment instruction (and any subsequent changes to the instruction) requires preclearance.

Private Placement Securities. All Western Asset employees must preclear any trades in private placement securities (i.e., any offering that is exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933 pursuant to section 4(2) or 4(6) or pursuant to rule 504, rule 505, or rule 506 under the Securities Act of 1933) whether or not fixed income related. This requirement includes all private investment partnerships or funds such as hedge funds and private real estate holding partnerships.

Initial Public Offerings. Investment Persons are prohibited from participating in Initial Public Offerings (other than closed-end fund offerings where Western Asset is an adviser or sub-adviser). Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC) offerings are considered Initial Public Offerings.

529 College Savings Plans. Any transaction in units of a college savings plan established under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code where the underlying investments are open-end funds advised or sub-advised by Western Asset or an affiliate. A list of such funds is available from the Legal and Compliance Department.

Transactions in Retirement Accounts and Deferred Compensation Plans. All purchases or sales of investment companies or funds advised or sub-advised by Western Asset in any retirement account other than your Western Asset 401(k) participant account or Deferred Compensation Plan must be precleared. Note: Trades in investment companies or funds in your Western Asset 401(k) account are not required to be precleared, but are subject to a 60-day holding period if they are advised or sub-advised by Western Asset. Trades in the brokerage portion of your Western Asset 401(k) such as those in individual tickers or CUSIPs are subject to the same personal trading pre-clear rules as if they were purchased outside of the 401(k) account.

Shares of Preferred Stock. You are required to preclear all transactions in shares of preferred stock.

WHAT TRADES ARE NOT REQUIRED TO BE PRECLEARED?

Common Stocks. As long as the issuer of the securities is not listed on the Western Asset restricted list, you are not required to preclear publicly traded common stocks. All Western Asset employees are also required to preclear an equity security in the case of a private placement or an initial public offering (see discussion above).

Government Securities. Trades in any direct obligations of the U.S. Government or any G7 government are not required to be precleared.

High Quality Short-term Debt Instruments. High quality short-term debt instruments including bankers’ acceptances, bank certificates of deposit, commercial paper, variable-rate demand notes, repurchase agreements and other high quality short-term debt instruments (meaning any instrument that has a maturity at issuance of less than 366 days and that is rated in one of the two highest rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, such as S&P or Moody’s) are not required to be precleared.

 

17


Money Market Funds. Trades in any investment company or fund that is a money market fund are not required to be precleared.

Open-End Mutual Funds. Trades in open-end mutual funds that are not advised or sub-advised by Western Asset are not required to be precleared.

Closed-End Mutual Funds, Exchange Traded Funds (“ETFs”) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REITs”). Transactions of closed end mutual funds, ETFs and REITs are not required to be precleared unless they are advised by Western Asset.

Transactions Retirement Accounts and Deferred Compensation Plans. Purchases or sales of investment companies or funds in your Western Asset 401(k) participant account or Deferred Compensation Plan are not required to be precleared. Note: Trades in your Western Asset 401(k) account are not required to be precleared, but are subject to a holding period requirement if they are advised or sub-advised by Western Asset. Trades in the brokerage portion of your Western Asset 401(k) such as those in individual tickers or CUSIPs are subject to the same personal trading pre-clear rules as if they were purchased outside of the 401(k) account.

Employee Savings Investment Plans. Purchases, sales of Franklin Resources, Inc. stock in Employee Savings Investment Plans or similar are not required to be pre-cleared. Elections to participate or stop participating or changes to participation levels are not required to be pre-cleared.

Systematic Investment Plans. Any purchases or sales that are made pursuant to a systematic investment or withdrawal plan that has previously been approved by a Preclearance Officer. A systematic investment plan is any plan where a sale or purchase will be automatically made on a regular, predetermined basis without your authorization for each transaction. The first instruction must be precleared, but each subsequent purchase is not required to be precleared unless changes are made to the terms of the standing order.

No Knowledge. Securities transactions where you have no knowledge of the transaction before it is completed (for example, a transaction effected by a Trustee of a blind trust or discretionary trades involving an investment partnership or investment club, when you are neither consulted nor advised of the trade before it is executed) are not required to be precleared.

Certain Corporate Actions. Any acquisition of securities through stock dividends, dividend reinvestments, stock splits, reverse stock splits, mergers, consolidations, spin-offs, exercise of rights or other similar corporate reorganizations or distributions generally applicable to all holders of the same class of securities is not required to be precleared.

Options-Related Activity. Any acquisition or disposition of a security in connection with an option-related transaction that has been previously approved. For example, if you receive approval to write a covered call, and the call is later exercised, you are not required to obtain preclearance in order to exercise the call. Preclearance of a derivative of a security is required only if the underlying security requires preclearance.

 

18


Commodities, Futures and Options on Futures. Any transaction involving commodities, futures (including currency futures and futures on securities comprising part of a broad-based, publicly traded market based index of stocks) and options on futures. Preclearance is required for any single issuer derivatives, such as single stock futures.

529 College Savings Plans. Any transaction in units of a college savings plan established under Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code, unless the underlying investment includes open-end funds advised or sub-advised by Western Asset or an affiliate.

Digital Assets. Digital tokens, altcoins, crypto currencies or similar assets Crypto currency is treated the same as any other currency and is not a security, so it does not require pre-clearance. This obligation may be revised based on further regulatory guidance.

Miscellaneous. Any transaction in any other securities as the Western Asset Chief Compliance Officer may designate on the grounds that the risk of abuse is minimal or non-existent.

HOW DOES THE PRECLEARANCE PROCESS WORK?

Understand the Preclearance requirements. Review the Section above titled “Preclearance Process for Personal Trading” to determine if the security requires preclearance.

Trading Authorization Form. Obtain and complete a Trading Authorization Form or access the on-line personal trading system (if available to you).

Submission for approval. Submit the request for approval to a Preclearance Officer for a determination of approval or denial. The Chief Compliance Officer shall designate Preclearance Officers to consider requests for approval or denials.

Approval or Denial. The Preclearance Officer shall determine whether approval of the proposed trade would place the individual’s interests ahead of the interests of Western Asset clients (including the Funds). To be valid, a Preclearance Officer must sign the Trading Authorization Form or otherwise evidence approval.

Expiration of Trading Permission. Trade authorizations expire at the end of the trading day during which authorization is granted. Trade authorizations also expire if they are revoked or if you learn that the information provided in the Trade Authorization request is not accurate. If the authorization expires, a new authorization must be obtained before the trade order may be placed. If an order is placed but has not been executed before the authorization expires (e.g., a limit order), no new authorization is necessary unless the order is amended in any way.

Transactions of a Preclearance Officer. A Preclearance Officer may not approve his or her own Trading Authorization Form.

Proxies. You may designate a representative to complete and submit a Trade Authorization Form if you are unable to complete the form on your behalf in order to obtain proper authorization.

 

19


PERSONAL TRADING RESTRICTIONS

In addition to reporting and preclearance obligations, you are also subject to restrictions regarding the manner in which you trade and hold securities in any personal investment accounts for which you report transactions. (The Section above titled “Reporting of Personal Trading” describes which accounts must be reported.)

For all Western Asset employees:

 

   

Market Manipulation. You shall not execute any securities transactions with the intent to raise, lower, or maintain the price of any security or to falsely create the appearance of trading activity.

 

   

Spread Betting. Spread Betting is a speculative transaction that involves taking a bet on the price movement of a security, index or other financial product via a spread betting company. Spread betting on financial products is not permitted and employees may not use spread betting accounts to circumvent the Code of Ethics. Spread betting on non-financial products, such as sporting events, is not covered by the Code of Ethics.

 

   

Trading on Inside Information. You shall not purchase or sell any security if you have material nonpublic information about the security or the issuer of the security. You are also subject to Western Asset’s policy on insider trading. This policy applies both to personal transactions and to transactions executed by Western Asset personnel on behalf of client accounts.

 

   

Excessive Personal Trading. Excessive personal trading is not permitted. Whether personal trading is “excessive” will be based on facts and circumstances; however, employees are discouraged from effecting more than 75 transactions in a calendar quarter in normal market conditions. This guideline may be modified with the approval of the Chief Compliance Officer during unusual market conditions or at the request of an employee. Transactions are defined as executions — therefore, a buy and a sell of the same security are considered as two transactions and multiple fills for limit orders are each considered a transaction unless brokers provide information to permit independent confirmation that multiple confirmations originated from a single order. This does not apply to accounts held by family members where you do not have any trading authority, fully managed accounts where you have given permission to another party to manage your account, and rebalancing of investments in a 401(k), 403(b) or any other company sponsored retirement accounts. Single expressions of investment intent with multiple executions are counted as a single trade (i.e., multiple fills on a limit or a block trade across multiple family accounts). Corporate actions or options exercises are not counted. Quant-type strategies declared in advance and done with the approval of the Chief Compliance Officer may be exempted if the individual exercises no discretion over when or if orders are executed.

 

   

Initial Public Offerings for Investment Persons: Investment Persons may not purchase any securities through an initial public offering (other than closed-end funds for which Western Asset is an adviser or sub-adviser).

Regardless of whether a transaction is specifically prohibited in this Code of Ethics, you may not engage in any personal securities transactions that (i) impact your ability to carry out your assigned duties or (ii) increase the possibility of an actual or apparent conflict of interest.

 

20


Holding Periods for securities in personal accounts for all Western Asset employees:

 

   

After making a purchase, you must hold that security for at least 30 calendar days unless specified otherwise below. Holding periods are measured on a first-in-first-out basis unless otherwise specified below. The holding period applies if investment exposure takes the form of single stock futures, options or other similar instruments.

 

   

Holding periods apply for all securities except transactions in money market funds, government/sovereign securities issued by G-7 countries and derivatives on such securities, high quality short-term debt instruments, ETFs or other index securities, options on broad-based indices, currencies, and open-end mutual funds not advised by Western Asset.

 

   

A 60-day holding period applies for all mutual funds, investment companies, unit trusts, REITs, or other commingled vehicles for which Western Asset serves as adviser or sub-adviser.

 

   

This limitation applies to any purchases or sales in your individual retirement account, 401(k), deferred compensation plan, or any similar retirement plan or investment account for you or your immediate family. There is no holding period for purchases or sales done through a systematic investment or withdrawal plan.

 

   

There is no holding period for accounts held by family members where you do not have any trading authority or fully managed accounts where you have given permission to another party to manage your account. You may not direct or recommend trades or take any other action that serves to circumvent the provisions of the Code of Ethics.

 

   

The holding period may be deemed inapplicable in circumstances such as stop-loss orders declared in advance or extreme market volatility if prudent and consistent with the Firm’s overarching fiduciary duties to clients and regulatory obligations.

Blackout Periods:

 

   

One Day Blackout period for all Western Asset employees:

 

     

You may not purchase or sell a fixed-income security (or any security convertible into a fixed income security) of an issuer on the same day in which Western Asset is purchasing or selling a fixed-income security from that same issuer.

 

     

Contemporaneous trading activity will be the basis for a denial of a request for trading preclearance.

 

   

Seven Day Blackout period for Investment Persons:

 

     

You may not purchase or sell a fixed income security (or any security convertible into a fixed income security) if Western Asset purchases or sells securities of the same issuer within seven calendar days before or after the date of your purchase or sale.

 

21


Preclearance Sought and Obtained in Good Faith:

 

   

The blackout period restriction may be deemed inapplicable if, consistent with the overarching duty to put client interests ahead of personal or Firm interests, an Access Person making a personal transaction has sought and received preclearance. This determination will take into account such factors as the degree of involvement in or access to the persons or teams making the investment decision.

 

22


REQUIREMENTS FOR FUND DIRECTORS

Interested Directors of the Funds that are also Western Asset employees

 

   

If you are an Interested Director and also a Western Asset or Franklin Templeton Investments employee, you are subject to all the Code of Ethics requirements that apply to you as a Western Asset or Franklin Templeton Investments employee. Accordingly, if you are a Western Asset employee, you are required to comply with all provisions of this Code of Ethics. If you are a Franklin Templeton Investments employee, you are not subject to the provision of this Code of Ethics, but you are required to comply with the Franklin Templeton Investments Code of Ethics.

 

   

You are also subject to the requirements under Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. For Interested Directors who are also Western Asset employees, this obligation is addressed in the Section above titled “Reporting of Personal Trading.”

Interested Directors of the Funds that are not Western Asset employees

 

   

Applicable Provisions of the Code of Ethics. For an Interested Director that is not a Western Asset employee, only the requirements as set forth in the following Sections of the Code of Ethics shall apply:

 

     

Objectives and Spirit of the Code

     

Persons Subject to the Code

     

Persons Who Administer the Code

     

Reporting of Personal Trading

     

Requirements for Fund Directors

These sections may also incorporate other parts of the Code of Ethics by reference.

 

   

Rule 17j-1 Requirements with Respect to Reporting of Personal Trading. The requirements described above in the Section titled “Reporting of Personal Trading” shall only apply to the extent required by Rule 17j-1. In particular, no reporting of any open-end mutual funds is required.

 

   

Section 16 Reporting. Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 requires all Directors of closed-end investment companies to report changes in your personal ownership of shares of investment companies for which you a Director. If provided with the necessary information, the Legal and Compliance Department will assist and make filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission on your behalf.

 

   

Section 16 Personal Trading Restrictions. Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act requires a Director to forfeit to the Fund any profit realized from any purchase and sale, or any sale and purchase, of Fund shares within any period of less than six months. Under Section 16, holding periods operate on a “last in, first out” methodology, so the six-month holding period for all holdings re-sets with each new purchase.

 

23

Calculation of Filing Fee Tables

FORM N-2

(Form Type)

LMP Capital & Income Fund Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Table 1: Newly Registered and Carry Forward Securities

 

                         
    

Security 

Type 

 

Security

Class

Title

 

Fee 

Calculation 

or Carry 

Forward 

Rule 

 

Amount 

Registered 

 

Proposed 

Maximum 

Offering 

Price Per 

Unit 

 

Maximum

Aggregate

Offering

Price(1)

 

Fee

Rate

 

Amount of

Registration

Fee

 

Carry 

Forward 

Form 

Type 

 

Carry 

Forward 

File 

Number 

 

Carry 

Forward 

Initial 

effective 

date 

 

Filing Fee 

Previously 

Paid In 

Connection 

with 

Unsold 

Securities 

to be 

Carried 

Forward 

 
Newly Registered Securities
                         

Fees to Be

Paid

  Equity   Common Stock   457(o)       $150,000,000   $153.10   $22,965.00          
                         

Fees to Be

Paid

  Other   Rights to Purchase Shares of Common Stock(2)   —        —               
                         

Fees

Previously

Paid

  Equity   Common Stock   457(o)       $1,000,000   $153.10   $153.10          
 
Carry Forward Securities
                         

Carry

Forward

Securities

                         
                   
    Total Offering Amounts      $150,000,000     $22,965.00          
                   
    Total Fees Previously Paid          $153.10          
                   
    Total Fee Offsets                   
                   
    Net Fee Due                $22,811.90                

 

(1) Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933.

(2) No separate consideration will be received by the Registrant. Any shares issued pursuant to an offering of rights to purchase shares of common stock, including any shares issued pursuant to an over-subscription privilege or a secondary over-subscription privilege, will be shares registered under this Registration Statement.

v3.25.0.1
N-2 - USD ($)
3 Months Ended
Mar. 14, 2025
Feb. 21, 2025
Feb. 28, 2025
Nov. 30, 2024
Aug. 31, 2024
May 31, 2024
Feb. 29, 2024
Nov. 30, 2023
Aug. 31, 2023
May 31, 2023
Feb. 28, 2023
Dec. 31, 2024
Dec. 31, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Dec. 31, 2021
Dec. 31, 2020
Dec. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
Dec. 31, 2017
Dec. 31, 2016
Dec. 31, 2015
Cover [Abstract]                                          
Entity Central Index Key 0001270131                                        
Amendment Flag false                                        
Entity Inv Company Type N-2                                        
Securities Act File Number 333-284227                                        
Investment Company Act File Number 811-21467                                        
Document Type N-2/A                                        
Document Registration Statement true                                        
Pre-Effective Amendment true                                        
Pre-Effective Amendment Number 1                                        
Post-Effective Amendment false                                        
Investment Company Act Registration true                                        
Investment Company Registration Amendment true                                        
Investment Company Registration Amendment Number 7                                        
Entity Registrant Name LMP Capital and Income Fund Inc.                                        
Entity Address, Address Line One 620 Eighth Avenue,                                        
Entity Address, Address Line Two 47th Floor                                        
Entity Address, City or Town New York                                        
Entity Address, State or Province NY                                        
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code 10018                                        
City Area Code 888                                        
Local Phone Number 777‑0102                                        
Approximate Date of Commencement of Proposed Sale to Public From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement.                                        
Dividend or Interest Reinvestment Plan Only false                                        
Delayed or Continuous Offering true                                        
Primary Shelf [Flag] true                                        
Effective Upon Filing, 462(e) false                                        
Additional Securities Effective, 413(b) false                                        
Effective when Declared, Section 8(c) false                                        
New Effective Date for Previous Filing false                                        
Additional Securities. 462(b) false                                        
No Substantive Changes, 462(c) false                                        
Exhibits Only, 462(d) false                                        
Registered Closed-End Fund [Flag] true                                        
Business Development Company [Flag] false                                        
Interval Fund [Flag] false                                        
Primary Shelf Qualified [Flag] true                                        
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer No                                        
Entity Emerging Growth Company false                                        
New CEF or BDC Registrant [Flag] false                                        
Fee Table [Abstract]                                          
Shareholder Transaction Expenses [Table Text Block]
STOCKHOLDER TRANSACTION EXPENSES
  
Sales Load (percentage of offering price)
     %(1) 
Offering Expenses Borne by the Fund (percentage of offering price)
     %(2) 
Dividend Reinvestment Plan Per Transaction Fee to Sell Shares Obtained Pursuant to the Plan
   $ 5.00 (3) 
TOTAL TRANSACTION EXPENSES (as a percentage of offering price)(4)
  
(1)
The sales load will apply only if the securities to which this Prospectus relates are sold to or through underwriters. In such case, a corresponding Prospectus Supplement will disclose the applicable sales load.
(2)
The related Prospectus Supplement will disclose the estimated amount of offering expenses, the offering price and the offering expenses borne by the Fund as a percentage of the offering price.
(3)
Common Stockholders will pay brokerage charges if they direct the Plan Agent (defined below) to sell Common Stock held in a dividend reinvestment account. See “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.” There are no fees charged to stockholders for participating in the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. However, stockholders participating in the plan that elect to sell their shares obtained pursuant to the plan would pay $5.00 per transaction to sell shares.
(4)
The related Prospectus Supplement will disclose the offering price and the total stockholder transaction expenses as a percentage of the offering price.
                                       
Sales Load [Percent] [1]                                        
Dividend Reinvestment and Cash Purchase Fees [2] $ 5.00                                        
Other Transaction Expenses [Abstract]                                          
Other Transaction Expenses [Percent] [3]                                        
Annual Expenses [Table Text Block]
     Percentage of
Net Assets
Attributable to
Common
Stock
(Assumes
Leverage
is Used)
 
ANNUAL EXPENSES
  
Management Fees(5)
     1.05%  
Interest Payment on Borrowed Funds(6)
     1.44%  
Other Expenses(7)
     0.16%  
  
 
 
 
TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENSES
     2.65%  
  
 
 
 
(5)
The Investment Manager receives an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.85% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets. “Managed Assets” means net assets plus the amount of any outstanding Borrowings used for leverage and assets attributable to any Preferred Stock that may be outstanding. For the purposes of this table, we have assumed that the Fund has utilized leverage in an aggregate amount of 19.04% of its Managed Assets (the actual average amount of Borrowings during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024). If the Fund were to use leverage in excess of 19.04% of its Managed Assets, the management fees shown would be higher
(6)
For the purposes of this table, we have assumed that the Fund has utilized Borrowings in an aggregate amount of 19.04% of its Managed Assets (which equals the average level of leverage for the Fund’s fiscal year ended November 30, 2024). The expenses and rates associated with leverage may vary as and when Borrowings or issuances of Preferred Stock are made.
(7)
Expenses based on amounts incurred in the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024.
                                       
Management Fees [Percent] [4] 1.05%                                        
Interest Expenses on Borrowings [Percent] [5] 1.44%                                        
Other Annual Expenses [Abstract]                                          
Other Annual Expenses [Percent] [6] 0.16%                                        
Total Annual Expenses [Percent] 2.65%                                        
Expense Example [Table Text Block]
Example1
The following example illustrates the hypothetical expenses that you would pay on a $1,000 investment in Common Stock, assuming (i) “Total Annual Expenses” of 2.65% of net assets attributable to Common Stock (which assumes the Fund’s use of leverage in an aggregate amount equal to 19.04% of the Fund’s Managed Assets) and (ii) a 5% annual return:
 
1 Year     3 Years     5 Years     10 Years  
$ 27     $ 82     $  140     $  298  
1 
The example above should not be considered a representation of future expenses. Actual expenses may be higher or lower than those shown. The example assumes that all dividends and distributions are reinvested at net asset value. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. Moreover, the Fund’s actual rate of return may be greater or less than the hypothetical 5% return shown in the example.
                                       
Expense Example, Year 01 [7] $ 27                                        
Expense Example, Years 1 to 3 [7] 82                                        
Expense Example, Years 1 to 5 [7] 140                                        
Expense Example, Years 1 to 10 [7] $ 298                                        
Purpose of Fee Table , Note [Text Block]
The purpose of the following table and example is to help you understand all fees and expenses holders of Common Stock would bear directly or indirectly. The table below is based on the capital structure of the Fund as of November 30, 2024 (except as noted below) and assumes the issuance of $150 million of additional shares of Common Stock.
                                       
Basis of Transaction Fees, Note [Text Block] percentage of offering price                                        
Other Transaction Fees, Note [Text Block] The related Prospectus Supplement will disclose the estimated amount of offering expenses, the offering price and the offering expenses borne by the Fund as a percentage of the offering price.                                        
Other Expenses, Note [Text Block] Expenses based on amounts incurred in the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024.                                        
Management Fee not based on Net Assets, Note [Text Block] The Investment Manager receives an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.85% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets. “Managed Assets” means net assets plus the amount of any outstanding Borrowings used for leverage and assets attributable to any Preferred Stock that may be outstanding. For the purposes of this table, we have assumed that the Fund has utilized leverage in an aggregate amount of 19.04% of its Managed Assets (the actual average amount of Borrowings during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024). If the Fund were to use leverage in excess of 19.04% of its Managed Assets, the management fees shown would be higher                                        
Financial Highlights [Abstract]                                          
Senior Securities [Table Text Block]
SENIOR SECURITIES
The table below sets forth the senior securities outstanding as of the end of the Fund’s fiscal years or periods ended 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024. The senior securities information for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018 and 2017 have been audited by PwC. The information for the years prior to the fiscal year ended 2017 was audited by the Fund’s prior independent registered public accounting firm.
 
Year    Name Of Loan    Total Amount
Outstanding
     Asset
Coverage Per
$1,000 Of
Indebtedness
     Average
Market
Value Per
Unit*
 
2015
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 75,000,000      $ 4,672        N/A  
2016
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 82,500,000      $ 4,343        N/A  
2017
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 90,000,000      $ 4,065        N/A  
2018
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 90,000,000      $ 3,845        N/A  
2019
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 82,000,000      $ 4,421        N/A  
2020
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 55,000,000      $ 5,289        N/A  
2021
   Credit Agreement for Margin
Financing
   $ 61,000,000      $ 5,619        N/A  
2022
   Margin Loan and Security
Agreement
   $ 61,000,000      $ 5,205        N/A  
2023
   Margin Loan and Security
Agreement
   $ 61,000,000      $ 5,187        N/A  
2024
   Margin Loan and Security
Agreement
   $ 67,000,000      $ 5,769        N/A  
*
Not applicable, as these senior securities were not registered for public trading.
                                       
Senior Securities, Note [Text Block] Not applicable, as these senior securities were not registered for public trading.                                        
Senior Securities Headings, Note [Text Block]
The table below sets forth the senior securities outstanding as of the end of the Fund’s fiscal years or periods ended 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024. The senior securities information for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018 and 2017 have been audited by PwC. The information for the years prior to the fiscal year ended 2017 was audited by the Fund’s prior independent registered public accounting firm.
                                       
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Investment Objectives and Practices [Text Block]
Investment Objective
The Fund’s investment objective is total return with an emphasis on income. There can be no assurance the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
This section provides additional information about the Fund’s investments and certain portfolio management techniques the Fund may use. More information about the Fund’s investments and portfolio management techniques and the associated risks is included in the SAI.
Investment Strategies
Under normal market conditions, the Fund seeks to maximize total return by investing at least 80% of its Managed Assets in a broad range of equity and fixed income securities of both U.S. and foreign issuers. The Fund will vary its allocation between equity and fixed income securities depending on ClearBridge’s view of economic, market and political conditions, fiscal and monetary policy and security valuation. The Investment Manager has delegated to ClearBridge, one of the Fund’s subadvisers, the Fund’s allocation between equity and fixed income securities, as well as the Fund’s equity investments in general. A portfolio management team at Western Asset, the Fund’s other subadviser, manages the fixed income portion of the Fund. Depending on ClearBridge’s view of these factors, which may vary from time to time, ClearBridge may allocate substantially all of the investments in the portfolio to equity securities or fixed income securities.
The Fund’s investments in equity securities will include, among other securities, common stock traded on an exchange or in the over‑the‑counter market, preferred stocks, warrants, rights, convertible securities, depositary receipts, trust certificates, real estate investment trusts, limited partnership interests, equity-linked debt securities and shares of other investment companies. The Fund’s investments in fixed income securities will include, among other securities, corporate bonds, mortgage and asset backed securities, U.S. government obligations, investment grade and high yield debt, including emerging market debt and high yield sovereign debt, and loans. The Fund may invest without limit in both energy and non‑energy master limited partnerships (“MLPs”), so long as no more than 25% of the Fund’s total assets are invested in MLPs that are treated as qualified publicly traded partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
As noted above, the Fund may depart from its principal investment strategy in response to adverse economic, market or political conditions by taking temporary defensive positions in any non‑corporate issuer, including high-quality, short-term debt securities or cash. If the Fund takes a temporary defensive position, it may be unable to achieve its investment objective.
The Fund may invest up to 15% of its Managed Assets in illiquid securities, which are securities that cannot be sold within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the value at which the Fund has valued the securities. See “The Fund’s Investments” for additional information on the types of securities in which the Fund may invest.
In selecting investments for the Fund, ClearBridge and Western Asset employ fundamental research and due diligence to an issuer’s: growth potential, stock price, potential appreciation and valuation; credit quality, taking into account financial condition and profitability; future capital needs; potential for change in bond rating and industry outlook; and competitive environment and management ability.
Percentage Limitations. Compliance with any policy or limitation for the Fund that is expressed as a percentage of assets is determined at the time of purchase of portfolio securities. The policy will not be violated if these limitations are exceeded because of changes in the market value of the Fund’s assets or for any other reason.
Credit Quality. The Fund usually will attempt to maintain a portfolio with a weighted average credit quality rated between Ba3 and A2 by Moody’s or between BB‑ and A by S&P. The Investment Manager determines the Fund’s average credit quality by calculating on a daily basis the weighted average of the credit ratings of the Fund’s investments. Securities are rated by different agencies and if a security receives different ratings from these agencies, the Fund will treat the securities as being rated in the highest rating category. Credit rating criteria are applied at the time the Fund purchases a security. There is no guarantee that the Fund will be able to maintain the average credit quality mentioned above. The Fund may choose not to sell securities that are downgraded after their purchase below the Fund’s minimum acceptable credit rating. The Fund’s credit standards also apply to counterparties to over‑the‑counter derivatives contracts. Unrated securities will be assigned a rating by the Investment Manager in its reasonable judgment.
Duration Management. The average portfolio duration of the fixed income securities held by the Fund will normally be within one and seven years, including the effect of leverage, based on the Investment Manager’s forecast for interest rates. Initially the average portfolio duration of the fixed income securities held by the Fund will be four years, including the effect of leverage. Duration is a measure of the expected life of a debt security that is used to determine the sensitivity of a security’s price to changes in interest rates. The longer a security’s duration, the more sensitive it will be to changes in interest rates. For example, the market price of a bond with a duration of two years would be expected to decline 2% if interest rates rose 1%. Conversely, the market price of the same bond would be expected to increase 2% if interest rates fell 1%. The market price of a bond with a duration of four years would be expected to increase or decline twice as much as the market price of a bond with a two‑year duration. The maturity of a security, another commonly used measure of price sensitivity, measures only the time until final payment is due, whereas duration takes into account the pattern of all payments of interest and principal on a security over time, including how these payments are affected by prepayments and by changes in interest rates.
Independent Credit Analysis. The Investment Manager relies heavily on its own analysis of the credit quality and risks associated with individual securities considered for the Fund, rather than relying exclusively on rating agencies. The Investment Manager has a dedicated team of professionals that conducts fundamental credit research and analysis of individual issuers, industries and sectors and uses proprietary analytical tools (such as computer databases and Web‑based applications) to assess and monitor credit risk. The individuals managing the Fund utilize this information in an attempt to minimize credit risk and identify issuers, industries or sectors that are undervalued or that offer attractive yields relative to the Investment Manager’s assessment of their credit characteristics.
Portfolio Contents
Under normal market conditions, the Fund intends to invest at least 80% of its Managed Assets in a broad range of equity and fixed income securities of both U.S. and foreign issuers. Equity securities include, among other securities, common stocks traded on an exchange or in the over‑the‑counter market, preferred stocks, warrants, rights, convertible securities, depositary receipts, trust certificates, real estate investment trusts, limited partnership interests, equity-linked debt securities and shares of other investment companies. Except as otherwise indicated, convertible securities are not subject to any minimum credit quality requirements. Fixed income securities include, among other securities, corporate bonds, mortgage and asset backed securities, U.S. government obligations, investment grade and high yield debt, including emerging market debt and high yield sovereign debt, and loans. See “Investment Policies and Techniques” in the Statement of Additional Information for additional information regarding the Fund’s investments and their related risks.
Common Stocks. Common stocks generally represent an ownership interest in an issuer, without preference over any other class of securities, including such issuer’s debt securities, preferred stock and other senior equity securities. Dividend payments generally are not guaranteed and so may be discontinued by the issuer at its discretion or because of the issuer’s inability to satisfy its liabilities. Further, an issuer’s history of paying dividends does not guarantee that it will continue to pay dividends in the future. In addition to dividends, under
certain circumstances the Fund may benefit from capital appreciation of an issuer. The Fund may hold or have exposure to common stock of issuers of any size (in terms of market capitalization or otherwise) and in any industry or sector. The common stock may be traded on an exchange or in the over‑the‑counter market.
Although common stocks historically have generated higher average returns than fixed income securities, common stocks also have experienced significantly more volatility in those returns. An adverse event, such as an unfavorable earnings report, may depress the value of a particular common stock held by the Fund. Also, prices of common stocks are sensitive to general movements in the stock market and a drop in the stock market may depress the prices of common stocks held by the Fund or to which it has exposure.
Preferred Stock. The Fund may invest in preferred stocks, which represent an equity interest in a company that generally entitles the holder to receive, in preference to the holders of other stocks such as common stocks, dividends and a fixed share of the proceeds resulting from liquidation of the company. Some preferred stocks also entitle their holders to receive additional liquidation proceeds on the same basis as holders of a company’s common stock, and thus also represent an ownership interest in the company. Some preferred stocks offer a fixed rate of return with no maturity date. Because they never mature, these preferred stocks act like long-term bonds and can be more volatile than other types of preferred stocks and may have heightened sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Other preferred stocks have a variable dividend, generally determined on a quarterly or other periodic basis, either according to a formula based upon a specified premium or discount to the yield on particular U.S. Treasury securities or based on an auction process, involving bids submitted by holders and prospective purchasers of such stocks. Because preferred stocks represent an equity ownership interest in a company, their value usually will react more strongly than bonds and other debt instruments to actual or perceived changes in a company’s financial condition or prospects, or to fluctuations in the equity markets.
Convertible Securities. Convertible securities are typically preferred stock or bonds that are convertible into common stock at a specified price or conversion ratio. Because they have the characteristics of both fixed income securities and common stock, convertible securities are sometimes called “hybrid” securities. Convertible bonds, debentures and notes are debt obligations offering a stated interest rate. Convertible preferred stocks are senior securities of a company offering a stated dividend rate. Convertible securities will at times be priced in the market like other fixed income securities—that is, their prices will tend to rise when interest rates decline and will tend to fall when interest rates rise. However, because a convertible security provides an option to the holder to exchange the security for either a specified number of the issuer’s common stock at a stated price per share or the cash value of such common stock, the security market price will tend to fluctuate in relationship to the price of the common stock into which it is convertible. Thus, convertible securities will ordinarily provide opportunities for producing both current income and longer-term capital appreciation. Because convertible securities are usually viewed by the issuer as future common stock, they are generally subordinated to other senior securities and therefore are rated one category lower than the issuer’s non‑convertible debt obligations or preferred stock.
REITs. The Fund may invest in REITs, which are Real Estate Companies that pool investors’ funds for investment primarily in income-producing real estate or in real estate related loans (such as mortgages) or other interests. REITs generally pay relatively high dividends (as compared to other types of companies). REITs can generally be classified as Equity REITs, Mortgage REITs and Hybrid REITs. Equity REITs generally invest a majority of their assets in income-producing real estate properties in order to generate cash flow from rental income and gradual asset appreciation. The income-producing real estate properties in which Equity REITs invest typically include properties such as office, retail, industrial, hotel and apartment buildings and healthcare facilities. Equity REITs can realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive their income primarily from interest payments on the mortgages. Hybrid REITs combine the characteristics of both Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs. REITs can be listed and traded on national securities exchanges or can be traded privately between individual owners. The Fund may invest in both publicly and privately traded REITs.
American Depositary Receipts. The Fund may invest in American Depositary Receipts (“ADR”). ADRs are U.S. dollar-denominated receipts issued generally by domestic banks and representing the deposit with the bank of a security of a foreign issuer. ADRs are publicly traded on exchanges or over the counter in the U.S.
Fixed Income Securities. Fixed income securities include, among other securities, corporate bonds, mortgage and asset backed securities, U.S. government obligations, investment grade and high yield debt, including emerging market debt and high yield sovereign debt, and loans. Changes in market yields will affect the Fund’s net asset value as prices of fixed income securities generally increase when interest rates decline and decrease when interest rates rise. Prices of longer term securities generally increase or decrease more sharply than those of shorter term securities in response to interest rate changes, particularly if such securities were purchased at a discount. It should be noted that the market values of securities rated below investment grade, and comparable unrated securities tend to react less to fluctuations in interest rate levels than do those of higher-rated securities. Except to the extent that values are affected independently by other factors such as developments relating to a specific issuer, when interest rates decline, the value of a fixed-income portfolio can generally be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a fixed-income portfolio can generally be expected to decline.
Investment Grade Securities. Securities are investment grade if they are rated in one of the top four long-term rating categories of a nationally recognized statistical rating organization, they have received a comparable short-term or other rating or they are unrated securities that the Investment Manager reasonably determines are of comparable quality to investment grade securities.
High Yield, Lower Quality Securities. The Fund may invest a portion of its Managed Assets in high yield, lower quality securities. High yield, lower quality securities are securities that are rated by a recognized rating organization below its top four long-term rating categories or unrated securities determined by the Investment Manager to be of equivalent quality. The issuers of lower quality securities may be highly leveraged and have difficulty servicing their debt, especially during prolonged economic recessions or periods of rising interest rates. The prices of lower quality securities are volatile and may go down due to market perceptions of deteriorating issuer creditworthiness or economic conditions. Lower quality securities may become illiquid and hard to value in down markets. Securities rated below investment grade are considered speculative and, compared to investment grade securities, tend to have more volatile prices and increased price sensitivity to changing interest rates and to adverse economic and business developments, greater risk of loss due to default or declining credit quality, greater likelihood that adverse economic or company specific events will make the issuer unable to make interest and/or principal payments, and greater susceptibility to negative market sentiments leading to depressed prices and decrease in liquidity.
Sovereign Government and Supranational Debt. The Fund may invest in all types of fixed income securities of governmental issuers in all countries, including emerging markets countries. These sovereign fixed income securities may include: fixed income securities issued or guaranteed by governments, governmental agencies or instrumentalities and political subdivisions located in foreign countries; fixed income securities issued by government owned, controlled or sponsored entities located in foreign countries; interests in entities organized and operated for the purpose of restructuring the investment characteristics of instruments issued by any of the above issuers; Brady Bonds, which are debt securities issued under the framework of the Brady Plan as a means for debtor nations to restructure their outstanding external indebtedness; participations in loans between emerging market governments and financial institutions; or fixed income securities issued by supranational entities such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the “World Bank”) or the European Economic Community. A supranational entity is a bank, commission or company established or financially supported by the national governments of one or more countries to promote reconstruction or development. Sovereign government and supranational debt involve all the risks described herein regarding foreign and emerging markets investments as well as the risk of debt moratorium, repudiation or renegotiation and the Fund may be unable to enforce its rights against the issuers.
Asset-Backed Securities. The Fund may invest in asset-backed securities. Asset-backed securities represent participations in, or are secured by and payable from, assets such as installment sales or loan contracts, leases, credit card receivables and other categories of receivables. The Fund may invest in asset-backed securities that may only pay principal at maturity or may only represent the right to receive payments of principal or payments of interest on underlying pools of assets or government securities, but not both. The value of these types of instruments may change more drastically than debt securities that pay both principal and interest during periods of changing interest rates. The Fund may obtain a below market yield or incur a loss on such instruments during periods of declining interest rates. In addition, principal only and interest only instruments are particularly subject to extension risk.
Reverse Repurchase Agreement Transactions. The Fund may utilize a variety of derivative instruments for investment or risk management purposes, such as options, futures contracts, swap agreements and credit default swaps. Generally derivatives are financial contracts whose value depends on, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index, and may relate to individual debt or equity instruments, interest rates, currencies or currency exchange rates and related indexes. Effective August 19, 2022, the Fund began operating under Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act which, among other things, governs the use of derivative investments and certain financing transactions (e.g., reverse repurchase agreements) by registered investment companies. Among other things, Rule 18f‑4 requires funds that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a VaR based limit to their use of certain derivative instruments and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. Compliance with Rule 18f‑4 by the Fund could, among other things, make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, or otherwise adversely affect their performance. Rule 18f‑4 may limit the Fund’s ability to use derivatives as part of its investment strategy.
Loan Participations and Assignments. The Fund may invest in loans issued by banks and other corporations, which investments generally will be in the form of loan participations and assignments of portions of such loans. Participations and assignments involve credit risk, interest rate risk, illiquidity risk, and the risks of being a lender. If the Fund purchases a participation, it may only be able to enforce its rights through the lender, and may assume the credit risk of both the lender and the borrower.
Currency Transactions. The Fund may engage in currency transactions with counterparties to hedge the value of portfolio securities denominated in particular currencies against fluctuations in relative value or to generate income or gain. Currency transactions include currency forward contracts, exchange-listed currency futures contracts and options thereon, exchange listed and over‑the‑counter options on currencies and currency swaps. A currency forward contract involves a privately negotiated obligation to purchase or sell (with delivery generally required) a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. A currency swap is an agreement to exchange cash flows based on the notional difference among two or more currencies and operate similarly to an interest rate swap. The Fund may enter into currency transactions only with counterparties that the Investment Manager deems to be creditworthy.
Derivatives. The Fund may use a variety of derivative instruments as part of its investment strategies or for hedging or risk management purposes. Generally, derivatives are financial contracts whose values depend upon, or are derived from, the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index, and may relate to individual debt or equity instruments, interest rates, currencies or currency exchange rates and related indexes. The Fund may invest in derivative instruments, such as options contracts, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, indexed securities, credit linked notes, credit default swaps and other swap agreements for investment, hedging and risk management purposes.
Effective August 19, 2022, the Fund began operating under Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act which, among other things, governs the use of derivative investments and certain financing transactions (e.g., reverse repurchase agreements) by registered investment companies. Among other things, Rule 18f‑4 requires funds that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a value at risk (“VaR”) based limit to
their use of certain derivative instruments and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. Rule 18f‑4 may limit the Fund’s ability to use derivatives as part of its investment strategy. Using derivatives also can have a leveraging effect and increase Fund volatility.
Investment Objective Policies
The Fund’s investment objective is a fundamental investment policy, as discussed below in “— Fundamental Investment Policies.” Upon the Investment Manager’s recommendation, for temporary defensive purposes and in order to keep the Fund’s cash fully invested, including during the period in which the net proceeds of this offering are being invested, the Fund may deviate from its investment objective and policies and invest some or all of its Managed Assets in investments of non‑corporate issuers, including high-quality, short-term debt securities or cash. The Fund may not achieve its investment objective when it does so.
The Fund may engage in active and frequent trading to achieve its principal investment strategies. This may lead to the realization and distribution to stockholders of higher capital gains, which would increase their tax liability. Frequent trading also increases transaction costs, which could detract from the Fund’s performance.
Fundamental Investment Policies
The Fund has adopted certain fundamental investment policies designed to limit investment risk. These fundamental investment policies may not be changed without the approval of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Common Stock and, if issued, Preferred Stock voting as a single class. A “majority of the outstanding” shares means (i) 67% or more of the shares present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of the shares outstanding are present or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the shares outstanding, whichever of (i) or (ii) is less. See “Investment Objective” and “Investment Policies and Techniques” in the Statement of Additional Information for a complete list of the fundamental and non‑fundamental investment policies of the Fund. See “Description of SharesFund Preferred StockVoting Rights” for additional information with respect to the voting rights of holders of Preferred Stock.
The Fund may become subject to guidelines which are more limiting than the fundamental investment policies referenced above in order to obtain and maintain ratings from a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO) on the Preferred Stock that it may issue. The Fund does not anticipate that such guidelines would have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s Common Stockholders or the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective.
                                       
Risk Factors [Table Text Block]
RISKS
The Fund is a non‑diversified, closed‑end management investment company designed primarily as a long-term investment and not as a trading vehicle. The Fund is not intended to be a complete investment program and, due to the uncertainty inherent in all investments, there can be no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objectives. The Fund’s performance and the value of its investments will vary in response to changes in interest rates, inflation, the financial condition of a security’s issuer, ratings on a security and other market factors. Your securities at any point in time may be worth less than you invested, even after taking into account the reinvestment of Fund dividends and distributions. Below are the principal risks associated with an investment in the Fund.
Investment and Market Risk
An investment in the Fund is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire amount that you invest. An investment in our Common Stock is not intended to constitute a complete investment program and should not be viewed as such. The value of the Fund’s portfolio securities may move up or down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. At any point in time, your securities may be worth less than your original investment. We are primarily a long-term investment vehicle and should not be used for short-term trading.
Equity Securities and Related Market Risk
The market price of equity securities, including common and preferred stocks, may go up or down, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably. Equity securities may decline in value due to factors affecting equity securities markets generally, particular industries represented in those markets or the issuer itself, including the historical and prospective earnings of the issuer and the value of its assets. The values of equity securities may decline due to general market conditions which are not specifically related to a particular company, such as real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates or adverse investor sentiment generally. They may also decline due to factors which affect a particular industry or industries, such as labor shortages or increased production costs and competitive conditions within an industry. Equity securities, and particularly common stocks, generally have greater price volatility than bonds and other debt securities.
Information Technology Sector Risks
To the extent the Fund focuses its investments in the information technology sector, it is vulnerable to the particular risks that may affect companies in that sector. Information technology companies face intense competition, both domestically and internationally, which may have an adverse effect on profit margins. Like other technology companies, information technology companies may have limited product lines, markets, financial resources or personnel. The products of information technology companies may face obsolescence due to rapid technological developments, frequent new product introduction, unpredictable changes in growth rates and competition for the services of qualified personnel. Companies in the information technology sector are heavily dependent on patent and intellectual property rights. The loss, or impairment of, or inability to enforce, these rights may adversely affect the profitability of these companies.
Risks of Investing in MLP Units
An investment in MLP units involves risks that differ from a similar investment in equity securities, such as common stock, of a corporation. Holders of MLP units have the rights typically afforded to limited partners in a limited partnership. As compared to common stockholders of a corporation, holders of MLP units have more limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting the partnership. Holders of MLP units are also exposed to the risk that they will be required to repay amounts to the MLP that are wrongfully distributed to them. Additionally, conflicts of interest may exist among common unit holders, subordinated unit holders and the
general partner or managing member of an MLP; for example, a conflict may arise as a result of incentive distribution payments, and the general partner does not generally have any duty to the limited partners beyond a “good faith” standard. For example, over the last few years there have been several “simplification” transactions in which the incentive distribution rights were eliminated by either (i) a purchase of the outstanding MLP units by the general partner or (ii) by the purchase of the incentive distribution rights by the MLP. These simplification transactions present a conflict of interest between the general partner and the MLP and may be structured in a way that is unfavorable to the MLP. There are also certain tax risks associated with an investment in MLP units (described below).
Tax Risks of Investing in Equity Securities of MLPs
Partnerships do not pay United States federal income tax at the partnership level. Rather, each partner of a partnership, in computing its United States federal income tax liability, will include its allocable share of the partnership’s income, gains, losses, deductions and expenses. A change in current tax law, a change in the business of a given MLP, or a change in the types of income earned by a given MLP, could result in an MLP being treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes, which would result in such MLP being required to pay United States federal income tax on its taxable income. The classification of an MLP as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes would have the effect of reducing the amount of cash available for distribution by the MLP and causing any such distributions received by the Fund to be taxed as dividend income to the extent of the MLP’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. Thus, if any of the MLPs owned by the Fund were treated as corporations for United States federal income tax purposes, the after‑tax return to the Fund with respect to its investment in such MLPs could be materially reduced, which could cause a substantial decline in the value of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock.
Energy Sector Risks
To the extent the Fund focuses its investments in the energy sector, it is vulnerable to the particular risks that may affect companies in that sector. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector are subject to many operating risks, including: equipment failure causing outages; structural, maintenance, impairment and safety problems; transmission or transportation constraints, inoperability or inefficiencies; dependence on a specified fuel source; changes in electricity and fuel usage; availability of competitively priced alternative energy sources; changes in generation efficiency and market heat rates; lack of sufficient capital to maintain facilities; significant capital expenditures to keep older assets operating efficiently; seasonality; changes in supply and demand for energy; catastrophic and/or weather-related events such as spills, leaks, well blowouts, uncontrollable flows, ruptures, fires, explosions, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, discharges of toxic gases and similar occurrences; storage, handling, disposal and decommissioning costs; and environmental compliance. Breakdown or failure of an energy company’s assets may prevent it from performing under applicable sales agreements, which in certain situations, could result in termination of the agreement or incurring a liability for liquidated damages. As a result of the above risks and other potential hazards associated with energy companies, certain companies may become exposed to significant liabilities for which they may not have adequate insurance coverage. Any of the aforementioned risks could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of energy companies.
A downturn in the energy sector of the economy, adverse political, legislative or regulatory developments, material declines in energy-related commodity prices (such as those experienced over the last few years) or other events could have a larger impact on the Fund than on an investment company that does not focus in the sector. At times, the performance of securities of companies in the sector may lag the performance of other sectors or the broader market as a whole. In addition, there are several specific risks associated with investments in the energy sector, including the following:
Regulatory Risk. The energy sector is highly regulated. MLPs and other entities operating in the energy sector are subject to significant regulation of nearly every aspect of their operations by federal, state and local
governmental agencies. Such regulation can change rapidly or over time in both scope and intensity. For example, a particular by‑product or process, including hydraulic fracturing, may be declared hazardous—sometimes retroactively—by a regulatory agency and unexpectedly increase production costs or limit ability to develop some reserves. Various governmental authorities have the power to enforce compliance with these regulations and the permits issued under them, and violators are subject to administrative, civil and criminal penalties, including civil fines, injunctions or both. Stricter laws, regulations or enforcement policies could be enacted in the future which would likely increase compliance costs and may materially adversely affect the financial performance of MLPs and midstream entities.
Specifically, the operations of wells, gathering systems, pipelines, refineries and other facilities are subject to stringent and complex federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. These include, for example:
   
the federal Clean Air Act and comparable state laws and regulations that impose obligations related to air emissions;
   
the federal Clean Water Act and comparable state laws and regulations that impose obligations related to discharges of pollutants into regulated bodies of water;
   
RCRA and comparable state laws and regulations that impose requirements for the handling and disposal of waste from facilities; and
   
CERCLA, also known as “Superfund,” and comparable state laws and regulations that regulate the cleanup of hazardous substances that may have been released at properties currently or previously owned or operated by MLPs or at locations to which they have sent waste for disposal.
Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may trigger a variety of administrative, civil and criminal enforcement measures, including the assessment of monetary penalties, the imposition of remedial requirements, and the issuance of orders enjoining future operations. Certain environmental statutes, including RCRA, CERCLA, the federal Oil Pollution Act and analogous state laws and regulations, impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed of or otherwise released. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances or other waste products into the environment.
There is an inherent risk that entities may incur environmental costs and liabilities due to the nature of their businesses and the substances they handle. For example, an accidental release from wells or gathering pipelines could subject them to substantial liabilities for environmental cleanup and restoration costs, claims made by neighboring landowners and other third parties for personal injury and property damage, and fines or penalties for related violations of environmental laws or regulations. Moreover, the possibility exists that stricter laws, regulations or enforcement policies could significantly increase the compliance costs of entities or limit their ability to develop some reserves. For example, hydraulic fracturing, a technique used in the completion of certain oil and gas wells, has become a subject of increasing regulatory scrutiny and may be subject in the future to more stringent, and more costly to comply with, requirements. Similarly, the implementation of more stringent environmental requirements could significantly increase the cost of any remediation that may become necessary. Entities may not be able to recover these costs from insurance.
Voluntary initiatives and mandatory controls have been adopted or are being discussed both in the United States and worldwide to reduce emissions of “greenhouse gases” such as carbon dioxide, a by‑product of burning fossil fuels, and methane, the major constituent of natural gas, which many scientists and policymakers believe contribute to global climate change. These measures and future measures could result in increased costs to certain companies in which the Fund may invest to operate and maintain facilities and administer and manage a greenhouse gas emissions program and may reduce demand for fuels that generate greenhouse gases and that are managed or produced by companies in which the Fund may invest.
Federal, state and local governments may enact laws, and federal, state and local agencies (such as the Environmental Protection Agency) may promulgate rules or regulations, that prohibit or significantly regulate the operation of energy assets. For instance, in the wake of a Supreme Court decision holding that the EPA has some legal authority to deal with climate change under the Clean Air Act, the EPA and the Department of Transportation jointly wrote regulations to cut gasoline use and control greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks. The EPA has also taken action to require certain entities to measure and report greenhouse gas emissions and certain facilities may be required to control emissions of greenhouse gases pursuant to EPA air permitting and other regulatory programs. These measures, and other programs addressing greenhouse gas emissions, could reduce demand for energy or raise prices, which may adversely affect the total return of certain of the Fund’s investments.
Commodity Price Risk. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector may be affected by fluctuations in the prices of energy commodities, including, for example, natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil and coal, in the short‑and long-term. Fluctuations in energy commodity prices would impact directly companies that own such energy commodities and could impact indirectly companies that engage in transportation, storage, processing, distribution or marketing of such energy commodities. Fluctuations in energy commodity prices can result from changes in general economic conditions or political circumstances (especially of key energy producing and consuming countries); market conditions; weather patterns; domestic production levels; volume of imports; energy conservation; domestic and foreign governmental regulation; international politics; policies of OPEC; taxation; tariffs; and the availability and costs of local, intrastate and interstate transportation methods. The energy sector as a whole may also be impacted by the perception that the performance of energy sector companies is directly linked to commodity prices. High commodity prices may drive further energy conservation efforts, and a slowing economy may adversely impact energy consumption, which may adversely affect the performance of MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector. Recent economic and market events have fueled concerns regarding potential liquidations of commodity futures and options positions.
Depletion Risk. Entities engaged in the exploration, development, management or production of energy commodities face the risk that commodity reserves are depleted over time. Such companies seek to increase their reserves through expansion of their current businesses, acquisitions, further development of their existing sources of energy commodities, exploration of new sources of energy commodities or by entering into long-term contracts for additional reserves; however, there are risks associated with each of these potential strategies. If such companies fail to acquire additional reserves in a cost-effective manner and at a rate at least equal to the rate at which their existing reserves decline, their financial performance may suffer. Additionally, failure to replenish reserves could reduce the amount and affect the tax characterization of the distributions paid by such companies.
Supply and Demand Risk. Entities operating in the energy sector could be adversely affected by reductions in the supply of or demand for energy commodities. The volume of production of energy commodities and the volume of energy commodities available for transportation, storage, processing or distribution could be affected by a variety of factors, including depletion of resources; depressed commodity prices; catastrophic events; labor relations; increased environmental or other governmental regulation; equipment malfunctions and maintenance difficulties; import volumes; international politics, policies of OPEC; and increased competition from alternative energy sources. Alternatively, a decline in demand for energy commodities could result from factors such as adverse economic conditions (especially in key energy-consuming countries); increased taxation; increased environmental or other governmental regulation; increased fuel economy; increased energy conservation or use of alternative energy sources; legislation intended to promote the use of alternative energy sources; or increased commodity prices.
Acquisition Risk. MLP and midstream entity investments owned by the Fund may depend on their ability to make acquisitions that increase adjusted operating surplus per unit in order to increase distributions to unit holders. The ability of such MLPs and midstream entities to make future acquisitions is dependent on their ability to identify suitable targets, negotiate favorable purchase contracts, obtain acceptable financing and outbid
competing potential acquirers. To the extent that such MLPs and midstream entities are unable to make future acquisitions, or such future acquisitions fail to increase the adjusted operating surplus per unit, their growth and ability to make distributions to unit holders will be limited. There are risks inherent in any acquisition, including erroneous assumptions regarding revenues, acquisition expenses, operating expenses, cost savings and synergies; assumption of liabilities; indemnification; customer losses; key employee defections; distraction from other business operations; and unanticipated difficulties in operating or integrating new product areas and geographic regions.
Weather Risks. Weather plays a role in the seasonality of some entities’ cash flows. Entities in the propane industry, for example, rely on the winter season to generate almost all of their earnings. In an unusually warm winter season, propane MLPs experience decreased demand for their product. Although most entities can reasonably predict seasonal weather demand based on normal weather patterns, extreme weather conditions, such as the hurricanes that severely damaged cities along the U.S. Gulf Coast in recent years, demonstrate that no amount of preparation can protect an entity from the unpredictability of the weather or possible climate change. The damage done by extreme weather also may serve to increase many entities’ insurance premiums and could adversely affect such companies’ financial condition and ability to pay distributions to stockholders.
Cyclical Industry Risk. The energy industry is cyclical and from time to time may experience a shortage of drilling rigs, equipment, supplies, or qualified personnel, or due to significant demand, such services may not be available on commercially reasonable terms. An entity’s ability to successfully and timely complete capital improvements to existing or other capital projects is contingent upon many variables. Should any such efforts be unsuccessful, an entity could be subject to additional costs and/or the write‑off of its investment in the project or improvement. The marketability of oil and gas production depends in large part on the availability, proximity and capacity of pipeline systems owned by third parties. Oil and gas properties are subject to royalty interests, liens and other burdens, encumbrances, easements or restrictions, all of which could impact the production of a particular entity. Oil and gas entities operate in a highly competitive and cyclical industry, with intense price competition. A significant portion of their revenues may depend on a relatively small number of customers, including governmental entities and utilities.
Catastrophic Event Risk. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector are subject to many dangers inherent in the production, exploration, management, transportation, processing and distribution of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined petroleum and petroleum products and other hydrocarbons. These dangers include leaks, fires, explosions, damage to facilities and equipment resulting from natural disasters, inadvertent damage to facilities and equipment (such as those suffered by BP’s Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in 2010 or spills by various onshore oil pipelines) and terrorist acts. Since the September 11th terrorist attacks, the U.S. government has issued warnings that energy assets, specifically U.S. pipeline infrastructure, may be targeted in future terrorist attacks. These dangers give rise to risks of substantial losses as a result of loss or destruction of commodity reserves; damage to or destruction of property, facilities and equipment; pollution and environmental damage; and personal injury or loss of life. Any occurrence of such catastrophic events could bring about a limitation, suspension or discontinuation of the operations of MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector may not be fully insured against all risks inherent in their business operations and therefore accidents and catastrophic events could adversely affect such companies’ financial condition and ability to pay distributions to stockholders. It is expected that increased governmental regulation will mitigate such catastrophic risk, such as the recent oil spills referred to above, which could increase insurance premiums and other operating costs for MLPs and midstream entities.
Distribution Risk For Equity Income Securities
In selecting equity income securities in which the Fund will invest, ClearBridge will consider the issuer’s history of making regular periodic distributions (i.e., dividends) to its equity holders. An issuer’s history of paying dividends, however, does not guarantee that the issuer will continue to pay dividends in the future. The dividend income stream associated with equity income securities generally is not guaranteed and is subordinate
to payment obligations of the issuer on its debt and other liabilities. Accordingly, in the event the issuer does not realize sufficient income in a particular period both to service its liabilities and to pay dividends on its equity securities, it may forgo paying dividends on its equity securities. In addition, because in most instances issuers are not obligated to make periodic distributions to the holders of their equity securities, such distributions or dividends generally may be discontinued at the issuer’s discretion.
Convertible Securities Risk
A convertible security is a bond, debenture, note, preferred stock or other security that may be converted into or exchanged for a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity security of the same or a different issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to nonconvertible income securities in that they ordinarily provide a stable stream of income with generally higher yields than those of common stocks of the same or similar issuers, but lower yields than comparable nonconvertible securities. The value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors also may have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure but are usually subordinated to comparable nonconvertible securities. Convertible securities may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument.
Preferred Stock Risk
Generally, the Fund has a greater flexibility to invest in equity securities. Preferred stocks are unique securities that combine some of the characteristics of both common stocks and bonds. Preferred stocks generally pay a fixed rate of return and are sold on the basis of current yield, like bonds. However, because they are equity securities, preferred stock provides equity ownership of a company, and the income is paid in the form of dividends. Preferred stocks typically have a yield advantage over common stocks as well as comparably-rated fixed income investments. Preferred stocks are typically subordinated to bonds and other debt instruments in a company’s capital structure, in terms of priority to corporate income, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt instruments. Unlike interest payments on debt securities, preferred stock dividends are payable only if declared by the issuer’s board of directors. Preferred stocks also may be subject to optional or mandatory redemption provisions.
Fixed Income Securities Risk
In addition to the risks described elsewhere in this section with respect to valuations and liquidity, fixed income securities, including high-yield securities, are also subject to certain risks, including:
   
Issuer Risk. The value of fixed income securities may decline for a number of reasons that directly relate to the issuer, such as management performance, financial leverage and reduced demand for the issuer’s goods and services.
   
Interest Rate Risk. The market price of the Fund’s investments will change in response to changes in interest rates and other factors. During periods of declining interest rates, the market price of fixed income securities generally rises. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the market price of such securities generally declines. The magnitude of these fluctuations in the market price of fixed income securities is generally greater for securities with longer maturities. Fluctuations in the market price of the Fund’s securities will not affect interest income derived from securities already owned by the Fund, but will be reflected in the Fund’s net asset value. The Fund may utilize certain strategies, including investments in structured notes or interest rate swap or cap transactions, for the purpose of reducing the interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio and decreasing the Fund’s exposure to interest rate risk, although there is no assurance that it will do so or that such strategies will be successful.
   
Prepayment Risk. During periods of declining interest rates, the issuer of a security may exercise its option to prepay principal earlier than scheduled, forcing the Fund to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayment in lower yielding securities, which may result in a decline in the Fund’s income and distributions to stockholders. This is known as prepayment or “call” risk. Debt securities frequently have call features that allow the issuer to redeem the security at dates prior to its stated maturity at a specified price (typically greater than par) only if certain prescribed conditions are met. An issuer may choose to redeem a debt security if, for example, the issuer can refinance the debt at a lower cost due to declining interest rates or an improvement in the credit standing of the issuer.
   
Reinvestment Risk. Reinvestment risk is the risk that income from the Fund’s portfolio will decline if and when the Fund invests the proceeds from matured, traded or called fixed income securities at market interest rates that are below the portfolio’s current earnings rate. A decline in income could affect the market price of Common Stock or overall returns.
Leverage Risk
The Fund’s use of leverage will magnify investment, market and certain other risks. Leverage involves risks and special considerations for holders of the Common Stock including: the likelihood of greater volatility of net asset value and market price of the Common Stock than a comparable portfolio without leverage; the risk that fluctuations in interest rates on borrowings and short-term debt or in the dividend rates on any Preferred Stock that the Fund may pay will reduce the return to Common Stockholders or will result in fluctuations in the dividends paid on the Common Stock; the effect of leverage in a declining market, which is likely to cause a greater decline in the net asset value of the Common Stock than if the Fund were not leveraged, which may result in a greater decline in the market price of the Common Stock; and when the Fund uses leverage, the investment advisory fee payable by the Fund to FTFA (and by FTFA to Western Asset) will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage.
The use of borrowing, reverse repurchase agreements and derivatives, as well as the issuance of Preferred Stock, creates leverage (i.e., a fund’s investment exposures exceed its net asset value). Leverage increases a fund’s losses when the value of its investments (including derivatives) declines. Because many derivatives have a leverage component (i.e., a notional value in excess of the assets needed to establish or maintain the derivative position), adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, rate, or index may result in a loss substantially greater than the amount required to establish the derivative position.
Below Investment Grade (High-Yield or Junk Bond) Securities Risk
The Fund may invest in high-yield debt securities. Debt securities rated below investment grade are commonly referred to as “high-yield” securities or “junk bonds” and are regarded as having predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligations and involve major risk exposure to adverse conditions. Debt securities rated C or lower by Moody’s, CCC or lower by S&P or CC or lower by Fitch or comparably rated by another NRSRO or, if unrated, determined by Western Asset to be of comparable quality are considered to have extremely poor prospects of ever attaining any real investment standing, to have a current identifiable vulnerability to default, to be unlikely to have the capacity to pay interest and repay principal when due in the event of adverse business, financial or economic conditions and/or to be in default or not current in the payment of interest or principal. Ratings may not accurately reflect the actual credit risk associated with a corporate security.
Debt securities rated below investment grade generally offer a higher current yield than that available from higher grade issues, but typically involve greater risk. These securities are especially sensitive to adverse changes in general economic conditions, to changes in the financial condition of their issuers and to price fluctuation in response to changes in interest rates. During periods of economic downturn or rising interest rates, issuers of below investment grade instruments may experience financial stress that could adversely affect their ability to make payments of principal and interest and increase the possibility of default. The secondary market for high-
yield securities may not be as liquid as the secondary market for more highly rated securities, a factor which may have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to dispose of a particular security. There are fewer dealers in the market for high-yield securities than for investment grade obligations. The prices quoted by different dealers may vary significantly, and the spread between the bid and asked price is generally much larger for high-yield securities than for higher quality instruments. Under continuing adverse market or economic conditions, the secondary market for high-yield securities could contract further, independent of any specific adverse changes in the condition of a particular issuer, and these securities may become illiquid. In addition, adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the values and liquidity of below investment grade securities, especially in a market characterized by a low volume of trading.
Default, or the market’s perception that an issuer is likely to default, could reduce the value and liquidity of securities held by the Fund, thereby reducing the value of your investment in the Fund’s Common Stock. In addition, default may cause the Fund to incur expenses in seeking recovery of principal or interest on its portfolio holdings. In any reorganization or liquidation proceeding relating to a portfolio company, the Fund may lose its entire investment or may be required to accept cash or securities with a value less than its original investment. Among the risks inherent in investments in a troubled entity is the fact that it frequently may be difficult to obtain information as to the true financial condition of such issuer. Western Asset’s judgment about the credit quality of an issuer and the relative value of its securities may prove to be wrong. Investments in below investment grade securities may present special tax issues for the Fund to the extent that the issuers of these securities default on their obligations pertaining thereto, and the U.S. federal income tax consequences to the Fund as a holder of such distressed securities may not be clear.
Low Rated and Unrated Securities Risk
Low rated and unrated debt instruments generally offer a higher current yield than that available from higher grade issues, but typically involve greater risk. Low rated and unrated securities are especially subject to adverse changes in general economic conditions, to changes in the financial condition of their issuers and to price fluctuation in response to changes in interest rates. During periods of economic downturn or rising interest rates, issuers of low rated and unrated instruments may experience financial stress that could adversely affect their ability to make payments of principal and interest and increase the possibility of default. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the values and liquidity of low rated and unrated securities especially in a market characterized by a low volume of trading.
Derivatives Risk
The Fund may utilize a variety of derivative instruments for investment or risk management purposes, such as options, futures contracts, swap agreements and credit default swaps. Using derivatives can increase Fund losses and reduce opportunities for gains when market prices, interest rates, currencies, or the derivatives themselves behave in a way not anticipated by the Fund. Using derivatives also can have a leveraging effect and increase Fund volatility. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Derivatives may not be available at the time or price desired, may be difficult to sell, unwind or value, and the counterparty may default on its obligations to the Fund. Derivatives are generally subject to the risks applicable to the assets, rates, indices or other indicators underlying the derivative. The value of a derivative may fluctuate more than the underlying assets, rates, indices or other indicators to which it relates. Use of derivatives may have different tax consequences for the Fund than an investment in the underlying security, and those differences may affect the amount, timing and character of income distributed to stockholders. The U.S. government and foreign governments are in the process of adopting and implementing regulations governing derivatives markets, including mandatory clearing of certain derivatives, margin and reporting requirements. The ultimate impact of the regulations remains unclear. Additional regulation of derivatives may make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, otherwise adversely affect their performance or disrupt markets.
Effective August 19, 2022, the Fund began operating under Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act which, among other things, governs the use of derivative investments and certain financing transactions (e.g., reverse
repurchase agreements) by registered investment companies. Among other things, Rule 18f‑4 requires funds that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a value at risk (VaR) based limit to their use of certain derivative instruments and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. A fund that uses derivative instruments in a limited amount is not subject to the full requirements of Rule 18f‑4. Compliance with Rule 18f‑4 by the Fund could, among other things, make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, or otherwise adversely affect their performance. Rule 18f‑4 may limit the Fund’s ability to use derivatives as part of its investment strategy.
Credit default swap contracts involve heightened risks and may result in losses to the Fund. Credit default swaps may be illiquid and difficult to value. When the Fund sells credit protection via a credit default swap, credit risk increases since the Fund has exposure to both the issuer whose credit is the subject of the swap and the counterparty to the swap.
Credit Risk and Counterparty Risk
If an issuer or guarantor of a security held by the Fund or a counterparty to a financial contract with the Fund defaults or its credit is downgraded, or is perceived to be less creditworthy, or if the value of the assets underlying a security declines, the value of your investment will typically decline. Changes in actual or perceived creditworthiness may occur quickly. The Fund could be delayed or hindered in its enforcement of rights against an issuer, guarantor or counterparty. Subordinated securities are more likely to suffer a credit loss than non‑subordinated securities of the same issuer and will be disproportionately affected by a default, downgrade or perceived decline in creditworthiness.
Smaller Company Risk
The general risks associated with income-producing securities are particularly pronounced for securities issued by companies with smaller market capitalizations. These companies may have limited product lines, markets or financial resources or they may depend on a few key employees. As a result, they may be subject to greater levels of credit, market and issuer risk. Securities of smaller companies may trade less frequently and in lesser volume than more widely held securities and their values may fluctuate more sharply than other securities. Companies with medium‑sized market capitalizations may have risks similar to those of smaller companies.
Foreign Securities and Emerging Markets Risk
A fund that invests in foreign (non‑U.S.) securities may experience more rapid and extreme changes in value than a fund that invests exclusively in securities of U.S. companies. The securities markets of many foreign countries are relatively small, with a limited number of companies representing a small number of industries. Investments in foreign securities (including those denominated in U.S. dollars) are subject to economic and political developments in the countries and regions where the issuers operate or are domiciled, or where the securities are traded, such as changes in economic or monetary policies. Values may also be affected by restrictions on receiving the investment proceeds from a foreign country. Less information may be publicly available about foreign companies than about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are generally not subject to the same accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards as are U.S. companies. In addition, the Fund’s investments in foreign securities may be subject to the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets, imposition of currency exchange controls or restrictions on the repatriation of foreign currency, confiscatory taxation, political or financial instability and adverse diplomatic developments. In addition, there may be difficulty in obtaining or enforcing a court judgment abroad. Dividends or interest on, or proceeds from the sale of, foreign securities may be subject to non‑U.S. withholding taxes, and special U.S. tax considerations may apply.
The risks of foreign investment are greater for investments in emerging markets. The Fund considers an investment to be in an emerging market if the local currency long-term debt rating assigned by all NRSROs to
debt issued by that country is below A‑. Emerging market countries typically have economic and political systems that are less fully developed, and that can be expected to be less stable, than those of more advanced countries. Low trading volumes may result in a lack of liquidity and in price volatility. Emerging market countries may have policies that restrict investment by foreigners, that require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons, or that prevent foreign investors from withdrawing their money at will. An investment in emerging market securities should be considered speculative.
Fund Distribution Risk
Pursuant to its distribution policy, the Fund intends to make regular distributions on its Common Stock. To the extent the total distributions for a year exceed the Fund’s investment company taxable income and net capital gain for that year, the excess will generally constitute a return of capital. Return of capital distributions are generally tax‑free up to the amount of a Common Stockholder’s tax basis in the Common Stock. In addition, such excess distributions may have the effect of decreasing the Fund’s total assets and may increase the Fund’s expense ratio as the Fund’s fixed expenses may become a larger percentage of the Fund’s average net assets. In order to make such distributions, the Fund might have to sell a portion of its investment portfolio at a time when independent investment judgment may not dictate such action. For instance, these sales may result in the Fund recognizing short-term capital gains, which are taxed to stockholders at ordinary income rates.
Inflation/Deflation Risk
Inflation risk is the risk that the value of certain assets or income from the Fund’s investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. As inflation increases, the real value of the Common Stock and distributions on the Common Stock can decline. In addition, during any periods of rising inflation, the dividend rates or borrowing costs associated with the Fund’s use of leverage would likely increase, which would tend to further reduce returns to stockholders. Deflation risk is the risk that prices throughout the economy decline over time—the opposite of inflation. Deflation may have an adverse affect on the creditworthiness of issuers and may make issuer defaults more likely, which may result in a decline in the value of the Fund’s portfolio.
Illiquidity Risk
Illiquidity risk exists when particular investments are impossible or difficult to sell and some assets that the Fund wants to invest in may be impossible or difficult to purchase. Markets may become illiquid when, for instance, there are few, if any, interested buyers or sellers or when dealers are unwilling or unable to make a market for certain assets. As a general matter, dealers recently have been less willing to make markets for fixed income securities. Recent federal banking regulations may also cause certain dealers to reduce their inventories of certain securities, which may further decrease the ability to buy or sell such securities. When the Fund holds illiquid investments, the portfolio may be harder to value, especially in changing markets, and if the Fund is forced to sell these investments for cash needs, the Fund may suffer a loss. The liquidity of certain assets, particularly of privately- issued and non‑investment grade mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, may be difficult to ascertain and may change over time. Transactions in less liquid or illiquid securities may entail transaction costs that are higher than those for transactions in liquid securities. Further, such securities, once sold, may not settle for an extended period (for example, several weeks or even longer). The Fund will not receive its sales proceeds until that time, which may constrain the Fund’s ability to meet its obligations.
Market Events Risk
The market values of securities or other assets will fluctuate, sometimes sharply and unpredictably, due to factors such as economic events, governmental actions or intervention, actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve or foreign central banks, market disruptions caused by trade disputes or other factors, political developments,
armed conflicts, economic sanctions and countermeasures in response to sanctions, major cybersecurity events, the global and domestic effects of widespread or local health, weather or climate events, and other factors that may or may not be related to the issuer of the security or other asset. Economies and financial markets throughout the world are increasingly interconnected. Economic, financial or political events, trading and tariff arrangements, public health events, terrorism, wars, natural disasters and other circumstances in one country or region could have profound impacts on global economies or markets. As a result, whether or not the Fund invests in securities of issuers located in or with significant exposure to the countries or markets directly affected, the value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments may be negatively affected.
Raising the ceiling on U.S. government debt has become increasingly politicized. Any failure to increase the total amount that the U.S. government is authorized to borrow could lead to a default on U.S. government obligations, with unpredictable consequences for economies and markets in the U.S. and elsewhere. Recently, inflation and interest rates have increased and may rise further. These circumstances could adversely affect the value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments, impair the Fund’s ability to satisfy redemption requests, and negatively impact the Fund’s performance.
The United States and other countries are periodically involved in disputes over trade and other matters, which may result in tariffs, investment restrictions and adverse impacts on affected companies and securities. For example, the United States has imposed tariffs and other trade barriers on Chinese exports, has restricted sales of certain categories of goods to China, and has established barriers to investments in China. Trade disputes may adversely affect the economies of the United States and its trading partners, as well as companies directly or indirectly affected and financial markets generally. The United States government has prohibited U.S. persons from investing in Chinese companies designated as related to the Chinese military. These and possible future restrictions could limit the Fund’s opportunities for investment and require the sale of securities at a loss or make them illiquid. Moreover, the Chinese government is involved in a longstanding dispute with Taiwan that has included threats of invasion. If the political climate between the United States and China does not improve or continues to deteriorate, if China were to attempt unification of Taiwan by force, or if other geopolitical conflicts develop or get worse, economies, markets and individual securities may be severely affected both regionally and globally, and the value of the Fund’s assets may go down.
Currency Risk
The Fund may invest in non‑dollar‑denominated investments. The Fund may be limited in its ability to hedge the value of its non‑dollar‑denominated investments against currency fluctuations. As a result, a decline in the value of currencies in which the Fund’s investments are denominated against the dollar will result in a corresponding decline in the dollar value of the Fund’s assets. These declines will in turn affect the Fund’s income and net asset value. The Fund will compute its income on the date of its receipt by the Fund at the exchange rate in effect with respect to the relevant currency on that date. If the value of the currency declines relative to the dollar between the date income is accrued and the date the Fund makes a distribution, the amount available for distribution to the Fund’s stockholders would be reduced. If the exchange rate against the dollar of a currency in which a portfolio security of the Fund is denominated declines between the time the Fund accrues expenses in dollars and the time expenses are paid, the amount of the currency required to be converted into dollars in order to pay expenses in dollars will be greater than the equivalent amount in the currency of the expenses at the time they are incurred. A decline in the value of non‑U.S. currencies relative to the dollar may also result in foreign currency losses that will reduce distributable net investment income.
REITs Risk
Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. An equity or hybrid REIT may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying properties owned by the REIT. A mortgage or hybrid REIT may be affected by changes in interest rates and the ability of the issuers of its portfolio mortgages to repay their obligations. Mortgage and hybrid
REITs are subject to the risks of accelerated prepayments of mortgage pools or pass-through securities, reliance on short-term financing and more highly leveraged capital structures. REITs are dependent upon the skills of their managers and are not diversified.
REITs are generally dependent upon maintaining cash flows to repay borrowings and to make distributions to stockholders and are subject to the risk of default by lessees and borrowers. REITs whose underlying assets are concentrated in properties used by a particular industry, such as healthcare, are also subject to industry related risks. Certain “special purpose” REITs may invest their assets in specific real estate sectors, such as hotels, nursing homes or warehouses, and are therefore subject to the risks associated with adverse developments in any such sectors.
REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are also subject to interest rate risks. When interest rates decline, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to rise, but mortgages are often refinanced, which may reduce the yield on investments in mortgage REITs. Rising interest rates may cause REIT investors to demand a higher annual yield, which may, in turn, cause a decline in the market price of the equity securities issued by a REIT. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to decline. If the REIT invests in adjustable rate mortgage loans (the interest rates on which are reset periodically), yields on a REIT’s investments in such loans will gradually align themselves to reflect changes in market interest rates. This causes the value of such investments to fluctuate less dramatically in response to interest rate fluctuations than would investments in fixed rate obligations.
REITs may have limited financial resources, may trade less frequently and in a limited volume and maybe subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than larger company securities. In addition to these risks, REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the trusts or by the quality of any credit they extend. Further, REITs are dependent upon management skills and generally may not be diversified. REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation.
REITs are subject to management fees and other expenses. Therefore, investments in REITs will cause CRO to bear its proportionate share of the costs of the REITs’ operations. At the same time, CRO will continue to pay its own management fees and expenses with respect to all of its assets, including any portion invested in REITs.
Risks of Warrants and Rights
Warrants and rights are subject to the same market risks as stocks, but may be more volatile in price. Warrants and rights do not carry the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to their underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. An investment in warrants or rights may be considered speculative. In addition, the value of a warrant or right does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying security and a warrant or right ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. The purchase of warrants or rights involves the risk that the Fund could lose the purchase value of a warrant or right if the right to subscribe to additional shares is not exercised prior to the warrants’ or rights’ expiration. Also, the purchase of warrants and rights involves the risk that the effective price paid for the warrant or right added to the subscription price of the related security may exceed the value of the subscribed security’s market price such as when there is no movement in the price of the underlying security.
Management Risk
The Fund is subject to management risk because it is an actively managed investment portfolio. Each subadviser will apply investment techniques and risk analyses in making investment decisions for the Fund, but there can be no guarantee that these will produce the desired results.
Interest Rate Transactions Risk
The Fund may enter into a swap or cap transaction to attempt to protect itself from increasing interest expenses on Borrowings resulting from increasing short-term interest rates or dividend expenses on Preferred Stock. A decline in interest rates may result in a decline in net amounts receivable by the Fund from the counterparty under the swap or cap (or an increase in the net amounts payable by the Fund to the counterparty under the swap), which may result in a decline in the net asset value of the Fund.
Risks of Futures and Options on Futures
The use by the Fund of futures contracts and options on futures contracts to hedge interest rate risks involves special considerations and risks, as described below.
   
Successful use of hedging transactions depends upon the applicable subadviser’s ability to correctly predict the direction of changes in interest rates. There can be no assurance that any particular hedging strategy will succeed.
   
There might be imperfect correlation, or even no correlation, between the price movements of a futures or option contract and the movements of the interest rates being hedged. Such a lack of correlation might occur due to factors unrelated to the interest rates being hedged, such as market liquidity and speculative or other pressures on the markets in which the hedging instrument is traded.
   
Hedging strategies, if successful, can reduce risk of loss by wholly or partially offsetting the negative effect of unfavorable movements in the interest rates being hedged. However, hedging strategies can also reduce opportunity for gain by offsetting the positive effect of favorable movements in the hedged interest rates.
   
There is no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular futures contract or option thereon at any particular time. If the Fund were unable to liquidate a futures contract or an option on a futures contract position due to the absence of a liquid secondary market or the imposition of price limits, it could incur substantial losses. The Fund would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the position.
   
There is no assurance that the Fund will use hedging transactions. For example, if the Fund determines that the cost of hedging will exceed the potential benefit to the Fund, the Fund will not enter into such transactions.
Market Price Discount from Net Asset Value Risk
Shares of closed‑end investment companies frequently trade at a discount to their net asset value. This characteristic is a risk separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value could decrease as a result of the Fund’s investment activities and may be greater for investors expecting to sell their shares in a relatively short period following completion of any offering under this Prospectus. Although the value of the Fund’s net assets is generally considered by market participants in determining whether to purchase or sell shares, whether investors will realize gains or losses upon the sale of the Common Stock depends upon whether the market price of the Common Stock at the time of sale is above or below the investor’s purchase price for the Common Stock. Because the market price of the Common Stock is affected by factors such as net asset value, dividend or distribution levels (which are dependent, in part, on expenses), supply of and demand for the Common Stock, stability of distributions, trading volume of the Common Stock, general market and economic conditions, and other factors beyond our control, the Fund cannot predict whether the Common Stock will trade at, below or above net asset value or at, below or above the offering price. The Common Stock is designed primarily for long-term investors and you should not view the Fund as a vehicle for trading purposes.
Non‑Diversification Risk
The Fund is classified as “non‑diversified” under the 1940 Act. As a result, it can invest a greater portion of its assets in obligations of a single issuer than a “diversified” fund. The Fund may therefore be more susceptible than a diversified fund to being adversely affected by any single corporate, economic, political or regulatory occurrence. The Fund intends to qualify for the special tax treatment available to “regulated investment companies” under Subchapter M of the Code, and thus intends to satisfy the diversification requirements of Subchapter M, including the less stringent diversification requirement that applies to the percent of its total assets that are represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and certain other securities.
Valuation Risk
The sales price the Fund could receive for any particular portfolio investment may differ from the Fund’s valuation of the investment, particularly for securities that trade in thin or volatile markets or that are valued using a fair value methodology. These differences may increase significantly and affect Fund investments more broadly during periods of market volatility. The Fund’s ability to value its investments may be impacted by technological issues and/or errors by pricing services or other third party service providers. The valuation of the Fund’s investments involves subjective judgment.
Tax Risks
To qualify for the favorable U.S. federal income tax treatment generally accorded to regulated investment companies, among other things, the Fund must derive in each taxable year at least 90% of its gross income from certain prescribed sources and satisfy certain distribution and asset diversification requirements. If for any taxable year the Fund does not qualify as a regulated investment company, all of its taxable income (including its net capital gain) would be subject to tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for distributions to stockholders, and such distributions would be taxable as ordinary dividends to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits.
Risk of Taxable Income in Excess of Economic Income. The Fund may acquire debt instruments in the secondary market for less than their stated redemption price at maturity (or, in the case of a debt instrument issued with original issue discount, its revised issue price). The discount at which such debt instruments are acquired may reflect doubts about their ultimate collectability rather than current market interest rates. The amount of such discount will nevertheless generally be treated as “market discount” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, unless it is less than a statutory de minimis amount. Market discount on a debt instrument accrues ratably on a daily basis, unless an election is made to accrue market discount on the basis of the constant yield to maturity of the debt instrument, in each case based generally on the assumption that all future payments on the debt instrument will be made. The Fund has made an election to include accrued market discount in income on a current basis, and accrued market discount for a debt instrument will generally have to be included in income each year as if the debt instrument were assured of ultimately being collected in full.
Similarly, debt instruments that the Fund purchases may have been issued with original issue discount (“OID”), which discount might reflect doubt as to whether the entire principal amount of such debt instruments will ultimately prove to be collectible. The Fund will be required to report such OID based on a constant yield method and income will be accrued and be currently taxable based on the assumption that all future projected payments due on such debt instruments will be made.
Finally, in the event that any debt instruments acquired by the Fund are delinquent as to mandatory principal and interest payments, or in the event payments with respect to a particular debt instrument are not made when due, the Fund may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income as it accrues, despite doubt as to its ultimate collectability.
Status as Regulated Investment Company. As described under the heading “Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations,” the Fund must satisfy, among other requirements, an asset diversification test in order to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. Under that test, the Fund must diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of each taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s assets is represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and other securities, with such other securities of any one issuer limited for the purposes of this calculation to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and not greater than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other regulated investment companies) of a single issuer, or two or more issuers that the Fund controls and are engaged in the same, similar or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships.
If the Fund fails to satisfy as of the close of any quarter the asset diversification test referred to in the preceding paragraph, it will have 30 days to cure the failure by, for example, selling securities that are the source of the violation. Other cure provisions are available in the Code for a failure to satisfy the asset diversification test, but any such cure provision may involve the payment of a penalty excise tax. If the Fund fails to cure an asset diversification violation, it may lose its status as a regulated investment company under the Code. In that case, all of its taxable income would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for distributions to stockholders. In addition, all distributions (including distributions of net capital gain) would be taxed to the Fund’s Common Stockholders as ordinary dividend income to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. Accordingly, disqualification as a regulated investment company could have a material adverse effect on the value of the Fund’s Common Stock and the amount of Fund distributions.
Risks Associated with the Fund’s Ability To Satisfy Regulated Investment Company Distribution Requirements. The Fund generally must distribute annually at least 90% of its taxable income, excluding any net capital gain, in order to maintain its treatment as a regulated investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes. To the extent that the Fund satisfies this distribution requirement, but distributes less than 100% of its taxable income, including any net capital gain, the Fund will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on the Fund’s undistributed taxable income. In addition, the Fund will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that the Fund distributes to its stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal income tax laws. The Fund intends to make distributions to its stockholders to comply with the requirements of the Code and to avoid paying U.S. federal income taxes and, if practicable, excise taxes, on undistributed taxable income.
However, due to each of the potential timing differences between income recognition or expense deduction and cash receipts or disbursements, there is a significant risk that the Fund may have substantial taxable income in excess of cash available for distribution. To satisfy its distribution requirements, the Fund may sell securities that it would not otherwise desire to sell, borrow on unfavorable terms or distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, capital expenditures or repayment of debt. In addition, the Fund may make distributions in its Common Stock to satisfy the distribution requirements necessary to maintain the Fund’s treatment as a regulated investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes, but no assurances can be given in this regard.
Despite undertaking the efforts mentioned in the previous paragraph, the Fund may not be able to distribute the amounts necessary to satisfy the distribution requirements necessary to maintain its treatment as a regulated investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes. If the Fund were unable to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement or otherwise were to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company in any year, material adverse tax consequences would result to investors. The Fund would be taxed in the same manner as an ordinary corporation and distributions to the Fund’s Common Stockholders would not be deductible by the Fund in computing its taxable income. In addition, the Fund could
be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay taxes and make distributions (which could be subject to interest charges) before requalifying for taxation as a regulated investment company.
Cash/Stock Dividend Risks. The Fund may distribute taxable dividends that are payable in cash and Common Stock at the election of each Common Stockholder. Under Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) Revenue Procedure 2017‑45, up to 80% of the aggregate of any such taxable dividends could be payable in the Fund’s Common Stock with the 20% or greater balance paid in cash. Common Stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as taxable income to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, Common Stockholders may be required to pay U.S. federal income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received. If a Common Stockholder sells the Common Stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of the Fund’s Common Stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non‑U.S. Common Stockholders, the Fund may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in Common Stock. In addition, if a significant number of the Fund’s Common Stockholders determine to sell shares of the Fund’s Common Stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of the Fund’s Common Stock. It is unclear whether and to what extent the Fund will be able to pay taxable dividends in cash and Common Stock (whether pursuant to Revenue Procedure 2017‑45 or otherwise).
Anti-Takeover Provisions Risk
The Fund’s Charter and Bylaws include provisions that are designed to limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund for short-term objectives, including by converting the Fund to open‑end status or changing the composition of the Board. The Bylaws also contain a provision providing that the Board of Directors has adopted a resolution to opt in the Fund to the provisions of the MCSAA. There can be no assurance, however, that such provisions will be sufficient to deter professional arbitrageurs that seek to cause the Fund to take actions that may not be consistent with its investment objective or aligned with the interests of long-term stockholders, such as liquidating debt investments prior to maturity, triggering taxable events for stockholders and decreasing the size of the Fund. See “Certain Provisions in the Charter and Bylaws” and “Certain Provisions in the Charter and Bylaws—Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act.” (“MCSAA”). Such provisions may limit the ability of stockholders to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging an investor from seeking to obtain control of the Fund.
In determining to opt in to the MCSAA, the Board of Directors considered its fiduciary obligations to the Fund. In particular, the Board of Directors considered whether the interests of a short-term professional investor seeking to arbitrage the Fund’s market price would be consistent with the interests of stockholders that invested in the Fund due to its investment objective of total return with an emphasis on income. In order to seek to allow the Fund to achieve its investment objective for those long-term stockholders, the Board of Directors determined that it would be in the best interests of the Fund to opt in to the MCSAA. In making this decision, the Board of Directors considered a decision in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, which had the effect of allowing a closed‑end fund organized in Maryland to remain opted in to the MCSAA notwithstanding a counterclaim alleging that the fund’s decision to opt in to the MCSAA violated Section 18(i) of the 1940 Act. A recent decision by the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, however, held that certain Funds that opted into the MCSAA violated Section 18(i) of the 1940 Act. The decision has been affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. These decisions are incompatible with the prior decision in Maryland federal court that allowed a registered closed‑end fund organized as a Maryland corporation to remain opted into the MCSAA, resulting in a circuit split on the issue. There is a risk that a court could follow the reasoning of the New York federal court, as opposed to the decision of the Maryland federal court, when determining whether a closed‑end fund organized in Maryland can opt in to the MCSAA.
Operational Risk
The valuation of the Fund’s investments may be negatively impacted because of the operational risks arising from factors such as processing errors and human errors, inadequate or failed internal or external processes, failures in systems and technology, changes in personnel, and errors caused by third party service providers or trading counterparties. It is not possible to identify all of the operational risks that may affect the Fund or to develop processes and controls that completely eliminate or mitigate the occurrence of such failures. The Fund and its stockholders could be negatively impacted as a result.
Cybersecurity Risk
Cybersecurity incidents, both intentional and unintentional, may allow an unauthorized party to gain access to Fund assets, Fund or proprietary information, cause the Fund, the Fund’s manager and subadvisers and/or their service providers to suffer data breaches, data corruption or loss of operational functionality or prevent fund investors from purchasing, redeeming or exchanging shares or receiving distributions. The Fund, manager and subadvisers have limited ability to prevent or mitigate cybersecurity incidents affecting third party service providers, and such third party service providers may have limited indemnification obligations to the Fund or Investment Manager. Cybersecurity incidents may result in financial losses to the Fund and its stockholders, and substantial costs may be incurred in an effort to prevent or mitigate future cybersecurity incidents. Issuers of securities in which the Fund invests are also subject to cybersecurity risks, and the value of these securities could decline if the issuers experience cybersecurity incidents.
                                       
Effects of Leverage [Text Block]
Effects of Leverage
The following table is furnished in response to requirements of the SEC. It is designed to illustrate the effect of leverage on Common Stock total return, assuming investment portfolio total returns (comprised of income and changes in the value of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio) of ‑10%, ‑5%, 0%, 5% and 10%. These assumed investment portfolio returns are hypothetical figures and are not necessarily indicative of the investment portfolio returns experienced or expected to be experienced by the Fund. See “Risks.”
The table further reflects the issuance of leverage representing 17.3% of the Fund’s Managed Assets, net of expenses, the Fund’s currently projected annual interest on its leverage of 5.38%.
Assumed Portfolio Total Return (Net of Expenses)
     -10     -5     0     5     10
Common Stock Total Return
     -13.23     -7.18     -1.13     4.92     10.97
Common Stock Total Return is composed of two elements: the Common Stock dividends paid by the Fund (the amount of which is largely determined by the net investment income of the Fund after paying dividends or interest on its leverage) and gains or losses on the value of the securities the Fund owns. As required by SEC rules, the table above assumes that the Fund is more likely to suffer capital losses than to enjoy capital appreciation. For example, to assume a total return of 0% the Fund must assume that the interest it receives on its debt security investments is entirely offset by losses in the value of those investments.
                                       
Effects of Leverage [Table Text Block]
The following table is furnished in response to requirements of the SEC. It is designed to illustrate the effect of leverage on Common Stock total return, assuming investment portfolio total returns (comprised of income and changes in the value of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio) of ‑10%, ‑5%, 0%, 5% and 10%. These assumed investment portfolio returns are hypothetical figures and are not necessarily indicative of the investment portfolio returns experienced or expected to be experienced by the Fund. See “Risks.”
The table further reflects the issuance of leverage representing 17.3% of the Fund’s Managed Assets, net of expenses, the Fund’s currently projected annual interest on its leverage of 5.38%.
 
Assumed Portfolio Total Return (Net of Expenses)
     -10     -5     0     5     10
Common Stock Total Return
     -13.23     -7.18     -1.13     4.92     10.97
                                       
Return at Minus Ten [Percent] (13.23%)                                        
Return at Minus Five [Percent] (7.18%)                                        
Return at Zero [Percent] (1.13%)                                        
Return at Plus Five [Percent] 4.92%                                        
Return at Plus Ten [Percent] 10.97%                                        
Effects of Leverage, Purpose [Text Block]
The following table is furnished in response to requirements of the SEC. It is designed to illustrate the effect of leverage on Common Stock total return, assuming investment portfolio total returns (comprised of income and changes in the value of securities held in the Fund’s portfolio) of ‑10%, ‑5%, 0%, 5% and 10%. These assumed investment portfolio returns are hypothetical figures and are not necessarily indicative of the investment portfolio returns experienced or expected to be experienced by the Fund. See “Risks.”
The table further reflects the issuance of leverage representing 17.3% of the Fund’s Managed Assets, net of expenses, the Fund’s currently projected annual interest on its leverage of 5.38%.
                                       
Share Price [Table Text Block]
The following table sets forth for each of the periods indicated the range of high and low closing sale price of our Common Stock, each as reported on the NYSE, the net asset value per share of Common Stock and the premium or discount to net asset value per share at which our shares were trading. Net asset value is generally determined on each business day that the NYSE is open for business. See “Net Asset Value” for information as to the determination of our net asset value.
 
            Price Range         
     NAV(1)      High      Low      Premium /
(Discount) of
High Sales
Price to
NAV
    Premium /
(Discount) of
Low Sales
Price to
NAV
 
Fiscal Year Ending November 30, 2025
             
First Quarter
   $ 17.73      $ 17.80      $ 16.46        0.39     (7.16 )% 
Fiscal Year Ending November 30, 2024
             
Fourth Quarter
   $ 18.64      $ 17.93      $ 16.05        (3.81 )%      (13.89 )% 
Third Quarter
   $ 17.41      $ 16.46      $ 14.87        (5.46 )%      (14.62 )% 
Second Quarter
   $ 16.34      $ 15.64      $ 14.26        (4.28 )%      (12.73 )% 
First Quarter
   $ 16.02      $ 14.40      $ 13.07        (10.11 )%      (18.41 )% 
Fiscal Year Ending November 30, 2023
             
Fourth Quarter
   $ 14.90      $ 13.28      $ 11.42        (10.87 )%      (23.36 )% 
Third Quarter
   $ 14.98      $ 13.28      $ 12.06        (11.35 )%      (19.49 )% 
Second Quarter
   $ 14.14      $ 12.56      $ 11.40        (11.17 )%      (19.38 )% 
First Quarter
   $ 14.30      $ 12.98      $ 11.69        (9.23 )%      (18.25 )% 
Source of market prices: NYSE
(1)
Net asset value per share is determined as of close of business on the last day of the relevant quarter and therefore may not reflect the net asset value per share on the date of the high and low closing sales prices, which may or may not fall on the last day of the quarter. Net asset value per share is calculated as described in “Net Asset Value.”
On February 21, 2025, the last reported sale price of our Common Stock on the NYSE was $17.12, which represented a discount of approximately 3.22% to the net asset value per share reported by us on that date.
As of February 21, 2025, we had approximately 17 million shares of Common Stock outstanding and we had net assets applicable to Common Stockholders of approximately $303 million.
                                       
Capital Stock, Long-Term Debt, and Other Securities [Abstract]                                          
Capital Stock [Table Text Block]
DESCRIPTION OF SHARES
Common Stock
As of February 21, 2025, we had approximately 17 million shares of Common Stock outstanding. All Common Stock offered pursuant to this Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement will be, upon issuance, duly authorized, fully paid and nonassessable, and will have no pre‑emptive, conversion or appraisal rights or rights to cumulative voting. All Common Stock offered pursuant to this Prospectus and any related Prospectus Supplement will be of the same class and will have identical rights, as described below.
The Charter authorizes the issuance of 100,000,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share. All shares of Common Stock have equal rights with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets upon liquidation. Common Stock will, when issued, be fully paid and nonassessable, and will have no preemptive or conversion rights or rights to cumulative voting. The Board of Directors, without a stockholder vote, may amend the Charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock authorized and can reclassify any authorized but unissued shares.
The Fund’s Common Stock is listed on the NYSE under the trading or “ticker” symbol “SCD.” The Fund intends to hold annual meetings of stockholders so long as the Common Stock is listed on a national securities exchange and such meetings are required as a condition to such listing. The Fund must continue to meet the NYSE requirements in order for the Common Stock to remain listed.
Unlike open‑end funds, closed‑end funds, like the Fund, do not continuously offer shares and do not provide daily redemptions. Rather, if a stockholder determines to buy additional shares of Common Stock or sell shares of Common Stock already held, the stockholder may do so by trading on the NYSE through a broker or otherwise. Shares of closed‑end funds may frequently trade on an exchange at prices lower than net asset value. The market value of the Common Stock may be influenced by such factors as dividend levels (which are in turn affected by expenses), call protection, dividend stability, portfolio credit quality, net asset value, relative demand for and supply of such Common Stock in the market, general market and economic conditions, and other factors beyond the control of the Fund. The Fund cannot assure you that Common Stock will trade at a price equal to or higher than net asset value in the future. The Fund’s Common Stock is designed primarily for long-term investors, and investors in Common Stock should not view the Fund as a vehicle for trading purposes. See “Repurchase of Fund Shares.”
The Fund may also issue shares of Common Stock in a rights offering at a price below the then current net asset value so long as certain conditions are met, including: (i) a good faith determination by the Fund’s Board of Directors that such offering would result in a net benefit to existing stockholders; (ii) the offering fully protects stockholders’ preemptive rights and does not discriminate among stockholders (except for the possible effect of not offering fractional rights); (iii) management uses its best efforts to ensure an adequate trading market in the rights for use by stockholders who do not exercise such rights; and (iv) the ratio of a transferable rights offering does not exceed one new share for each three rights held. The specific terms of any rights offering conducted by the Fund will be provided in a Prospectus Supplement.
Each outstanding share of Common Stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of Common Stockholders, including the election of Directors. Except as provided with respect to any other class or series, the Common Stockholders will possess the exclusive voting power. Each director shall be elected by a majority of the votes entitled to be cast in the election of directors. There is no cumulative voting in the election of Directors, which means that the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock can elect all of the Directors then standing for election, and the holders of the remaining shares of Common Stock will not be able to elect any Directors.
Preferred Stock
The Charter provides that the Fund’s Board of Directors may classify and issue additional classes or series of capital stock, including preferred stock, with rights as determined by the Board of Directors, by action of the Board of Directors without the approval of the Common Stockholders. We do not currently have any authorized shares of Preferred Stock. Common Stockholders have no preemptive right to purchase any Preferred Stock that might be issued.
The Fund may elect to issue Preferred Stock as part of its leverage strategy. The Board of Directors also reserves the right to authorize the Fund to issue Preferred Stock to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act, which currently limits the aggregate liquidation preference of all outstanding Preferred Stock plus the principal amount of any outstanding leverage consisting of debt to 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets less liabilities and indebtedness of the Fund (other than leverage consisting of Preferred Stock). However, under current conditions it is unlikely that the Fund will issue Preferred Stock. Although the terms of any Preferred Stock, including dividend rate, liquidation preference and redemption provisions, will be set forth in articles supplementary classifying and designating such Preferred Stock, the Fund believes that it is likely that the liquidation preference, voting rights and redemption provisions of the Preferred Stock may be similar to those stated below.
Liquidation Preference
In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Fund, the holders of Preferred Stock, if any, will be entitled to receive a preferential liquidating distribution, which is expected to equal the original purchase price per share of Preferred Stock plus accrued and unpaid dividends, whether or not declared, before any distribution of assets is made to Common Stockholders. After payment of the full amount of the liquidating distribution to which they are entitled, the holders of Preferred Stock will not be entitled to any further participation in any distribution of assets by the Fund.
Voting Rights
The 1940 Act requires that the holders of any Preferred Stock, voting separately as a single class, have the right to elect at least two directors at all times. The remaining directors will be elected by holders of Common Stock and Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class. In addition, subject to the prior rights, if any, of the holders of any other class of senior securities outstanding, the holders of any Preferred Stock have the right to elect a majority of the directors of the Fund at any time that two years of dividends on any Preferred Stock are unpaid. The 1940 Act also requires that, in addition to any approval by the stockholders that might otherwise be required, the approval of the holders of a majority of any outstanding Preferred Stock, voting separately as a class, would be required to: (i) adopt any plan of reorganization that would adversely affect the Preferred Stock and (ii) take any action requiring a vote of security holders under Section 13(a) of the 1940 Act, including, among other things, changes in the Fund’s subclassification as a closed‑end investment company or changes in its fundamental investment restrictions. See “Certain Provisions in the Charter and Bylaws.” As a result of these voting rights, the Fund’s ability to take any such actions may be impeded to the extent that there are any shares of Preferred Stock outstanding. Except as otherwise indicated in this prospectus and except as otherwise required by applicable law or the Charter, holders of Preferred Stock will have equal voting rights with Common Stockholders (one vote per share, unless otherwise required by the 1940 Act) and will vote together with Common Stockholders as a single class.
The affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Preferred Stock, voting as a separate class, will be required to amend, alter or repeal any of the preferences, rights or powers of holders of Preferred Stock so as to affect materially and adversely such preferences, rights or powers, or to increase or decrease the authorized number of shares of Preferred Stock. The class vote of holders of Preferred Stock described above will in each case be in addition to any other vote required to authorize the action in question.
Redemption, Purchase and Sale of Preferred Stock by the Fund
The terms of any Preferred Stock issued are expected to provide that: (i) they are redeemable by the Fund in whole or in part at the original purchase price per share plus accrued dividends per share; (ii) the Fund may tender for or purchase Preferred Stock; and (iii) the Fund may subsequently resell any shares so tendered for or purchased. Any redemption or purchase of Preferred Stock by the Fund will reduce any leverage applicable to the Common Stock, while any resale of shares by the Fund will increase that leverage.
The discussion above describes the possible offering of Preferred Stock by the Fund. If the Board of Directors determines to proceed with such an offering, the terms of the Preferred Stock may be the same as, or different from, the terms described above, subject to applicable law and the Fund’s Charter. The Board of Directors, without the approval of the Common Stockholders, may authorize an offering of Preferred Stock or may determine not to authorize such an offering, and may fix the terms of the Preferred Stock to be offered.
                                       
Security Liquidation Rights [Text Block]
Liquidation Preference
In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Fund, the holders of Preferred Stock, if any, will be entitled to receive a preferential liquidating distribution, which is expected to equal the original purchase price per share of Preferred Stock plus accrued and unpaid dividends, whether or not declared, before any distribution of assets is made to Common Stockholders. After payment of the full amount of the liquidating distribution to which they are entitled, the holders of Preferred Stock will not be entitled to any further participation in any distribution of assets by the Fund.
                                       
Investment and Market Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Investment and Market Risk
An investment in the Fund is subject to investment risk, including the possible loss of the entire amount that you invest. An investment in our Common Stock is not intended to constitute a complete investment program and should not be viewed as such. The value of the Fund’s portfolio securities may move up or down, sometimes rapidly and unpredictably. At any point in time, your securities may be worth less than your original investment. We are primarily a long-term investment vehicle and should not be used for short-term trading.
                                       
Equity Securities and Related Market Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Equity Securities and Related Market Risk
The market price of equity securities, including common and preferred stocks, may go up or down, sometimes rapidly or unpredictably. Equity securities may decline in value due to factors affecting equity securities markets generally, particular industries represented in those markets or the issuer itself, including the historical and prospective earnings of the issuer and the value of its assets. The values of equity securities may decline due to general market conditions which are not specifically related to a particular company, such as real or perceived adverse economic conditions, changes in the general outlook for corporate earnings, changes in interest or currency rates or adverse investor sentiment generally. They may also decline due to factors which affect a particular industry or industries, such as labor shortages or increased production costs and competitive conditions within an industry. Equity securities, and particularly common stocks, generally have greater price volatility than bonds and other debt securities.
                                       
Information Technology Sector Risks [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Information Technology Sector Risks
To the extent the Fund focuses its investments in the information technology sector, it is vulnerable to the particular risks that may affect companies in that sector. Information technology companies face intense competition, both domestically and internationally, which may have an adverse effect on profit margins. Like other technology companies, information technology companies may have limited product lines, markets, financial resources or personnel. The products of information technology companies may face obsolescence due to rapid technological developments, frequent new product introduction, unpredictable changes in growth rates and competition for the services of qualified personnel. Companies in the information technology sector are heavily dependent on patent and intellectual property rights. The loss, or impairment of, or inability to enforce, these rights may adversely affect the profitability of these companies.
                                       
Risks of Investing in MLP Units [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Risks of Investing in MLP Units
An investment in MLP units involves risks that differ from a similar investment in equity securities, such as common stock, of a corporation. Holders of MLP units have the rights typically afforded to limited partners in a limited partnership. As compared to common stockholders of a corporation, holders of MLP units have more limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting the partnership. Holders of MLP units are also exposed to the risk that they will be required to repay amounts to the MLP that are wrongfully distributed to them. Additionally, conflicts of interest may exist among common unit holders, subordinated unit holders and the
general partner or managing member of an MLP; for example, a conflict may arise as a result of incentive distribution payments, and the general partner does not generally have any duty to the limited partners beyond a “good faith” standard. For example, over the last few years there have been several “simplification” transactions in which the incentive distribution rights were eliminated by either (i) a purchase of the outstanding MLP units by the general partner or (ii) by the purchase of the incentive distribution rights by the MLP. These simplification transactions present a conflict of interest between the general partner and the MLP and may be structured in a way that is unfavorable to the MLP. There are also certain tax risks associated with an investment in MLP units (described below).
                                       
Tax Risks of Investing in Equity Securities of MLPs [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Tax Risks of Investing in Equity Securities of MLPs
Partnerships do not pay United States federal income tax at the partnership level. Rather, each partner of a partnership, in computing its United States federal income tax liability, will include its allocable share of the partnership’s income, gains, losses, deductions and expenses. A change in current tax law, a change in the business of a given MLP, or a change in the types of income earned by a given MLP, could result in an MLP being treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes, which would result in such MLP being required to pay United States federal income tax on its taxable income. The classification of an MLP as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes would have the effect of reducing the amount of cash available for distribution by the MLP and causing any such distributions received by the Fund to be taxed as dividend income to the extent of the MLP’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. Thus, if any of the MLPs owned by the Fund were treated as corporations for United States federal income tax purposes, the after‑tax return to the Fund with respect to its investment in such MLPs could be materially reduced, which could cause a substantial decline in the value of the Fund’s shares of Common Stock.
                                       
Energy Sector Risks [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Energy Sector Risks
To the extent the Fund focuses its investments in the energy sector, it is vulnerable to the particular risks that may affect companies in that sector. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector are subject to many operating risks, including: equipment failure causing outages; structural, maintenance, impairment and safety problems; transmission or transportation constraints, inoperability or inefficiencies; dependence on a specified fuel source; changes in electricity and fuel usage; availability of competitively priced alternative energy sources; changes in generation efficiency and market heat rates; lack of sufficient capital to maintain facilities; significant capital expenditures to keep older assets operating efficiently; seasonality; changes in supply and demand for energy; catastrophic and/or weather-related events such as spills, leaks, well blowouts, uncontrollable flows, ruptures, fires, explosions, floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, discharges of toxic gases and similar occurrences; storage, handling, disposal and decommissioning costs; and environmental compliance. Breakdown or failure of an energy company’s assets may prevent it from performing under applicable sales agreements, which in certain situations, could result in termination of the agreement or incurring a liability for liquidated damages. As a result of the above risks and other potential hazards associated with energy companies, certain companies may become exposed to significant liabilities for which they may not have adequate insurance coverage. Any of the aforementioned risks could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of energy companies.
A downturn in the energy sector of the economy, adverse political, legislative or regulatory developments, material declines in energy-related commodity prices (such as those experienced over the last few years) or other events could have a larger impact on the Fund than on an investment company that does not focus in the sector. At times, the performance of securities of companies in the sector may lag the performance of other sectors or the broader market as a whole. In addition, there are several specific risks associated with investments in the energy sector, including the following:
Regulatory Risk. The energy sector is highly regulated. MLPs and other entities operating in the energy sector are subject to significant regulation of nearly every aspect of their operations by federal, state and local
governmental agencies. Such regulation can change rapidly or over time in both scope and intensity. For example, a particular by‑product or process, including hydraulic fracturing, may be declared hazardous—sometimes retroactively—by a regulatory agency and unexpectedly increase production costs or limit ability to develop some reserves. Various governmental authorities have the power to enforce compliance with these regulations and the permits issued under them, and violators are subject to administrative, civil and criminal penalties, including civil fines, injunctions or both. Stricter laws, regulations or enforcement policies could be enacted in the future which would likely increase compliance costs and may materially adversely affect the financial performance of MLPs and midstream entities.
Specifically, the operations of wells, gathering systems, pipelines, refineries and other facilities are subject to stringent and complex federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. These include, for example:
   
the federal Clean Air Act and comparable state laws and regulations that impose obligations related to air emissions;
   
the federal Clean Water Act and comparable state laws and regulations that impose obligations related to discharges of pollutants into regulated bodies of water;
   
RCRA and comparable state laws and regulations that impose requirements for the handling and disposal of waste from facilities; and
   
CERCLA, also known as “Superfund,” and comparable state laws and regulations that regulate the cleanup of hazardous substances that may have been released at properties currently or previously owned or operated by MLPs or at locations to which they have sent waste for disposal.
Failure to comply with these laws and regulations may trigger a variety of administrative, civil and criminal enforcement measures, including the assessment of monetary penalties, the imposition of remedial requirements, and the issuance of orders enjoining future operations. Certain environmental statutes, including RCRA, CERCLA, the federal Oil Pollution Act and analogous state laws and regulations, impose strict, joint and several liability for costs required to clean up and restore sites where hazardous substances have been disposed of or otherwise released. Moreover, it is not uncommon for neighboring landowners and other third parties to file claims for personal injury and property damage allegedly caused by the release of hazardous substances or other waste products into the environment.
There is an inherent risk that entities may incur environmental costs and liabilities due to the nature of their businesses and the substances they handle. For example, an accidental release from wells or gathering pipelines could subject them to substantial liabilities for environmental cleanup and restoration costs, claims made by neighboring landowners and other third parties for personal injury and property damage, and fines or penalties for related violations of environmental laws or regulations. Moreover, the possibility exists that stricter laws, regulations or enforcement policies could significantly increase the compliance costs of entities or limit their ability to develop some reserves. For example, hydraulic fracturing, a technique used in the completion of certain oil and gas wells, has become a subject of increasing regulatory scrutiny and may be subject in the future to more stringent, and more costly to comply with, requirements. Similarly, the implementation of more stringent environmental requirements could significantly increase the cost of any remediation that may become necessary. Entities may not be able to recover these costs from insurance.
Voluntary initiatives and mandatory controls have been adopted or are being discussed both in the United States and worldwide to reduce emissions of “greenhouse gases” such as carbon dioxide, a by‑product of burning fossil fuels, and methane, the major constituent of natural gas, which many scientists and policymakers believe contribute to global climate change. These measures and future measures could result in increased costs to certain companies in which the Fund may invest to operate and maintain facilities and administer and manage a greenhouse gas emissions program and may reduce demand for fuels that generate greenhouse gases and that are managed or produced by companies in which the Fund may invest.
Federal, state and local governments may enact laws, and federal, state and local agencies (such as the Environmental Protection Agency) may promulgate rules or regulations, that prohibit or significantly regulate the operation of energy assets. For instance, in the wake of a Supreme Court decision holding that the EPA has some legal authority to deal with climate change under the Clean Air Act, the EPA and the Department of Transportation jointly wrote regulations to cut gasoline use and control greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks. The EPA has also taken action to require certain entities to measure and report greenhouse gas emissions and certain facilities may be required to control emissions of greenhouse gases pursuant to EPA air permitting and other regulatory programs. These measures, and other programs addressing greenhouse gas emissions, could reduce demand for energy or raise prices, which may adversely affect the total return of certain of the Fund’s investments.
Commodity Price Risk. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector may be affected by fluctuations in the prices of energy commodities, including, for example, natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil and coal, in the short‑and long-term. Fluctuations in energy commodity prices would impact directly companies that own such energy commodities and could impact indirectly companies that engage in transportation, storage, processing, distribution or marketing of such energy commodities. Fluctuations in energy commodity prices can result from changes in general economic conditions or political circumstances (especially of key energy producing and consuming countries); market conditions; weather patterns; domestic production levels; volume of imports; energy conservation; domestic and foreign governmental regulation; international politics; policies of OPEC; taxation; tariffs; and the availability and costs of local, intrastate and interstate transportation methods. The energy sector as a whole may also be impacted by the perception that the performance of energy sector companies is directly linked to commodity prices. High commodity prices may drive further energy conservation efforts, and a slowing economy may adversely impact energy consumption, which may adversely affect the performance of MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector. Recent economic and market events have fueled concerns regarding potential liquidations of commodity futures and options positions.
Depletion Risk. Entities engaged in the exploration, development, management or production of energy commodities face the risk that commodity reserves are depleted over time. Such companies seek to increase their reserves through expansion of their current businesses, acquisitions, further development of their existing sources of energy commodities, exploration of new sources of energy commodities or by entering into long-term contracts for additional reserves; however, there are risks associated with each of these potential strategies. If such companies fail to acquire additional reserves in a cost-effective manner and at a rate at least equal to the rate at which their existing reserves decline, their financial performance may suffer. Additionally, failure to replenish reserves could reduce the amount and affect the tax characterization of the distributions paid by such companies.
Supply and Demand Risk. Entities operating in the energy sector could be adversely affected by reductions in the supply of or demand for energy commodities. The volume of production of energy commodities and the volume of energy commodities available for transportation, storage, processing or distribution could be affected by a variety of factors, including depletion of resources; depressed commodity prices; catastrophic events; labor relations; increased environmental or other governmental regulation; equipment malfunctions and maintenance difficulties; import volumes; international politics, policies of OPEC; and increased competition from alternative energy sources. Alternatively, a decline in demand for energy commodities could result from factors such as adverse economic conditions (especially in key energy-consuming countries); increased taxation; increased environmental or other governmental regulation; increased fuel economy; increased energy conservation or use of alternative energy sources; legislation intended to promote the use of alternative energy sources; or increased commodity prices.
Acquisition Risk. MLP and midstream entity investments owned by the Fund may depend on their ability to make acquisitions that increase adjusted operating surplus per unit in order to increase distributions to unit holders. The ability of such MLPs and midstream entities to make future acquisitions is dependent on their ability to identify suitable targets, negotiate favorable purchase contracts, obtain acceptable financing and outbid
competing potential acquirers. To the extent that such MLPs and midstream entities are unable to make future acquisitions, or such future acquisitions fail to increase the adjusted operating surplus per unit, their growth and ability to make distributions to unit holders will be limited. There are risks inherent in any acquisition, including erroneous assumptions regarding revenues, acquisition expenses, operating expenses, cost savings and synergies; assumption of liabilities; indemnification; customer losses; key employee defections; distraction from other business operations; and unanticipated difficulties in operating or integrating new product areas and geographic regions.
Weather Risks. Weather plays a role in the seasonality of some entities’ cash flows. Entities in the propane industry, for example, rely on the winter season to generate almost all of their earnings. In an unusually warm winter season, propane MLPs experience decreased demand for their product. Although most entities can reasonably predict seasonal weather demand based on normal weather patterns, extreme weather conditions, such as the hurricanes that severely damaged cities along the U.S. Gulf Coast in recent years, demonstrate that no amount of preparation can protect an entity from the unpredictability of the weather or possible climate change. The damage done by extreme weather also may serve to increase many entities’ insurance premiums and could adversely affect such companies’ financial condition and ability to pay distributions to stockholders.
Cyclical Industry Risk. The energy industry is cyclical and from time to time may experience a shortage of drilling rigs, equipment, supplies, or qualified personnel, or due to significant demand, such services may not be available on commercially reasonable terms. An entity’s ability to successfully and timely complete capital improvements to existing or other capital projects is contingent upon many variables. Should any such efforts be unsuccessful, an entity could be subject to additional costs and/or the write‑off of its investment in the project or improvement. The marketability of oil and gas production depends in large part on the availability, proximity and capacity of pipeline systems owned by third parties. Oil and gas properties are subject to royalty interests, liens and other burdens, encumbrances, easements or restrictions, all of which could impact the production of a particular entity. Oil and gas entities operate in a highly competitive and cyclical industry, with intense price competition. A significant portion of their revenues may depend on a relatively small number of customers, including governmental entities and utilities.
Catastrophic Event Risk. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector are subject to many dangers inherent in the production, exploration, management, transportation, processing and distribution of natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, refined petroleum and petroleum products and other hydrocarbons. These dangers include leaks, fires, explosions, damage to facilities and equipment resulting from natural disasters, inadvertent damage to facilities and equipment (such as those suffered by BP’s Deepwater Horizon drilling platform in 2010 or spills by various onshore oil pipelines) and terrorist acts. Since the September 11th terrorist attacks, the U.S. government has issued warnings that energy assets, specifically U.S. pipeline infrastructure, may be targeted in future terrorist attacks. These dangers give rise to risks of substantial losses as a result of loss or destruction of commodity reserves; damage to or destruction of property, facilities and equipment; pollution and environmental damage; and personal injury or loss of life. Any occurrence of such catastrophic events could bring about a limitation, suspension or discontinuation of the operations of MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector. MLPs and midstream entities operating in the energy sector may not be fully insured against all risks inherent in their business operations and therefore accidents and catastrophic events could adversely affect such companies’ financial condition and ability to pay distributions to stockholders. It is expected that increased governmental regulation will mitigate such catastrophic risk, such as the recent oil spills referred to above, which could increase insurance premiums and other operating costs for MLPs and midstream entities.
                                       
Distribution Risk For Equity Income Securities [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Distribution Risk For Equity Income Securities
In selecting equity income securities in which the Fund will invest, ClearBridge will consider the issuer’s history of making regular periodic distributions (i.e., dividends) to its equity holders. An issuer’s history of paying dividends, however, does not guarantee that the issuer will continue to pay dividends in the future. The dividend income stream associated with equity income securities generally is not guaranteed and is subordinate
to payment obligations of the issuer on its debt and other liabilities. Accordingly, in the event the issuer does not realize sufficient income in a particular period both to service its liabilities and to pay dividends on its equity securities, it may forgo paying dividends on its equity securities. In addition, because in most instances issuers are not obligated to make periodic distributions to the holders of their equity securities, such distributions or dividends generally may be discontinued at the issuer’s discretion.
                                       
Convertible Securities Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Convertible Securities Risk
A convertible security is a bond, debenture, note, preferred stock or other security that may be converted into or exchanged for a prescribed amount of common stock or other equity security of the same or a different issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to nonconvertible income securities in that they ordinarily provide a stable stream of income with generally higher yields than those of common stocks of the same or similar issuers, but lower yields than comparable nonconvertible securities. The value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors also may have an effect on the convertible security’s investment value. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure but are usually subordinated to comparable nonconvertible securities. Convertible securities may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible security’s governing instrument.
                                       
Preferred Stock Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Preferred Stock Risk
Generally, the Fund has a greater flexibility to invest in equity securities. Preferred stocks are unique securities that combine some of the characteristics of both common stocks and bonds. Preferred stocks generally pay a fixed rate of return and are sold on the basis of current yield, like bonds. However, because they are equity securities, preferred stock provides equity ownership of a company, and the income is paid in the form of dividends. Preferred stocks typically have a yield advantage over common stocks as well as comparably-rated fixed income investments. Preferred stocks are typically subordinated to bonds and other debt instruments in a company’s capital structure, in terms of priority to corporate income, and therefore will be subject to greater credit risk than those debt instruments. Unlike interest payments on debt securities, preferred stock dividends are payable only if declared by the issuer’s board of directors. Preferred stocks also may be subject to optional or mandatory redemption provisions.
                                       
Fixed Income Securities Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Fixed Income Securities Risk
In addition to the risks described elsewhere in this section with respect to valuations and liquidity, fixed income securities, including high-yield securities, are also subject to certain risks, including:
   
Issuer Risk. The value of fixed income securities may decline for a number of reasons that directly relate to the issuer, such as management performance, financial leverage and reduced demand for the issuer’s goods and services.
   
Interest Rate Risk. The market price of the Fund’s investments will change in response to changes in interest rates and other factors. During periods of declining interest rates, the market price of fixed income securities generally rises. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates, the market price of such securities generally declines. The magnitude of these fluctuations in the market price of fixed income securities is generally greater for securities with longer maturities. Fluctuations in the market price of the Fund’s securities will not affect interest income derived from securities already owned by the Fund, but will be reflected in the Fund’s net asset value. The Fund may utilize certain strategies, including investments in structured notes or interest rate swap or cap transactions, for the purpose of reducing the interest rate sensitivity of the portfolio and decreasing the Fund’s exposure to interest rate risk, although there is no assurance that it will do so or that such strategies will be successful.
   
Prepayment Risk. During periods of declining interest rates, the issuer of a security may exercise its option to prepay principal earlier than scheduled, forcing the Fund to reinvest the proceeds from such prepayment in lower yielding securities, which may result in a decline in the Fund’s income and distributions to stockholders. This is known as prepayment or “call” risk. Debt securities frequently have call features that allow the issuer to redeem the security at dates prior to its stated maturity at a specified price (typically greater than par) only if certain prescribed conditions are met. An issuer may choose to redeem a debt security if, for example, the issuer can refinance the debt at a lower cost due to declining interest rates or an improvement in the credit standing of the issuer.
   
Reinvestment Risk. Reinvestment risk is the risk that income from the Fund’s portfolio will decline if and when the Fund invests the proceeds from matured, traded or called fixed income securities at market interest rates that are below the portfolio’s current earnings rate. A decline in income could affect the market price of Common Stock or overall returns.
                                       
Leverage Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Leverage Risk
The Fund’s use of leverage will magnify investment, market and certain other risks. Leverage involves risks and special considerations for holders of the Common Stock including: the likelihood of greater volatility of net asset value and market price of the Common Stock than a comparable portfolio without leverage; the risk that fluctuations in interest rates on borrowings and short-term debt or in the dividend rates on any Preferred Stock that the Fund may pay will reduce the return to Common Stockholders or will result in fluctuations in the dividends paid on the Common Stock; the effect of leverage in a declining market, which is likely to cause a greater decline in the net asset value of the Common Stock than if the Fund were not leveraged, which may result in a greater decline in the market price of the Common Stock; and when the Fund uses leverage, the investment advisory fee payable by the Fund to FTFA (and by FTFA to Western Asset) will be higher than if the Fund did not use leverage.
The use of borrowing, reverse repurchase agreements and derivatives, as well as the issuance of Preferred Stock, creates leverage (i.e., a fund’s investment exposures exceed its net asset value). Leverage increases a fund’s losses when the value of its investments (including derivatives) declines. Because many derivatives have a leverage component (i.e., a notional value in excess of the assets needed to establish or maintain the derivative position), adverse changes in the value or level of the underlying asset, rate, or index may result in a loss substantially greater than the amount required to establish the derivative position.
                                       
Below Investment Grade High Yield or Junk Bond Securities Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Below Investment Grade (High-Yield or Junk Bond) Securities Risk
The Fund may invest in high-yield debt securities. Debt securities rated below investment grade are commonly referred to as “high-yield” securities or “junk bonds” and are regarded as having predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligations and involve major risk exposure to adverse conditions. Debt securities rated C or lower by Moody’s, CCC or lower by S&P or CC or lower by Fitch or comparably rated by another NRSRO or, if unrated, determined by Western Asset to be of comparable quality are considered to have extremely poor prospects of ever attaining any real investment standing, to have a current identifiable vulnerability to default, to be unlikely to have the capacity to pay interest and repay principal when due in the event of adverse business, financial or economic conditions and/or to be in default or not current in the payment of interest or principal. Ratings may not accurately reflect the actual credit risk associated with a corporate security.
Debt securities rated below investment grade generally offer a higher current yield than that available from higher grade issues, but typically involve greater risk. These securities are especially sensitive to adverse changes in general economic conditions, to changes in the financial condition of their issuers and to price fluctuation in response to changes in interest rates. During periods of economic downturn or rising interest rates, issuers of below investment grade instruments may experience financial stress that could adversely affect their ability to make payments of principal and interest and increase the possibility of default. The secondary market for high-
yield securities may not be as liquid as the secondary market for more highly rated securities, a factor which may have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to dispose of a particular security. There are fewer dealers in the market for high-yield securities than for investment grade obligations. The prices quoted by different dealers may vary significantly, and the spread between the bid and asked price is generally much larger for high-yield securities than for higher quality instruments. Under continuing adverse market or economic conditions, the secondary market for high-yield securities could contract further, independent of any specific adverse changes in the condition of a particular issuer, and these securities may become illiquid. In addition, adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the values and liquidity of below investment grade securities, especially in a market characterized by a low volume of trading.
Default, or the market’s perception that an issuer is likely to default, could reduce the value and liquidity of securities held by the Fund, thereby reducing the value of your investment in the Fund’s Common Stock. In addition, default may cause the Fund to incur expenses in seeking recovery of principal or interest on its portfolio holdings. In any reorganization or liquidation proceeding relating to a portfolio company, the Fund may lose its entire investment or may be required to accept cash or securities with a value less than its original investment. Among the risks inherent in investments in a troubled entity is the fact that it frequently may be difficult to obtain information as to the true financial condition of such issuer. Western Asset’s judgment about the credit quality of an issuer and the relative value of its securities may prove to be wrong. Investments in below investment grade securities may present special tax issues for the Fund to the extent that the issuers of these securities default on their obligations pertaining thereto, and the U.S. federal income tax consequences to the Fund as a holder of such distressed securities may not be clear.
                                       
Low Rated and Unrated Securities Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Low Rated and Unrated Securities Risk
Low rated and unrated debt instruments generally offer a higher current yield than that available from higher grade issues, but typically involve greater risk. Low rated and unrated securities are especially subject to adverse changes in general economic conditions, to changes in the financial condition of their issuers and to price fluctuation in response to changes in interest rates. During periods of economic downturn or rising interest rates, issuers of low rated and unrated instruments may experience financial stress that could adversely affect their ability to make payments of principal and interest and increase the possibility of default. Adverse publicity and investor perceptions, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may also decrease the values and liquidity of low rated and unrated securities especially in a market characterized by a low volume of trading.
                                       
Credit Risk and Counterparty Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Credit Risk and Counterparty Risk
If an issuer or guarantor of a security held by the Fund or a counterparty to a financial contract with the Fund defaults or its credit is downgraded, or is perceived to be less creditworthy, or if the value of the assets underlying a security declines, the value of your investment will typically decline. Changes in actual or perceived creditworthiness may occur quickly. The Fund could be delayed or hindered in its enforcement of rights against an issuer, guarantor or counterparty. Subordinated securities are more likely to suffer a credit loss than non‑subordinated securities of the same issuer and will be disproportionately affected by a default, downgrade or perceived decline in creditworthiness.
                                       
Smaller Company Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Smaller Company Risk
The general risks associated with income-producing securities are particularly pronounced for securities issued by companies with smaller market capitalizations. These companies may have limited product lines, markets or financial resources or they may depend on a few key employees. As a result, they may be subject to greater levels of credit, market and issuer risk. Securities of smaller companies may trade less frequently and in lesser volume than more widely held securities and their values may fluctuate more sharply than other securities. Companies with medium‑sized market capitalizations may have risks similar to those of smaller companies.
                                       
Foreign Securities and Emerging Markets Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Foreign Securities and Emerging Markets Risk
A fund that invests in foreign (non‑U.S.) securities may experience more rapid and extreme changes in value than a fund that invests exclusively in securities of U.S. companies. The securities markets of many foreign countries are relatively small, with a limited number of companies representing a small number of industries. Investments in foreign securities (including those denominated in U.S. dollars) are subject to economic and political developments in the countries and regions where the issuers operate or are domiciled, or where the securities are traded, such as changes in economic or monetary policies. Values may also be affected by restrictions on receiving the investment proceeds from a foreign country. Less information may be publicly available about foreign companies than about U.S. companies. Foreign companies are generally not subject to the same accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards as are U.S. companies. In addition, the Fund’s investments in foreign securities may be subject to the risk of nationalization or expropriation of assets, imposition of currency exchange controls or restrictions on the repatriation of foreign currency, confiscatory taxation, political or financial instability and adverse diplomatic developments. In addition, there may be difficulty in obtaining or enforcing a court judgment abroad. Dividends or interest on, or proceeds from the sale of, foreign securities may be subject to non‑U.S. withholding taxes, and special U.S. tax considerations may apply.
The risks of foreign investment are greater for investments in emerging markets. The Fund considers an investment to be in an emerging market if the local currency long-term debt rating assigned by all NRSROs to
debt issued by that country is below A‑. Emerging market countries typically have economic and political systems that are less fully developed, and that can be expected to be less stable, than those of more advanced countries. Low trading volumes may result in a lack of liquidity and in price volatility. Emerging market countries may have policies that restrict investment by foreigners, that require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons, or that prevent foreign investors from withdrawing their money at will. An investment in emerging market securities should be considered speculative.
                                       
Fund Distribution Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Fund Distribution Risk
Pursuant to its distribution policy, the Fund intends to make regular distributions on its Common Stock. To the extent the total distributions for a year exceed the Fund’s investment company taxable income and net capital gain for that year, the excess will generally constitute a return of capital. Return of capital distributions are generally tax‑free up to the amount of a Common Stockholder’s tax basis in the Common Stock. In addition, such excess distributions may have the effect of decreasing the Fund’s total assets and may increase the Fund’s expense ratio as the Fund’s fixed expenses may become a larger percentage of the Fund’s average net assets. In order to make such distributions, the Fund might have to sell a portion of its investment portfolio at a time when independent investment judgment may not dictate such action. For instance, these sales may result in the Fund recognizing short-term capital gains, which are taxed to stockholders at ordinary income rates.
                                       
Illiquidity Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Illiquidity Risk
Illiquidity risk exists when particular investments are impossible or difficult to sell and some assets that the Fund wants to invest in may be impossible or difficult to purchase. Markets may become illiquid when, for instance, there are few, if any, interested buyers or sellers or when dealers are unwilling or unable to make a market for certain assets. As a general matter, dealers recently have been less willing to make markets for fixed income securities. Recent federal banking regulations may also cause certain dealers to reduce their inventories of certain securities, which may further decrease the ability to buy or sell such securities. When the Fund holds illiquid investments, the portfolio may be harder to value, especially in changing markets, and if the Fund is forced to sell these investments for cash needs, the Fund may suffer a loss. The liquidity of certain assets, particularly of privately- issued and non‑investment grade mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, may be difficult to ascertain and may change over time. Transactions in less liquid or illiquid securities may entail transaction costs that are higher than those for transactions in liquid securities. Further, such securities, once sold, may not settle for an extended period (for example, several weeks or even longer). The Fund will not receive its sales proceeds until that time, which may constrain the Fund’s ability to meet its obligations.
                                       
Market Events Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Market Events Risk
The market values of securities or other assets will fluctuate, sometimes sharply and unpredictably, due to factors such as economic events, governmental actions or intervention, actions taken by the U.S. Federal Reserve or foreign central banks, market disruptions caused by trade disputes or other factors, political developments,
armed conflicts, economic sanctions and countermeasures in response to sanctions, major cybersecurity events, the global and domestic effects of widespread or local health, weather or climate events, and other factors that may or may not be related to the issuer of the security or other asset. Economies and financial markets throughout the world are increasingly interconnected. Economic, financial or political events, trading and tariff arrangements, public health events, terrorism, wars, natural disasters and other circumstances in one country or region could have profound impacts on global economies or markets. As a result, whether or not the Fund invests in securities of issuers located in or with significant exposure to the countries or markets directly affected, the value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments may be negatively affected.
Raising the ceiling on U.S. government debt has become increasingly politicized. Any failure to increase the total amount that the U.S. government is authorized to borrow could lead to a default on U.S. government obligations, with unpredictable consequences for economies and markets in the U.S. and elsewhere. Recently, inflation and interest rates have increased and may rise further. These circumstances could adversely affect the value and liquidity of the Fund’s investments, impair the Fund’s ability to satisfy redemption requests, and negatively impact the Fund’s performance.
The United States and other countries are periodically involved in disputes over trade and other matters, which may result in tariffs, investment restrictions and adverse impacts on affected companies and securities. For example, the United States has imposed tariffs and other trade barriers on Chinese exports, has restricted sales of certain categories of goods to China, and has established barriers to investments in China. Trade disputes may adversely affect the economies of the United States and its trading partners, as well as companies directly or indirectly affected and financial markets generally. The United States government has prohibited U.S. persons from investing in Chinese companies designated as related to the Chinese military. These and possible future restrictions could limit the Fund’s opportunities for investment and require the sale of securities at a loss or make them illiquid. Moreover, the Chinese government is involved in a longstanding dispute with Taiwan that has included threats of invasion. If the political climate between the United States and China does not improve or continues to deteriorate, if China were to attempt unification of Taiwan by force, or if other geopolitical conflicts develop or get worse, economies, markets and individual securities may be severely affected both regionally and globally, and the value of the Fund’s assets may go down.
                                       
Currency Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Currency Risk
The Fund may invest in non‑dollar‑denominated investments. The Fund may be limited in its ability to hedge the value of its non‑dollar‑denominated investments against currency fluctuations. As a result, a decline in the value of currencies in which the Fund’s investments are denominated against the dollar will result in a corresponding decline in the dollar value of the Fund’s assets. These declines will in turn affect the Fund’s income and net asset value. The Fund will compute its income on the date of its receipt by the Fund at the exchange rate in effect with respect to the relevant currency on that date. If the value of the currency declines relative to the dollar between the date income is accrued and the date the Fund makes a distribution, the amount available for distribution to the Fund’s stockholders would be reduced. If the exchange rate against the dollar of a currency in which a portfolio security of the Fund is denominated declines between the time the Fund accrues expenses in dollars and the time expenses are paid, the amount of the currency required to be converted into dollars in order to pay expenses in dollars will be greater than the equivalent amount in the currency of the expenses at the time they are incurred. A decline in the value of non‑U.S. currencies relative to the dollar may also result in foreign currency losses that will reduce distributable net investment income.
                                       
REITs Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
REITs Risk
Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks in addition to those risks associated with investing in the real estate industry in general. An equity or hybrid REIT may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying properties owned by the REIT. A mortgage or hybrid REIT may be affected by changes in interest rates and the ability of the issuers of its portfolio mortgages to repay their obligations. Mortgage and hybrid
REITs are subject to the risks of accelerated prepayments of mortgage pools or pass-through securities, reliance on short-term financing and more highly leveraged capital structures. REITs are dependent upon the skills of their managers and are not diversified.
REITs are generally dependent upon maintaining cash flows to repay borrowings and to make distributions to stockholders and are subject to the risk of default by lessees and borrowers. REITs whose underlying assets are concentrated in properties used by a particular industry, such as healthcare, are also subject to industry related risks. Certain “special purpose” REITs may invest their assets in specific real estate sectors, such as hotels, nursing homes or warehouses, and are therefore subject to the risks associated with adverse developments in any such sectors.
REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are also subject to interest rate risks. When interest rates decline, the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to rise, but mortgages are often refinanced, which may reduce the yield on investments in mortgage REITs. Rising interest rates may cause REIT investors to demand a higher annual yield, which may, in turn, cause a decline in the market price of the equity securities issued by a REIT. Rising interest rates also generally increase the costs of obtaining financing, which could cause the value of a REIT’s investment in fixed rate obligations can be expected to decline. If the REIT invests in adjustable rate mortgage loans (the interest rates on which are reset periodically), yields on a REIT’s investments in such loans will gradually align themselves to reflect changes in market interest rates. This causes the value of such investments to fluctuate less dramatically in response to interest rate fluctuations than would investments in fixed rate obligations.
REITs may have limited financial resources, may trade less frequently and in a limited volume and maybe subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than larger company securities. In addition to these risks, REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the trusts or by the quality of any credit they extend. Further, REITs are dependent upon management skills and generally may not be diversified. REITs are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency, defaults by borrowers and self-liquidation.
REITs are subject to management fees and other expenses. Therefore, investments in REITs will cause CRO to bear its proportionate share of the costs of the REITs’ operations. At the same time, CRO will continue to pay its own management fees and expenses with respect to all of its assets, including any portion invested in REITs.
                                       
Risks of Warrants and Rights [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Risks of Warrants and Rights
Warrants and rights are subject to the same market risks as stocks, but may be more volatile in price. Warrants and rights do not carry the right to dividends or voting rights with respect to their underlying securities, and they do not represent any rights in the assets of the issuer. An investment in warrants or rights may be considered speculative. In addition, the value of a warrant or right does not necessarily change with the value of the underlying security and a warrant or right ceases to have value if it is not exercised prior to its expiration date. The purchase of warrants or rights involves the risk that the Fund could lose the purchase value of a warrant or right if the right to subscribe to additional shares is not exercised prior to the warrants’ or rights’ expiration. Also, the purchase of warrants and rights involves the risk that the effective price paid for the warrant or right added to the subscription price of the related security may exceed the value of the subscribed security’s market price such as when there is no movement in the price of the underlying security.
                                       
Management Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Management Risk
The Fund is subject to management risk because it is an actively managed investment portfolio. Each subadviser will apply investment techniques and risk analyses in making investment decisions for the Fund, but there can be no guarantee that these will produce the desired results.
                                       
Interest Rate Transactions Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Interest Rate Transactions Risk
The Fund may enter into a swap or cap transaction to attempt to protect itself from increasing interest expenses on Borrowings resulting from increasing short-term interest rates or dividend expenses on Preferred Stock. A decline in interest rates may result in a decline in net amounts receivable by the Fund from the counterparty under the swap or cap (or an increase in the net amounts payable by the Fund to the counterparty under the swap), which may result in a decline in the net asset value of the Fund.
                                       
Risks of Futures and Options on Futures [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Risks of Futures and Options on Futures
The use by the Fund of futures contracts and options on futures contracts to hedge interest rate risks involves special considerations and risks, as described below.
   
Successful use of hedging transactions depends upon the applicable subadviser’s ability to correctly predict the direction of changes in interest rates. There can be no assurance that any particular hedging strategy will succeed.
   
There might be imperfect correlation, or even no correlation, between the price movements of a futures or option contract and the movements of the interest rates being hedged. Such a lack of correlation might occur due to factors unrelated to the interest rates being hedged, such as market liquidity and speculative or other pressures on the markets in which the hedging instrument is traded.
   
Hedging strategies, if successful, can reduce risk of loss by wholly or partially offsetting the negative effect of unfavorable movements in the interest rates being hedged. However, hedging strategies can also reduce opportunity for gain by offsetting the positive effect of favorable movements in the hedged interest rates.
   
There is no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular futures contract or option thereon at any particular time. If the Fund were unable to liquidate a futures contract or an option on a futures contract position due to the absence of a liquid secondary market or the imposition of price limits, it could incur substantial losses. The Fund would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the position.
   
There is no assurance that the Fund will use hedging transactions. For example, if the Fund determines that the cost of hedging will exceed the potential benefit to the Fund, the Fund will not enter into such transactions.
                                       
Market Price Discount from Net Asset Value Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Market Price Discount from Net Asset Value Risk
Shares of closed‑end investment companies frequently trade at a discount to their net asset value. This characteristic is a risk separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value could decrease as a result of the Fund’s investment activities and may be greater for investors expecting to sell their shares in a relatively short period following completion of any offering under this Prospectus. Although the value of the Fund’s net assets is generally considered by market participants in determining whether to purchase or sell shares, whether investors will realize gains or losses upon the sale of the Common Stock depends upon whether the market price of the Common Stock at the time of sale is above or below the investor’s purchase price for the Common Stock. Because the market price of the Common Stock is affected by factors such as net asset value, dividend or distribution levels (which are dependent, in part, on expenses), supply of and demand for the Common Stock, stability of distributions, trading volume of the Common Stock, general market and economic conditions, and other factors beyond our control, the Fund cannot predict whether the Common Stock will trade at, below or above net asset value or at, below or above the offering price. The Common Stock is designed primarily for long-term investors and you should not view the Fund as a vehicle for trading purposes.
                                       
Non Diversification Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Non‑Diversification Risk
The Fund is classified as “non‑diversified” under the 1940 Act. As a result, it can invest a greater portion of its assets in obligations of a single issuer than a “diversified” fund. The Fund may therefore be more susceptible than a diversified fund to being adversely affected by any single corporate, economic, political or regulatory occurrence. The Fund intends to qualify for the special tax treatment available to “regulated investment companies” under Subchapter M of the Code, and thus intends to satisfy the diversification requirements of Subchapter M, including the less stringent diversification requirement that applies to the percent of its total assets that are represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and certain other securities.
                                       
Valuation Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Valuation Risk
The sales price the Fund could receive for any particular portfolio investment may differ from the Fund’s valuation of the investment, particularly for securities that trade in thin or volatile markets or that are valued using a fair value methodology. These differences may increase significantly and affect Fund investments more broadly during periods of market volatility. The Fund’s ability to value its investments may be impacted by technological issues and/or errors by pricing services or other third party service providers. The valuation of the Fund’s investments involves subjective judgment.
                                       
Tax Risks [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Tax Risks
To qualify for the favorable U.S. federal income tax treatment generally accorded to regulated investment companies, among other things, the Fund must derive in each taxable year at least 90% of its gross income from certain prescribed sources and satisfy certain distribution and asset diversification requirements. If for any taxable year the Fund does not qualify as a regulated investment company, all of its taxable income (including its net capital gain) would be subject to tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for distributions to stockholders, and such distributions would be taxable as ordinary dividends to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits.
Risk of Taxable Income in Excess of Economic Income. The Fund may acquire debt instruments in the secondary market for less than their stated redemption price at maturity (or, in the case of a debt instrument issued with original issue discount, its revised issue price). The discount at which such debt instruments are acquired may reflect doubts about their ultimate collectability rather than current market interest rates. The amount of such discount will nevertheless generally be treated as “market discount” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, unless it is less than a statutory de minimis amount. Market discount on a debt instrument accrues ratably on a daily basis, unless an election is made to accrue market discount on the basis of the constant yield to maturity of the debt instrument, in each case based generally on the assumption that all future payments on the debt instrument will be made. The Fund has made an election to include accrued market discount in income on a current basis, and accrued market discount for a debt instrument will generally have to be included in income each year as if the debt instrument were assured of ultimately being collected in full.
Similarly, debt instruments that the Fund purchases may have been issued with original issue discount (“OID”), which discount might reflect doubt as to whether the entire principal amount of such debt instruments will ultimately prove to be collectible. The Fund will be required to report such OID based on a constant yield method and income will be accrued and be currently taxable based on the assumption that all future projected payments due on such debt instruments will be made.
Finally, in the event that any debt instruments acquired by the Fund are delinquent as to mandatory principal and interest payments, or in the event payments with respect to a particular debt instrument are not made when due, the Fund may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income as it accrues, despite doubt as to its ultimate collectability.
Status as Regulated Investment Company. As described under the heading “Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations,” the Fund must satisfy, among other requirements, an asset diversification test in order to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. Under that test, the Fund must diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of each taxable year, (i) at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s assets is represented by cash and cash items (including receivables), U.S. government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and other securities, with such other securities of any one issuer limited for the purposes of this calculation to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets and not greater than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested in the securities (other than U.S. government securities or the securities of other regulated investment companies) of a single issuer, or two or more issuers that the Fund controls and are engaged in the same, similar or related trades or businesses, or the securities of one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships.
If the Fund fails to satisfy as of the close of any quarter the asset diversification test referred to in the preceding paragraph, it will have 30 days to cure the failure by, for example, selling securities that are the source of the violation. Other cure provisions are available in the Code for a failure to satisfy the asset diversification test, but any such cure provision may involve the payment of a penalty excise tax. If the Fund fails to cure an asset diversification violation, it may lose its status as a regulated investment company under the Code. In that case, all of its taxable income would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates without any deduction for distributions to stockholders. In addition, all distributions (including distributions of net capital gain) would be taxed to the Fund’s Common Stockholders as ordinary dividend income to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits. Accordingly, disqualification as a regulated investment company could have a material adverse effect on the value of the Fund’s Common Stock and the amount of Fund distributions.
Risks Associated with the Fund’s Ability To Satisfy Regulated Investment Company Distribution Requirements. The Fund generally must distribute annually at least 90% of its taxable income, excluding any net capital gain, in order to maintain its treatment as a regulated investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes. To the extent that the Fund satisfies this distribution requirement, but distributes less than 100% of its taxable income, including any net capital gain, the Fund will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on the Fund’s undistributed taxable income. In addition, the Fund will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that the Fund distributes to its stockholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal income tax laws. The Fund intends to make distributions to its stockholders to comply with the requirements of the Code and to avoid paying U.S. federal income taxes and, if practicable, excise taxes, on undistributed taxable income.
However, due to each of the potential timing differences between income recognition or expense deduction and cash receipts or disbursements, there is a significant risk that the Fund may have substantial taxable income in excess of cash available for distribution. To satisfy its distribution requirements, the Fund may sell securities that it would not otherwise desire to sell, borrow on unfavorable terms or distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, capital expenditures or repayment of debt. In addition, the Fund may make distributions in its Common Stock to satisfy the distribution requirements necessary to maintain the Fund’s treatment as a regulated investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes, but no assurances can be given in this regard.
Despite undertaking the efforts mentioned in the previous paragraph, the Fund may not be able to distribute the amounts necessary to satisfy the distribution requirements necessary to maintain its treatment as a regulated investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes and to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes. If the Fund were unable to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement or otherwise were to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company in any year, material adverse tax consequences would result to investors. The Fund would be taxed in the same manner as an ordinary corporation and distributions to the Fund’s Common Stockholders would not be deductible by the Fund in computing its taxable income. In addition, the Fund could
be required to recognize unrealized gains, pay taxes and make distributions (which could be subject to interest charges) before requalifying for taxation as a regulated investment company.
Cash/Stock Dividend Risks. The Fund may distribute taxable dividends that are payable in cash and Common Stock at the election of each Common Stockholder. Under Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) Revenue Procedure 2017‑45, up to 80% of the aggregate of any such taxable dividends could be payable in the Fund’s Common Stock with the 20% or greater balance paid in cash. Common Stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as taxable income to the extent of the Fund’s current or accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, Common Stockholders may be required to pay U.S. federal income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash dividends received. If a Common Stockholder sells the Common Stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of the Fund’s Common Stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non‑U.S. Common Stockholders, the Fund may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in Common Stock. In addition, if a significant number of the Fund’s Common Stockholders determine to sell shares of the Fund’s Common Stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of the Fund’s Common Stock. It is unclear whether and to what extent the Fund will be able to pay taxable dividends in cash and Common Stock (whether pursuant to Revenue Procedure 2017‑45 or otherwise).
                                       
Anti Takeover Provisions Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Anti-Takeover Provisions Risk
The Fund’s Charter and Bylaws include provisions that are designed to limit the ability of other entities or persons to acquire control of the Fund for short-term objectives, including by converting the Fund to open‑end status or changing the composition of the Board. The Bylaws also contain a provision providing that the Board of Directors has adopted a resolution to opt in the Fund to the provisions of the MCSAA. There can be no assurance, however, that such provisions will be sufficient to deter professional arbitrageurs that seek to cause the Fund to take actions that may not be consistent with its investment objective or aligned with the interests of long-term stockholders, such as liquidating debt investments prior to maturity, triggering taxable events for stockholders and decreasing the size of the Fund. See “Certain Provisions in the Charter and Bylaws” and “Certain Provisions in the Charter and Bylaws—Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act.” (“MCSAA”). Such provisions may limit the ability of stockholders to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging an investor from seeking to obtain control of the Fund.
In determining to opt in to the MCSAA, the Board of Directors considered its fiduciary obligations to the Fund. In particular, the Board of Directors considered whether the interests of a short-term professional investor seeking to arbitrage the Fund’s market price would be consistent with the interests of stockholders that invested in the Fund due to its investment objective of total return with an emphasis on income. In order to seek to allow the Fund to achieve its investment objective for those long-term stockholders, the Board of Directors determined that it would be in the best interests of the Fund to opt in to the MCSAA. In making this decision, the Board of Directors considered a decision in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, which had the effect of allowing a closed‑end fund organized in Maryland to remain opted in to the MCSAA notwithstanding a counterclaim alleging that the fund’s decision to opt in to the MCSAA violated Section 18(i) of the 1940 Act. A recent decision by the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, however, held that certain Funds that opted into the MCSAA violated Section 18(i) of the 1940 Act. The decision has been affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. These decisions are incompatible with the prior decision in Maryland federal court that allowed a registered closed‑end fund organized as a Maryland corporation to remain opted into the MCSAA, resulting in a circuit split on the issue. There is a risk that a court could follow the reasoning of the New York federal court, as opposed to the decision of the Maryland federal court, when determining whether a closed‑end fund organized in Maryland can opt in to the MCSAA.
                                       
Operational Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Operational Risk
The valuation of the Fund’s investments may be negatively impacted because of the operational risks arising from factors such as processing errors and human errors, inadequate or failed internal or external processes, failures in systems and technology, changes in personnel, and errors caused by third party service providers or trading counterparties. It is not possible to identify all of the operational risks that may affect the Fund or to develop processes and controls that completely eliminate or mitigate the occurrence of such failures. The Fund and its stockholders could be negatively impacted as a result.
                                       
Cybersecurity Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Cybersecurity Risk
Cybersecurity incidents, both intentional and unintentional, may allow an unauthorized party to gain access to Fund assets, Fund or proprietary information, cause the Fund, the Fund’s manager and subadvisers and/or their service providers to suffer data breaches, data corruption or loss of operational functionality or prevent fund investors from purchasing, redeeming or exchanging shares or receiving distributions. The Fund, manager and subadvisers have limited ability to prevent or mitigate cybersecurity incidents affecting third party service providers, and such third party service providers may have limited indemnification obligations to the Fund or Investment Manager. Cybersecurity incidents may result in financial losses to the Fund and its stockholders, and substantial costs may be incurred in an effort to prevent or mitigate future cybersecurity incidents. Issuers of securities in which the Fund invests are also subject to cybersecurity risks, and the value of these securities could decline if the issuers experience cybersecurity incidents.
                                       
Derivatives Risks [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Derivatives Risk
The Fund may utilize a variety of derivative instruments for investment or risk management purposes, such as options, futures contracts, swap agreements and credit default swaps. Using derivatives can increase Fund losses and reduce opportunities for gains when market prices, interest rates, currencies, or the derivatives themselves behave in a way not anticipated by the Fund. Using derivatives also can have a leveraging effect and increase Fund volatility. Certain derivatives have the potential for unlimited loss, regardless of the size of the initial investment. Derivatives may not be available at the time or price desired, may be difficult to sell, unwind or value, and the counterparty may default on its obligations to the Fund. Derivatives are generally subject to the risks applicable to the assets, rates, indices or other indicators underlying the derivative. The value of a derivative may fluctuate more than the underlying assets, rates, indices or other indicators to which it relates. Use of derivatives may have different tax consequences for the Fund than an investment in the underlying security, and those differences may affect the amount, timing and character of income distributed to stockholders. The U.S. government and foreign governments are in the process of adopting and implementing regulations governing derivatives markets, including mandatory clearing of certain derivatives, margin and reporting requirements. The ultimate impact of the regulations remains unclear. Additional regulation of derivatives may make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, otherwise adversely affect their performance or disrupt markets.
Effective August 19, 2022, the Fund began operating under Rule 18f‑4 under the 1940 Act which, among other things, governs the use of derivative investments and certain financing transactions (e.g., reverse
repurchase agreements) by registered investment companies. Among other things, Rule 18f‑4 requires funds that invest in derivative instruments beyond a specified limited amount to apply a value at risk (VaR) based limit to their use of certain derivative instruments and financing transactions and to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management program. A fund that uses derivative instruments in a limited amount is not subject to the full requirements of Rule 18f‑4. Compliance with Rule 18f‑4 by the Fund could, among other things, make derivatives more costly, limit their availability or utility, or otherwise adversely affect their performance. Rule 18f‑4 may limit the Fund’s ability to use derivatives as part of its investment strategy.
Credit default swap contracts involve heightened risks and may result in losses to the Fund. Credit default swaps may be illiquid and difficult to value. When the Fund sells credit protection via a credit default swap, credit risk increases since the Fund has exposure to both the issuer whose credit is the subject of the swap and the counterparty to the swap.
                                       
Inflation Deflation Risk [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Risk [Text Block]
Inflation/Deflation Risk
Inflation risk is the risk that the value of certain assets or income from the Fund’s investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. As inflation increases, the real value of the Common Stock and distributions on the Common Stock can decline. In addition, during any periods of rising inflation, the dividend rates or borrowing costs associated with the Fund’s use of leverage would likely increase, which would tend to further reduce returns to stockholders. Deflation risk is the risk that prices throughout the economy decline over time—the opposite of inflation. Deflation may have an adverse affect on the creditworthiness of issuers and may make issuer defaults more likely, which may result in a decline in the value of the Fund’s portfolio.
                                       
Business Contact [Member]                                          
Cover [Abstract]                                          
Entity Address, Address Line One 1 Madison Avenue                                        
Entity Address, Address Line Two 17th Floor                                        
Entity Address, City or Town New York                                        
Entity Address, State or Province NY                                        
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code 10010                                        
Contact Personnel Name Jane Trust                                        
Credit Agreement for Margin Financing [Member]                                          
Financial Highlights [Abstract]                                          
Senior Securities Amount                             $ 61,000,000,000 $ 55,000,000,000 $ 82,000,000,000 $ 90,000,000,000 $ 90,000,000,000 $ 82,500,000,000 $ 75,000,000,000
Senior Securities Coverage per Unit                             $ 5,619 $ 5,289 $ 4,421 $ 3,845 $ 4,065 $ 4,343 $ 4,672
Margin Loan and Security Agreement [Member]                                          
Financial Highlights [Abstract]                                          
Senior Securities Amount                       $ 67,000,000,000 $ 61,000,000,000 $ 61,000,000,000              
Senior Securities Coverage per Unit                       $ 5,769 $ 5,187 $ 5,205              
Common Shares [Member]                                          
General Description of Registrant [Abstract]                                          
Lowest Price or Bid     $ 16.46 $ 16.05 $ 14.87 $ 14.26 $ 13.07 $ 11.42 $ 12.06 $ 11.40 $ 11.69                    
Highest Price or Bid     $ 17.80 $ 17.93 $ 16.46 $ 15.64 $ 14.40 $ 13.28 $ 13.28 $ 12.56 $ 12.98                    
Highest Price or Bid, Premium (Discount) to NAV [Percent]     0.39% (3.81%) (5.46%) (4.28%) (10.11%) (10.87%) (11.35%) (11.17%) (9.23%)                    
Lowest Price or Bid, Premium (Discount) to NAV [Percent]     (7.16%) (13.89%) (14.62%) (12.73%) (18.41%) (23.36%) (19.49%) (19.38%) (18.25%)                    
Share Price   $ 17.12                                      
NAV Per Share [8]     $ 17.73 $ 18.64 $ 17.41 $ 16.34 $ 16.02 $ 14.90 $ 14.98 $ 14.14 $ 14.30                    
Latest Premium (Discount) to NAV [Percent]   3.22%                                      
Capital Stock, Long-Term Debt, and Other Securities [Abstract]                                          
Security Title [Text Block]
Common Stock
                                       
Security Voting Rights [Text Block]
Each outstanding share of Common Stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of Common Stockholders, including the election of Directors. Except as provided with respect to any other class or series, the Common Stockholders will possess the exclusive voting power. Each director shall be elected by a majority of the votes entitled to be cast in the election of directors. There is no cumulative voting in the election of Directors, which means that the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock can elect all of the Directors then standing for election, and the holders of the remaining shares of Common Stock will not be able to elect any Directors.
                                       
Outstanding Security, Title [Text Block]   Common Stock                                      
Outstanding Security, Held [Shares]   17,000,000                                      
Preferred Shares [Member]                                          
Capital Stock, Long-Term Debt, and Other Securities [Abstract]                                          
Security Title [Text Block]
Preferred Stock
                                       
Security Voting Rights [Text Block]
Voting Rights
The 1940 Act requires that the holders of any Preferred Stock, voting separately as a single class, have the right to elect at least two directors at all times. The remaining directors will be elected by holders of Common Stock and Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class. In addition, subject to the prior rights, if any, of the holders of any other class of senior securities outstanding, the holders of any Preferred Stock have the right to elect a majority of the directors of the Fund at any time that two years of dividends on any Preferred Stock are unpaid. The 1940 Act also requires that, in addition to any approval by the stockholders that might otherwise be required, the approval of the holders of a majority of any outstanding Preferred Stock, voting separately as a class, would be required to: (i) adopt any plan of reorganization that would adversely affect the Preferred Stock and (ii) take any action requiring a vote of security holders under Section 13(a) of the 1940 Act, including, among other things, changes in the Fund’s subclassification as a closed‑end investment company or changes in its fundamental investment restrictions. See “Certain Provisions in the Charter and Bylaws.” As a result of these voting rights, the Fund’s ability to take any such actions may be impeded to the extent that there are any shares of Preferred Stock outstanding. Except as otherwise indicated in this prospectus and except as otherwise required by applicable law or the Charter, holders of Preferred Stock will have equal voting rights with Common Stockholders (one vote per share, unless otherwise required by the 1940 Act) and will vote together with Common Stockholders as a single class.
The affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding Preferred Stock, voting as a separate class, will be required to amend, alter or repeal any of the preferences, rights or powers of holders of Preferred Stock so as to affect materially and adversely such preferences, rights or powers, or to increase or decrease the authorized number of shares of Preferred Stock. The class vote of holders of Preferred Stock described above will in each case be in addition to any other vote required to authorize the action in question.
                                       
[1] The sales load will apply only if the securities to which this Prospectus relates are sold to or through underwriters. In such case, a corresponding Prospectus Supplement will disclose the applicable sales load.
[2] Common Stockholders will pay brokerage charges if they direct the Plan Agent (defined below) to sell Common Stock held in a dividend reinvestment account. See “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.” There are no fees charged to stockholders for participating in the Fund’s dividend reinvestment plan. However, stockholders participating in the plan that elect to sell their shares obtained pursuant to the plan would pay $5.00 per transaction to sell shares.
[3] The related Prospectus Supplement will disclose the estimated amount of offering expenses, the offering price and the offering expenses borne by the Fund as a percentage of the offering price.
[4] The Investment Manager receives an annual fee, payable monthly, in an amount equal to 0.85% of the Fund’s average daily Managed Assets. “Managed Assets” means net assets plus the amount of any outstanding Borrowings used for leverage and assets attributable to any Preferred Stock that may be outstanding. For the purposes of this table, we have assumed that the Fund has utilized leverage in an aggregate amount of 19.04% of its Managed Assets (the actual average amount of Borrowings during the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024). If the Fund were to use leverage in excess of 19.04% of its Managed Assets, the management fees shown would be higher
[5] For the purposes of this table, we have assumed that the Fund has utilized Borrowings in an aggregate amount of 19.04% of its Managed Assets (which equals the average level of leverage for the Fund’s fiscal year ended November 30, 2024). The expenses and rates associated with leverage may vary as and when Borrowings or issuances of Preferred Stock are made.
[6] Expenses based on amounts incurred in the fiscal year ended November 30, 2024.
[7] The example above should not be considered a representation of future expenses. Actual expenses may be higher or lower than those shown. The example assumes that all dividends and distributions are reinvested at net asset value. Actual expenses may be greater or less than those assumed. Moreover, the Fund’s actual rate of return may be greater or less than the hypothetical 5% return shown in the example.
[8] Net asset value per share is determined as of close of business on the last day of the relevant quarter and therefore may not reflect the net asset value per share on the date of the high and low closing sales prices, which may or may not fall on the last day of the quarter. Net asset value per share is calculated as described in “Net Asset Value.”

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