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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
(Mark One)
☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from           to

Commission File Number 001-38735

amr-20211231_g1.jpg
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware81-3015061
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
340 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd.
Bristol, Tennessee 37620
(Address of principal executive offices, zip code)
(423) 573-0300
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per shareAMRNew York Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
 ¨ Yes   x No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
 ¨ Yes   x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes  ¨ No



Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Sec.232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). x Yes  ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer¨Accelerated filer☒
Non-accelerated filer¨Smaller reporting company☒
Emerging growth company☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) ☐ Yes   x No

The aggregate market value of the Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (excluding outstanding shares beneficially owned by directors, executive officers, and other affiliates) on June 30, 2021, was approximately $270 million based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock as reported that date on the New York Stock Exchange of $25.63 per share. Such assumptions should not be deemed to be conclusive for any other purpose. 

Number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding as of February 28, 2022: 18,532,992

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III incorporates certain information by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2022 annual meeting of stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”), which will be filed no later than 120 days after the close of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.



TABLE OF CONTENTS
3

4
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report includes statements of our expectations, intentions, plans and beliefs that constitute “forward-looking statements.” These statements, which involve risks and uncertainties, relate to analyses and other information that are based on forecasts of future results and estimates of amounts not yet determinable and may also relate to our future prospects, developments and business strategies. We have used the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “should” and similar terms and phrases, including references to assumptions, in this report to identify forward-looking statements, but these terms and phrases are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. These forward-looking statements are made based on expectations and beliefs concerning future events affecting us and are subject to uncertainties and factors relating to our operations and business environment, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control, that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by these forward-looking statements.

The following factors are among those that may cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements:

•the financial performance of the company;
•our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition;
•our ability to generate sufficient cash or obtain financing to fund our business operations;
•our indebtedness and potential future indebtedness;
•depressed levels or declines in coal prices;
•the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations and the world economy;
•changes in domestic or international environmental laws and regulations, and court decisions, including those directly affecting our coal mining and production, and those affecting our customers’ coal usage, including potential climate change initiatives;
•worldwide market demand for coal, steel, and electricity, including demand for U.S. coal exports, and competition in coal markets;
•our ability to consummate financing or refinancing transactions, and other services, and the form and degree of these services available to us, which may be significantly limited by the lending, investment and similar policies of financial institutions and insurance companies regarding carbon energy producers and the environmental impacts of coal combustion;
•our ability to obtain or renew surety bonds on acceptable terms or maintain our current bonding status;
•our ability to meet collateral requirements;
•the imposition or continuation of barriers to trade, such as tariffs;
•reductions or increases in customer coal inventories and the timing of those changes;
•our production capabilities and costs;
•disruptions in delivery or changes in pricing from third-party vendors of key equipment and materials that are necessary for our operations, such as diesel fuel, steel products, explosives, tires and purchased coal;
•inflationary pressures on supplies and labor and significant or rapid increases in commodity prices;
•railroad, barge, truck and other transportation availability, performance and costs;
•inherent risks of coal mining, including those that are beyond our control;
•changes in the ownership of our equity, which may significantly further reduce the annual amount of the net operating loss and other carryforwards available to be utilized;
•changes in, interpretations of, or implementations of domestic or international tax or other laws and regulations, including the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and its related regulations;
•our ability to self-insure certain of our black lung obligations without a significant increase in required collateral;
•our relationships with, and other conditions affecting, our customers, including the inability to collect payments from our customers if their creditworthiness declines;
•changes in, renewal or acquisition of, terms of and performance of customers under coal supply arrangements and the refusal by our customers to receive coal under agreed-upon contract terms;
•our ability to obtain, maintain or renew any necessary permits or rights, and our ability to mine properties due to defects in title on leasehold interests;
•attracting and retaining key personnel and other employee workforce factors, such as labor relations;
•funding for and changes in employee benefit obligations;
•cybersecurity attacks or failures, threats to physical security, extreme weather conditions or other natural disasters;
•reclamation and mine closure obligations;
•utilities switching to alternative energy sources such as natural gas, renewables and coal from basins where we do not operate;
•our assumptions concerning economically recoverable coal reserve estimates;
5
•failures in performance, or non-performance, of services by third-party contractors, including contract mining and reclamation contractors; and
•disruption in third-party coal supplies.

The factors identified above are not exhaustive. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which are based on information currently available to us and speak only as of the dates on which they are made. When considering these forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the cautionary statements in this report. We do not undertake any responsibility to publicly revise these forward-looking statements to take into account events or circumstances that occur after the date of this report. Additionally, except as expressly required by federal securities laws, we do not undertake any responsibility to update you on the occurrence of any unanticipated events, which may cause actual results to differ from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in this report.



6
Part I

Item 1. Business
Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this “Item 1. Business” section to “the combined company,” “we,” “us” and other similar terms refer to Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (previously Contura Energy, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries). Disclosures in this “Item1. Business” section should be read in conjunction with “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for further discussion of factors impacting our business. Effective February 1, 2021, we changed our corporate name from Contura Energy, Inc. to Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc. to more accurately reflect our strategic focus on the production of metallurgical coal. Following the effectiveness of our name change, our ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange changed from “CTRA” to “AMR” effective on February 4, 2021.
Our Company
We are a Tennessee-based mining company with operations in Virginia and West Virginia. With customers across the globe, high-quality reserves and significant port capacity, we reliably supply metallurgical coal products to the steel industry. We operate highly productive, cost-competitive coal mines across the Central Appalachia (“CAPP”) coal basin. Our portfolio of mining operations consists of 13 underground mines, seven surface mines and eight coal preparation plants. We own a 65.0% interest in Dominion Terminal Associates (“DTA”), a coal export terminal in Newport News, Virginia. DTA provides us with the ability to fulfill a broad range of customer coal quality requirements through coal blending, while also providing storage capacity and transportation flexibility.
We predominantly produce metallurgical (“met”) coal, which is shipped to domestic and international steel and coke producers. Although our strategic focus is on the production of met coal, we also produce thermal coal which is primarily sold to the domestic power generation industry. Refer to Notes 23 and 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for geographical information about our coal sales and additional segment information.

We have a substantial reserve base of 351.1 million tons of proven and probable reserves as of December 31, 2021. Our reserve base consists of 335.8 million tons of proven and probable metallurgical reserves, and 15.3 million tons of proven and probable thermal reserves. Additionally, we have approximately 381.7 million tons of in situ bituminous coal resources as of December 31, 2021.

Through our operations across the CAPP coal basin in Virginia and West Virginia, we are able to source coal from multiple mines to meet the needs of a long-standing global customer base, many of which have been served by us or our predecessors for decades. We are continuously evaluating opportunities to strategically cultivate current relationships to drive new business in our target growth markets. Additionally, the trade tensions between China and Australia have not yet been resolved and China’s ban on Australian coal remains in place, creating opportunities for other producers to fulfill China’s need for high quality metallurgical coal. Although there is little certainty about when circumstances may change between China and Australia, we have been pleased to expand our customer base in 2021 and hope to continue cultivating relationships that could develop into long-term contracts. We are also strategically expanding our marketing efforts to grow Alpha’s metallurgical sales opportunities throughout other parts of Asia. In addition, our experienced management team regularly analyzes potential acquisitions, joint ventures and other opportunities that would be accretive and synergistic to our existing asset portfolio.

During 2020, our Kepler, Marfork, and Aracoma mining complexes began production at newly developed mines Road Fork 52, Black Eagle, and Lynn Branch. Production at these mines increased in 2021. Road Fork 52 and Lynn Branch produce Low-Vol. and High-Vol. B met coal, respectively, while the Black Eagle mine produces High-Vol A met coal.

Our History
We were formed in 2016 to acquire and operate certain of Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.’s former core coal operations, as part of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. Plan of Reorganization. We entered into various settlement agreements with the Debtors, their bankruptcy successor, and third parties as part of the Debtors’ bankruptcy reorganization process. We assumed acquisition-related obligations through those settlement agreements, which became effective on July 26, 2016, the effective date of the Debtors’ Plan of Reorganization. Refer to Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on our acquisition-related obligations.

On December 8, 2017, we closed a transaction with Blackjewel L.L.C. (“Blackjewel”) to sell our Eagle Butte and Belle Ayr mines (the “Western Mines”) located in the Powder River Basin (“PRB”), Wyoming, along with related coal reserves, equipment, infrastructure and other real properties. On October 4, 2019, we closed on a transaction with Eagle Specialty
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Materials (“ESM”), the ESM Transaction, in connection with Blackjewel’s subsequent bankruptcy filing. On May 29, 2020, certain of our subsidiaries (Contura Coal West, LLC and Contura Wyoming Land, LLC), one of which held the mining permits for the Western Mines, were merged with certain subsidiaries of ESM to become wholly-owned subsidiaries of ESM and to complete the permit transfer process in connection with the ESM Transaction.

On November 9, 2018, we merged with Alpha Natural Resources Holdings, Inc. and ANR, Inc. Upon the consummation of the transactions contemplated by a definitive merger agreement (the “Merger Agreement”), our common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker “CTRA.” Previously, our shares traded on the OTC market under the ticker “CNTE.”

On December 10, 2020, we closed on a transaction with Iron Senergy Holdings, LLC, to sell our thermal coal mining operations located in Pennsylvania consisting primarily of our Cumberland mining complex and related property (our former Northern Appalachia (“NAPP”) operations). This transaction accelerated our strategic exit from thermal coal production to shift our focus to met coal production. The former NAPP operations’ results of operations and financial position are reported as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on discontinued operations.

Effective February 1, 2021, we changed our corporate name from Contura Energy, Inc. to Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc. to more accurately reflect our strategic focus on the production of met coal. Following the effectiveness of our name change, our ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange changed from “CTRA” to “AMR” effective on February 4, 2021.

Our Mining Operations and Properties

The following table provides a summary of information regarding our material and active mining complexes as of December 31, 2021 (see also “Item 2. Properties” for further information):
(Amounts in thousands, except for mine data)
Tons Sold (4)
Mining ComplexLocationAcquired
Mines (1)
Equipment (2)
Rail (3)
202120202019
Carrying Value (5)
Reserves (6)
Met
  AracomaWV20183CMCSX2,221 1,564 1,775 $170,593 44,181 
  KeplerWV20181CMCSX/NS1,571 800 912 $234,003 48,611 
  KingstonWV20184CM/S/HCSX2,348 2,040 1,410 $21,256 32,489 
  MarforkWV20185CM/S/HCSX4,032 3,394 3,446 $288,551 145,741 
McClure/Toms CreekVA20165CM/S/HCSX/NS4,033 3,706 3,891 $47,873 80,077 
(1) Number of active mines as of December 31, 2021.
(2) Equipment: S = Shovel/Excavator/Loader/Trucks; CM = Continuous Miner; H = Highwall Miner
(3) CSX = CSX Transportation; NS = Norfolk Southern Railway Company
(4) Tons of coal purchased from third parties and not processed are not included.
(5) Net book value of property, plant and equipment and owned and leased mineral rights as of December 31, 2021.
(6) Proven and probable reserves as of December 31, 2021. Refer to Item 2. Properties for further information.

Aracoma – Aracoma is a mining complex located in Logan, Mingo, and Boone counties, West Virginia. The complex has three active underground mines which produce primarily High-Vol. B quality met coal from the Upper Chilton, Upper Cedar Grove, and No. 2 Gas coal seams. Mine lives range from 5 to 17 years. Coal is processed at the Bandmill Preparation Plant and loaded onto CSX rail for delivery to customers.

Kepler – Kepler is a mining complex located in Wyoming, McDowell, and Raleigh counties, West Virginia. The complex has one active underground mine (with an estimated life of 30 years) which produces primarily Low-Vol. quality met coal from the Pocahontas No. 3 coal seam. Coal is processed at the Kepler Preparation Plant and either loaded onto NS rail or trucked to the Feats Loadout and loaded onto the CSX rail for delivery to customers.

Kingston – Kingston is a mining complex located in Fayette and Raleigh counties, West Virginia. The complex has one active underground mine which produces primarily Mid-Vol. quality met coal from the Douglas coal seam. The complex also has three active surface mines which produced High-Vol. A quality met coal as well as some thermal quality coal as a by-product of mining from multiple coal seams. Mine lives range from 2 to 21 years. Coal from the underground mine is processed at the Kingston Preparation Plant and trucked to the Pax Loadout to be loaded onto CSX rail for delivery to customers. Coal from the
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surface mines may be processed through the Kingston Preparation Plant, trucked to and processed through the Mammoth or Marfork Preparation Plants, or trucked directly to the Pax Loadout or Marmet Dock for delivery to customers.

Marfork – Marfork is a mining complex located in Raleigh, Boone, Kanawha, and Fayette counties, West Virginia. The complex has three active underground mines which produce High-Vol. A quality met coal from the Eagle coal seam. The complex also has two active surface mines which produce High-Vol. A quality met coal as well as some thermal quality coal as a by-product of mining from multiple coal seams. Mine lives range from 1 to 35 years. Coal from the underground mines is processed at the Marfork Preparation Plant and loaded onto the CSX rail for delivery to customers. Coal from the surface mines may be processed through the Marfork Preparation Plant or trucked directly to the Pax Loadout or the Marmet Dock for delivery to customers.

McClure/Toms Creek – McClure/Toms Creek is a mining complex located in Dickenson, Buchanan, Russell, and Wise counties, Virginia. The complex has three active underground mines which produce High-Vol. A and Mid-Vol. quality met coal from the Upper Banner, Lower Banner, and Jawbone coal seams. The complex also has two active surface mines which produce High-Vol. A and Mid-Vol quality met coal as well as some thermal quality coal as a by-product of mining from multiple coal seams. Mine lives range from 3 to 42 years. Coal is processed at either the McClure Preparation Plant or the Toms Creek Preparation Plant and loaded on the CSX or NS rail, respectively for delivery to customers.

Equipment

Our plant and equipment, including underground and surface equipment, are of varying age, in good operational condition, and are regularly maintained and serviced by a dedicated maintenance workforce and third-party suppliers, including scheduled preventive maintenance.
Preparation Plants, Loadouts, and Docks
The following is a summary of information regarding our active preparation plants as of December 31, 2021:
Preparation PlantYear Constructed/UpgradedProcessing Capacity (Tons per hour)Utilization %Power Source
Met
  Bandmill20101,20060%American Electric Power
  Kepler196790051%American Electric Power
  Kingston197470058%American Electric Power
  Marfork1994/20192,40054%American Electric Power
  McClure1979/20191,10061%American Electric Power
  Toms Creek1980/20041,10039%American Electric Power

The following is a summary of information regarding our active loadouts and docks as of December 31, 2021:

Loadout/DockYear ConstructedLoading Capacity (Tons per hour)
Pax Loadout20063,500
Feats Loadout19753,500
Marmet Dock19861,600

Export Terminal

The following is a summary of information regarding DTA (in which we own a 65% interest) as of December 31, 2021:

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Export Terminal		Year ConstructedLoading Capacity (Tons per hour)Storage Capacity (Net tons)
DTA1984Up to 6,5001.7 million

Coal Mining Techniques

We use four different mining techniques to extract coal from the ground: room-and-pillar mining, truck-and-shovel mining and truck and front-end loader mining, contour mining, and highwall mining. We do not use mountaintop removal mining and currently have no plans to do so in the future.

Room-and-Pillar Mining

Certain of our mines in CAPP use room-and-pillar mining methods. In this type of mining, main airways and transportation entries are developed and maintained while remote-controlled continuous miners extract coal from the seam, leaving pillars to support the roof. Shuttle cars or battery coal haulers are used to transport coal from the continuous miner to the conveyor belt for transport to the surface. This method is more flexible than longwall mining and often used to mine smaller coal blocks or thinner seams of coal. Ultimate seam recovery of in-place reserves is less than that achieved with longwall mining. All of this production is also processed in preparation plants to remove rock and impurities before it becomes saleable clean coal.

Truck-and-Shovel Mining and Truck and Front-End Loader Mining

We utilize truck/shovel and truck/front-end loader mining methods at some of our CAPP surface mines. These methods are similar and involve using large, electric or hydraulic-powered shovels or diesel-powered front-end loaders to remove earth and rock (overburden) covering a coal seam which is later used to refill the excavated coal pits after the coal is removed. The loading equipment places the coal into trucks for transportation to a preparation plant or loadout area. Ultimate seam recovery of in-place reserves on average exceeds 90%. Depending on geology and market destination, surface-mined coal may need to be processed in a preparation plant before sale. In the case of some metallurgical grade coals, as much as 80% of surface mined coal may need to be processed in a preparation plant to enhance the sales value of the coal. Productivity depends on overburden and coal thickness (strip ratio), equipment utilized and geologic factors.

Contour Mining

We use contour mining at certain of our CAPP surface mines, which limits the overburden removal from above a coal seam or series of coal seams. In contour mining, surface mining machinery follows the contours of a coal seam or seams around a ridge, excavating the overburden and recovering the coal seam or seams as a “contour bench” around the ridge is created. This contour bench is then backfilled and graded in accordance with an approved reclamation plan. Highwall mining methods are used in connection with some contour mining operations. Depending on geology and market destination, coal mined by contour mining may need to be processed in preparation plants to remove rock and impurities before it becomes a saleable clean coal.

Highwall Mining

We utilize highwall mining methods at certain of our CAPP surface mines. A highwall mining system consists of a remotely controlled continuous miner, which extracts coal and conveys it via augers or belt conveyors to the surface. The cut is typically a rectangular, horizontal opening in the highwall (the unexcavated face of exposed overburden and coal in a surface mine) 9-feet or 11-feet wide and reaching depths of up to 1,000 feet. Multiple parallel openings are driven into the highwall, separated by narrow pillars that extend the full depth of the hole. All of the coal mined at our highwall mining operations is processed in preparation plants to remove rock and impurities before it becomes saleable clean coal.

Financial Information About Reportable Segments and Geographic Areas
Refer to “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition—Results of Operations” and Notes 23 and 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for financial information about our reportable segment and geographic areas.
Marketing, Sales and Customer Contracts

We market coal produced at our operations and purchase and resell coal mined by others. We have coal supply commitments with a wide range of steel and coke manufacturers, industrial customers, and electric utilities. Our marketing efforts are centered on meeting customer needs and requirements. By offering coal of various grades, we are able to provide the
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specific qualities relevant to our customers and to serve a global customer base. Through this global platform, our coals are shipped to customers on five continents. Our broad customer and product base allows us to adjust to changing market conditions. Many of our larger customers are well-established steel manufacturers and public utilities.
Our coal volumes include coal produced and processed by us, our “captive coal,” as well as small volumes purchased from third-party producers to blend with our produced coal in order to meet customer specifications. These volumes are processed by us, meaning that we washed, crushed or blended the coal at one of our preparation plants or loading facilities prior to resale. Our coal volumes within our Met segment operations also include met coal volumes purchased from domestic third-party producers and sold into international markets.
Our export shipments serviced customers in 25 and 23 countries during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Asia was our largest export market for the year ended December 31, 2021, with coal sales to Asia accounting for approximately 49% of export coal revenues and 37% of coal revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2021, coal sales to Europe accounted for approximately 23% of export coal revenues and 17% of coal revenues. Europe was our largest export market for the year ended December 31, 2020, with coal sales to Europe accounting for approximately 34% of export coal revenues and 22% of coal revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2020, coal sales to Asia accounted for approximately 28% of export coal revenues and 18% of coal revenues. All of our sales are conducted in U.S. dollars. Refer to Note 23 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional export coal revenue information.
Our met coal sales are typically made with customers with whom we have a long-term relationship. Domestic met customers typically enter into one-year agreements with a fixed price for the entire contract year. Any longer-term agreement would generally have a renegotiation of price each subsequent contract year. Export sales are generally made on an annual, quarterly, or spot cargo basis. Annual and quarterly agreements typically have market-indexed pricing that changes with the market monthly. Any export agreement with a term greater than one year would generally have a renegotiation of pricing terms for each subsequent contract year. Volume for future years is generally contingent on both parties agreeing to a pricing mechanism to cover the contract year.

We often enter into long-term contracts with our thermal coal customers. Terms of these agreements may address coal quality requirements, quantity parameters, flexibility and adjustment mechanisms, permitted sources of supply, treatment of environmental constraints, options to extend, force majeure, suspension, termination and assignment issues, the allocation between the parties of the cost of complying with future governmental regulations and many other matters.
Generally, our long-term thermal coal agreements contain committed volumes and fixed prices for a period or a certain number of periods pursuant to which thermal coal will be delivered under these agreements. After a fixed price period elapses, the long-term agreement may provide for a price negotiation/determination period prior to the commencement of the pending unpriced contract period. The price negotiations generally consider either then current market prices and/or relevant market indices. Provisions of this sort increase the difficulty of predicting the exact prices a coal supplier will receive for its coal during the course of the long-term agreement. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, approximately 76% and 71%, respectively, of our thermal coal sales volume were delivered pursuant to long-term contracts.
Distribution and Transportation
Coal consumed domestically is usually sold at the mine and transportation costs are normally borne by the purchaser. Export coal is usually sold at the loading port, with purchasers responsible for further transportation.
For our export sales, we negotiate transportation agreements with various providers, including railroads, trucks, barge lines, and terminal facilities to transport shipments to the relevant loading port. We coordinate with customers, mining facilities and transportation providers to establish shipping schedules that meet each customer’s needs. Our captive coal is loaded from our preparation plants, loadout facilities, and in certain cases directly from our mines. The coal we purchase is loaded in some cases directly from mines and preparation plants operated by third parties or from an export terminal. Virtually all of our coal is transported from the mine to our preparation plants by truck or belt conveyor systems. It is transported from preparation plants and loading facilities to the customer by means of railroads, trucks, barge lines, and lake-going and ocean-going vessels from terminal facilities. We depend upon rail, barge, trucking and other systems to deliver coal to markets. In the years ended 2021 and 2020, our produced coal was transported from the mines and to the customer primarily by rail, with the main rail carriers being CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Railway Company. Rail shipments constituted approximately 82% and 80% of total shipments of coal volume from our mines during the years ended 2021 and 2020, respectively. The balance was shipped from our preparation plants, loadout facilities or mines via truck or barge. Our export sales are primarily shipped to DTA and Pier 6 (Lambert’s Point) shipping ports in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. We may ship limited export quantities through other U.S. ports when warranted by logistics and economics.
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Procurement
Principal goods and services used in our business include mining equipment, replacement parts and materials such as explosives, diesel fuel, tires, conveyance structure, ventilation supplies, lubricants, steel, magnetite and other raw materials, maintenance and repair services, electricity, and roof control and support items. We rely on third-party suppliers to provide mining materials and equipment. Although there continues to be consolidation, which has resulted in a limited number of suppliers for certain types of equipment and supplies, we believe that adequate substitute suppliers are available.

We incur substantial expenses each year to procure goods and services in support of our respective business activities in addition to capital expenditures. We use suppliers for a significant portion of our equipment rebuilds and repairs, as well as construction and reclamation activities.
We have a centralized sourcing group, which sets sourcing policy and strategy focusing primarily on major supplier contract negotiation and administration, including but not limited to the purchase of major capital goods in support of the mining operations. We promote competition between suppliers and seek to develop relationships with suppliers that focus on lowering our costs while improving quality and service. We seek suppliers who identify and concentrate on implementing continuous improvement opportunities within their area of expertise.
Competition
The coal industry is highly competitive, both in the U.S. and internationally. In the met coal market, of the approximately 64.3 million tons produced in the U.S. in 2021, we produced approximately 13.8 million tons, or 21%. A significant portion of U.S. met coal production is shipped internationally, where it competes directly with international sources of production. Approximately 69% of our met coal tons sold were shipped internationally in 2021.

In the thermal market, of the approximately 512.3 million tons produced in the U.S. in 2021, we produced approximately 2.5 million tons, or less than 1%. Only a small portion of overall U.S. thermal production is shipped internationally, but there is strong competition in the domestic market. Approximately 20% of our thermal coal tons sold were shipped internationally in 2021. We compete for U.S. sales with numerous coal producers in the Appalachian region and the Illinois basin, and in some cases with western coal producers.

Demand for met coal and the prices that we are able to obtain for it depend to a large extent on the demand and price for steel in the U.S. and internationally. This demand is influenced by factors beyond our control, including overall economic activity and the availability and relative cost of substitute materials. In the export met coal market, we compete with producers from Australia and Canada and with other international producers on many of the same factors as in the U.S. market. Competition in the export market is also affected by fluctuations in relative foreign exchange rates and costs of inland and ocean transportation, among other factors.

Demand for thermal coal and the prices that we are able to obtain for it are closely linked to coal consumption patterns of the domestic electric generation industry. These coal consumption patterns are influenced by many factors beyond our control, including the demand for electricity, which is significantly dependent upon summer and winter temperatures, and commercial and industrial outputs in the U.S., environmental and other government regulations, technological developments and the location, availability, quality and price of competing sources of power. These competing sources include natural gas, nuclear, fuel oil and increasingly, renewable sources such as solar and wind power. Demand for thermal coal and the prices that we are able to obtain for it are affected by each of the above factors.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 3,500 employees, all of which were full-time employees, with 73% of our total workforce being hourly workers. Our employees were almost entirely located in the United States, with three employees located outside the United States. Approximately 97% of our total workforce was union-free as of December 31, 2021. Certain of our subsidiaries have wage agreements with the United Mine Workers of America (“UMWA”) representing 3% of our workforce. Certain of our subsidiaries have wage agreements with the UMWA that are subject to termination by either the employer or the UMWA, without cause, on July 31, 2025 and one on February 28, 2026. Relations with organized labor are important to our success, and we believe that we have good relations with our employees.

As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 3,270 employees working at our mining operations across Central Appalachia in Virginia and West Virginia, while the remainder of our personnel were employed at our headquarters in Bristol, Tennessee, in Julian, West Virginia, or at other administrative offices throughout the region. As of December 31, 2021,
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approximately 45% of our total workforce had at least ten years of service with our Company, while nearly 28% had fifteen or more years of service with our Company.

Employee Compensation and Benefits

We require a skilled workforce with mining experience and proficiency as well as qualified managers and supervisors to run our business. In addition, we depend on the experience and industry knowledge of our officers and other key employees to design and execute our business plans. We, along with the mining industry generally, face a shortage of skilled and experienced employees. Therefore, we offer employees competitive compensation and benefits to attract and retain a skilled and qualified workforce. We offer our employees competitive fixed base pay; a bonus incentive program for administrative positions tied to company safety, environmental stewardship, and financial performance; an operations bonus incentive program tied to site-specific safety, environmental stewardship and production goals; retention programs; paid time-off including holidays; a comprehensive benefits package that includes medical, dental, and vision coverage; disability and life insurance coverages; and a 401(k) retirement savings program with an employer match. To help retain key employees in certain positions, our long-term incentive program awards cash or equity grants with time-based and performance-based vesting conditions. Certain key employees are also eligible to participate in our non-qualified deferred compensation plan.

Employee Training and Development

At Alpha, we strive to maintain a diverse and inclusive workforce and a positive culture where employees can contribute their best work, take pride in doing the right thing, and work to improve and strengthen the organization. To have a successful operation, we endeavor to establish and maintain relationships with and among our employees that are built upon mutual respect, trust, and appreciation.

We frequently provide training opportunities for operations employees to obtain certifications for Emergency Medical Technician (“EMT”), Mechanical Engineering Technology (“MET”), foreman and supervisory certifications, and electrical certifications in addition to providing apprentice miner training and supervisor training programs.

In addition to various training programs that we require employees in certain skilled positions to complete, all of our employees are provided with employee handbooks and are expected to follow policies and procedures concerning employment matters at Alpha and our affiliates including, but not limited to: anti-harassment, workplace violence, code of business ethics, drug and alcohol policies, safety policies and vehicle policies.

Employee Safety

Safety is one of our core values and is the foundation for how we manage every aspect of our business. Our employees are empowered with the skills, training, resources, and responsibility to perform their jobs in a safe manner and are accountable for their own safety as well as the safety of their co-workers. Every employee has a voice in the safety process at each of our mines and other operating sites. Our behavior-based safety process empowers employees to engage in the elimination of at-risk behaviors in the workplace and in incident prevention and continuous improvement. In recognition of the interdependence between safety and operations, our “Safe Production” process promotes the effective utilization of procedures, developing safety action plans at each operating group and sharing of best practices, safety alerts and lessons learned across the entire organization.

Safety leadership and training programs are based upon the concepts of situational awareness and observation, changing behaviors and, most importantly, employee involvement. The core elements of our safety training include identification of critical behaviors and the frequency of those behaviors, employee feedback, and removal of barriers for continuous improvement. All employees are empowered to champion the safety process and are challenged to identify hazards and initiate prompt corrective actions. All levels of the organization are expected to be proactive and commit to continuous improvement and implementation of new safety processes that promote a safe and healthy work environment.

Based on available data for the first three quarters of 2021, we achieved an overall NFDL (Non-fatal days lost) safety incident rate that was 30% better than the U.S. industry average NFDL safety incident rate per 200,000 hours worked.

Alpha’s mine operations routinely collaborate with academic institutions as well as federal and state agencies to facilitate testing of new concepts and technologies and to utilize them whenever possible to provide the best safety and protection for our employees.

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We also believe in taking precautions to avoid incidents and prevent them from occurring. Our Incident Response Plan and Mine Emergency Response Drills have been developed and widely disseminated to appropriate operations and corporate personnel to lay the framework for a prompt and coordinated response in the event an incident occurs. Alpha’s award-winning mine rescue teams undergo highly specialized training and compete in regional and national mine rescue events to test their skills in first aid, firefighting, mine ventilation, and critical decision-making.

As posted on our Company website, several of our mine operations have been recognized on numerous occasions for outstanding performance and have received several awards in the areas of safety and mine rescue.

Refer to Exhibit 95 Mine Safety Disclosure included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional mine safety information.

Employee Health and Welfare

In the first quarter of 2020, the COVID-19 virus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. During 2021, our Company experienced an increase in employee absences due to COVID-19-related matters such as precautionary quarantining, waiting on COVID-19 test results, testing positive for COVID-19, receiving a vaccination, or providing care for a family member. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented policies, procedures, and prevention measures to protect the safety and health of our employees. These include, but are not limited to, employee communications on COVID-19 monitoring and precautionary measures, enhanced cleaning and sterilization practices, and remote work arrangements. We will continue to evaluate these policies, procedures, and precautionary measures in light of further developments as necessary or appropriate.

In the first half of 2020 and in response to uncertainty and anticipated negative impacts to our business at the onset of the pandemic, we temporarily furloughed some employees at certain mine operations, suspended employer 401(k) contributions, and implemented wage reductions across the company. As conditions improved in 2021, we were able to reinstate the employer 401(k) contributions, lift the 2020 wage reductions as well as award additional wage increases company-wide.

Legal Proceedings

We could become party to legal proceedings from time to time. These proceedings, as well as governmental examinations, could involve various business units and a variety of claims, including, but not limited to, contract disputes, personal injury claims, property damage claims (including those resulting from blasting, subsidence, trucking and flooding), environmental and safety issues, and employment matters. While some legal matters may specify the damages claimed by the plaintiffs, many seek an unquantified amount of damages. Even when the amount of damages claimed against us or our subsidiaries is stated, (i) the claimed amount may be exaggerated or unsupported; (ii) the claim may be based on a novel legal theory or involve a large number of parties; (iii) there may be uncertainty as to the likelihood of a class being certified or the ultimate size of the class; (iv) there may be uncertainty as to the outcome of pending appeals or motions; and/or (v) there may be significant factual issues to be resolved. As a result, if such legal matters arise in the future we may be unable to estimate a range of possible loss for matters that have not yet progressed sufficiently through discovery and development of important factual information and legal issues. We record accruals based on an estimate of the ultimate outcome of these matters, but these estimates can be difficult to determine and involve significant judgment.

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ENVIRONMENTAL AND OTHER REGULATORY MATTERS
Federal, state and local authorities regulate the U.S. coal mining industry and the industries it serves with respect to matters such as employee health and safety, permitting and licensing requirements, air quality standards, water quality, plant and wildlife protection, the reclamation of mining properties after mining has been completed, the discharge of materials into the environment, surface subsidence from underground mining, and the effects of mining on groundwater quality and availability. These laws and regulations, which are extensive, subject to change, and have tended to become stricter over time, have had, and will continue to have, a significant effect on our production costs and our competitive position relative to certain other sources of electricity generation. Future legislation, regulations or orders, as well as future interpretations and more rigorous enforcement of existing laws, regulations or orders, may require substantial increases in equipment and operating costs to us and delays, interruptions, or a termination of operations, the extent of which we cannot predict. In particular, the new presidential administration and congressional majorities have expressed support for policies that may result in stricter environmental, health and safety standards applicable to our operations and those of our customers. We intend to continue to comply with these regulatory requirements as they evolve by timely implementing necessary modifications to facilities or operating procedures. Future legislation, regulations, orders or regional or international arrangements, agreements or treaties, as well as efforts by private organizations, including those relating to global climate change, may continue to cause coal to become more heavily regulated.
We endeavor to conduct our mining operations in compliance with all applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations. We have certain procedures in place that are designed to enable us to comply with these laws and regulations. However, due to the complexity and interpretation of these laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that we have been or will be at all times in complete compliance, and violations are likely to occur from time to time. None of the violations or the monetary penalties assessed upon us have been material. Future liability under or compliance with environmental and safety requirements could, however, have a material adverse effect on our operations or competitive position. Under some circumstances, substantial fines and penalties, including revocation, denial or suspension of mining permits, may be imposed under the laws described below.
Monetary sanctions, expensive compliance measures and, in severe circumstances, criminal sanctions may be imposed for failure to comply with these laws.
As of December 31, 2021, we had accrued $164.2 million for reclamation liabilities and mine closures, including $32.2 million of current liabilities.
Mining Permits and Approvals
Numerous governmental permits or approvals are required for mining operations pursuant to certain federal, state and local laws applicable to our operations. When we apply for these permits and approvals, we may be required to prepare and present data to federal, state or local authorities pertaining to the effect or impact that any proposed production or processing of coal may have upon the environment and measures we will take to minimize and mitigate those impacts. The requirements imposed by any of these authorities may be costly and time consuming and may delay commencement or continuation of mining operations.
In order to obtain mining permits and approvals from federal and state regulatory authorities, mine operators, including us, must submit a reclamation plan for restoring, upon the completion of mining operations, the mined property to its prior or better condition, productive use or other permitted condition. Typically, we submit the necessary permit applications several months, or even years, before we plan to begin mining a new area. Mining permits generally are approved months or even years after a completed application is submitted. Therefore, we cannot be assured that we will obtain future mining permits in a timely manner.
Permitting requirements also require, under certain circumstances, that we obtain surface owner consent if the surface estate has been severed from the mineral estate. This requires us to negotiate with third parties for surface rights that overlie coal we control or intend to control. These negotiations can be costly and time-consuming, lasting years in some instances, which can create additional delays in the permitting process. If we cannot successfully negotiate for surface rights, we could be denied a permit to mine coal we already control.
On October 4, 2019, the Bankruptcy Court entered an order approving the sale by Blackjewel of the Belle Ayr and Eagle Butte mines located in the PRB (the “Western Assets”) to Eagle Specialty Materials, LLC (“ESM”). The closing of the ESM acquisition (the “ESM Transaction”) occurred on October 18, 2019. We were the former owner of the Western Assets, having sold them to Blackjewel in December 2017 (the “2017 Blackjewel Sale”). As the mine permit transfer process relating to our sale of the Western Assets to Blackjewel had not been completed prior to Blackjewel’s and certain of its affiliates’ filing
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petitions for relief under chapter 11 of title 11 of the U.S. Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”), we remained the permitholder in good standing for both mines. In connection with ESM’s acquisition of the Western Assets from Blackjewel, on October 18, 2019, we and ESM finalized an agreement that provided, among other items, for the eventual transfer of the Western Asset permits from us to ESM and replacement by ESM of our surety bonds associated with these properties. In furtherance of certain objectives contemplated under that agreement, we and ESM agreed to the merger of two of our now-former subsidiaries, i.e., Contura Coal West, LLC (“CCW”), which held and still holds the Western Asset permits, and Contura Wyoming Land, LLC (“CWL”), with certain entities formed by ESM for purposes of acquiring CCW and CWL. The ESM entities involved in the mergers were ESM Coal West SPV, LLC (“First Merging Entity”) and ESM Wyoming Land SPV, LLC (“Second Merging Entity”). The mergers were consummated effective May 29, 2020, with the First Merging Entity merging with and into CCW, with CCW as the surviving entity (the “First Surviving Entity”), and the Second Merging Entity merging with and into CWL, with CWL as the surviving entity (the “Second Surviving Entity”). Upon the mergers becoming effective, each of the First Surviving Entity and the Second Surviving Entity became wholly-owned subsidiaries of ESM. As such, the Western Asset permits are still held by the same entity, Contura Coal West, LLC, but said entity is no longer a subsidiary of ours, and we no longer have surety bonds associated with these permits and properties.

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act

SMCRA, which is administered by the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (“OSM”), establishes mining, environmental protection, reclamation, and closure standards for all aspects of surface mining as well as many aspects of underground mining that effect surface expressions. Mine operators must obtain SMCRA permits and permit renewals from the OSM or from the applicable state agency if the state agency has obtained primary control of administration and enforcement of the SMCRA program, or primacy. A state agency may obtain primacy if OSM concludes that the state regulatory agency’s mining regulatory program is no less stringent than the federal mining program under SMCRA. States where we have active mining operations have achieved primacy and issue permits in lieu of OSM. OSM maintains oversight of how the states administer their programs.
SMCRA permit provisions include a complex set of requirements which include: coal prospecting; mine plan development; topsoil or growth medium removal, storage and replacement; selective handling of overburden materials; mine pit backfilling and grading; protection of the hydrologic balance, including outside the permit area; subsidence control for underground mines; surface drainage control; mine drainage and mine discharge control and treatment; and re-vegetation and reclamation.
The mining permit application process is initiated by collecting baseline data to adequately characterize the pre-mine environmental condition of the permit area. This work includes, but is not limited to, surveys of cultural and historical resources, soils, vegetation, wildlife, assessment of surface and ground water hydrology, climatology, and wetlands. In conducting this work, we collect geologic data to define and model the soil and rock structures associated with the coal that we will mine. We develop mining and reclamation plans by utilizing this geologic data and incorporating elements of the environmental data. The mining and reclamation plan incorporates the provisions of SMCRA, the state programs, and the complementary environmental programs that affect coal mining. Also included in the permit application are documents defining ownership and agreements pertaining to coal, minerals, oil and gas, water rights, rights of way and surface land, and documents required of the OSM’s Applicant Violator System (“AVS”), including the mining and compliance history of officers, directors and principal owners of the entity.
Regulations under SMCRA and its state analogues provide that a mining permit or modification can, under certain circumstances, be delayed, refused or revoked if we or any entity that owns or controls us or is under common ownership or control with us have unabated permit violations or have been the subject of permit or reclamation bond revocation or suspension. These regulations define certain relationships, such as owning over 50% of stock in an entity or having the authority to determine the manner in which the entity conducts mining operations, as constituting ownership and control. Certain other relationships are presumed to constitute ownership or control, including being an officer or director of an entity or owning between 10% and 50% of the mining operator. This presumption, in some cases, can be rebutted where the person or entity can demonstrate that it in fact does not or did not have authority directly or indirectly to determine the manner in which the relevant coal mining operation is conducted. Thus, past or ongoing violations of federal and state mining laws by us or by coal mining operations owned or controlled by our significant stockholders, directors or officers or certain other third-party affiliates could provide a basis to revoke existing permits and to deny the issuance of additional permits or modifications or amendments of existing permits. This is known as being “permit-blocked.” In recent years, the permitting required for coal mining has been the subject of increasingly stringent regulatory and administrative requirements and extensive litigation by environmental groups.
Once a permit application is prepared and submitted to the regulatory agency, it goes through a completeness review and technical review. Public notice of the proposed permit is given that also provides for a comment period before a permit can be issued. Some SMCRA mine permits take over a year to prepare, depending on the size and complexity of the mine and may
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take months or even years to be issued. Regulatory authorities have considerable discretion in the timing of the permit issuance and the public and other agencies have rights to comment on and otherwise engage in the permitting process, including through intervention in the courts.
The Abandoned Mine Land Fund, which is part of SMCRA, requires a fee on all coal produced. The proceeds are used to reclaim mine lands closed or abandoned prior to SMCRA’s adoption in 1977. The current fee, which is effective through September 30, 2034, is $0.224 per ton on surface-mined coal and $0.096 per ton on deep-mined coal. The previous fee, which was effective through September 30, 2021, was $0.28 per ton on surface-mined coal and $0.12 per ton on deep-mined coal. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $2.5 million and $2.3 million, respectively, of expense related to these fees.
While SMCRA is a comprehensive statute, SMCRA does not supersede the need for compliance with other major environmental statutes, including the Endangered Species Act; Clean Air Act; Clean Water Act; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA” or “Superfund”).
Surety Bonds
Federal and state laws require us to obtain surety bonds or other approved forms of security to cover the costs of certain long-term obligations, including mine closure or reclamation costs under SMCRA, federal and state workers’ compensation costs, coal leases and other miscellaneous obligations. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, our posted third-party surety bond amount in all states where we operate was approximately $176.1 million and $351.6 million, respectively, including portions attributable to discontinued operations of $30 thousand and $134.2 million, respectively, which was used to primarily secure the performance of our reclamation and lease obligations.
Posting of a bond or other security with respect to the performance of reclamation obligations is a condition to the issuance of a permit under SMCRA. Under the terms of agreements we and Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. entered into in connection with the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. Restructuring, we and Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. were required to replace Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.’s self-bonds with surety bonds, collateralized bonds, or other financial assurance mechanisms, over time and under applicable regulations. Self-bonding may not be available to us as a means to comply with our reclamation bonding obligations for the foreseeable future. In August 2016, OSM announced its decision to pursue a rulemaking to evaluate self-bonding for coal mines, including eligibility standards. OSM has not yet issued a proposed rule to address this issue.
Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act and comparable state laws that regulate air emissions affect coal mining operations both directly and indirectly. Direct impacts on coal mining and processing operations include Clean Air Act permitting requirements and emission control requirements relating to particulate matter, which may include controlling fugitive dust. The Clean Air Act indirectly affects coal mining operations by extensively regulating air emissions of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, mercury and other compounds emitted by coal-fired electricity generating plants or the use of met coal in connection with steelmaking operations. In recent years, Congress has considered legislation that would require increased reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and mercury. The general effect of emission regulations on coal-fired power plants could be to reduce demand for coal.
In addition to the greenhouse gas (“GHG”) issues discussed below, the air emissions programs that may materially and adversely affect our operations, financial results, liquidity, and demand for coal, directly or indirectly, include, but are not limited to, the following:
•Acid Rain. Title IV of the Clean Air Act requires reductions of sulfur dioxide emissions by electric utilities. Affected electricity generators have sought to meet these requirements by, among other compliance methods, switching to lower sulfur fuels, installing pollution control devices, reducing electricity generating levels or purchasing or trading sulfur dioxide emission allowances. We cannot accurately predict the effect of these provisions of the Clean Air Act on us in future years.
•NAAQS for Criteria Pollutants. The Clean Air Act requires the EPA to set standards, referred to as National Ambient Air Quality Standards (“NAAQS”), for six common air pollutants, including nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and ozone. Areas that are not in compliance (referred to as “non- attainment areas”) with these standards must take steps to reduce emissions levels. Over the past several years, the EPA has revised its NAAQS for nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and ozone, in each case making the standards more stringent. As a result, some states will be required to amend their existing individual state implementation plans (“SIPs”) to achieve compliance with the new air quality standards. Other states will be required to develop new plans for areas that were previously in
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“attainment,” but do not meet the revised standards. On December 7, 2020, the EPA announced the agency’s final decision to retain the existing National Ambient Air Quality Standards for particulate matter (PM) set by the Obama-Biden Administrations without changes.

In October 2015, the EPA finalized the NAAQS for ozone pollution and reduced the limit to 70 parts per billion (ppb) from the previous 75 ppb standard. The EPA made the majority of area designations related to this rule on November 16, 2017 and June 4, 2018 and finalized designations for the remaining regions of the country on July 25, 2018. Under the revised NAAQS for ozone in particular, significant additional emissions control expenditures may be required at coal-fired power plants. The final rules and new standards may impose additional emissions control requirements on our customers in the electric generation, steelmaking, and coke industries. Although coal mining and processing operations may emit certain criteria pollutants, we operate in material compliance with our permits. However, our operations could be affected if the attainment status of the areas in which we operate changes in the future.
A suit by industry challenging the EPA’s 2015 Ozone NAAQS (Murray Energy Corp. v. EPA) is currently pending in the D.C. Circuit. In April 2017, the D.C. Circuit Court granted the EPA’s motion to indefinitely delay any decision on the challenges pending the EPA’s possible reconsideration of the rule. In July 2018, the D.C. Circuit Court returned the matter to its active docket and in August 2018, the EPA indicated to the court that it would not be revising the 2015 standards at this time. In August 2019, the D.C. Circuit upheld the rule with the exception of the secondary NAAQS standards addressing protection of animals, crops and vegetation, which were sent back to the EPA for further consideration. On December 23, 2020, the EPA announced its decision to retain, without changes, the 2015 ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards set by the Obama- Biden Administration.

•NOx SIP Call. The NOx SIP Call program was established by the EPA in October of 1998 to reduce the transport of nitrogen oxide and ozone on prevailing winds from the Midwest and South to states in the Northeast, which said they could not meet federal air quality standards because of migrating pollution. The program is designed to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by one million tons per year in 22 eastern states and the District of Columbia. As a result of the program, many power plants have been or will be required to install additional emission control measures, such as selective catalytic reduction devices. Installation of additional emission control measures will make it more costly to operate coal-fired power plants, potentially making coal a less attractive fuel. On February 26, 2019, the EPA published a final rule amending the NOx SIP Call regulations to allow states to establish alternative monitoring and reporting requirements for certain sources.
•Cross-State Air Pollution Rule. In June 2011, the EPA finalized the CSAPR, which required 28 states in the Midwest and eastern seaboard of the U.S. to reduce power plant emissions that cross state lines and contribute to ozone and/or fine particle pollution in other states. Nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emission reductions were scheduled to commence in 2012, with further reductions effective in 2014. However, implementation of CSAPR’s requirements were delayed due to litigation. In October 2014, the EPA issued an interim final rule reconciling the CSAPR rule with the Court’s order, which called for Phase 1 implementation in 2015 and Phase 2 implementation in 2017.
In September 2016, the EPA finalized an update to the CSAPR ozone season program by issuing the Final CSAPR Update. The Final CSAPR Update rule is the subject of a pending legal challenge in the D.C. Circuit by five states. In September 2019, the D.C. Circuit concluded that the rule was valid in certain respects but that it failed to ensure that pollution from upwind states would not prevent downwind states from meeting air quality standards in a timely manner. The court directed the EPA to revise the rule to address this failure. For states to meet their requirements under CSAPR, a number of coal-fired electric generating units will likely need to be retired, rather than retrofitted with the necessary emission control technologies, reducing demand for thermal coal. On October 15, 2020, the EPA proposed the Revised Cross-State Air Pollution Rule Update in order to fully address 21 state’s outstanding interstate pollution transport obligations for the 2008 ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Starting in the 2021 ozone season, the proposed rule would require additional emissions reductions of nitrogen oxides from power plants in 12 states. The public comment period for the proposal closed on December 14, 2020. However, on January 20, 2021 the new presidential administration announced a freeze with respect to all pending rulemaking. Accordingly, the outcome of this rulemaking may result in stricter standards than those contained in the proposed rule.

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•Mercury and Hazardous Air Pollutants. In February 2012, the EPA formally adopted a rule to regulate emissions of mercury and other metals, fine particulates, and acid gases such as hydrogen chloride from coal- and oil-fired power plants, referred to as “MATS.” In March 2013, the EPA finalized reconsideration of the MATS rule as it pertains to new power plants, principally adjusting emissions limits for new coal-fired units to levels considered attainable by existing control technologies. In subsequent litigation, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the MATS rule based on the EPA’s failure to take costs into consideration. The D.C. Circuit allowed the current rule to stay in place until the EPA issued a new finding. In April 2016, the EPA issued a final finding that it is appropriate and necessary to set standards for emissions of air toxics from coal- and oil-fired power plants. However, in April 2017, the EPA indicated in a court filing that it may reconsider this finding, and on April 27, 2017, the D.C. Circuit stayed the litigation. In August 2018, the EPA stated that it plans on sending a draft proposal to the White House questioning the EPA’s earlier finding and intends to reevaluate the MATS rule itself.
On December 27, 2018, the EPA issued a proposed revised Supplemental Cost Finding for MATS, as well as the Clean Air Act required “risk and technology review.” After taking account of both the cost to coal- and oil-fired power plants of complying with the MATS rule and the benefits attributable to regulating hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions from these power plants, the EPA proposed to determine that it is not “appropriate and necessary” to regulate HAP emissions from power plants under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. The emission standards and other requirements of the MATS rule, first promulgated in 2012, would remain in place, however, since the EPA did not propose to remove coal- and oil-fired power plants from the list of sources that are regulated under Section 112 of the Act.
On April 15, 2020, the EPA established a new subcategory in the MATS for electric utility steam generating units (EGU’s) that burn eastern bituminous coal refuse (EBCR). Coal refuse includes low-quality coal mixed with rock, clay and other material. The EPA is also establishing emission standards from these facilities. The new subcategory and emission standards will affect six existing EGUs that burn EBCR.

On May 22, 2020, the EPA published the completed reconsideration of the appropriate and necessary finding for the MATS. The EPA concluded that it is not “appropriate and necessary” to regulate electric utility steam generating units under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. The EPA is also taking final action on the residual risk and technology review that is required by the CAA Section 112. The EPA states, “emissions of HAP have been reduced such that residual risk is at acceptable levels, that there are no developments in HAP emissions controls to achieve further cost-effective reductions beyond the current standard, and, therefore, no changes to the MATS rule are warranted”.

Apart from MATS, several states have enacted or proposed regulations requiring reductions in mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants, and federal legislation to reduce mercury emissions from power plants has been proposed. Regulation of mercury emissions by the EPA (and in particular, the reconsideration by the current EPA of any rulemaking relating to the MATS rule during the prior presidential administration), states, Congress, or pursuant to an international treaty may further decrease the demand for coal. Like CSAPR, MATS and other similar future regulations could accelerate the retirement of a significant number of coal-fired power plants, in addition to the significant number of plants and units that have already been retired as a result of environmental and regulatory requirements and uncertainties adversely impacting coal-fired generation. Such retirements would likely adversely impact our business.
•Regional Haze, New Source Review and Methane. The EPA’s regional haze program is intended to protect and improve visibility at and around national parks, national wilderness areas and international parks. In December 2011, the EPA issued a final rule under which the emission caps imposed under CSAPR for a given state would supplant the obligations of that state with regard to visibility protection. In May 2012, the EPA finalized a rule that allows the trading programs in CSAPR to serve as an alternative to determining source-by-source Best Available Retrofit Technology (“BART”). This rule provides that states in the CSAPR region can substitute participation in CSAPR for source-specific BART for sulfur dioxide and/or nitrogen oxides emissions from power plants. This program may result in additional emissions restrictions from new coal-fueled power plants whose operations may impair visibility at and around federally protected areas. This program may also require certain existing coal-fueled power plants to install additional control measures designed to limit haze causing emissions, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic chemicals and particulate matter. These limitations could result in additional coal plant closures and affect the future market for coal. A final Regional Haze rule was published on January 10, 2017.
In addition, the EPA’s new source review program under certain circumstances requires existing coal-fired power plants, when modifications to those plants significantly change emissions, to install the more stringent air emissions control equipment required of new plants.
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Litigation seeking to force the EPA to list coal mines as a category of air pollution sources that endanger public health or welfare under Section 111 of the CAA and establish standards to reduce emissions from sources of methane and other emissions related to coal mines was dismissed by the D.C. Circuit in May 2014. In that case, the Court denied a rulemaking petition citing agency discretion and budgetary restrictions, and ruled that the EPA has reasonable discretion to carry out its delegated responsibilities, which include determining the timing and relative priority of its regulatory agenda. In July 2014, the D.C. Circuit denied a petition seeking a rehearing of the case en banc. Litigation regarding these issues may continue and could result in the need for additional air pollution controls for coal-fired units and our operations.
Global Climate Change
Global climate change initiatives and public perceptions have resulted, and are expected to continue to result, in decreased coal-fired power plant capacity and utilization, phasing out and closing many existing coal-fired power plants, reducing or eliminating construction of new coal-fired power plants in the United States and certain other countries, increased costs to mine coal and decreased demand and prices for thermal coal.
There are three important sources of GHGs associated with the coal industry: first, the end use of our coal by our customers in electricity generation, coke plants, and steelmaking is a source of GHGs; second, combustion of fuel for mining equipment used in coal production; and third, coal mining can release methane, a GHG, directly into the atmosphere. GHG emissions from coal consumption and production are subject to pending and proposed regulation as part of initiatives to address global climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (the “Kyoto Protocol”) became effective in 2005 and bound those developed countries that ratified it (which the U.S. did not do) to reduce their global GHG emissions. In December 2015, the United States and almost 200 nations agreed to the Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016 and has the long-term goal to limit global warming to below two degrees Celsius by 2100 from temperatures in the pre-industrial era. Although this agreement does not create any binding obligations for nations to limit their GHG emissions, it does include pledges to voluntarily limit or reduce future emissions. On June 1, 2017, the Trump administration announced that the U.S. will withdraw from the Paris Agreement. This withdrawal formally took effect on November 4, 2020. However, on January 20, 2021, President Biden issued a statement formally accepting the Paris Agreement on behalf of the U.S., which triggered a 30 day process for rejoining the accord. In addition, numerous U.S. governors, mayors and businesses have pledged their commitments to the goals of the Paris Agreement. These commitments could further reduce demand and prices for our coal.
In 2009, the EPA issued a finding that emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other GHGs present an endangerment to public health and the environment. The EPA has since adopted regulations under existing provisions of the CAA pursuant to this finding. For example, the EPA has adopted rules requiring the monitoring and reporting of GHG emissions from specified large GHG emission sources in the U.S., including coal-fired electric power plants and steel-making operations. The EPA has also promulgated the Tailoring Rule, which requires that all new or modified stationary sources of GHGs that will emit more than 75,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year and are otherwise subject to CAA regulation, and any other facilities that will emit more than 100,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year, to undergo prevention of significant deterioration (“PSD”) permitting, which requires that the permitted entity adopt the best available control technology.
In June 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court addressed whether the EPA’s regulation of GHG emissions from new motor vehicles properly triggered GHG permitting requirements for stationary sources under the CAA as well as the validity of the Tailoring Rule under the CAA. The decision reversed, in part, and affirmed, in part, a 2012 D.C. Circuit decision that upheld the Tailoring Rule. Specifically, the Court held that the EPA exceeded its statutory authority when it interpreted the CAA to require PSD and Title V permitting for stationary sources based on their potential GHG emissions. However, the Court also held that the EPA’s determination that a source already subject to the PSD program due to its emission of conventional pollutants may be required to limit its GHG emissions by employing the “best available control technology” was permissible. As a result, the EPA is now requiring new sources already subject to the PSD program, including coal-fired power plants, to undergo control technology reviews for GHGs (predominately carbon dioxide) as a condition of permit issuance. These reviews may impose limits on GHG emissions, or otherwise be used to compel consideration of alternative fuels and generation systems, as well as increase litigation risk for-and so discourage development of-coal-fired power plants.
On August 3, 2015, the EPA released a final rule establishing New Source Performance Standards (“NSPS”) for emissions of carbon dioxide for new, modified and reconstructed fossil fuel-fired electric generating units (“Power Plant NSPS”). The final rule requires that newly constructed fossil fuel-fired steam generating units achieve an emission standard for carbon dioxide of 1,400 lb CO2/MWh-gross. The standard is based on the performance of a supercritical pulverized coal boiler implementing partial carbon capture and storage (“CCS”). Modified and reconstructed fossil fuel fired steam generating units
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must implement the most efficient generation achievable through a combination of best operating practices and equipment upgrades, to meet an emission standard consistent with best historical performance.

Reconstructed units must implement the most efficient generating technology based on the size of the unit (supercritical steam conditions for larger units, to meet a standard of 1,800 lb CO2/MWh-gross, and subcritical conditions for smaller units to meet a standard of 2,000 lb CO2/MWh-gross). Numerous legal challenges to the final rule are currently pending. There is a risk that CCS technology may not be commercially practical in limiting emissions as otherwise required by the rule or similar rules that may be proposed in the future. If such legislative or regulatory programs are adopted or maintained, and economic, commercially available carbon capture technology for power plants is not developed or adopted in a timely manner, it would negatively affect our customers and would further reduce the demand for coal as a fuel source, causing coal prices and sales of our coal to decline, perhaps materially.

In August 2015, the EPA issued the Clean Power Plan (“CPP”), a final rule that establishes carbon pollution standards for existing power plants, called CO2 emission performance rates. The EPA expected each state to develop implementation plans for power plants in its state to meet the individual state targets established in the CPP. The CPP was immediately subject to legal challenges and was stayed before it was implemented. On July 8, 2019, the EPA, published the ACE Rule, a replacement of the CPP. In contrast to the CPP, which called for the shifting of electricity generation away from coal-fired sources toward natural gas and renewables, the ACE Rule focuses on reducing GHG emissions from existing coal-fired plants by requiring states to mandate the implementation of a range of technologies at power plants designed to improve their heat rate (i.e., decrease the amount of fuel necessary to generate the same amount of electricity). However, on January 19, 2021, the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia struck down the ACE rule. The EPA has since announced an intent to consider new regulations governing carbon emissions from existing power plants. More stringent standards for carbon dioxide emissions as a result of these rulemakings could further reduce demand for coal, and our business would be adversely impacted.

The United States Congress has, from time to time, considered legislation to reduce GHG emissions, such as a resolution referred to as the Green New Deal, which was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives in February 2019 and similar legislation may be introduced in the current Congressional term. To date, Congress has not passed a bill specifically addressing GHG regulation. In addition, various states and regions have adopted initiatives to reduce, and in some cases phase out, GHG emissions and certain governmental bodies, including the states of Virginia and California, have considered or are considering the imposition of fees or taxes based on the emission of GHGs by certain facilities. A number of states have enacted legislative mandates requiring electricity suppliers to use renewable energy sources to generate a certain percentage of power. For example, on September 10, 2018, California adopted a law that requires all electricity consumed by the state to be generated from renewable sources such as solar, wind and hydropower by 2045.

In addition, certain banks and other financing sources have taken actions to limit available financing for the development of new coal-fueled power plants, which also may adversely affect the future global demand for coal. Further, there have been recent efforts by members of the general financial and investment communities, such as investment advisors, sovereign wealth funds, public pension funds, universities and other groups, to divest themselves and to promote the divestment of securities issued by companies involved in the fossil fuel extraction market, such as coal producers. Those entities also have been pressuring lenders to limit financing available to such companies. These efforts may adversely affect the market for our securities and our ability to access capital and financial markets in the future.

Furthermore, several well-funded non-governmental organizations have explicitly undertaken campaigns to minimize or eliminate the use of coal as a source of electricity generation. These efforts, as well as concerted conservation and efficiency efforts that result in reduced electricity consumption, could cause coal prices and sales of our coal to materially decline and possibly increase our operating costs.

These and other current or future global climate change laws, regulations, court orders or other legally enforceable mechanisms, or related public perceptions regarding climate change, are expected to require additional controls on coal-fired power plants and industrial boilers and may cause some users of coal to further switch from coal to alternative sources of fuel, thereby depressing demand and pricing for coal.

Clean Water Act

The CWA and corresponding state and local laws and regulations affect coal mining operations by restricting the discharge of pollutants, including dredged or fill materials, into waters of the United States. The CWA provisions and associated state and federal regulations are complex and subject to amendments, legal challenges and changes in implementation. Legislation that seeks to clarify the scope of CWA jurisdiction has also been considered by Congress. Recent court decisions, regulatory actions and proposed legislation have created uncertainty over CWA jurisdiction and permitting requirements.
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CWA requirements that may directly or indirectly affect our operations include the following:

Wastewater Discharge

Prior to discharging any pollutants into waters of the United States, coal mining companies must obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (“NPDES”) permit from the appropriate state or federal permitting authority. Section 402 of the CWA creates a process for establishing effluent limitations for discharges to streams that are protective of water quality standards through the NPDES program, and corresponding programs implemented by state regulatory agencies. Regular monitoring, reporting and compliance with performance standards are preconditions for the issuance and renewal of NPDES permits that govern discharges into waters of the United States. Failure to comply with the CWA or NPDES permits can lead to the imposition of significant penalties, litigation, compliance costs and delays in coal production. Furthermore, the imposition of future restrictions on the discharge of certain pollutants into waters of the United States could increase the difficulty of obtaining and complying with NPDES permits, which could impose additional time and cost burdens on our operations. For instance, waters that states have designated as impaired (i.e., as not meeting present water quality standards) are subject to Total Maximum Daily Load regulations, which may lead to the adoption of more stringent discharge standards for our coal mines and could require more costly treatment.

In addition, when water quality in a receiving stream is of high quality, states are required to conduct an anti-degradation review before approving discharge permits. Anti-degradation policies may increase the cost, time and difficulty associated with obtaining and complying with NPDES permits and may also require more costly treatment.

On March 5, 2014, the EPA, the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”), West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet filed a Complaint against Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. and its permit holding subsidiaries in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia alleging that Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.’s mining affiliates in those states and in Tennessee and Virginia exceeded certain water discharge permit limits during the period of 2006 to 2013 and simultaneously entered into a Consent Decree with Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. resolving their claims. The Consent Decree was entered by the Southern District of West Virginia on November 26, 2014 and amended on June 12, 2016 and again on February 28, 2018 (the “Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. Consent Decree”). As part of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. Consent Decree, Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. agreed to implement an integrated environmental management system and an expanded auditing/reporting protocol, install selenium and osmotic pressure treatment facilities at specific locations, and certain other measures. The Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. Consent Decree required Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. to pay $27.5 million in civil penalties, to be divided among the federal government and state agencies. All required water treatment systems have been constructed, the environmental management system has been implemented, and the other terms and conditions of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. Consent Decree have been substantially satisfied. On February 25, 2020, partial termination of the Consent Decree was granted by the EPA for all but 6 of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. Defendants. On January 29, 2021, full termination of the Consent Decree was granted for all the Defendants.

Dredge and Fill Permits

Many mining activities, including the development of settling ponds and the construction of certain sediment control structures, valley fills and surface impoundments, require permits from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (“COE”) under Section 404 of the CWA. Generally speaking, these Section 404 permits allow the placement of dredge and fill materials into navigable waters of the United States, including wetlands, streams, and other regulated areas. The COE has issued general “nationwide” permits for specific categories of activities that are similar in nature and that are determined to have minimal adverse effects on the environment. Permits issued pursuant to Nationwide Permits 5, 21, 49 and 50 generally authorize the disposal of dredged or fill material from surface coal mining activities into waters of the United States, subject to certain restrictions. Nationwide Permits are typically reissued for a five-year period and require appropriate mitigation, and permit holders must receive explicit authorization from the COE before proceeding with proposed mining activities. On January 13, 2021, the COE published its final rule reissuing and modifying a portion of its Nationwide permits. The COE reissued and modified 12 existing Nationwide permits and issued four new permits. The 12 reissued permits replace the 2017 versions which now expire March 14, 2021. The COE finalized the proposed removal of the 300 linear foot limit for losses of stream bed from several of the Nationwide permits. Expansion of our mining operations into new areas may trigger the need for individual COE approvals, which could be more costly and take more time to obtain.

In January 2020, the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (the “USACE”) issued a final rule that attempts to clarify the Clean Water Act's (“CWA”) jurisdictional reach over waters of the United States, referred to as the Navigable Waters Protection Rule. The rule replaces a rule issued in June 2015 by the previous presidential administration, the Clean Water Rule. The Clean Water Rule was the subject of extensive legal challenges, injunctions and administrative action, and was formally
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repealed in December 2019. The Navigable Waters Protection Rule is designed to fulfill a February 2017 executive order calling on the EPA and the USACE to develop a rule consistent with Justice Antonin Scalia's plurality opinion in the 2006 Supreme Court decision, Rapanos v. United States, that CWA jurisdiction attaches only to “navigable waters” and other waters with a relatively permanent flow, such as rivers or lakes. The Navigable Waters Protection Rule narrows the jurisdiction of the CWA relative to Clean Water Rule by, among other things, excluding from the scope of the definition of “waters of the United States” certain ephemeral streams and wetlands not adjacent to jurisdictional water bodies. The Navigable Water Protection Rule is likely to be the subject of legal challenges and its ultimate impact on our operations is uncertain.

Cooling Water Intake

In May 2014, the EPA issued a new final rule pursuant to Section 316(b) of the CWA that affects the cooling water intake structures at power plants in order to reduce fish impingement and entrainment. The rule is expected to affect over 500 power plants. These requirements could increase our customers’ costs and may adversely affect the demand for coal, which may materially impact our results or operations.

Effluent Guidelines

On November 3, 2015, the EPA published the final rule for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards (“ELGS”), revising the regulations for the Steam Electric Power Generating category, which became effective on January 4, 2016. It establishes the first federal limits on the levels of arsenic, mercury, selenium and nitrate-nitrites in flue gas desulfurization that can be discharged as wastewater from power plants, based on technology improvements over the last three decades. On April 25, 2017, the EPA stayed the implementation of the rule indefinitely to allow for reconsideration. On August 31, 2020, the EPA finalized the rule to revise the ELGS. The 2020 rule changes the technology basis for treatment of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater and Bottom Ash Transport Water.

Endangered Species Act

The ESA and counterpart state legislation protect species threatened with possible extinction. Protection of threatened and endangered species may have the effect of prohibiting or delaying us from obtaining mining permits and mine plan modifications and approvals, and may include restrictions on timber harvesting, road building and other mining activities in areas containing the affected species or their habitats. We may also need to obtain additional permits or approvals if the incidental take of these species in the course of otherwise lawful activity may occur, which could take more time, be more costly and have adverse effects on operations. A number of species indigenous to properties we control or surrounding areas are protected under the ESA including the Guyandotte River Crayfish and the Big Sandy River Crayfish. On January 28, 2020 the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (“FWS”) officially published the draft critical habitat designation for the Guyandotte River Crayfish and the Big Sandy River Crayfish in the Federal Register, starting the public comment period on the draft designations. On July 10, 2020, the FWS issued guidance regarding the preparation of protection and enhancement plans (“PEPs”) for coal mining operations located in the Guyandotte River Crayfish habitat in southern West Virginia. The guidance contains several suggestions for requirements to be included in PEPs for proposed mining operations, such as minimizing fill placement, retaining 100 foot vegetative buffers around streams and constructing stream crossings in periods of low flow. Certain other sensitive species that are not currently protected by the ESA may also require protection and mitigation efforts consistent with federal and state requirements.

After the Stream Protection Rule and the accompanying 2016 Biological Opinion were repealed in February 2017, OSM issued a Section 7(d) determination that reinitiated consultation with the FWS to develop a new Biological Opinion. The new Biological Opinion was released on October 16, 2020. One of the most notable changes is the incidental take coverage if there is no agreement between the state regulatory authority and the FWS at the conclusion of the dispute resolution process and the regulatory authority issues the permit. The new Biological Opinion states that “any prohibited take of listed species incidental to that permit action will not be exempted through this incidental take statement.” The Biological Opinion also includes discussion of OSM enforcement powers in primacy states potentially allowing the FWS to effect a permit veto via OSM enforcement actions. The new Biological Opinion could make the permitting process more difficult and expensive.

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RCRA affects coal mining operations by establishing requirements for the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes. The EPA determined that coal combustion residuals (“CCR”) do not warrant regulation as hazardous wastes under RCRA in May 2000. Most state hazardous waste laws do not regulate CCR as hazardous wastes. The EPA also concluded that beneficial uses of CCR, other than for mine filling, pose no significant risk and no additional national regulations of such beneficial uses are needed. However, the EPA determined that national non-hazardous waste regulations under RCRA are
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warranted for certain wastes generated from coal combustion, such as coal ash, when the wastes are disposed of in surface impoundments or landfills or used as minefill. In December 2014, the EPA finalized regulations that address the management of coal ash as a non-hazardous solid waste under Subtitle D. The rules impose engineering, structural and siting standards on surface impoundments and landfills that hold coal combustion wastes and mandate regular inspections. The rules also require fugitive dust controls and impose various monitoring, cleanup, and closure requirements. In July 2018, the EPA published a final rule extending certain deadlines under the original rules, granting certain authority to states with authorized CCR programs and establishing groundwater protection standards for certain constituents. The EPA and OSM plan additional rulemaking relating to CCR.

There have also been several legislative proposals that would require the EPA to further regulate the storage of CCR. For example, in December 2016, Congress passed the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act, which allows states to establish permit programs to regulate the disposal of CCR units in lieu of the EPA’s CCR regulations. These requirements, as well as any future changes in the management of CCR, could increase our customers’ operating costs and potentially reduce their ability or need to purchase coal. In addition, contamination caused by the past disposal of CCR, including coal ash, can lead to material liability for our customers under RCRA or other federal or state laws and potentially further reduce the demand for coal.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

CERCLA and similar state laws affect coal mining operations by, among other things, imposing cleanup requirements for threatened or actual releases of hazardous substances into the environment. Under CERCLA and similar state laws, joint and several liability may be imposed on hazardous substance generators, site owners, transporters, lessees and others regardless of fault or the legality of the original disposal activity. Although the EPA currently excludes most wastes generated by coal mining and processing operations from the primary hazardous waste laws. The disposal, release or spilling of some products used by coal companies in operations, such as chemicals, could trigger the liability provisions of CERCLA or similar state laws. Thus, we may be subject to liability under CERCLA and similar state laws for our current or former owned, leased or operated coal mines and property or those of our predecessors. We may be liable under CERCLA or similar state laws for the cleanup of hazardous substance contamination and natural resource damages at sites where we control surface rights. These liabilities could be significant and materially and adversely affect our financial results and liquidity.

Use of Explosives. Our surface mining operations are subject to numerous regulations relating to blasting activities. Pursuant to these regulations, we incur costs to design and implement blast schedules and to conduct pre-blast surveys and blast monitoring. In addition, the storage of explosives is subject to regulatory requirements. For example, pursuant to a rule issued by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) in 2007, facilities in possession of chemicals of interest (including ammonium nitrate at certain threshold levels) are required to complete a screening review. In 2011, the DHS published proposed regulations of ammonium nitrate under the Ammonium Nitrate Security Rule. Many of the requirements of the proposed regulations would be duplicative of those in place under the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, including registration and background checks, and DHS has moved its 2011 rulemaking to a non-active status because the approach proposed was unlikely to deliver appreciable security benefits. Additional requirements may include tracking and verifications for each transaction related to ammonium nitrate. The outcome of these rulemakings could materially adversely affect our cost or ability to conduct our mining operations.

Other Environmental Laws

We are required to comply with numerous other federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations in addition to those previously discussed. These additional laws include, for example, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act and transportation laws adopted to ensure the appropriate transportation of our coal both nationally and internationally. Laws, regulations, and treaties of other countries may also adversely impact our export sales by reducing demand for our coal as a source of power generation in those countries.

Federal and State Nuclear Material Regulations

Many of our operations use equipment with radioactive sources primarily for coal density measurement. Use of this equipment must be approved by the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Authority or the state agency that has been delegated this authority.

Mine Safety and Health

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Stringent health and safety standards have been in effect since Congress enacted the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969. The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (“Mine Act”) significantly expanded the enforcement of safety and health standards and imposed safety and health standards on all aspects of mining operations. All of the states in which we operate also have state programs for mine safety and health regulation and enforcement. Collectively, federal and state safety and health regulation in the coal mining industry is among the most comprehensive and pervasive systems for protection of employee health and safety affecting any segment of U.S. industry. The Mine Act is a strict liability statute that requires mandatory inspections of surface and underground coal mines and preparation plants and requires the issuance of enforcement action when it is believed that a standard has been violated. While this regulation has a significant effect on our operating costs, our U.S. competitors are subject to the same degree of regulation.

In 2006, in response to underground mine accidents, Congress enacted the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act (the “MINER Act”). The MINER Act significantly amended the Mine Act, requiring, among other items, improvements in mine safety practices, increasing criminal penalties and establishing a maximum civil penalty for non-compliance, and expanding the scope of federal oversight, inspection and enforcement activities. Since passage of the MINER Act enforcement scrutiny has increased, including more inspection hours at mine sites, increased numbers of inspections and increased issuance of the number and severity of enforcement actions and related penalties. Various states also have enacted their own new laws and regulations addressing many of these same subjects. The U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (“MSHA”) continues to interpret and implement various provisions of the MINER Act, along with introducing new proposed regulations and standards. For example, the second phase of MSHA’s respirable coal mine dust rule went into effect in February 2016 and requires increased sampling frequency and the use of continuous personal dust monitors. In August 2016, the third and final phase of the rule became effective, reducing the overall respirable dust standard in coal mines from 2.0 to 1.5 milligrams per cubic meter of air. Our compliance with these or any other new mine health and safety regulations could increase our mining costs. If we were found to be in violation of these regulations we could face penalties or restrictions that may materially and adversely affect our operations, financial results and liquidity. Under the Black Lung Benefits Revenue Act of 1977 and the Black Lung Benefits Reform Act of 1977, as amended in 1981, each coal mine operator must secure payment of federal black lung benefits to claimants who are current and former employees and to a trust fund for the payment of benefits and medical expenses to claimants who last worked in the coal industry prior to July 1, 1973. Effective January 1, 2020, the trust fund was funded by an excise tax on coal sold of up to $1.10 per ton for deep-mined coal and up to $0.55 per ton for surface-mined coal, neither amount to exceed 4.4% of the gross sales price. Absent further legislation, beginning in 2022, the trust fund will be funded by an excise tax on coal sold of up to $0.50 per ton for deep-mined coal and up to $0.25 per ton for surface-mined coal, neither amount to exceed 2% of the gross sales price. The excise tax does not apply to coal shipped outside the United States. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recorded $5.7 million and $5.1 million excluding portions attributable to discontinued operations, respectively, of expense related to this excise tax.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”) introduced significant changes to the federal black lung program, including an automatic survivor benefit paid upon the death of a miner with an awarded black lung claim, and established a rebuttable presumption with regard to pneumoconiosis among miners with 15 or more years of coal mine employment that are totally disabled by a respiratory condition. These changes could have a material impact on our costs expended in association with the federal black lung program. For former mining employees meeting statutory eligibility standards for federal black lung benefits, we maintain a trust fund and insurance coverage to cover the cost of present and future claims. We may also be liable under state laws for black lung claims that are covered through the trust and insurance policies. The liability associated with present and future claims for black lung benefits is difficult to estimate, and the trust and insurance policies may be insufficient to cover all such liability.

Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act of 1992

Unlike many companies in the coal business, we do not have any liability under the Coal Industry Retiree Health Benefit Act of 1992 (the “Coal Act”), which requires the payment of substantial sums to provide lifetime health benefits to union-represented miners (and their dependents) who retired before 1992, because liabilities under the Coal Act that had been imposed on Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. were settled in the bankruptcy process.
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GLOSSARY
Acquisition. Refers to the transaction by which the Company acquired certain of Alpha Natural Resources Inc.’s core coal operations as part of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. Restructuring.
Alpha. Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc.
Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. Restructuring. On August 3, 2015, Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. and each of its wholly owned domestic subsidiaries other than ANR Second Receivables Funding LLC (collectively, the “Debtors”) filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (the “Bankruptcy Court”). The Bankruptcy Court approved the Debtors’ Plan of Reorganization on July 7, 2016. On July 26, 2016, a consortium of former creditors of the Debtors acquired the Company’s common stock in exchange for a partial release of their creditor claims pursuant to the Debtors’ bankruptcy settlement. The Debtors, collectively, were a coal producer with operations in Central Appalachia, Northern Appalachia, and the Powder River Basin.

Ash. Impurities consisting of iron, alumina and other incombustible matter that are contained in coal. Since ash increases the weight of coal, it adds to the cost of handling and can affect the burning characteristics of coal.

Bituminous coal. Coal used primarily to generate electricity and to make coke for the steel industry with a heat value ranging between 10,500 and 15,500 BTU’s per pound.

British Thermal Unit or BTU. A measure of the thermal energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure liquid water one degree Fahrenheit at the temperature at which water has its greatest density (39 degrees Fahrenheit).

Central Appalachia or CAPP. Coal producing area in eastern Kentucky, Virginia, southern West Virginia and a portion of eastern Tennessee.

Coal reserves. The economically mineable part of a measured or indicated coal resource, which includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when coal is mined or extracted.

Coal resources. Coal deposits in such form, quality, and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for economic extraction.

Coal seam. Coal deposits occur in layers. Each layer is called a “seam.”

Coke. A hard, dry carbon substance produced by heating coal to a very high temperature in the absence of air. Coke is used in the manufacture of iron and steel. Its production results in a number of useful byproducts.

Coking coal. Coal used to produce coke, the primary source of carbon used in steelmaking.

Company. Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc. (previously named Contura Energy, Inc.)

Development stage property. A property with disclosed coal reserves but no material extraction.

ESG. Environmental, social and governance sustainability criteria.

ESM Transaction. The sale by Blackjewel L.L.C. (“Blackjewel”) of the Eagle Butte and Belle Ayr mines located in Wyoming (the “Western Mines” or “Western Assets”) to Eagle Specialty Materials (“ESM”), an affiliate of FM Coal, LLC on October 18, 2019. The ESM Transaction was approved by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of West Virginia (the “Bankruptcy Court”) pursuant to an order on October 4, 2019. The Company was the former owner of the Western Assets, having sold them to Blackjewel in December 2017.

Exploration stage property. A property with no disclosed coal reserves.

High-Vol A. A coking coal used in steel production with a volatile matter content between 31% and 34.5% on a dry basis.

High-Vol B. A coking coal used in steel production with a volatile matter content between 34.5% and 38% on a dry basis.

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Indicated coal resource. That part of a coal resource for which quantity and quality are estimated on the basis of adequate geological evidence and sampling sufficient to establish geological and quality continuity with reasonable certainty.

Inferred coal resource. That part of a coal resource for which quantity and quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling sufficient to establish that geological and quality continuity are more likely than not. Given the higher level of geological uncertainty, inferred coal resources are not considered when assessing the economic viability of a mining project or determining coal reserves.

Initial assessment. A preliminary technical and economic study of the economic potential of all or parts of mineralization to support the disclosure of mineral resources.

In situ coal resources. Coal resources stated on an in-seam dry basis (excluding surface and inherent moisture) with no consideration for dilution or losses that may occur when coal is mined or extracted.

Longwall mining. The most productive underground mining method in the United States. A rotating drum is advanced mechanically across the face of coal, and a hydraulic system supports the roof of the mine while the drum advances through the coal. Chain conveyors then move the loosened coal to a standard underground mine conveyor system for delivery to the surface.

Low-Vol. A coking coal used in steel production with a volatile matter content between 16% - 23% on a dry basis.

Marketable coal reserves. Coal reserves on a moist basis (including surface and inherent moisture) after considering dilution and losses that may occur when coal in mined or extracted.

Measured coal resource. That part of a coal resource for which quantity and quality are estimated on the basis of conclusive geological evidence and sampling sufficient to test and confirm geological and quality continuity.

Merger. Merger with ANR, Inc. and Alpha Natural Resources Holdings, Inc. completed on November 9, 2018.

Metallurgical coal. The various grades of coal suitable for carbonization to make coke for steel manufacture. Also known as “met” coal, its quality is primarily differentiated based on volatility or its percent of volatile matter. Met coal typically has a particularly high BTU but low ash and sulfur content.

Mid-Vol. A coking coal used in steel production with a volatile matter content between 23% -31% on a dry basis.

Northern Appalachia or NAPP. Coal producing area in Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia.

Operating Margin. Coal revenues less cost of coal sales.

Powder River Basin or PRB. Coal producing area in northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana.

Pre-feasibility study. A comprehensive study of a range of options for the technical and economic viability of a mineral project that has advanced to a stage where a preferred method of mining or pit configuration, an effective method of mineral processing and an effective plan to sell the product has been determined.

Preparation plant. A preparation plant is a facility for crushing, sizing and washing coal to remove impurities and prepare it for use by a particular customer. The washing process has the added benefit of removing some of the coal’s sulfur content. A preparation plant is usually located on a mine site, although one plant may serve several mines.

Probable mineral reserve. The economically mineable part of an indicated and, in some cases, a measured coal resource.

Production stage property. A property with material extraction of coal reserves.

Productivity. As used in this report, refers to clean metric tons of coal produced per underground man hour worked, as published by the MSHA.

Proven mineral reserve. The economically mineable part of a measured coal resource.

Qualified person. A mineral industry professional as defined in subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K.

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Reclamation. The process of restoring land and the environment to their original state following mining activities. The process commonly includes “recontouring” or reshaping the land to its approximate original appearance, restoring topsoil and planting native grass and ground covers. Reclamation operations are usually under way before the mining of a particular site is completed. Reclamation is closely regulated by both state and federal law.

Roof. The stratum of rock or other mineral above a coal seam; the overhead surface of a coal working place.

Sulfur. One of the elements present in varying quantities in coal that contributes to environmental degradation when coal is burned. Sulfur dioxide is produced as a gaseous by-product of coal combustion.

Surface mine. A mine in which the coal lies near the surface and can be extracted by removing the covering layer of soil.

Thermal coal. Coal used by power plants and industrial steam boilers to produce electricity, steam or both. It generally is lower in BTU heat content and higher in volatile matter than metallurgical coal.

Tons. A “short” or net ton is equal to 2,000 pounds. A “long” or British ton is equal to 2,240 pounds; a “metric” ton (or “tonne”) is approximately 2,205 pounds. Tonnage amounts are stated in short tons, unless otherwise indicated.

UMWA. United Mine Workers of America.

Underground mine. Also known as a “deep” mine. Usually located several hundred feet below the earth’s surface, an underground mine’s coal is removed mechanically and transferred by shuttle car and conveyor to the surface.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Summary

Investment in our common stock is subject to various risks, including risks and uncertainties inherent in our business. As detailed in the following pages, these risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

•Risks relating to our industry and the global economy, such as those associated with declines in coal prices, our ability to obtain financing and other services, competition, decreased demand for coal, Chinese governmental policies, loss of customers, customer creditworthiness and global economic disruptions.

•Risks relating to regulatory and legal developments, such as those associated with regulatory requirements and costs, climate change regulations, environmental laws and treaties, unfavorable tax actions, decreased demand for energy, environmental cleanup costs, permit approvals, maintenance of internal controls and healthcare regulations and costs.

•Risks relating to our operations, such as those associated with mining and other conditions, many of which are beyond our control, decreased demand for coal, the complexity of mining in Central Appalachia, disruptions in transportation services, the availability of skilled workers, product specification requirements, higher than estimated employee benefit, property reclamation or mine closure costs, the availability of coal reserves, unionization, cybersecurity, our dependence upon third parties and our ability to make capital investments.

•Risks relating to our liquidity, such as those associated with our indebtedness, our ability to obtain or renew surety bonds, limitations imposed on us by our credit facility, access to funds when needed and debt service.

•Risks relating to the ownership of our common stock, such as those associated with compliance with securities laws, the availability of an orderly trading market for our common stock, dilution or other effects resulting from the issuance of additional securities, impediments to our acquisition by a third party and limited fora for stockholder litigation matters.

These risks, and others, are reviewed in greater detail below. The realization of any of these risks could cause an investment in our securities to decline and result in a loss. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.

Risks Relating to Our Industry and the Global Economy

Declines in coal prices would adversely affect our revenues, operating results, cash flows, financial condition, stock price and the value of our coal reserves.

Our results of operations are substantially dependent upon the prices we receive for our coal. Those prices depend upon factors beyond our control (some of which are described in more detail in other risk factors below), including but not limited to:

•the demand for domestic and foreign coal and coke, which depends significantly on the demand for steel and electricity;
•the price and availability of natural gas, other alternative fuels and alternative steel production technologies;
•domestic and foreign economic conditions, including economic downturns and the strength of the global and U.S. economies;
•the consumption pattern of industrial customers, electricity generators and residential users;
•the legal, regulatory and tax environment for our industry and those of our customers;
•adverse weather, climactic or other natural conditions, natural disasters, epidemics, pandemics (such as the COVID-19 virus) and other public health challenges;
•the quantity, quality and pricing of coal available in the resale market;
•the effects of worldwide energy conservation or emissions measures;
•competition from other suppliers of coal and other energy sources; and
•the proximity to and availability, reliability and cost of transportation and port facilities.

A period of sustained low coal prices in the U.S. and other countries would materially adversely affect our operating results and cash flows, as well as the value of our coal reserves, and would cause a number of other risks that we face to increase in likelihood, magnitude and duration.
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A period of sustained low demand for coal, particularly for metallurgical coal (or “met coal”), by U.S. and foreign customers and the potential for negative trade impacts resulting from changing tariff policies could reduce the price of our coal, which would reduce our revenues.

Alpha produces coal that is sold directly to both U.S. and foreign customers and indirectly to foreign customers through U.S.-based companies. Coal export revenues accounted for approximately 76% of our coal revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Met coal accounted for approximately 92% of our coal revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021. Any deterioration in conditions in the U.S. or foreign steel industries, including the demand for steel and the continued financial viability of the industry, could reduce the demand for our met coal and could impact the collectability of our accounts receivable from U.S. or foreign steel industry customers.

The demand for foreign-produced steel both in foreign markets and in the U.S. market also depends on factors such as tariff rates on steel. For example, in 2018, the U.S. imposed tariffs on imports of steel mill products and a tariff on imports of wrought and unwrought aluminum. These tariffs led to generally higher rates of steel production in the U.S. and therefore greater domestic demand for met coal. However, Alpha’s export customers include foreign steel producers who may be affected by these and similar tariffs to the extent their imports into the U.S. are curtailed as a result of tariffs. Further, retaliatory tariffs by foreign nations have already limited international trade and may adversely impact global economic conditions.

In addition, the steel industry’s demand for met coal is affected by a number of factors, including the variable nature of that industry’s business, technological developments in the steel-making process and the availability of substitutes for steel, such as aluminum, composites and plastics. The U.S. steel industry increasingly relies on processes to make steel that do not use coke, such as electric arc furnaces or pulverized coal processes. As this trend continues, the amount of met coal that we sell and the prices that we receive for it could decrease, thereby reducing our revenues and adversely impacting our earnings and the value of our coal reserves. Lower demand for met coal in international markets would reduce the amount of met coal that we sell and the prices that we receive for it, thereby reducing our revenues and adversely impacting our earnings and the value of our coal reserves. Foreign government policies related to coal production and consumption could also negatively impact pricing and demand for our products.

Our ability to obtain financing and other services, and the form and degree of these services available to us, may be significantly limited by the lending, investment and similar policies of financial institutions and insurance companies regarding carbon energy producers and the environmental impacts of coal combustion.

Certain financial institutions, including banks and insurance companies, have adopted policies that prevent or limit those institutions from providing financing, insurance, bonding, and other services to entities that produce, generate power from or use fossil fuels. These policies, and others that may be adopted in the future, may limit our ability to obtain financing, insurance, surety bonds, and other services and may have similar effects upon our customers, which may in turn reduce future global demand for coal. Further, some investors and investment advisors support divestiture of securities issued by companies, such as us, involved in the fossil fuel extraction market. These developments may negatively affect the market for our securities, our access to capital and financial markets and our ability to obtain insurance in the future, which may in turn have significant negative effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Competition within the coal industry may adversely affect our ability to sell coal, and excess production capacity in the industry could put downward pressure on coal prices.

We compete with numerous other coal producers in various regions of the U.S. for domestic and international sales. We also compete in international markets against coal producers in other countries. International demand for U.S. coal exports also affects coal demand in the U.S. This competition affects domestic and international coal prices and our ability to retain or attract coal customers. The threat of increased production from competing mines and natural gas price declines with large basis differentials have all historically contributed, and may in the future contribute, to lower coal prices.

In the past, high demand for coal and attractive pricing brought new investors to the coal industry, leading to the development of new mines and added production capacity. Subsequent overcapacity in the industry contributed, and may in the future contribute, to lower coal prices.

Potential changes to international trade agreements, trade concessions, foreign currency fluctuations or other political and economic arrangements may benefit coal producers operating in countries other than the United States. Additionally, North
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American steel producers face competition from foreign steel producers, which could adversely impact the financial condition and business of our customers. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to compete on the basis of price or other factors with companies that in the future may benefit from favorable foreign trade policies or other arrangements. Coal is priced internationally in U.S. dollars, and, as a result, general economic conditions in foreign markets and changes in foreign currency exchange rates may provide our foreign competitors with a competitive advantage. If our competitors’ currencies decline against the U.S. dollar or against our foreign customers’ local currencies, those competitors may be able to offer lower prices for coal to customers. Furthermore, if the currencies of our overseas customers were to significantly decline in value in comparison to the U.S. dollar, those customers may seek decreased prices for the coal we sell to them. Consequently, currency fluctuations could adversely affect the competitiveness of our coal in international markets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See “Item 1. Business—Competition.” Similarly, currency fluctuations could adversely affect demand for U.S. steel.

Chinese governmental policies, trade disputes in Asian markets and other factors affecting the pricing of international sales may negatively affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The Chinese government has from time to time implemented regulations and promulgated new laws or restrictions on its domestic coal industry, sometimes with little advance notice, which may affect worldwide coal demand, supply and prices. During the past several years,for example, the Chinese government has initiated a number of anti-smog measures aimed at reducing hazardous air emissions through temporary production capacity restrictions within the steel, coal and coal-fired power sectors. Any future policy changes, regulations, laws or restrictions by the Chinese government may be detrimental to the global coal market and, thus, negatively affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Further, similar actions by government entities in countries that produce and/or consume large quantities of coal and other energy related commodities, such as India, may have a material impact on the prices at which we sell our product.

Certain trade disputes in Asian markets, such as those between China and Australia, have resulted in changes in purchasing habits within certain regional markets and have led to more volatile price behavior in the global markets. Should these disputes endure, continued pricing volatility in certain of our export markets may have significant negative effects on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Further, certain of our sales contracts, principally international sales contracts, contain index provisions that change the sales price based upon changes in market-based indices, economic indices or both. Therefore, volatility in these indices induced by decisions by the Chinese, other governments, disputes between nations or other factors may have significant negative effects on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The concurrent loss of, or significant reduction in, purchases by several of our largest customers could materially and adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

Our largest customer during the year ended December 31, 2021 accounted for approximately 13% of our total revenues, and coal sales to our 10 largest customers accounted for approximately 64% of our total revenues. These customers could decide to discontinue purchasing coal from us in the volumes that they have previously purchased or decide to not purchase coal from us at all. If several of these customers were to concurrently and significantly reduce their purchases of coal, or if we were unable to sell coal to them on terms as favorable to us as previous sales, we could face a significant reduction in sales while we attempt to sell the coal to other customers in the global marketplace. If such concurrent loss of large customers or a significant reduction in our sales volume to such customers were to happen, our revenues and profitability could be materially and adversely affected.

Our ability to collect payments from our customers could be impaired if their creditworthiness and financial health deteriorate.

Our ability to receive payment for coal sold and delivered depends on the continued creditworthiness and financial health of our customers. Competition with other coal suppliers could force us to extend credit to customers and on terms that could increase the risk we bear on payment default. In recent years, downturns in the economy and disruptions in the global financial markets have, from time to time, affected the creditworthiness of our customers and limited their liquidity and credit availability. In addition, purchasers of our met coal may increasingly be required to implement costly new emissions and other technologies, thereby increasing the risk we bear for customer payment default.

For the year ended December 31, 2021 we derived 76% of our coal revenues from coal sales made to customers outside the U.S. Our customers in other countries may be subject to other pressures and uncertainties that may also affect their ability to pay, including trade barriers, exchange controls and local economic, threat of military action, and political conditions. We are
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monitoring developments in Ukraine as well as the related export controls and financial and economic sanctions imposed on certain industry sectors and parties in Russia by the U.S., the U.K., the European Union and others. Although we do not presently foresee direct material adverse effects upon our business, financial condition or results of operations as a result of developments in Ukraine and the consequent controls and sanctions, these factors may affect companies in many sectors and could lead to increased market volatility and uncertainty, which could affect us in turn.

Continuing low demand for thermal coal, or further declines in demand, by North American electric power generators could reduce the price of our thermal coal, which would reduce our revenues.

Thermal coal accounted for approximately 8% of our coal revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021. The majority of our sales of thermal coal were to U.S. electric power generators. The North American demand for thermal coal is affected primarily by the overall demand for electricity, the availability, quality and price of competing fuels, such as natural gas, nuclear fuel, oil and alternative energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power, increasingly stringent environmental and other governmental regulations and the coal inventories of utilities.

A reduction in the amount of coal consumed by North American electric power generators would reduce the amount of thermal coal that we sell and the price that we receive for it, thereby reducing our revenues and adversely impacting our earnings and the value of our coal reserves. In addition, uncertainty caused by federal and state regulations could cause thermal coal customers to be uncertain of their coal requirements in future years, which could adversely affect our ability to sell coal to such customers under multi-year sales contracts.

We may not be able to extend our existing long-term supply contracts or enter into new ones, and our existing supply contracts may contain certain provisions that may reduce protection from short-term coal price volatility, which could adversely affect the profitability of our operations.

Historically, a substantial portion of our thermal coal has been sold under long-term contracts, and these arrangements provided predictability regarding future sales to electric power generation customers. Generally, these long-term agreements have contained committed volumes and fixed prices for a certain number of periods during which thermal coal will be delivered.

In large part, as a result of increasing and frequently changing regulation and natural gas pricing, electric power generation customers are increasingly unwilling to enter into long-term coal supply contracts, instead purchasing higher percentages of coal under short-term supply contracts or requiring contracts that provide for negotiation of price and/or supply volume for upcoming contract periods, with negotiations generally considering either then current market prices and/or relevant market indices. These contracts may cause greater variability in our thermal coal revenues and may make it more difficult for us to estimate and plan for future sales. Further, when current contracts with customers expire or are otherwise renegotiated, our customers may decide to purchase fewer tons of coal than in the past or on terms, including pricing terms, that are not as favorable to us as the terms in our current agreements. Any adjustment or negotiation leading to a significantly lower contract price could result in significantly decreased future revenues.

Downturns and disruptions in the global economy and financial markets have had, and could in the future have, a material adverse effect on the demand for and price of coal, which could have a material negative effect on our sales, costs, margins and profitability and ability to obtain financing.

Downturns and disruptions in the global economy and financial markets have from time to time resulted in, among other things, extreme volatility in securities prices, severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, rating downgrades of certain investments and declining valuations of others, including real estate. Significant economic disruptions can result from numerous unpredictable factors, including but not limited to market forces, natural disasters, pandemics, trade disputes and armed conflicts. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, global supply chain disruptions, including COVID-19-related factory closures and port congestion have reduced our ability to obtain some materials used in our operations, have reduced the demand for steel, and therefore for met coal, and have affected railroad and other transportation systems.

Future disruptions of this sort, and in particular the tightening of credit in financial markets or any other disruption that negatively affects global economic growth, could adversely affect our customers’ ability to obtain financing for operations and result in a decrease in demand, lower coal prices, the cancellation of some orders for our coal and the restructuring of agreements with some of our customers. Changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies, particularly where imported products are required for the mining process, could result in materially increased operating expenses. Any prolonged global, national or regional economic recession or other similar events could have a material adverse effect on the demand for and price of coal, on our sales, margins and profitability, and on our own ability to obtain financing. We are unable to predict
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the timing, duration and severity of any potential future disruptions in financial markets and potential future adverse economic conditions in the U.S. and other countries and the impact these events may have on our operations and the industry in general.

Risks Relating to Regulatory and Legal Developments

The extensive regulation of the mining industry imposes significant costs on us, and future regulations or violations could increase those costs or limit our ability to produce coal.

Our operations are subject to a wide variety of federal, state and local environmental, health and safety, transportation, labor and other laws and regulations relating to matters such as:

•blasting;
•controls on emissions and discharges;
•the effects of operations on surface water and groundwater quality and availability;
•the storage, treatment and disposal of wastes;
•the remediation of contaminated soil, surface water and groundwater;
•surface subsidence from underground mining;
•the classification of plant and animal species near our mines as endangered or threatened species;
•the reclamation of mined sites; and
•employee health and safety, and benefits for current and former employees (described in more detail below).

These laws and regulations are becoming increasingly stringent. For example:

•federal and state agencies and citizen groups have increasingly focused on the amount of selenium and other constituents in mine-related water discharges;
•MSHA and the states of Virginia and West Virginia have implemented and proposed changes to mine safety and health requirements to impose more stringent health and safety controls, enhance mine inspection and enforcement practices, increase sanctions, and expand monitoring and reporting; and
•GHG emissions reductions are being considered that could increase our costs, require additional controls, or compel us to limit our current operations.

In addition, these laws and regulations require us to obtain numerous governmental permits and comply with the requirements of those permits, which are described in more detail below.

We incur substantial costs to comply with the laws, regulations and permits that apply to our mining and other operations and to address the outcome of inspections. The required compliance and actions to address inspection outcomes are often time-consuming and costly and may delay commencement or continuation of exploration or production. In addition, due in part to the extensive and comprehensive regulatory requirements, violations of laws, regulations and permits occur at our operations from time to time and may result in significant costs to us to correct the violations, as well as substantial civil or criminal penalties and limitations or shutdowns of our operations. In particular, President Biden and the current Congressional majorities have expressed support for policies that may result in stricter environmental, health and safety standards applicable to our operations and those of our customers. For example, on January 20, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order titled “Executive Order on Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis,” (the “January 20 Executive Order”), which, among other things, calls for a review of regulations and other executive actions issued during the prior Presidential administration to assess whether they are, in the view of the Biden administration, sufficiently protective of public health and the environment, including with respect to climate change. See “Item 1. Business—Environmental and Other Regulatory Matters—Clean Water Act—Wastewater Discharge.”

MSHA and state regulators may also order the temporary or permanent closing of a mine in the event of certain violations of safety rules, accidents or imminent dangers. In addition, regulators may order changes to mine plans or operations due to their interpretation or application of existing or new laws or regulations. Any required changes to mine plans or operations may result in temporary idling of production or addition of costs.

These factors have had and will continue to have a significant effect on our costs of production and competitive position and, as a result, on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. New laws and regulations, as well as future interpretations or different enforcement of existing laws and regulations, may have a similar or more significant impact on us, including delays, interruptions or a termination of operations.

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Climate change or carbon dioxide emissions reduction initiatives could significantly reduce the demand for coal and reduce the value of our coal assets.

Global climate issues continue to attract considerable public and scientific attention. Numerous reports, such as the Fourth and Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, have also engendered concern about the impacts of human activity, and in particular the emissions of GHG, such as carbon dioxide and methane, on global climate issues. Combustion of fossil fuels like coal results in the creation of carbon dioxide, which is emitted into the atmosphere by coal end users such as coal-fired electric power generators, coke plants and steelmaking plants, and, to a lesser extent, by the combustion of fossil fuels by the mining equipment we use. In addition, coal mining can release methane from the mine, directly into the atmosphere. Concerns associated with global climate change, and GHG emissions reduction initiatives designed to address them, have resulted, and are expected to continue to result, in materially increased operating costs for steel producers who use met coal, particularly in Europe.

Emissions from coal consumption and production are subject to pending and proposed regulations as part of regulatory initiatives to address global climate change and global warming. Various international, federal, regional, foreign and state proposals are currently in place or being considered to limit emissions of GHGs, including possible future U.S. treaty commitments, new federal or state legislation, and regulation under existing environmental laws by the EPA and other regulatory agencies and litigation by private parties. These include:

•the 2015 Paris climate summit agreement, which resulted in voluntary commitments by 197 countries to reduce their GHG emissions and could result in additional firm commitments by various nations and states with respect to future GHG emissions. On June 1, 2017, the Trump administration announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the agreement, but the Biden administration has subsequently taken steps to rejoin the agreement;
•state and regional climate change initiatives implementing renewable portfolio standards or cap-and-trade schemes;
•challenges to or denials of permits for new coal-fired power plants or retrofits to existing plants by state regulators and environmental organizations due to concerns related to GHG emissions from the new or existing plants;
•private litigation against coal companies or power plant operators based on GHG-related concerns;
•the Glasgow Climate Pact resulting from the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) held from October 31 to November 13, 2021, which, though not legally binding, contains a plan to reduce use of coal by 40%.

On August 3, 2015, the EPA released a final rule establishing the Power Plant NSPS. The final rule requires that newly constructed fossil fuel-fired steam generating units achieve an emission standard for carbon dioxide of 1,400 lb CO2/MWh-gross. The standard is based on the performance of a supercritical pulverized coal boiler implementing partial CCS. Modified and reconstructed fossil fuel fired steam generating units must implement the most efficient generation achievable through a combination of best operating practices and equipment upgrades, to meet an emission standard consistent with best historical performance.

In addition, on July 8, 2019, the EPA published the ACE Rule, a replacement of the CPP. In contrast to the CPP, which called for the shifting of electricity generation away from coal-fired sources towards natural gas and renewables, the ACE Rule focuses on reducing GHG emissions from existing coal-fired plants by requiring states to mandate the implementation of a range of technologies at power plants designed to improve their heat rate (i.e., decrease the amount of fuel necessary to generate the same amount of electricity). However, on January 19, 2021, the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia struck down the ACE rule. The EPA has since announced an intent to consider new regulations governing carbon emissions from existing power plants. The EPA’s draft strategic plan issued in November 2021 emphasizes climate change and environmental justice as its top two priorities. More stringent standards for carbon dioxide pollution as a result of these rulemakings could further reduce demand for coal, and our business would be adversely impacted. In addition, certain banks and other financing sources have taken actions to limit available financing for the development of new coal-fueled power plants, which also may adversely impact the future global demand for coal.

Furthermore, several well-funded non-governmental organizations have explicitly undertaken campaigns to minimize or eliminate the use of coal as a source of electricity generation. These efforts, as well as concerted conservation and efficiency efforts that result in reduced electricity consumption and consumer and corporate preferences for non-coal fuel sources, could cause coal prices and sales of our coal to materially decline and could cause our costs to increase.

Any future laws, regulations or other policies or initiatives of the nature described above may adversely impact our business in material ways. The degree to which any particular law, regulation or policy impacts us will depend on several factors, including the substantive terms involved, the relevant time periods for enactment and any related transition periods. Considerable uncertainty is associated with these regulatory initiatives and legal developments, as the content of proposed legislation and regulation is not yet fully determined and many of the new regulatory initiatives remain subject to governmental and judicial review. In particular, President Biden and the current Congressional majorities have expressed support for the
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regulation of GHG emissions. In prior Congressional sessions, legislative proposals regulating GHG emissions (such as the Green New Deal) have been introduced, and Congressional leadership may introduce similar legislation this Congressional term. We routinely attempt to evaluate the potential impact on us of any proposed laws, regulations or policies, which requires that we make several material assumptions. From time to time, we determine that the impact of one or more such laws, regulations or policies, if adopted and ultimately implemented as proposed, may result in materially adverse impacts on our operations, financial condition or cash flow; however, we often are not able to reasonably quantify such impacts.

In general, any laws, regulations or other policies aimed at reducing GHG emissions have imposed, and are likely to continue to impose, significant costs on many coal-fired power plants, steel-making plants and industrial boilers, which may make them unprofitable. Accordingly, some existing power generators have switched to other fuels that generate fewer emissions and others are likely to switch, some power plants have closed and others are likely to close, and fewer new coal-fired plants are being constructed, all of which reduce demand for coal and the amount of coal that we sell and the prices that we receive for it, thereby reducing our revenues and adversely impacting our earnings and the value of our coal reserves.

Other extensive environmental laws, including existing and potential future legislation, treaties and regulatory requirements relating to air emissions, waste management and water discharges, affect our customers and could further reduce the demand for coal as a fuel source and cause prices and sales of our coal to materially decline.

Our customers’ operations are subject to extensive laws and regulations relating to environmental matters, including air emissions, wastewater discharges and the storage, treatment and disposal of wastes and operational permits. In particular, the Clean Air Act and similar state and local laws extensively regulate the amount of sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, mercury and other compounds emitted into the air from fossil-fuel fired power plants, which are the largest end-users of our thermal coal. A series of more stringent requirements will or may become effective in coming years, including:

•implementation of the current and more stringent proposed ambient air quality standards for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and ozone, including the EPA’s issuance of NAAQS in October 2015 of a more stringent ambient air quality standard for ozone and the EPA’s determinations of attainment designations with respect to these rules;
•implementation of the EPA’s CSAPR to significantly reduce nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emissions from power plants in 28 states, and the CSAPR Update Rule, issued in September 2016, requiring further reductions in nitrogen oxides in 2017 in 22 states subject to CSAPR during the summertime ozone season;
•continued implementation of the EPA’s MATS, which impose stringent limits on emissions of mercury and other toxic air pollutants from electric power generators, issued in December 2011 and in effect pending completion of judicial review proceedings;
•implementation of the EPA’s August 2014 final rule on cooling water intake structures for power plants;
•more stringent EPA requirements governing management and disposal of coal ash pursuant to a rule finalized in December 2014 and new amendments effective as of August 2018; and
•implementation of the EPA’s November 2015 final rule setting effluent discharge limits on the levels of metals that can be discharged from power plants.

These environmental laws and regulations impose significant costs on our customers, which are increasing as these requirements become more stringent. These costs make coal more expensive to use and make it a less attractive fuel source of energy for our customers. Accordingly, some existing power generators have switched to other fuels that generate fewer emissions and others are likely to switch, some power plants have closed and others are likely to close, and no coal-fired plants are currently being constructed in the U.S., all of which reduce demand for coal, the amount of coal that we sell and the prices that we receive for it, thereby reducing our revenues and adversely impacting our earnings and the value of our coal reserves.

In addition, regulations regarding sulfur dioxide emissions under the Clean Air Act, including caps on emissions and the price of emissions allowances, have a potentially significant impact on the demand for our coal based on its sulfur content. We sell both higher sulfur and low sulfur coal. More widespread installation by power generators of technology that reduces sulfur emissions may make high sulfur coal more competitive with our low sulfur coal. Decreases in the price of emissions allowances could have a similar effect. Significant increases in the price of emissions allowances could reduce the competitiveness of higher sulfur coal compared to low sulfur coal and possibly natural gas at power plants not equipped to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions. Any of these consequences could result in a decrease in revenues from some of our operations, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Decreases in consumer demand for electricity and changes in general energy consumption patterns attributable to energy conservation trends could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Due to efforts to promote energy conservation in recent years, there is a risk that both the demand for electricity and the general energy consumption patterns of consumers worldwide will decrease. The ability of energy conservation technologies, public initiatives and government incentives to reduce electricity consumption or to support other forms of renewable energy could also lead to a reduction in the demand for and the price of coal. If prices for coal are not competitive, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially harmed.

Our operations may impact the environment or cause exposure to hazardous substances, and our properties may have environmental contamination, which could result in material liabilities to us.

Our operations use certain hazardous materials, and, from time to time, we generate limited quantities of hazardous wastes. We may be subject to claims under federal or state law for toxic torts, natural resource damages and other damages as well as for the investigation and clean-up of soil, surface water, sediments, groundwater and other natural resources. Such claims may arise out of current or former conditions at sites that we own or operate, or formerly owned or operated, and at contaminated sites owned or operated by third parties to which we sent wastes for treatment, storage or disposal. Our liability for such claims may be joint and several, so that we may be held responsible for more than our share of the contamination or other damages, or even for the entire share.

We operate and maintain a number of coal slurry impoundments. These impoundments are subject to extensive regulation. Some slurry impoundments maintained by other coal mining operations have failed, causing extensive damage to the environment and natural resources, as well as liability for related personal injuries and property damages. Some of our impoundments overlie mined out areas, which can pose a heightened risk of failure and of resulting damages. If one of our impoundments were to fail, we could be subject to substantial claims for the resulting environmental contamination and associated liability, as well as for fines and penalties, and potential third-party claims for personal injury, property damage or other losses. In addition, we may become subject to such claims related to surface expressions of methane gas, which can result from underground coal mining activities.

These and other environmental impacts that our operations may have, as well as exposures to hazardous substances or wastes associated with our operations, could result in costs and liabilities that could render continued operations at certain mines economically unfeasible or impractical or otherwise materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unable to obtain and renew permits, mine plan modifications and approvals, leases or other rights necessary for our operations, which would reduce our production, cash flows and profitability.

Mining companies must obtain numerous regulatory permits that impose strict conditions on various environmental and safety matters in connection with coal mining. The permitting rules are complex and change over time, potentially in ways that may make our ability to comply with the applicable requirements more difficult or impractical or even preclude the continuation of ongoing operations or the development of future mining operations. The public, including special interest groups and individuals, have certain rights under various statutes to comment upon, submit objections to and otherwise engage in the permitting process, including bringing citizens’ lawsuits or administrative actions to challenge permits or mining activities. In the states where we operate, applicable laws and regulations also provide that a mining permit or modification can, under certain circumstances, be delayed, refused or revoked if we or any entity that owns or controls or is under common ownership or control with us or is determined to be linked to us under OSM’s AVS, have unabated permit violations or have been the subject of permit or reclamation bond revocation or suspension. These regulations define certain relationships, such as owning over 50% of stock in an entity or having the authority to determine the manner in which the entity conducts mining operations, as constituting ownership and control. Certain other relationships are presumed to constitute ownership or control, including being an officer or director of an entity or owning between 10% and 50% of the mining operator. This presumption, in some cases, can be rebutted where the person or entity can demonstrate that it in fact does not or did not have authority directly or indirectly to determine the manner in which the relevant coal mining operation is conducted. Thus, past or ongoing violations of federal and state mining laws by us or by coal mining operations owned or controlled by our significant stockholders, directors or officers or by entities linked to us through OSM’s AVS could provide a basis to revoke existing permits and to deny the issuance of additional permits or modification or amendment of existing permits. This is known as being “permit-blocked.” In recent years, the permitting required for coal mining has been the subject of increasingly stringent regulatory and administrative requirements and extensive litigation by environmental groups.

As a result, the permitting process is costly and time-consuming, required permits may not be issued or renewed in a timely fashion (or at all), and permits that are issued may be conditioned in a manner that may restrict our ability to conduct our mining activities efficiently. In some circumstances, regulators could seek to revoke permits previously issued. We are required
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under certain permits to provide data on the impact on the environment of proposed exploration for or production of coal to governmental authorities.

In particular, certain of our activities require a dredge and fill permit from the COE under Section 404 of the CWA. In recent years, the Section 404 permitting process has been subject to increasingly stringent regulatory and administrative requirements and a series of court challenges, which have resulted in increased costs and delays in the permitting process.

In January 2020, the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (the “USACE”) issued a final rule that attempts to clarify the Clean Water Act's (“CWA”) jurisdictional reach over waters of the United States, referred to as the Navigable Waters Protection Rule. The rule replaces a rule issued in June 2015 by the previous presidential administration, the Clean Water Rule. The Clean Water Rule was the subject of extensive legal challenges, injunctions and administrative action, and was formally repealed in December 2019. The Navigable Waters Protection Rule is designed to fulfill a February 2017 executive order calling on the EPA and the USACE to develop a rule consistent with Justice Antonin Scalia's plurality opinion in the 2006 Supreme Court decision, Rapanos v. United States, that CWA jurisdiction attaches only to “navigable waters” and other waters with a relatively permanent flow, such as rivers or lakes. The Navigable Waters Protection Rule narrows the jurisdiction of the CWA relative to Clean Water Rule by, among other things, excluding from the scope of the definition of “waters of the United States” certain ephemeral streams and wetlands not adjacent to jurisdictional water bodies. The Navigable Water Protection Rule is likely to be the subject of legal challenges and potential reconsideration by the EPA and its ultimate impact on our operations is uncertain.

Additionally, we may rely on nationwide permits under the CWA Section 404 program for some of our operations. These nationwide permits are issued every five years, and the 2017 nationwide permit program was recently reissued in January 2017. If we are unable to use the nationwide permits and require an individual permit for certain work, that could delay operations.

Many of our permits are subject to renewal from time to time, and renewed permits may contain more restrictive conditions than our existing permits. For example, many of our permits governing surface stream and groundwater discharges and impacts will be subject to new and more stringent conditions to address various new water quality requirements upon renewal over the next several years. Although we have no estimates at this time, our costs to satisfy these conditions could be substantial.

Future changes or challenges to the permitting and mine plan modification and approval process could cause additional increases in the costs, time, and difficulty associated with obtaining and complying with the permits and could delay or prevent commencing or continuing exploration or production operations and, as a result, adversely affect our coal production, cash flows and profitability.

Federal and state regulatory agencies have the authority to order any of our facilities to be temporarily or permanently closed under certain circumstances, which could materially adversely affect our ability to meet our customers’ demands.

Federal and state regulatory agencies have the authority following significant health and safety incidents, such as fatalities, to order a facility to be temporarily or permanently closed. If this were to occur, we may be required to incur capital expenditures to re-open the facility. In the event that these agencies order the closing of our facilities, our coal sales agreements and our take-or-pay contracts related to our export terminals may permit us to issue force majeure notices, which suspend our obligations to deliver coal under these contracts. However, our customers may challenge our issuances of force majeure notices. If these challenges are successful, we may have to purchase coal from third-party sources, if it is available, to fulfill these obligations, incur capital expenditures to re-open the facilities and/or negotiate settlements with the customers, which may include price reductions, the reduction of commitments or the extension of time for delivery, or terminate customers’ contracts. Any of these actions could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our systems and procedures for internal control over financial reporting or the disclosure controls related to them may in the future have material weaknesses, which may adversely affect the value of our common stock.

We are responsible for maintaining systems and documentation necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. These activities may divert management’s attention from other business concerns. To maintain and improve our controls and procedures, we must commit significant resources, may be required to hire additional staff and need to continue to provide effective management oversight, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Certain U.S. federal income tax provisions currently available with respect to coal percentage depletion and exploration and development may be eliminated by future legislation.

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From time to time, legislation is proposed that could result in the reduction or elimination of certain U.S. federal income tax provisions currently available to companies engaged in the exploration, development, and production of coal reserves. These proposals have included, but are not limited to: (1) the elimination of current deductions, the 60-month amortization period and the 10-year amortization period for exploration and development costs relating to coal and other hard mineral fossil fuels, (2) the repeal of the percentage depletion allowance with respect to coal properties and (3) the repeal of capital gains treatment of coal and lignite royalties. The passage of these or other similar proposals could increase our taxable income and negatively impact our cash flows and the value of an investment in our common stock.

Changes in tax laws, particularly in the areas of non-income taxes, could cause our financial position and profitability to deteriorate.

We pay non-income taxes on the coal we produce. A substantial portion of our non-income taxes are levied as a percentage of gross revenues, while others are levied on a per ton basis. If such liabilities were to arise, or if non-income tax rates were to increase significantly, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Our Operations

Our coal mining production and delivery is subject to conditions and events, many of which are beyond our control, that could result in higher operating expenses and decreased production and sales. The occurrence of a significant accident or other event that is not fully insured could adversely affect our business and operating results and could result in impairments to our assets.

Our coal production at our mines is subject to operating conditions and events, many of which are beyond our control, that could disrupt operations, affect production and the cost of mining for varying lengths of time and have a significant impact on our operating results. Adverse operating conditions and events that we have experienced in the past and/or may experience in the future include:

•changes or variations in geologic, hydrologic or other conditions, such as the thickness of the coal deposits and the amount of rock, clay or other non-coal material embedded in or overlying the coal deposit;
•mining, processing and loading equipment failures and unexpected maintenance problems;
•limited availability or increased costs of mining, processing and loading equipment and parts and other materials from suppliers;
•difficulties associated with mining under or around surface obstacles;
•unfavorable conditions with respect to proximity to and availability, reliability and cost of transportation facilities;
•adverse weather and natural disasters, such as heavy snows, heavy rains and flooding, lightning strikes, hurricanes or earthquakes;
•accidental mine water discharges, coal slurry releases and failures of an impoundment or refuse area, including inadvertent environmental impacts to the local community;
•mine safety accidents, including fires and explosions from methane and other sources;
•hazards or occurrences that could result in personal injury and loss of life;
•a shortage of skilled and unskilled labor;
•security breaches or terroristic acts;
•strikes and other labor-related interruptions;
•delays or difficulties in, the unavailability of, or unexpected increases in the cost of acquiring, developing or permitting new acquisitions from the federal government and other new mining reserves and surface rights;
•competition and/or conflicts with other natural resource extraction activities and production within our operating areas;
•the termination of material contracts by state or other governmental authorities; and
•fatalities, personal injuries or property damage arising from train derailments, mined material or overburden leaving permit boundaries, underground mine blowouts, impoundment failures, subsidence or other unexpected incidents.

If any of these or other conditions or events occur in the future at any of our mines or affect deliveries of our coal to customers, they may increase our cost of mining, delay or halt production or sales to our customers, result in regulatory action or lead to customers initiating claims against us. Any of these consequences could adversely affect our operating results or result in impairments to our assets.

In addition, our mining operations are concentrated in a small number of material mines. As a result, the effects of any of these conditions or events may be exacerbated and may have a disproportionate impact on our results of operations and assets.

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We maintain insurance policies that provide limited coverage for some, but not all, of these risks. Even where covered by insurance, these risks may not be fully covered, and insurers may contest their obligations to make payments. Failures by insurers to make payments could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, results of operations or financial condition.

A decline in demand for met coal would limit our ability to sell our high quality thermal coal as higher priced met coal, which would reduce our revenues and profitability, and could affect the economic viability of some of our mines with higher operating costs.

We are able to mine, process and market some of our coal reserves as either met coal or high-quality thermal coal. In deciding our approach to these reserves, we assess the conditions in the met and thermal coal markets, including factors such as the current and anticipated future market prices of met coal and thermal coal, the generally higher price of met coal as compared to thermal coal, the lower volume of saleable tons that results when producing coal for sale in the met market rather than the thermal market, the increased costs of producing met coal, the likelihood of being able to secure a longer term sales commitment for thermal coal and our contractual commitments to deliver different types of coal to our customers. A decline in demand for met coal relative to thermal coal could cause us to shift coal from the met market to the thermal market, thereby reducing our revenues and profitability.

Mining in Central Appalachia is more complex and involves more regulatory constraints than mining in other areas of the U.S., which could affect our mining operations and cost structures in these areas.

The geological characteristics of Central Appalachian coal reserves, such as depth of overburden and coal seam thickness, make them complex and costly to mine. As mines become depleted, replacement reserves may not be available or, if available, may not be able to be mined at costs comparable to those of the depleting or depleted mines. In addition, compared to mines in other areas of the country, permitting, licensing and other environmental and regulatory requirements in Central Appalachia are more costly and time consuming to satisfy. These factors could materially adversely affect the mining operations and cost structures of, and our customers’ ability to use coal produced by, our mines in Central Appalachia.

Disruptions in transportation services and increased transportation costs could impair our ability to supply coal to our customers, reduce demand and adversely affect our business.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, 82% of our coal volume was transported from our shipping points to a vessel loading point or customer location by rail. Deterioration in the reliability of the service provided by rail carriers would result in increased internal coal handling costs and decreased shipping volumes, and, if we are unable to find alternatives, our business could be adversely affected. Most of our operations are serviced by a single rail carrier. Due to the difficulty in arranging alternative transportation, these operations are particularly at risk of disruptions, capacity issues or other difficulties with that carrier’s transportation services, which could adversely impact our revenues and results of operations.

We also depend upon trucks, barges and ocean vessels to deliver coal to our customers. In addition, much of our coal is transported from our mines to our loading facilities by trucks owned and operated by third parties. Disruption of any of these transportation services due to weather-related problems, mechanical difficulties, fuel and supply costs, strikes, lockouts, bottlenecks, terrorist attacks or other events could impair our ability to supply coal to our customers, resulting in decreased shipments and revenue. Disruption in shipment levels over long periods of time could cause our customers to look to other sources for their coal needs, negatively affecting our revenues and results of operations.

An increase in transportation costs could have an adverse effect on our ability to increase or to maintain production on a profit-making basis and could therefore adversely affect our revenues and earnings. Because transportation costs represent a significant portion of the total cost of coal for our customers, increases in transportation costs could also reduce overall demand for coal or make our coal production less competitive than coal produced from other sources or other regions.

We require a skilled workforce and a dedicated senior management team to run our business. If we cannot hire and retain qualified persons, including to meet replacement or expansion needs, we may not be able to achieve planned results.

Efficient coal mining using modern techniques and equipment requires skilled laborers with mining experience and proficiency as well as qualified managers, supervisors and other staff. We, along with the mining industry generally, are currently facing a significant shortage of operating staff. Moreover, we are seeing an increasing number of those who leave our employment accept new positions outside the coal industry, further reducing the number of skilled employees available to us and leading to increased labor costs. When coal producers compete for skilled miners, recruiting challenges can occur, and employee turnover rates can increase, which negatively affect operating efficiency and costs. If we are unable to train or retain the necessary number of staff, it could adversely affect our productivity, costs and ability to maintain or expand production.
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In addition, we depend on the experience and industry knowledge of our officers and other key employees to design and execute our business plans. If we experience a substantial turnover in our leadership and other key employees, and those persons are not replaced by individuals with comparable skills, our performance could be materially adversely impacted. Furthermore, we may be unable to attract and retain additional qualified executives as needed in the future. We believe that our future success will depend on our continued ability to attract and retain highly skilled and qualified personnel. There is a high level of competition for experienced, successful personnel in our industry. Our inability to meet our executive staffing requirements in the future could impair our growth and harm our business.

Certain provisions in our coal supply agreements may result in economic penalties upon our failure to meet specifications.

Most of our coal supply agreements contain provisions requiring us to deliver coal meeting quality thresholds for certain characteristics such as BTU, sulfur content, ash content, grindability, moisture and ash fusion temperature. Failure to meet these specifications could result in economic penalties, including price adjustments, the rejection of deliveries or termination of the contracts. Further, some of our coal supply agreements allow our customers to terminate the contract in the event of regulatory changes that restrict the type of coal the customer may use at its facilities or the use of that coal or increase the price of coal or the cost of using coal beyond specified limits. In addition, our coal supply agreements typically contain force majeure provisions allowing temporary suspension of performance by us or the customer during specified events beyond the control of the affected party. As a result of these issues, we may not achieve the revenue or profit we expect to achieve from our coal supply agreements.

Cybersecurity attacks, natural disasters, terrorist attacks and other similar crises or disruptions may negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, or those of our customers and suppliers.

Our business, or the businesses of our customers and suppliers, may be impacted by disruptions such as terrorist or cybersecurity attacks or failures, threats to physical security, and extreme weather conditions or other natural disasters. These disruptions or any significant increases in energy prices that follow could result in government-imposed price controls. Our insurance may not protect us against such occurrences. It is possible that any of these occurrences, or a combination of them, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Strategic targets, such as energy-related assets, may be at greater risk of future cybersecurity attacks than other targets in the U.S. Our defensive preparedness against cybersecurity attacks includes limited technological capabilities for prevention and detection of cybersecurity disruptions; internal governance processes that assist to identify, protect, and remediate security risks routinely; non-technological measures such as threat information sharing with industry groups; internal training and awareness campaigns including testing of employee awareness and an emphasis on resiliency. If the measures we and our cloud service providers are taking to protect against cybersecurity disruptions prove to be insufficient or if our proprietary data is otherwise not protected, we as well as our customers, employees, or third parties could be adversely affected. Cybersecurity disruptions could cause physical harm to people or the environment; damage or destroy assets; compromise business systems; result in proprietary information being altered, lost, or stolen; result in employee, customer, or third-party information being compromised; or otherwise disrupt our business operations. We could incur significant costs to remedy the effects of a major cybersecurity disruption in addition to costs in connection with resulting regulatory actions, litigation or reputational harm. Further, as cybersecurity attacks continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any vulnerability to cybersecurity attacks.

Expenditures for certain employee benefits could be materially higher than we have anticipated, which could increase our costs and adversely affect our financial results.

We are responsible for certain liabilities under a variety of benefit plans and other arrangements with employees. The unfunded status of these obligations, including discontinued operations, as of December 31, 2021, included $84.3 million of workers’ compensation obligations, net of expected insurance receivable amounts, $159.9 million of pension obligations and $114.5 million of black lung obligations. These obligations have been estimated based on assumptions including actuarial estimates, discount rates, and changes in health care costs. We could be required to expend greater amounts than anticipated. In addition, future regulatory and accounting changes relating to these benefits could result in increased obligations or additional costs, which could also have a material adverse effect on our financial results. Several states in which we operate consider changes in workers’ compensation laws from time to time, which, if enacted, could adversely affect us. In addition, the U.S. Department of Labor has a legislative directive to periodically review operators’ financial standing and federal black lung liabilities, which could result in a substantial increase in required security, negatively impacting liquidity.

If the assumptions underlying our accruals for reclamation and mine closure obligations prove to be inaccurate, we could be required to expend greater amounts than anticipated.
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SMCRA establishes operational, reclamation and closure standards for all aspects of surface mining as well as deep mining. We accrue for the costs of current mine disturbance and final mine closure, including the cost of treating mine water discharge where necessary. Our estimated total reclamation and mine-closing liabilities were $164.2 million as of December 31, 2021, based upon permit requirements and the historical experience at our operations, and depend on a number of variables involving assumptions and estimation and, therefore, may be subject to change, including the estimated future asset retirement costs and the timing of such costs, estimated proven reserves, assumptions involving profit margins of third-party contractors, inflation rates and discount rates. Furthermore, these obligations are primarily unfunded. If these accruals are insufficient or our liability in a particular year is greater than currently anticipated, our future operating results and financial position could be adversely affected. In addition, significant changes from period to period could result in significant variability in our operating results, which could reduce comparability between periods and impact our liquidity. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” for a description of our estimated costs of these liabilities.

Estimates of our economically recoverable coal reserves and coal resources involve uncertainties, and any inaccuracies in our estimates could result in lower than expected revenues, higher than expected costs, decreased profitability and asset impairments.

Our estimates of economically recoverable coal reserves and coal resources are based on engineering, economic and geological data and assumptions. Our estimates as to the quantity and quality of the coal in our reserves depend upon a variety of factors and assumptions, many of which involve uncertainties and factors beyond our control and may vary considerably from actual results, such as:

•geological and mining conditions that may not be fully identified by available exploration data or that may differ from experience in current operations;
•historical production from the area compared with production from other similar producing areas;
•the assumed ability to obtain future permits and effects of regulation and taxes by governmental agencies; and
•assumptions about coal prices, operating costs, mining technology improvements, development costs and reclamation costs.

For these reasons, estimates of the economically recoverable quantities and qualities attributable to any particular property, classifications of reserves and coal resources based on risk of recovery and estimates of net cash flows expected from particular reserves prepared by different engineers or by the same engineers at different times may vary substantially. In addition, actual coal tonnage recovered from identified reserve areas or properties and revenues and expenditures with respect to our reserves and resources may vary materially from estimates. Accordingly, our estimates may not accurately reflect our actual reserves and resources. Any inaccuracy in our reserve estimates could result in lower than expected revenues, higher than expected costs, decreased profitability and asset impairments.

Decreased availability or increased costs of key equipment and materials, including certain items mandated by regulations, or of coal that we purchase from third parties, could impact our cost of production and decrease our profitability.

We depend on reliable supplies of mining equipment, replacement parts and materials such as explosives, diesel fuel, tires, steel, magnetite and other raw materials and consumables which, in some cases, do not have ready substitutes. Some equipment and materials are needed to comply with regulations, such as proximity detection devices on continuous mining machines and steel. The supplier base providing mining materials and equipment has been relatively consistent in recent years, although there continues to be consolidation, which has resulted in a limited number of suppliers for certain types of equipment and supplies. Any significant reduction in availability or increase in cost of any mining equipment or key supplies could adversely affect our operations and increase our costs, which could adversely affect our operating results and cash flows.

In addition, the prices we pay for these materials are strongly influenced by the global commodities markets. Coal mines consume large quantities of commodities such as steel, copper, rubber products, explosives and diesel and other liquid fuels. If the value of the U.S. dollar declines relative to foreign currencies with respect to certain imported supplies or other products, our operating expenses will increase, which could materially adversely impact our profitability. Likewise, a sustained period of inflation could also lead to an overall increase in input costs, which could also materially adversely impact our profitability. Furthermore, operating expenses at our mining locations are sensitive to changes in certain variable costs, including diesel fuel prices, which is one of our largest variable costs. Our results depend on our ability to adequately control our costs. Any increase in the price we pay for diesel fuel will have a negative impact on our results of operations. A rapid or significant increase in the cost of these commodities could increase our mining costs because we have limited ability to negotiate lower prices due to a small number of suppliers for many of our mining supplies.
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We purchase coal from third parties, for use in coal blending and for other purposes, for which ready substitutes may not be immediately available. A significant reduction in availability or increase in cost of these supplies, or the failure of third party coal producers to provide them in a timely fashion, could adversely affect our operations and increase our costs, which could adversely affect our operating results and cash flows.

Our business will be adversely affected if we are unable to timely develop or acquire additional coal reserves that are economically recoverable.

Our profitability depends substantially on our ability to mine in a cost-effective manner coal reserves of the quality our customers need. Although we have coal reserves that we believe could support current production levels for multiple decades, we have not yet developed the mines for all our reserves. We may not be able to mine all of our reserves as profitably as we do at our current operations. Under adverse market conditions, some reserves could not be mined profitably at all. In addition, in order to develop our reserves, we must receive various governmental permits. As discussed above, some of these permits are becoming increasingly more difficult and expensive to obtain, and the review process continues to lengthen. We may be unable to obtain the necessary permits on terms that would allow us to operate profitably or at all.

Because our reserves are depleted as we mine our coal, our future success and growth depend in part on our ability to timely acquire additional coal reserves that are economically recoverable. Our planned development projects and acquisition activities may not result in significant additional reserves, and we may not succeed in developing new mines or expanding existing mines beyond our existing reserves. Replacement reserves may not be available when required or, if available, may not be able to be mined at costs comparable to those of the depleting mines. We may not be able to accurately assess the geological characteristics of any reserves that we now own or subsequently acquire, which may adversely affect our profitability and financial condition. Exhaustion of reserves at particular mines also may have an adverse effect on our operating results due to lost production capacity from diminished or discontinued operations at those mines, as well as lay-offs, write-off charges and other costs, potentially causing an adverse effect that is disproportionate to the percentage of overall production represented by those mines. Our ability to acquire other reserves in the future could be limited by restrictions under our existing or future debt agreements, competition from other coal companies for attractive properties or the lack of suitable acquisition candidates available on commercially reasonable terms, among other factors. If we are unable to replace or increase our coal reserves on acceptable terms, our production and revenues will decline as our reserves are depleted.

If we are unable to acquire surface rights to access our coal reserves, we may be unable to obtain a permit to mine coal we own and may be required to employ expensive techniques to mine around those sections of land we cannot access in order to access other sections of coal reserves, which could materially and adversely affect our business and our results of operations.

After we acquire coal reserves, we are required to obtain a permit to mine the reserves through the applicable state agencies prior to mining the acquired coal. In part, permitting requirements provide that, under certain circumstances, we must obtain surface owner consent if the surface estate has been severed from the mineral estate, which is commonly known as a “severed estate.” At certain of our mines where we have obtained the underlying coal and the surface is held by one or more third party owners, we are engaged in negotiations for surface rights with multiple parties. If we are unable to successfully negotiate surface rights with any or all of these surface owners, or to do so on commercially reasonable terms, we may be denied a permit to mine some or all of our coal or may find that we cannot mine the coal at a profit. If we are denied a permit, that would create significant delays in our mining operations and materially and adversely impact our business and results of operations. Furthermore, if we decide to alter our plans to mine around the affected areas, we could incur significant additional costs to do so, which could increase our operating expenses considerably and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Conflicts with competing holders of mineral rights and rights to use adjacent, overlying or underlying lands could materially and adversely affect our ability to mine coal or do so on a cost-effective basis.

Our operations at times face potential conflicts with holders of other mineral interests such as coalbed methane, natural gas and oil reserves. Some of these minerals are located on, or are adjacent to, some of our coal reserves and active operations, potentially creating conflicting interests between us and the holders of those interests. From time to time we acquire these minerals ourselves to prevent conflicting interests from arising. If, however, conflicting interests arise and we do not acquire the competing mineral rights, we may be required to negotiate our ability to mine with the holder of the competing mineral rights. Furthermore, the rights of third parties for competing uses of adjacent, overlying or underlying lands, such as oil and gas activity, coalbed methane, pipelines, roads, easements and public facilities, may affect our ability to operate as planned if our title is not superior or arrangements cannot be negotiated. If we are unable to reach an agreement with the holders of such
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rights, or to do so on a cost-effective basis, we may incur increased costs, and our ability to mine could be impaired, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We contract with third parties to operate or reclaim certain of our mines, and our results of operations could be adversely affected if those third party operators are ineffective.

We contract with third parties to operate certain of our mines. Under those arrangements, we retain certain contractual rights of oversight over these mines, which are operated under our permits or leases, but we do not control, and our employees do not participate in, the day-to-day operations of these mines. Operational difficulties at these mines, increased competition for contract miners from other coal producers and other factors beyond our control could affect the availability, cost and quality of coal produced for us by contractors. Disruption in our supply of contractor-produced coal could impair our ability to fill our customers’ orders or require us to pay higher prices to obtain the required coal from other sources. Any increase in the per-ton compensation for services we pay for the production of contractor-produced coal could increase our costs and, therefore, lower our earnings and adversely affect our results of operations. We also contract with third parties to perform reclamation services for properties that are no longer in operation. If these third parties fail to meet their obligations under those contracts or are otherwise ineffective, it could increase our costs and, therefore, lower our earnings and adversely affect our results of operations.

Provisions in our lease agreements, defects in title in our mine properties or loss of leasehold rights could limit our ability to recover coal from our properties or result in significant unanticipated costs.

We conduct a significant part of our mining operations on properties that we lease. Title to most of our leased properties and mineral rights is not thoroughly verified until a permit to mine the property is obtained, and, in some cases, title is not verified at all. Accordingly, actual or alleged defects in title or boundaries may exist, which may result in the loss of our right to mine on the property or in unanticipated costs to obtain leases or mining contracts to allow us to conduct our mining operations on the property, which could adversely affect our business and profitability. Furthermore, some leases require us to produce a minimum quantity of coal and/or pay minimum production royalties. If those requirements are not met, the leasehold interest may terminate.

Strategic transactions, including acquisitions, involve a number of risks, any of which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

In the future, we may undertake strategic transactions such as the acquisition or disposition of coal mining and related infrastructure assets, interests in coal mining companies, joint ventures or other strategic transactions involving companies with coal mining or other energy assets. Our ability to complete these transactions is subject to the availability of attractive opportunities, including potential acquisition targets that can be successfully integrated into our existing business and provide us with complementary capabilities, products or services on terms acceptable to us, as well as general market conditions, among other things.

Risks inherent in these strategic transactions include, but are not limited to:

•accurately assessing the geological conditions of acquired properties;
•the ability to obtain and maintain surety bonds, at acceptable rates, related to acquired properties;
•uncertainties in assessing the value, strengths, and potential profitability, and identifying the extent of all weaknesses, risks, contingent liabilities and other liabilities of acquisition candidates and strategic partners;
•the potential loss of key customers, management and employees of an acquired business;
•the ability to achieve identified operating and financial synergies from an acquisition or other strategic transactions in the amounts and on the time frame due to inaccurate assumptions underlying estimates of expected cost savings, the deterioration of general industry and business conditions, unanticipated legal, insurance and financial compliance costs, or other factors;
•the ability of management to manage successfully our exposure to pending and potential litigation and regulatory obligations;
•the ability of a purchaser to complete the transfer of operating permits related to our divested operations;
•unanticipated increases in competition that limit our ability to expand our business or capitalize on expected business opportunities, including retaining current customers; and
•unanticipated changes in business, industry, market, or general economic conditions that differ from the assumptions underlying our rationale for pursuing the acquisition or other strategic transactions.

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The ultimate success of any strategic transaction we may undertake will depend in part on our ability to continue to realize the anticipated synergies, business opportunities and growth prospects from those transactions. We may not be able to successfully integrate the companies, businesses or properties that we acquire, invest in or partner with. Problems that could arise from the integration of an acquired business may involve:

•coordinating management and personnel and managing different corporate cultures;
•applying our safety and environmental programs at acquired mines and facilities;
•establishing, testing and maintaining effective internal control processes and systems of financial reporting for the acquired business;
•the diversion of our management’s and our finance and accounting staff’s resources and time commitments, and the disruption of either our or the acquired company’s ongoing businesses;
•tax costs or inefficiencies; and
•inconsistencies in standards, information technology systems, procedures or policies.

Any one or more of these factors could cause us not to realize the benefits anticipated from a strategic transaction, adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with clients, employees or other third parties or reduce our earnings.

Moreover, any strategic transaction we pursue could materially affect our liquidity and capital resources and may require us to incur indebtedness, seek equity capital or both. Future transactions could also result in our assuming more long-term liabilities relative to the value of the acquired assets. Further, acquisition accounting rules require changes in certain assumptions made subsequent to the measurement period, as defined in current accounting standards, to be recorded in current period earnings, which could affect our results of operations.

We may be unable to generate sufficient taxable income from future operations, or other circumstances could arise, which may limit our ability to utilize our tax net operating loss carryforwards or maintain our deferred tax assets.

We acquired the core coal assets of Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. as part of Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.’s bankruptcy restructuring in transactions intended to be treated as a tax-free reorganization for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result of these transactions, we inherited the tax basis of the core assets and the net operating loss and other carryforwards of Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. These carryforwards and tax basis were subject to reduction on December 31, 2016 due to the cancellation of indebtedness resulting from Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.’s bankruptcy restructuring. Due to the change in ownership, the net operating loss and other carryforwards will be subjected to limitations on their use in future years and additional changes in ownership in future years may further reduce the annual amount of the net operating loss and other carryforwards available to be utilized. In addition, we do not have a long history of operating results, and, if we are unable to generate profits in the future, we may be unable to utilize these carryforwards. As of December 31, 2021, a valuation allowance of $172.9 million has been provided on federal and state net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets not expected to provide future tax benefits.

Negative or unexpected consequences of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act could affect our business.

On December 22, 2017, legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) significantly revised U.S. federal corporate tax law by, among other things, reducing the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate to 21%, eliminating the corporate alternative minimum tax, providing a mechanism for corporations to monetize alternative minimum tax credits (“AMT Credits”), limiting the tax deduction for interest expense to 30% of adjusted earnings, allowing immediate expensing for certain new investments, and, effective for net operating losses arising in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, eliminating net operating loss carrybacks, permitting indefinite net operating loss carryforwards, and limiting the use of net operating loss carryforwards to 80% of current year taxable income.

There are a number of uncertainties and ambiguities as to the interpretation and application of many of the provisions in the TCJA. In the absence of guidance concerning those matters, we will use what we believe are reasonable interpretations and assumptions in interpreting and applying the TCJA for purposes of determining our cash tax liabilities and results of operations, which may change as we receive additional clarification and implementation guidance and as the interpretation of the TCJA evolves over time. It is possible that the IRS could issue subsequent guidance or take positions on audit that differ from the interpretations and assumptions that we previously made, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash tax liabilities, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business requires substantial capital investment and maintenance expenditures, which we may be unable to provide.

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Our business plan and strategy require substantial capital expenditures. We require capital for, among other purposes, acquisition of surface rights, equipment and the development of our mining operations, capital renovations, maintenance and expansions of plants and equipment and compliance with safety, health and environmental laws and regulations. Future debt or equity financing may not be available on satisfactory terms or at all or, if available, may result in dilution. If we are unable to obtain additional capital, we may not be able to maintain or increase our existing production rates, and we could be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures or change our business strategy, sell assets or restructure or refinance our indebtedness, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition.

Our workforce could become increasingly unionized in the future and our unionized or union-free workforce could strike, which could adversely affect the stability of our production and reduce our profitability.

Approximately 97% of our total workforce and approximately 95% of our hourly workforce was union-free as of December 31, 2021. However, under the National Labor Relations Act, employees have the right at any time to form or affiliate with a union. Any further unionization of our employees or the employees of third-party contractors who mine coal for us could adversely affect the stability of our production and reduce our profitability.

Our union-represented employees could strike, which would disrupt our production, increase our costs and disrupt shipments of coal to our customers, and could result in the closure of affected mines, all of which could reduce our profitability.

Changes in the fair value of liabilities that are marked to market could cause volatility in our earnings.

Pursuant to the Second Amended Joint Plan of Reorganization of Debtors and Debtors in Possession, dated May 27, 2016, as modified and confirmed by the Order Confirming Second Amended Joint Plan of Reorganization of Debtors and Debtors in Possession, as Modified (Docket No. 3038), entered by the Bankruptcy Court on July 12, 2016, we have contingent revenue payment obligations to certain of Alpha Natural Resources Inc.’s creditors, which are recorded at fair market value and marked to market in each reporting period, with changes in value reflected in earnings. Any change in fair value can have a significant impact on our earnings from period to period, including in the future.

Risks Relating to Our Liquidity

Our indebtedness exposes us to various risks.

At December 31, 2021, we had $454.7 million of indebtedness outstanding before discounts and issuance costs applied for financial reporting, of which $454.6 million is scheduled to mature in the next three years.

Our indebtedness could have important consequences to our business. For example, it could:

•make it more difficult for us to pay or refinance our debts as they become due during adverse economic and industry conditions because any related decrease in revenues could cause us to not have sufficient cash flows from operations to make our scheduled debt payments;
•force us to seek additional capital, restructure or refinance our debts, or sell assets;
•cause us to be less able to take advantage of significant business opportunities such as acquisition opportunities and to react to changes in market or industry conditions;
•cause us to use a portion of our cash flow from operations for debt service, reducing the availability of working capital and delaying or preventing investments, capital expenditures, research and development and other business activities;
•cause us to be more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions;
•expose us to the risk of increased interest rates because certain of our borrowings are at variable rates of interest;
•expose us to the risk of foreclosure on substantially all of our assets and those of most of our subsidiaries, which secure certain of our indebtedness if we default on payment or are unable to comply with covenants or restrictions in any of the agreements;
•limit our ability to borrow additional monies in the future to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes; and
•result in a downgrade in the credit ratings of our indebtedness, which could harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness and result in more restrictive borrowing terms, including increased borrowing costs and more restrictive covenants, all of which could affect our internal cost of capital estimates and therefore impact operational and investment decisions.

Our ability to meet our debt service obligations will depend on our future cash flow from operations and our ability to restructure or refinance our debt, which will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at that
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time. We may incur additional secured or unsecured indebtedness in the future, subject to compliance with covenants in our existing debt agreements. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations, and the terms of existing or future debt instruments may restrict us from adopting some of these alternatives.

Failure to obtain or renew surety bonds on acceptable terms could affect our ability to secure reclamation and coal lease obligations, which could adversely affect our ability to mine or lease coal.

Federal and state laws require us to obtain surety bonds to secure payment of certain long-term obligations such as mine closure or reclamation costs, federal and state workers’ compensation costs (including related to black lung), coal leases and other obligations. These bonds are typically renewable annually. Under applicable regulations, self-bonding may not be available to us as a means to comply with our reclamation bonding obligations for the foreseeable future. Surety bond issuers and holders may not continue to renew the bonds, may demand less favorable terms upon renewal or may impose new or increased collateral requirements. As of December 31, 2021, we had outstanding surety bonds with third parties of approximately $176.1 million, including $30 thousand attributable to discontinued operations. Surety bond issuers and holders may demand additional collateral, unfavorable terms or higher fees. Our failure to retain, or inability to acquire, surety bonds or to provide a suitable alternative could adversely affect our ability to mine or lease coal, which would materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. That failure could result from a variety of factors, including lack of availability, higher expense or unfavorable market terms, the exercise by third-party surety bond issuers of their right to refuse to renew the surety bonds, restrictions on availability of collateral for current and future third-party surety bond issuers under the terms of any credit arrangements then in place, or our inability to comply with our reclamation bonding obligations through self-bonding. In addition, as a result of increasing credit pressures on the coal industry, it is possible that surety bond providers could demand cash collateral as a condition to providing or maintaining surety bonds. Any such demands, depending on the amount of any cash collateral required, could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity and financial position. If we are unable to meet cash collateral requirements and cannot otherwise obtain or retain required surety bonds, we may be unable to satisfy legal requirements necessary to conduct our mining operations.

Difficulty in acquiring surety bonds, or additional collateral requirements, would increase our costs and likely require greater use of alternative sources of funding for this purpose, which would reduce our liquidity. If we are unable to provide the financial assurance that is required by state and federal law to secure our reclamation and coal lease obligations, our ability to mine or lease coal and, as a result, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The terms of our credit facility impose operating and financial restrictions on us, which may limit our ability to respond to changing business and economic conditions.

In connection with the Credit Agreement entered into on June 14, 2019, we incurred indebtedness of approximately $561.8 million under a term loan credit facility to refinance existing indebtedness and to pay related fees and expenses. The term loan credit facility matures on June 14, 2024. The term loan credit facility permits us, subject to approval of the administrative agent and the lenders providing the financing, to request incremental term loans up to an aggregate amount of $50.0 million subject to certain conditions in the Credit Agreement, in increments not less than $25.0 million or the remaining availability.

On December 6, 2021, we entered into the Second Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement (“New ABL Agreement”). The New ABL Agreement amended and restated the Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement dated November 9, 2018, in its entirety, and includes a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (“the New ABL Facility”). Under the New ABL Facility, we may borrow cash from the Lenders (as defined therein) or cause the L/C Issuers (as defined therein) to issue letters of credit, on a revolving basis, in an aggregate amount of up to $155.0 million, of which no more than $150.0 million may represent outstanding letters of credit ($125.0 million on a committed basis and another $25.0 million on an uncommitted cash collateralized basis) with a maturity date of December 6, 2024. The New ABL Agreement extended the maturity date of the facility from the previous maturity of April 3, 2022. The terms of our credit facilities impose operating and financial restrictions on us, which may limit our ability to respond to changing business and economic conditions. The revolving loan facility permits us, subject to approval of the administrative agent and the lenders providing the financing, to request incremental revolving commitment increases up to an aggregate amount of $50.0 million, in increments not less than $10.0 million or the remaining availability and subject to specified conditions.

We are subject to various operating and financial covenants under the term loan and revolving credit facilities that restrict our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, make particular types of investments, incur certain types of liens, engage in fundamental corporate changes, enter into transactions with affiliates, make substantial asset sales, make certain restricted payments, enter into amendments or waivers to certain agreements, conduct certain sale leasebacks or enter into
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certain burdensome agreements. Any failure to comply with those covenants may constitute a breach under the term loan and revolving credit facilities that could result in the acceleration of all or a substantial portion of any outstanding indebtedness and termination of revolving credit commitments under the term loan and revolving credit facilities. As of December 31, 2021, we are in compliance with the operating and financial covenants under the term loan and revolving credit facilities. Our inability in the future to maintain our term loan and revolving credit facilities could materially adversely affect our liquidity and our business.

Pressure on our business, cash flow and liquidity could materially and adversely affect our ability to fund our business operations or react to and withstand changing market and industry conditions. Additional sources of funds may not be available.

A significant source of liquidity is our cash balance. Access to additional funds from liquidity-generating transactions or other sources of external financing may not be available to us and, if available, would be subject to market conditions and certain limitations, including our credit rating and covenant restrictions in our credit facility.

The terms of our borrowing arrangements limit our and our subsidiaries’ ability to take certain actions, which may limit our operating and financial flexibility and adversely affect our business.

Our borrowing arrangements contain, and any future borrowing arrangements are also likely to contain, a number of significant restrictions and covenants that limit our ability and our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, enter into sale and leaseback transactions, pay dividends, make redemptions and repurchases of certain capital stock, make loans and investments, create liens, sell certain assets, engage in transactions with affiliates, and merge or consolidate with other companies or sell substantially all of our assets. These covenants could adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs or to execute preferred business strategies. In addition, complying with these covenants may make it more difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy and compete against companies who are not subject to such restrictions. We regularly evaluate opportunities to enhance our capital structure and financial flexibility through a variety of methods, including repayment or repurchase of outstanding debt, amendment of our credit facility and other facilities, and other methods. As a result of any of these actions, the restrictions and covenants that apply to us may become more restrictive or otherwise change.

Operating results below current levels, or other adverse factors, including a significant increase in interest rates, could result in our being unable to comply with our covenants and payment obligations contained in our borrowing arrangements. If we violate these covenants or obligations under any of these agreements and are unable to obtain waivers from our lenders, our debt under all of these agreements would be in default and could be accelerated by our lenders. If our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not be able to repay our debt or borrow sufficient funds to refinance it. Even if we were able to obtain new financing, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms or on terms that are acceptable to us. If our debt is in default for any reason, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.

The need to maintain capacity for required letters of credit could limit our ability to provide financial assurance for self-insured obligations and negatively impact our ability to fund future working capital, capital expenditure or other general corporate requirements.

On December 6, 2021, we entered into the Second Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement which amended and restated the Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement dated November 9, 2018, in its entirety. Additionally, on December 6, 2021, we entered into the Second Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Agreement and a Credit and Security Agreement which amended and restated the Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Agreement and a Credit and Security Agreement dated November 9, 2018, in its entirety. Each of these agreements includes, among other things, provisions that provide for the issuance of letters of credit. Obligations secured by letters of credit may increase in the future. If we do not maintain sufficient borrowing capacity under our letter of credit facilities, we may be unable to provide financial assurance for self-insured obligations and could negatively impact our ability to fund future working capital, capital expenditure or other general corporate requirements.

Risks Relating to the Ownership of Our Common Stock

The requirements of being a public company, including compliance with the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, require application of significant resources and management attention, and we may be unable to comply with these requirements in a timely or cost-effective manner.

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As a public company, we must comply with laws, regulations and requirements, certain corporate governance provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, related regulations of the SEC and the requirements of the New York Stock Exchange. Complying with these statutes, regulations and requirements occupies a significant amount of time for our board of directors and management and requires us to incur significant costs. We are required to:

•maintain a comprehensive compliance function;
•comply with rules promulgated by the New York Stock Exchange;
•prepare and distribute periodic public reports in compliance with our obligations under the federal securities laws;
•maintain internal policies; and
•engage outside counsel and accountants in the above activities.

We are responsible for assessing the operating effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting and we may conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are ineffective. Additionally, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue an adverse report indicating that our internal controls are not effective due to deficiencies in how our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed. Efforts to remediate any such deficiencies and otherwise comply with these requirements may strain our resources, and we may be unable to do so in a timely or cost-effective manner.

An active, liquid and orderly trading market for our common stock may not be maintained, and our stock price may be volatile.

Alpha’s common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “AMR.” Active, liquid and orderly trading markets usually result in less price volatility and more efficiency in carrying out investors’ purchase and sale orders. An active, liquid and orderly trading market for our common stock may not be maintained, however. The market price of our common stock could vary significantly as a result of a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control. In the event of a drop in the market price of our common stock, shareholders could lose a substantial part or all of their investment in our common stock.

The following factors, among others, could affect our stock price:

•our operating and financial performance, including reserve estimates;
•an unexpected mine or environmental incident;
•quarterly variations in the rate of growth of our financial indicators, such as net income per share, net income and revenues;
•the public reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;
•strategic actions by our competitors;
•changes in revenue or earnings estimates, or changes in recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage, by equity research analysts;
•speculation in the press or investment community;
•research analysts’ coverage of our common stock, or their failure to cover our common stock;
•sales of our common stock by us, our directors or officers or the selling stockholders or the perception that such sales may occur;
•our payment of dividends;
•changes in accounting principles, policies, guidance, interpretations or standards;
•additions or departures of key management personnel;
•actions by our stockholders;
•general market conditions, including fluctuations in commodity prices;
•public sentiment regarding climate change and fossil fuels;
•domestic and international economic, legal and regulatory factors unrelated to our performance; and
•the realization of any of the other risks described under this “Risk Factors” section or described elsewhere in this document.

The stock markets in general have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. Securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the market price of a company’s securities. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in very substantial costs, divert our management’s attention and resources and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

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Future sales of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could reduce our stock price, and any additional capital raised by us through the sale of equity or convertible securities may dilute your ownership.

We may issue additional shares of common stock or convertible securities in subsequent public offerings. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our common stock or securities convertible into common stock or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of shares of our common stock will have on the market price of our common stock or the dividend amount payable per share on our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock (including shares issued in connection with an acquisition), or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock or the dividend amount payable per share on our common stock. In addition, the issuance of shares of common stock upon the exercise of outstanding options and warrants would result in dilution to the interests of other stockholders.

Our share repurchase program could affect the price of our common stock and increase volatility and may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may result in a decrease in the trading price of our common stock.

On March 4, 2022, our board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program for up to $150.0 million of our common stock with no expiration date. This share repurchase program does not obligate us to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares of our common stock and may be suspended or discontinued at any time, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. Repurchases pursuant to our share repurchase program could affect the price of our common stock and increase its volatility. Important factors that could cause us to limit, suspend or delay our share repurchases, without prior notice, and that could in any event impact our management’s exercise of our discretion as to the amount and timing of such repurchases, include market conditions, the trading price of the stock, applicable legal requirements, compliance with the provisions of our debt agreements, and other factors. The existence of our share repurchase program could cause the price of our common stock to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for our common stock. Additionally, repurchases under our share repurchase program would diminish our cash reserves, which could adversely affect our operating results. There can be no assurance that any share repurchases would enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the levels at which we repurchased such shares. Any failure to repurchase shares could negatively impact our reputation, investor confidence in us and our stock price.

We may issue preferred stock with terms that could adversely affect the voting power or value of our common stock.

Our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue, without the approval of our stockholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such designations, preferences, limitations and relative rights, including preferences over our common stock respecting dividends and distributions, as our board of directors may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could adversely impact the voting power or value of our common stock. For example, we might grant holders of preferred stock the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we might assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of the common stock.

Provisions in our organizational documents and the instruments governing our debt may discourage a takeover attempt, even if doing so might be beneficial to our stockholders.

Provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as amended, could impose impediments to the ability of a third-party to acquire us even if a change of control would be beneficial to our stockholders. Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws impose various procedural and other requirements, which could make it more difficult for stockholders to effect certain corporate actions. For example, our certificate of incorporation authorizes our board of directors to determine the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of unissued series of preferred stock, without any vote or action by our stockholders. Thus, our board of directors can authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting or other rights of holders of our common stock. These provisions may have the effect of delaying or deterring a change of control of our company and could limit the price that certain investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock.

A change of control (as defined under the instruments governing our debt) is an event of default, permitting our lenders to accelerate the maturity of certain borrowings. Further, our borrowing arrangements impose other restrictions on us, including with respect to mergers or consolidations with other companies and the sale of substantially all of our assets. These provisions could prevent or deter a third-party from acquiring us even where the acquisition could be beneficial to our stockholders.
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Our bylaws provide, subject to certain exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States are the exclusive forums for certain stockholder litigation matters, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or stockholders.

Our bylaws provide, subject to limited exceptions, that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim against us, any director or our officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation (including any certificate of designations relating to any class or series of preferred stock) or our bylaws; or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us, any director or our officers or employees that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This provision does not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability under the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. In addition, our bylaws provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the provisions of our bylaws described above. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision that is contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Our Properties
Refer to “Item 1. Business” for information on our active mining properties.

Our corporate headquarters consists of approximately 50,000 square feet of leased office space at 340 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard in Bristol, Tennessee.

Coal Reserves and Resources

As of December 31, 2021, we estimate that we owned or controlled approximately 351.1 million tons of marketable proven and probable bituminous coal reserves and approximately 381.7 million tons of in situ bituminous coal resources. Our coal reserve and resource estimates were prepared by Marshall Miller & Associates, Inc. (“Marshall Miller”), an independent professional mine engineering and geological consulting firm. Technical Summary Reports prepared by Marshall Miller, as a Qualified Person, for each of our material mining properties are filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference.

Coal reserve and resource estimates are based on data obtained from drilling activities and other available geologic data. Estimating reserves and resources requires the use of a geologic, engineering, and economic assumptions. Our engineering, land and operational support personnel work closely with Marshall Miller to ensure the integrity and accuracy of the data used to calculate the estimates as well as to ensure the assumptions used are reasonable based on our historical results as well as current and future anticipated mine plans. We provide Marshall Miller with historical property information including property maps, deed, lease, and permit information, drilling and lab results, mine plans, production quantities, development, capital, and operating costs as well as market information. For each of our active and development mining properties, Marshall Miller performs an initial assessment and based on the level of geological evidence estimates our coal resources and classifies such resources as either inferred, indicated or measured. For each of our active and material mining properties, Marshall Miller further conducts a pre-feasibility study to estimate our coal reserves and classify such reserves as either proven or probable. The estimates and reports prepared by Marshall Miller are reviewed by our personnel to ensure such reports have been prepared in accordance with applicable rules and regulations and that estimates are based on reasonable assumptions and reflect known facts and circumstances updated through year-end.

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Economic analysis is a required part of the process to estimate coal reserves and resources. For a coal reserve or resource to be considered economic, generally revenue generated from its sale must exceed its total cost of production (including consideration of development, capital, and operating costs).

In determining coal reserves as of December 31, 2021, the following estimated market pricing was utilized:

Coal quality
Market Pricing Per Ton (1) (2)
High-Vol. A$138
High- Vol. B$117
Mid-Vol.$144
Low-Vol.$144
Thermal$76
(1) Market pricing shown on U.S. East Coast basis.
(2) Met and thermal pricing based on 10-year and 3-year average, respectively of forecasted pricing from pricing services.

The following is a summary of our estimated marketable proven and probable coal reserves as of December 31, 2021 as determined by Marshall Miller:

Coal Reserves (Tons in thousands)
Marketable Coal Reserves (1)
Reserve ControlStage / Permit Status Production Stage
Mining ComplexLocationTotalProvenProbableOwnedLeasedPermittedNot Permitted
Met
AracomaWV44,181 26,237 17,944 5,250 38,931 15,134 29,047 
KeplerWV48,611 26,831 21,780 259 48,352 20,097 28,514 
KingstonWV32,489 19,477 13,012 607 31,882 15,082 17,407 
MarforkWV145,741 72,826 72,915 2,084 143,657 74,477 71,264 
McClure/Toms CreekVA80,077 55,041 25,036 — 80,077 48,658 31,419 
Total351,099 200,412 150,687 8,200 342,899 173,448 177,651 
(1) Minimum seam height 30 inches for underground mines.

Coal Reserves (Tons in thousands)
Coal Type/Quality
Met Coal by VolatilityThermalSulfur
Recovery Percentage (2)
Mining ComplexLocationHigh-Vol AHigh-Vol BMid-VolLow-Vol
Thermal (1)
< 1%> 1%
Met
AracomaWV— 44,181 — — — 41,950 2,231 27 %
KeplerWV— — 5,942 42,669 — 47,694 917 43 %
KingstonWV15,676 — 1,418 9,091 6,304 13,002 19,487 43 %
MarforkWV103,069 6,819 2,300 26,195 7,358 122,526 23,215 29 %
McClure/Toms CreekVA485 1,926 75,998 — 1,668 80,077 — 31 %
Total119,230 52,926 85,658 77,955 15,330 305,249 45,850 
(1) Kingston thermal reserves primarily proven and >1% sulfur; Marfork thermal reserves primarily probable and >1% sulfur; McClure/Toms Creek thermal reserves primarily probable and <1% sulfur.
(2) Recovery percentage defined as estimated coal reserves divided by related estimated in situ measured and indicated coal resources.

In determining an initial assessment for purposes of determining coal resources as of December 31, 2021, the following estimated market pricing was utilized:
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Complex
Market Pricing Per Ton (1) (2)
Aracoma$153
Kepler$162
Kingston$141
Marfork$171
McClure/Toms Creek$164
(1) Market pricing shown on U.S. East Coast basis.
(2) Pricing shown for primary product judgmentally selected by qualified person based on review of historical average pricing for each complexes coal products over the past 5 years.

The following is a summary of the Company’s estimated in situ inferred, indicated, and measured coal resources (exclusive of coal reserves) as of December 31, 2021 as determined by Marshall Miller:

Coal Resources (1) (Tons in thousands)
In Situ Coal Resources (2)
Reserve ControlStage / Permit Status Exploration Stage
Mining ComplexLocationTotalIndicatedMeasuredOwnedLeasedPermittedNot Permitted
Met
AracomaWV140,657 53,692 86,965 49,236 91,421 17,206 123,451 
KeplerWV58,734 29,916 28,818 596 58,138 9,555 49,179 
KingstonWV21,254 21,254 — 13,651 7,603 — 21,254 
MarforkWV128,786 46,605 82,181 61,168 67,618 19,976 108,810 
McClure/Toms CreekVA32,281 10,382 21,899 — 32,281 11,558 20,723 
Total381,712 161,849 219,863 124,651 257,061 58,295 323,417 
(1) Amounts shown exclusive of coal reserves.
(2) Inferred Resources were not considered material and have not been presented.


Coal Resources (1) (Tons in thousands)
Coal Type/Quality
Met Coal by VolatilityThermalSulfur
Expected Recovery Percentage (2)
Mining ComplexLocationHigh-Vol AHigh-Vol BMid-VolLow-VolThermal< 1%> 1%
Met
AracomaWV— 140,657 — — — 45,154 95,503 18 %
KeplerWV— — 7,334 51,400 — 45,264 13,470 41 %
KingstonWV— — — 21,254 — 21,254 — 28 %
MarforkWV62,890 18,117 1,854 43,800 2,125 35,020 93,766 31 %
McClure/Toms CreekVA— 585 31,696 — — 12,376 19,905 22 %
Total62,890 159,359 40,884 116,454 2,125 159,068 222,644 
(1) Amounts shown exclusive of coal reserves.
(2) Expected recovery percentage defined as potential estimated recoverable tons included in the initial assessment divided by estimated in situ measured and indicated coal resources.

Our coal reserves and resources are owned or are controlled through leases with third parties which have varied expiration dates and either have options to renew or are expected to be renewed until all mineable and merchantable coal is exhausted. Leases require the payment of production royalties to lessors based on a stated percentage of sales revenue less freight cost and may contain annual minimum payment requirements. We permit coal reserves and resources in advance of mining. Currently, there are no known permitting issues that would impact the reporting of our coal reserves or resources. However, also refer to
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“Item 1. Business—Environmental and Other Regulatory Matters” and “Item 1A. Risks Factors—Risks relating to regulatory and legal developments.”

Our coal reserve and resource estimates are updated periodically to reflect coal production, acquisitions and dispositions of mineral interests, new drilling, mine or geological data, and changes in regulations, market conditions or other economic factors. As coal seams in the United States have been mined for many years and are well established, we do not conduct material exploration activity. However, we periodically conduct drilling of additional core holes to provide additional geological evidence as part of our routine mine permitting and planning processes. The following is a summary of the changes in our coal reserves and resources for the year-ended December 31, 2021:

Changes in Coal Reserves (Tons in thousands)
12/31/202012/31/2021
Mining ComplexCoal ReservesAcquired/LeasedDisposedProduction
Initial Assessment (1)
Change in Mine Plan
Other (2)
Coal Reserves
Met
Aracoma83,351 479 (2,259)(2,317)(20,232)(14,841)— 44,181 
Kepler58,461 — — (1,471)(10,605)2,226 — 48,611 
Kingston36,864 9,091 — (2,005)(10,914)(547)— 32,489 
Marfork264,824 — (4,945)(4,017)(26,792)(24,913)(58,416)145,741 
McClure/Toms Creek87,060 — — (3,783)— (3,200)— 80,077 
Other88,541 — — (842)— — (87,699)— 
All Other
Other4,444 — — (1,178)— — (3,266)— 
Total623,545 9,570 (7,204)(15,613)(68,543)(41,275)(149,381)351,099 
(1) Mineral areas subjected to initial assessment only and reported as coal resources.
(2) In adopting the SEC’s new subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K, the Company focused efforts on material and active mining properties and concluded that, for certain inactive and/or immaterial mining properties, preparing reserve/resource reports was not cost beneficial. Additional reserve/resource reports may be prepared in the future if such properties become active and/or material.

Changes in Coal Resources (Tons in thousands)
12/31/202012/31/2021
Mining ComplexCoal Resources
S-K Rule
 Adoption (1)
Coal Resources
Met
Aracoma— 140,657 140,657 
Kepler— 58,734 58,734 
Kingston— 21,254 21,254 
Marfork— 128,786 128,786 
McClure/Toms Creek— 32,281 32,281 
Total— 381,712 381,712 

(1) Adoption of new SEC subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K required the Company to disclose coal resources beginning with the year ending December 31, 2021.

As coal reserve and resource amounts represent estimates, also refer to “Estimates of our economically recoverable coal reserves and coal resources involve uncertainties, and inaccuracies in our estimates could result in lower than expected revenues, higher than anticipated costs, decreased profitability and asset impairments” contained in “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

The following map shows the locations of our material mining properties and corporate headquarters:
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amr-20211231_g2.jpg

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

For a description of the Company’s legal proceedings, refer to Note 22, part (d), to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K is included in Exhibit 95 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Upon the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, we began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker “CTRA” on November 9, 2018. Following the effectiveness of our name change on February 1, 2021, our ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange changed from “CTRA” to “AMR” effective on February 4, 2021.

As of December 31, 2021, there were 115 registered holders of record of our common stock. The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Computershare Trust Company, N.A. Our common stock is registered by book-entry only.

Dividend Policy

The payment of dividends is subject to certain limitations, as set forth in the terms of our borrowing arrangements. During the years ended 2021 and 2020, we did not pay dividends on our common stock. Our board of directors periodically evaluates the initiation of dividends. There is no assurance as to the amount or payment of dividends in the future because they will be subject to ongoing board of directors review and authorization will be based on a number of factors, including terms of our borrowing arrangements, business and market conditions, our future financial performance, and other capital priorities.

Repurchase of Common Stock

Refer to Note 25 for subsequent event disclosures related to our share repurchase program.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis provides a narrative of our results of operations and financial condition for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes and the risk factors included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has had negative impacts on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Refer to “Item 1. Business—Human Capital Resources—Employee Health and Welfare” for further COVID-19 related impacts. The full extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, including the continued duration and spread of the outbreak, its impact on our customers and suppliers and the range of governmental and community reactions to the pandemic, which are still uncertain and still cannot be fully predicted. Our current view of the impacts of COVID-19 to our customers and suppliers is discussed below in the Market Overview section. We have not experienced significant supply chain disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We continue to monitor developments closely.

All of our coal mining operations have been classified as essential in the states in which we operate enabling them to continue operations throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Health and safety are core values of our company and are the foundation for how we manage every aspect of our business and we have therefore implemented policies, procedures and prevention measures to protect our employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. These include, but are not limited to, employee communications on COVID-19 monitoring and precautionary measures, enhanced cleaning and sterilization practices, and remote work arrangements. We will continue to evaluate these policies, procedures, and precautionary measures in light of further developments as necessary or appropriate.

Market Overview

Metallurgical coal markets exhibited volatility and strength in the final months of 2021, with the U.S. East Coast indices rising to new calendar-year highs in the fourth quarter. Each of the U.S. East Coast indices finished the year more than double where it started at the beginning of January 2021, and the Australian Premium Low Volatile index more than tripled over the same twelve-month period.

Looking specifically at movement within the fourth quarter, the U.S. East Coast High Volatile A index was at $377 per metric ton on October 1, 2021 and ended the quarter at $340 per metric ton on December 31, 2021. The U.S. East Coast Low
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Volatile index began at $412 per metric ton at the start of the quarter and moved to $320 per metric ton at quarter close. The Australian Premium Low Volatile index also ended lower, going from $390 per metric ton on October 1, 2021 down to $357 per metric ton on December 31, 2021. Supply conditions remain tight in the metallurgical coal markets, with demand in Alpha’s key markets continuing to be strong.

Across the globe, economic indicators reflect an inconsistent growth landscape as the uneven recovery continues from COVID-19 pandemic-related labor and supply-chain challenges. While still representing positive, yet slowing, economic growth, the world manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (“PMI”) of 53.2 in January 2022 represented a 15-month low for the metric. In December and January, the United States PMI indices of 57.7 and 55.5, respectively, continued to come off their mid-year highs. Brazil and India, two of Alpha’s important foreign markets, also posted lower January PMI levels as compared to their December indices. India’s PMI slipped from 55.5 in December to 54.0 in January, and Brazil dipped further into economic contraction from 49.8 in December to 47.8 in January. China’s PMI also slid from 50.9 to 49.1. Alpha’s key market of Europe was the exception to the general pattern of slowing growth for the time period, with its PMI indices improving modestly from 58.0 in December to 58.7 in January.

The World Steel Association’s (“WSA”) global crude steel production was 158.7 million metric tons in December 2021, a 3.0% decrease as compared to the year-ago period of December 2020. Steel production in the European Union held roughly flat year over year, with December 2021 levels just 1.4% lower than in December 2020. North American crude steel production of 9.7 million metric tons for the month represented a 7.5% increase over the year-ago period. China’s production level of 86.2 million metric tons was down 6.8% as compared to December of 2020.

The capacity utilization rate for U.S. steel mills, which is measured by the American Iron and Steel Institute, was 79.8% for the week ending February 12, 2022. While this level is lower than the recent high in the mid-80s, it still represents sustained steel demand in North America.

In the thermal coal market, strong demand and tight supply conditions remain, alongside volatility in the indices. Alpha’s last remaining thermal operation, the Slabcamp mine, is on schedule to mine out and cease operation in summer of 2022. Alpha continues to ship coal in accordance with existing contracts.

We are monitoring developments in Ukraine as well as the related export controls and financial and economic sanctions imposed on certain industry sectors and parties in Russia by the U.S., the U.K., the European Union and others. Although we do not presently foresee direct material adverse effects upon our business, financial condition or results of operations as a result of developments in Ukraine and the consequent controls and sanctions, these factors may affect companies in many sectors and could lead to increased market volatility and uncertainty, which could affect us in turn.

Business Overview

We are a Tennessee-based mining company with operations across Virginia and West Virginia. With customers across the globe, high-quality reserves and significant port capacity, we reliably supply metallurgical coal products to the steel industry. We operate high-quality, cost-competitive coal mines across the CAPP coal basin. As of December 31, 2021, our operations consisted of twenty active mines and eight coal preparation and load-out facilities, with approximately 3,500 employees. We produce, process, and sell met coal and thermal coal. We also sell coal produced by others, some of which is processed and/or blended with coal produced from our mines prior to resale, with the remainder purchased for resale. As of December 31, 2021, we had 351.1 million tons of reserves, 335.8 million tons of proven and probable metallurgical reserves, and 15.3 million tons of proven and probable thermal reserves. Additionally, we had approximately 381.7 million tons of in situ bituminous coal resources.

We began operations on July 26, 2016, with mining operations in NAPP, CAPP, and the PRB. Through the Acquisition, we acquired a significant reserve base. We also acquired Alpha Natural Resources Inc.’s 40.6% interest in the DTA coal export terminal in Newport News, Virginia, and on March 31, 2017, we acquired a portion of another partner’s ownership stake and increased our interest to 65.0%. We merged with Alpha Natural Resources Holdings, Inc. and ANR, Inc. on November 9, 2018.
On December 8, 2017, we closed a transaction with Blackjewel L.L.C. (“Blackjewel”) to sell our Eagle Butte and Belle Ayr mines (the “Western Mines”) located in the PRB, Wyoming, along with related coal reserves, equipment, infrastructure and other real properties (our former PRB operations). On October 4, 2019, we closed on the ESM Transaction in connection with Blackjewel’s subsequent bankruptcy filing. On May 29, 2020, certain of our subsidiaries (Contura Coal West, LLC and Contura Wyoming Land, LLC), one of which held the mining permits for the Western Mines, were merged with certain subsidiaries of
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ESM to become wholly-owned subsidiaries of ESM and to complete the permit transfer process in connection with the ESM Transaction.
On December 10, 2020, we closed on a transaction with Iron Senergy Holdings, LLC, to sell our thermal coal mining operations located in Pennsylvania consisting primarily of our Cumberland mining complex and related property (our former NAPP operations). The disposition of our former NAPP operations accelerated our strategic exit from thermal coal production to shift our focus toward met coal production. The former NAPP operations’ results of operations and financial position are reported as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to Note 3 for further information on discontinued operations. At our thermal coal operations, we have significantly reduced inventories at all locations and are matching our sales and production to make for an orderly transition to lower thermal coal production.
For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, sales of met coal were 13.9 million tons and 12.3 million tons, respectively, and accounted for approximately 83% and 80%, respectively, of our coal sales volume. Sales of thermal coal were 2.9 million tons and 3.2 million tons, respectively, and accounted for approximately 17% and 20%, respectively, of our coal sales volume.

Our sales of met coal were made primarily to steel companies in the northeastern and midwestern regions of the United States and in several countries in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Our sales of thermal coal were made primarily to large utilities and industrial customers throughout the United States. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 approximately 76% and 64%, respectively, of our coal revenues were derived from coal sales made to customers outside the United States.

In addition, we generate other revenues from equipment sales, rentals, terminal and processing fees, coal and environmental analysis fees, royalties and the sale of natural gas. We also record freight and handling fulfillment revenue within coal revenues for freight and handling services provided in delivering coal to certain customers, which are a component of the contractual selling price.

As of December 31, 2021, we have one reportable segment: Met. To conform to the current period reportable segment presentation, the prior periods have been restated to reflect the change in reportable segments. Our Met segment operations consist of high-quality met coal mines, including Deep Mine 41, Road Fork 52, Black Eagle, and Lynn Branch. The coal produced by our Met segment operations is predominantly met coal with some amounts of thermal coal being produced as a byproduct of mining. In addition to the one reportable segment, our All Other category includes general corporate overhead and corporate assets and liabilities, our former CAPP - Thermal operations consisting of one active mine and one preparation plant in West Virginia, and the elimination of certain intercompany activity, as well as expenses associated with certain idled/closed mines. Refer to Notes 23 and 24 for additional disclosures on our reportable segment, geographic areas, and export coal revenue information.
Other Business Developments

We announced on March 7, 2022 that our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program allowing for the expenditure of up to $150.0 million for the repurchase of our common stock. Repurchases will be made from time to time in accordance with applicable securities laws in the open market, and may include repurchases pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The share repurchase program is effective immediately and has no expiration date, and repurchases may begin as soon as March 9, 2022.

The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of common stock or to acquire shares on any particular timetable, and the program may be suspended at any time at our discretion. The timing and amount of share repurchases will be determined by our management based on our evaluation of market conditions, the trading price of the stock, applicable legal requirements, compliance with the provisions of our debt agreements, and other factors.

Effective February 1, 2021, we changed our corporate name from Contura Energy, Inc. to Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc. for rebranding to more accurately reflect our strategic focus on the production of met coal. Following the effectiveness of our name change, our ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange changed from “CTRA” to “AMR” effective on February 4, 2021.

During the third quarter of 2020, we joined three other regional coal producers to restructure and expand the Virginia Coal & Energy Alliance to now be named the Metallurgical Coal Producers Association (“MCPA”) focusing on issues specific to the U.S.’s metallurgical coal industry. Additionally, the MCPA will focus on our regional presence by combining forces to advance collective interests.

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Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
Sales Agreements
We manage our commodity price risk for coal sales through the use of coal supply agreements. As of February 25, 2022, we had sales commitments for 2022 as follows:
Tons% PricedAverage Realized Price per Ton
Met - Domestic$189.31 
Met - Export$236.99 
Met Total14.5 million39 %$204.75 
Thermal1.0 million100 %$52.46 
Met Segment15.5 million44 %$180.36 
All Other0.7 million82 %$57.24 

Due to the significant uncertainty in the worldwide coal markets due to COVID-19, there is risk of reduction in future shipments due to deferrals and utilization of force majeure clauses in customer contracts.
Realized Pricing. Our realized price per ton of coal is influenced by many factors that vary by region, including (i) coal quality, which includes energy (heat content), sulfur, ash, volatile matter and moisture content; (ii) differences in market conventions concerning transportation costs and volume measurement; and (iii) regional supply and demand.
•Coal Quality. The energy content or heat value of thermal coal is a significant factor influencing coal prices as higher energy coal is more desirable to consumers and typically commands a higher price in the market. The heat value of coal is commonly measured in British thermal units or the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one-degree Fahrenheit. Coal from the Eastern and Midwest regions of the United States tends to have a higher heat value than coal found in the western United States. Coal volatility is a significant factor influencing met coal pricing as coal with a lower volatility has historically been more highly valued and typically commands a higher price in the market. The volatility refers to the loss in mass, less moisture, when coal is heated in the absence of air. The volatility of met coal determines the percentage of feed coal that becomes coke, known as coke yield, with lower volatility producing a higher coke yield.
•Market Conventions. Coal sales contracts are priced according to conventions specific to the market into which such coal is to be sold. Our domestic sales contracts are typically priced free on board (“FOB”) at our mines and on a short ton basis. Our international sales contracts are typically priced FOB at the shipping port from which such coal is delivered and on a metric ton basis. Accordingly, for international sales contracts, we typically bear the cost of transportation from our mines to the applicable outbound shipping port, and our coal sales realization per ton calculation reflects the conversion of such tonnage from metric tons into short tons, as well as the elimination of the freight and handling fulfillment component of coal sales revenue. In addition, for domestic sales contracts, as customers typically bear the cost of transportation from our mines, our operations located further away from the end user of the coal may command lower prices.
•Regional Supply and Demand. Our realized price per ton is influenced by market forces of the regional market into which such coal is to be sold. Market pricing may vary according to region and lead to different discounts or premiums to the most directly comparable benchmark price for such coal product.
Costs. Our results of operations are dependent upon our ability to maximize productivity and control costs. Our primary expenses are for operating supply costs, repair and maintenance expenditures, cost of purchased coal, royalties, wages and benefits, freight and handling costs and taxes incurred in selling our coal. Principal goods and services we use in our operations include maintenance and repair parts and services, electricity, fuel, roof control and support items, explosives, tires, conveyance structure, ventilation supplies and lubricants. Our management strives to aggressively control costs and improve operating performance to mitigate external cost pressures. We experience volatility in operating costs related to fuel, explosives, steel, tires, contract services and healthcare, among others, and take measures to mitigate the increases in these costs at all operations. We have a centralized sourcing group for major supplier contract negotiation and administration, for the negotiation and purchase of major capital goods, and to support the business units. We promote competition between suppliers and seek to develop relationships with suppliers that focus on lowering our costs. We seek suppliers who identify and concentrate on implementing continuous improvement opportunities within their area of expertise. To the extent upward pressure on costs
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exceeds our ability to realize sales increases, or if we experience unanticipated operating or transportation difficulties, our operating margins would be negatively impacted. We may also experience difficult geologic conditions, delays in obtaining permits, labor shortages, unforeseen equipment problems, and unexpected shortages of critical materials such as tires, fuel and explosives that may result in adverse cost increases and limit our ability to produce at forecasted levels.

Results of Operations

Our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are discussed in these “Results of Operations” presented below.

Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2020

Revenues

The following table summarizes information about our revenues during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31,Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands, except for per ton data)20212020$ or Tons%
Coal revenues$2,252,597 $1,413,124 $839,473 59.4 %
Other revenues5,989 3,063 2,926 95.5 %
Total revenues$2,258,586 $1,416,187 $842,399 59.5 %
Tons sold16,839 15,513 1,326 8.5 %

Coal revenues. Coal revenues increased $839.5 million, or 59.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. The increase was primarily due to an increase in tons sold and higher coal sales realization within our Met segment operations as a result of an improved pricing environment during the second half of 2021. Increasing coal demand, resulting from improved economic activity, coupled with a limited supply response contributed to a rise in coal prices. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Coal revenues” section below for further detail on coal revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period.

Cost and Expenses

The following table summarizes information about our costs and expenses during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31,Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands)20212020$%
Cost of coal sales (exclusive of items shown separately below)$1,679,742 $1,281,011 $398,731 31.1 %
Depreciation, depletion and amortization110,047 139,885 (29,838)(21.3)%
Accretion on asset retirement obligations26,520 26,504 16 0.1 %
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net13,244 9,214 4,030 43.7 %
Asset impairment and restructuring(561)83,878 (84,439)(100.7)%
Selling, general and administrative expenses (exclusive of depreciation, depletion and amortization shown separately above)63,901 57,356 6,545 11.4 %
Total other operating (income) loss:
Mark-to-market adjustment for acquisition-related obligations19,525 (8,750)28,275 323.1 %
Other income(10,972)(2,223)(8,749)(393.6)%
Total costs and expenses$1,901,446 $1,586,875 $314,571 19.8 %

Cost of coal sales. Cost of coal sales increased $398.7 million, or 31.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in tons sold in the current period relative to the prior
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year period and increased supplies and maintenance expense, royalties and taxes, and salaries and wages expense, partially offset by inventory change during the current period.
Depreciation, depletion and amortization. Depreciation, depletion and amortization decreased $29.8 million, or 21.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. The decrease in depreciation, depletion and amortization was primarily a result of asset disposals and asset impairments throughout the prior year.

Amortization of acquired intangibles, net. Amortization of acquired intangibles, net increased $4.0 million, or 43.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. The increase was primarily driven by the lower current period amortization related to below-market acquired coal supply agreements.

Asset impairment and restructuring. Asset impairment and restructuring decreased $84.4 million, or 100.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. For the year ended December 31, 2021, asset impairment and restructuring included long-lived asset impairment of $60 thousand and restructuring expense of ($621) thousand. For the year ended December 31, 2020, asset impairment and restructuring included long-lived asset impairment of $81.0 million and restructuring expense of $2.9 million. Refer to Note 8 for further information.

Selling, general and administrative. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $6.5 million, or 11.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. This increase in expense was primarily related to increases of $4.3 million in incentive pay, $2.1 million in stock compensation expense, and $1.2 million in wages and benefits expense, partially offset by decreases of $1.6 million in professional fees and $0.7 million in severance expense.

Mark-to-market adjustment for acquisition-related obligations. The mark-to-market adjustment for acquisition-related obligations resulted in an increase in expense of $28.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. This decrease was related to the $19.5 million Contingent Revenue Obligation mark-to-market adjustment recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021 due to changes in underlying fair value assumptions during the current period. Refer to Note 17 for Contingent Revenue Obligation fair value input assumptions.
Other income. Other income increased $8.7 million, or 393.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period, primarily due to a gain on sale of assets, net, of $9.9 million and a gain on settlement of acquisition-related obligations of $1.1 million in the current period.
Other (Expense) Income

The following table summarizes information about our other (expense) income during the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31,Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands)20212020$%
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense$(69,654)$(74,528)$4,874 6.5 %
Interest income334 7,027 (6,693)(95.2)%
Equity loss in affiliates(4,149)(3,473)(676)(19.5)%
Miscellaneous income (loss), net6,867 (1,972)8,839 448.2 %
Total other expense, net$(66,602)$(72,946)$6,344 8.7 %

Interest expense. Interest expense decreased $4.9 million, or 6.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period, primarily due to a decrease in debt outstanding. Refer to Note 14 for additional information.

Interest income. Interest income decreased $6.7 million, or 95.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. The decrease was primarily due to the interest income recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2020 associated with the federal income tax interest receivable related to the net operating loss carryback claim.

Miscellaneous income (loss), net. Miscellaneous income (loss), net increased $8.8 million, or 448.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. The increase was primarily due to the increase in the net periodic benefit credit for pension obligations. Refer to Note 19 for additional information.

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Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

The following table summarizes information about our income tax (expense) benefit during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31,Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands)20212020$%
Income tax (expense) benefit$(3,609)$2,164 $(5,773)(266.8)%

Income taxes. Income tax expense of $3.6 million was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2021 on income from continuing operations before income taxes of $290.5 million. The effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the decrease in the valuation allowance.

Income tax benefit of $2.2 million was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2020 on a loss from continuing operations before income taxes of $243.6 million. The effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the increase in the valuation allowance, partially offset by the permanent impact of percentage depletion deductions, the impact of state income taxes, net of federal tax impact, and a refund of previously sequestered AMT Credits. Refer to Note 18 for additional information.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The discussion below contains “non-GAAP financial measures.” These are financial measures which either exclude or include amounts that are not excluded or included in the most directly comparable measures calculated and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP” or “GAAP”). Specifically, we make use of the non-GAAP financial measures “Adjusted EBITDA,” “non-GAAP coal revenues,” “non-GAAP cost of coal sales,” “non-GAAP coal margin,” and “Adjusted cost of produced coal sold.” We use Adjusted EBITDA to measure the operating performance of our segments and allocate resources to the segments. Adjusted EBITDA does not purport to be an alternative to net income (loss) as a measure of operating performance or any other measure of operating results or liquidity presented in accordance with GAAP. We use non-GAAP coal revenues to present coal revenues generated, excluding freight and handling fulfillment revenues. Non-GAAP coal sales realization per ton for our operations is calculated as non-GAAP coal revenues divided by tons sold. We use non-GAAP cost of coal sales to adjust cost of coal sales to remove freight and handling costs, depreciation, depletion and amortization - production (excluding the depreciation, depletion and amortization related to selling, general and administrative functions), accretion on asset retirement obligations, amortization of acquired intangibles, net, and idled and closed mine costs. Non-GAAP cost of coal sales per ton for our operations is calculated as non-GAAP cost of coal sales divided by tons sold. Non-GAAP coal margin per ton for our coal operations is calculated as non-GAAP coal sales realization per ton for our coal operations less non-GAAP cost of coal sales per ton for our coal operations. We also use Adjusted cost of produced coal sold to distinguish the cost of captive produced coal from the effects of purchased coal. The presentation of these measures should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP.

Management uses non-GAAP financial measures to supplement GAAP results to provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting the business than GAAP results alone. The definition of these non-GAAP measures may be changed periodically by management to adjust for significant items important to an understanding of operating trends and to adjust for items that may not reflect the trend of future results by excluding transactions that are not indicative of our core operating performance. Furthermore, analogous measures are used by industry analysts to evaluate the Company’s operating performance. Because not all companies use identical calculations, the presentations of these measures may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies and can differ significantly from company to company depending on long-term strategic decisions regarding capital structure, the tax jurisdictions in which companies operate, and capital investments.

Included below are reconciliations of non-GAAP financial measures to GAAP financial measures.

The following tables summarize certain financial information relating to our coal operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

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Year Ended December 31, 2021
(In thousands, except for per ton data)MetAll OtherConsolidated
Coal revenues$2,173,647 $78,950 $2,252,597 
Less: Freight and handling fulfillment revenues(380,457)(520)(380,977)
Non-GAAP Coal revenues$1,793,190 $78,430 $1,871,620 
Tons sold15,569 1,270 16,839 
Non-GAAP Coal sales realization per ton$115.18 $61.76 $111.15 
Cost of coal sales (exclusive of items shown separately below)$1,607,157 $72,585 $1,679,742 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production (1)
99,963 9,362 109,325 
Accretion on asset retirement obligations13,571 12,949 26,520 
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net13,671 (427)13,244 
Total Cost of coal sales$1,734,362 $94,469 $1,828,831 
Less: Freight and handling costs(380,457)(520)(380,977)
Less: Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production (1)
(99,963)(9,362)(109,325)
Less: Accretion on asset retirement obligations(13,571)(12,949)(26,520)
Less: Amortization of acquired intangibles, net(13,671)427 (13,244)
Less: Idled and closed mine costs(16,858)(11,680)(28,538)
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales$1,209,842 $60,385 $1,270,227 
Tons sold15,569 1,270 16,839 
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales per ton$77.71 $47.55 $75.43 
(1) Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production excludes the depreciation, depletion and amortization related to selling, general and administrative functions.


Year Ended December 31, 2021
(In thousands, except for per ton data)MetAll OtherConsolidated
Coal revenues$2,173,647 $78,950 $2,252,597 
Less: Total Cost of coal sales (per table above)(1,734,362)(94,469)(1,828,831)
GAAP Coal margin$439,285 $(15,519)$423,766 
Tons sold15,569 1,270 16,839 
GAAP Coal margin per ton$28.22 $(12.22)$25.17 
GAAP Coal margin$439,285 $(15,519)$423,766 
Add: Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production (1)
99,963 9,362 109,325 
Add: Accretion on asset retirement obligations13,571 12,949 26,520 
Add: Amortization of acquired intangibles, net13,671 (427)13,244 
Add: Idled and closed mine costs16,858 11,680 28,538 
Non-GAAP Coal margin$583,348 $18,045 $601,393 
Tons sold15,569 1,270 16,839 
Non-GAAP Coal margin per ton$37.47 $14.21 $35.71 
(1) Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production excludes the depreciation, depletion and amortization related to selling, general and administrative functions.

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Year Ended December 31, 2020
(In thousands, except for per ton data)MetAll OtherConsolidated
Coal revenues$1,263,855 $149,269 $1,413,124 
Less: Freight and handling fulfillment revenues(206,509)(12,940)(219,449)
Non-GAAP Coal revenues$1,057,346 $136,329 $1,193,675 
Tons sold13,070 2,443 15,513 
Non-GAAP Coal sales realization per ton$80.90 $55.80 $76.95 
Cost of coal sales (exclusive of items shown separately below)$1,140,556 $140,455 $1,281,011 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production (1)
124,060 14,568 138,628 
Accretion on asset retirement obligations14,214 12,290 26,504 
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net12,889 (3,675)9,214 
Total Cost of coal sales$1,291,719 $163,638 $1,455,357 
Less: Freight and handling costs(206,509)(12,940)(219,449)
Less: Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production (1)
(124,060)(14,568)(138,628)
Less: Accretion on asset retirement obligations(14,214)(12,290)(26,504)
Less: Amortization of acquired intangibles, net(12,889)3,675 (9,214)
Less: Idled and closed mine costs(16,640)(12,240)(28,880)
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales$917,407 $115,275 $1,032,682 
Tons sold13,070 2,443 15,513 
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales per ton$70.19 $47.19 $66.57 
(1) Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production excludes the depreciation, depletion and amortization related to selling, general and administrative functions.

Year Ended December 31, 2020
(In thousands, except for per ton data)MetAll OtherConsolidated
Coal revenues$1,263,855 $149,269 $1,413,124 
Less: Total Cost of coal sales (per table above)(1,291,719)(163,638)(1,455,357)
GAAP Coal margin$(27,864)$(14,369)$(42,233)
Tons sold13,070 2,443 15,513 
GAAP Coal margin per ton$(2.13)$(5.88)$(2.72)
GAAP Coal margin$(27,864)$(14,369)$(42,233)
Add: Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production (1)
124,060 14,568 138,628 
Add: Accretion on asset retirement obligations14,214 12,290 26,504 
Add: Amortization of acquired intangibles, net12,889 (3,675)9,214 
Add: Idled and closed mine costs16,640 12,240 28,880 
Non-GAAP Coal margin$139,939 $21,054 $160,993 
Tons sold13,070 2,443 15,513 
Non-GAAP Coal margin per ton$10.71 $8.62 $10.38 
(1) Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production excludes the depreciation, depletion and amortization related to selling, general and administrative functions.

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Year Ended December 31,Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands, except for per ton data)20212020$ or Tons%
Met segment operations:
Tons sold15,569 13,070 2,499 19.1 %
Non-GAAP Coal revenues$1,793,190 $1,057,346 $735,844 69.6 %
Non-GAAP Coal sales realization per ton$115.18 $80.90 $34.28 42.4 %
All Other category:
Tons sold1,270 2,443 (1,173)(48.0)%
Non-GAAP Coal revenues$78,430 $136,329 $(57,899)(42.5)%
Non-GAAP Coal sales realization per ton$61.76 $55.80 $5.96 10.7 %

Non-GAAP Coal revenues. Met segment operations non-GAAP coal revenues increased $735.8 million, or 69.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. The increase was primarily due to an increase in tons sold and higher average non-GAAP coal sales realization of 42.4% per ton resulting from an improved pricing environment compared to the prior year period.

All Other category non-GAAP coal revenues decreased $57.9 million, or 42.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period primarily due to a decrease in thermal tons sold as we continued our strategic shift to focus on met coal production.

Year Ended December 31,Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands, except for per ton data)20212020$%
Met segment operations:
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales$1,209,842 $917,407 $292,435 31.9 %
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales per ton$77.71 $70.19 $7.52 10.7 %
Non-GAAP Coal margin per ton$37.47 $10.71 $26.76 249.9 %
All Other category:
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales$60,385 $115,275 $(54,890)(47.6)%
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales per ton$47.55 $47.19 $0.36 0.8 %
Non-GAAP Coal margin per ton$14.21 $8.62 $5.59 64.8 %

Non-GAAP cost of coal sales. Met segment operations non-GAAP cost of coal sales increased $292.4 million, or 31.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in tons sold in the current period relative to the prior year period and increased supplies and maintenance expense, royalties and taxes, and salaries and wages expense, partially offset by inventory change during the current period.

All Other category non-GAAP cost of coal sales decreased $54.9 million, or 47.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. The decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in thermal tons sold and decreased supplies and maintenance expense and royalties and taxes, partially offset by increased salaries and wages expense and inventory change during the current period.

Our non-GAAP cost of coal sales includes purchased coal costs. In the following tables, we calculate Adjusted cost of produced coal sold as non-GAAP cost of coal sales less purchased coal costs.
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Year Ended December 31, 2021
(In thousands, except for per ton data)MetAll OtherConsolidated
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales$1,209,842 $60,385 $1,270,227 
Less: cost of purchased coal sold(97,872)(660)(98,532)
Adjusted cost of produced coal sold$1,111,970 $59,725 $1,171,695 
Produced tons sold14,638 1,265 15,903 
Adjusted cost of produced coal sold per ton (1)
$75.96 $47.21 $73.68 
(1) Cost of produced coal sold per ton for our operations is calculated as non-GAAP cost of produced coal sold divided by produced tons sold.
Year Ended December 31, 2020
(In thousands, except for per ton data)MetAll OtherConsolidated
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales$917,407 $115,275 $1,032,682 
Less: cost of purchased coal sold(85,769)(925)(86,694)
Adjusted cost of produced coal sold$831,638 $114,350 $945,988 
Produced tons sold11,941 2,429 14,370 
Adjusted cost of produced coal sold per ton (1)
$69.65 $47.08 $65.83 
(1) Cost of produced coal sold per ton for our operations is calculated as non-GAAP cost of produced coal sold divided by produced tons sold.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that is presented as a supplemental measure and is not intended to replace financial performance or liquidity measures determined in accordance with GAAP. Moreover, this measure is not calculated identically by all companies and therefore may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Adjusted EBITDA is presented because management believes it is a useful indicator of the financial performance of our coal operations. The following tables present a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

Year Ended December 31, 2021
(In thousands)MetAll OtherConsolidated
Net income (loss) from continuing operations$439,859 $(152,930)$286,929 
Interest expense184 69,470 69,654 
Interest income(6)(328)(334)
Income tax expense— 3,609 3,609 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization99,963 10,084 110,047 
Non-cash stock compensation expense28 5,287 5,315 
Mark-to-market adjustment - acquisition-related obligations— 19,525 19,525 
Gain on settlement of acquisition-related obligations— (1,125)(1,125)
Accretion on asset retirement obligations13,571 12,949 26,520 
Asset impairment and restructuring — (561)(561)
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net13,671 (427)13,244 
Adjusted EBITDA $567,270 $(34,447)$532,823 

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Year Ended December 31, 2020
(In thousands)MetAll OtherConsolidated
Net loss from continuing operations$(77,519)$(163,951)$(241,470)
Interest expense(2,014)76,542 74,528 
Interest income(63)(6,964)(7,027)
Income tax benefit— (2,164)(2,164)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization124,060 15,825 139,885 
Non-cash stock compensation expense289 4,607 4,896 
Mark-to-market adjustment - acquisition-related obligations— (8,750)(8,750)
Accretion on asset retirement obligations14,214 12,290 26,504 
Asset impairment and restructuring 46,317 37,561 83,878 
Management restructuring costs (1)
501 440 941 
Loss on partial settlement of benefit obligations1,607 1,359 2,966 
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net12,889 (3,675)9,214 
Adjusted EBITDA $120,281 $(36,880)$83,401 
(1) Management restructuring costs are related to severance expense associated with senior management changes during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

The following table summarizes Adjusted EBITDA for our Met segment operations and All Other category:
Year Ended December 31,Increase (Decrease)
(In thousands)20212020$%
Adjusted EBITDA
Met operations$567,270 $120,281 $446,989 371.6 %
All Other(34,447)(36,880)2,433 6.6 %
Total$532,823 $83,401 $449,422 538.9 %

Met segment operations. Adjusted EBITDA increased $447.0 million, or 371.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by increased coal margin and coal sales volumes.
All Other category. Adjusted EBITDA increased $2.4 million, or 6.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily driven by decreases in cost of coal sales and increases in sales realization per ton, partially offset by a decrease in thermal tons sold.
Discontinued Operations

The former NAPP operations’ results of operations and financial position are reported as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to Note 3 for further information on discontinued operations. The following tables summarize certain financial information relating to the discontinued operating results which are reported within the All Other category that have been derived from our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2020.
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(In thousands, except for per ton data)
Year Ended December 31, 2020 (2)
Coal revenues$233,083 
Less: Freight and handling fulfillment revenues(11,135)
Non-GAAP Coal revenues$221,948 
Tons sold5,420 
Non-GAAP Coal sales realization per ton$40.95 
Cost of coal sales (exclusive of items shown separately below)$215,390 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production (1)
11,570 
Accretion on asset retirement obligations4,154 
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net861 
Total Cost of coal sales$231,975 
Less: Freight and handling costs(11,135)
Less: Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production (1)
(11,570)
Less: Accretion on asset retirement obligations(4,154)
Less: Amortization of acquired intangibles, net(861)
Less: Idled and closed mine costs(3,102)
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales$201,153 
Tons sold5,420 
Non-GAAP Cost of coal sales per ton$37.11 
(1) Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production excludes the depreciation, depletion and amortization related to selling, general and administrative functions.
(2) Includes minor residual activity related to our former PRB operations.


(In thousands, except for per ton data)
Year Ended December 31, 2020 (2)
Coal revenues$233,083 
Less: Total Cost of coal sales (per table above)(231,975)
GAAP Coal margin$1,108 
Tons sold5,420 
GAAP Coal margin per ton$0.20 
GAAP Coal margin$1,108 
Add: Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production (1)
11,570 
Add: Accretion on asset retirement obligations4,154 
Add: Amortization of acquired intangibles, net861 
Add: Idled and closed mine costs3,102 
Non-GAAP Coal margin$20,795 
Tons sold5,420 
Non-GAAP Coal margin per ton$3.84 
(1) Depreciation, depletion and amortization - production excludes the depreciation, depletion and amortization related to selling, general and administrative functions.
(2) Includes minor residual activity related to our former PRB operations.

Refer to Note 3 for disclosures on the Cumberland Back-to-Back Coal Supply Agreements.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview

Our primary liquidity and capital resource requirements stem from the cost of our coal production and purchases, our capital expenditures, our debt service, our reclamation obligations, our regulatory costs and settlements and associated costs. Our primary sources of liquidity are derived from sales of coal, our debt financing, and miscellaneous revenues.
We believe that cash on hand and cash generated from our operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital requirements, anticipated capital expenditures, debt service requirements, acquisition-related obligations, and reclamation obligations for the next 12 months and the reasonably foreseeable future. We rely on a number of assumptions in budgeting for our future activities. These include the costs for mine development to sustain capacity of our operating mines, our cash flows from operations, effects of regulation and taxes by governmental agencies, mining technology improvements and reclamation costs. These assumptions are inherently subject to significant business, political, economic, regulatory, environmental and competitive uncertainties, pending and existing climate-related initiatives, contingencies and risks, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Increased scrutiny of ESG matters specific to the coal sector could negatively influence our ability to raise capital in the future and result in a reduced number of surety and insurance providers. We may need to raise additional funds if market conditions deteriorate, and we may not be able to do so in a timely fashion, on terms acceptable to us, or at all; or one or more of our assumptions prove to be incorrect or if we choose to expand our acquisition, exploration, appraisal, or development efforts or any other activity more rapidly than we presently anticipate. Additionally, we may elect to raise additional funds before we need them if the conditions for raising capital are favorable. We may seek to sell equity or debt securities or obtain additional bank credit facilities. The sale of equity securities could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of additional indebtedness could result in increased fixed obligations and additional covenants that could restrict our operations.
Liquidity

The following table summarizes our total liquidity as of December 31, 2021:

(in thousands)
December 31, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents$81,211 
Credit facility availability (1)
33,963 
Total liquidity $115,174 
(1) Comprised of our unused commitments available under the Second Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement, subject to limitations described therein.

Cash Collateral

We are required to provide cash collateral to secure our obligations under certain worker’s compensation, black lung, reclamation-related obligations, financial payments and other performance obligations, and other operating agreements. Additionally, we have short-term restricted cash held in escrow related to our Contingent Revenue Obligation (refer to Note 15). Future regulatory changes relating to these obligations could result in increased obligations, additional costs, or additional collateral requirements which could require greater use of alternative sources of funding for this purpose, which would reduce our liquidity. Refer to the DCMWC Reauthorization Process section below for information related to the new authorization process for self-insured coal mine operators being implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor (Division of Coal Mine Workers’ Compensation). As of December 31, 2021, we had the following cash collateral on our Consolidated Balance Sheets:
(in thousands)
December 31, 2021
Short-term and long-term restricted cash$101,403 
Long-term restricted investments28,443 
Short-term and long-term deposits1,394 
Total cash collateral$131,240 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

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We are required to provide financial assurance in order to perform the post-mining reclamation required by our mining permits, pay workers’ compensation claims under workers’ compensation laws in various states, pay federal black lung benefits, and perform certain other obligations. In order to provide the required financial assurance, we generally use surety bonds for post-mining reclamation and workers’ compensation obligations. We also use bank letters of credit to collateralize certain obligations. As of December 31, 2021, we had the following outstanding surety bonds and letters of credit:

(in thousands)
December 31, 2021
Surety bonds (1)
$176,119 
Letters of credit (2)
$121,650 
(1) Total face amount includes $30 thousand attributable to discontinued operations.
(2) The letters of credit outstanding are under the Second Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement dated December 6, 2021 and the Credit and Security Agreement dated June 30, 2017, and related amendments, between ANR, Inc. and First Tennessee Bank National Association.

Refer to Note 22, part (c) for further disclosures on off-balance sheet arrangements.

Debt Financing and Related Transactions

At December 31, 2021, we had $454.7 million of indebtedness outstanding before debt discount and issuance costs. Our indebtedness is primarily comprised of our Credit Agreement entered into on June 14, 2019 that provides for a senior secured term loan facility in the aggregate principal amount of $561.8 million with a maturity date of June 14, 2024 (the “Term Loan Credit Facility”). The Term Loan Credit Facility permits us, subject to approval of the administrative agent and the lenders providing the financing, to request incremental term loans up to an aggregate amount of $50.0 million subject to certain conditions in the Credit Agreement, in increments not less than $25.0 million or the remaining availability.
In a continued strategic effort to reduce our outstanding debt and strengthen our balance sheet, we repurchased at a discount certain outstanding principal borrowings of $18.7 million and made voluntary prepayments of $81.0 million of outstanding principal borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Facility during the third and fourth quarters of 2021. During the first quarter of 2022, we made additional voluntary prepayments of $150.0 million of outstanding principal borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Facility. Subject to continued coal market strength and available liquidity, we are planning to continue our efforts to substantially deleverage the balance sheet in coming quarters.
On December 6, 2021, we entered into the Second Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement (“New ABL Agreement”). The New ABL Agreement amended and restated the Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement dated November 9, 2018, in its entirety, and includes a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (“the New ABL Facility”). Under the New ABL Facility, we may borrow cash from the Lenders (as defined therein) or cause the L/C Issuers (as defined therein) to issue letters of credit, on a revolving basis, in an aggregate amount of up to $155.0 million, of which no more than $150.0 million may represent outstanding letters of credit ($125.0 million on a committed basis and another $25.0 million on an uncommitted cash collateralized basis) with a maturity date of December 6, 2024. The New ABL Agreement extended the maturity date of the facility from the previous maturity of April 3, 2022. Availability under the New ABL Facility is calculated on a monthly basis and fluctuates based on qualifying amounts of coal inventory and trade accounts receivable (the “Borrowing Base”) and the facility's covenant limitations related to our Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (refer to “Analysis of Material Debt Covenants” below). In accordance with terms of the New ABL Facility, we may be required to cash collateralize the New ABL Facility to the extent outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under the New ABL Facility exceed the Borrowing Base after considering covenant limitations.
On July 26, 2021, we repaid in full the West Virginia allocation of the Lexington Coal Company (“LCC”) note payable (“LCC Note Payable”) in the amount of $21.2 million. The final $7.7 million payment was originally due in July of 2022, but we negotiated the return of $14.0 million of surety collateral in exchange for early repayment, which allowed us to eliminate that portion of the debt a year early and at a lower net cash outflow than was previously expected in 2021. In October 2021, we elected to repay in full the remaining LCC Note Payable in the amount of $2.3 million and the remaining obligation to contribute into the LCC’s water treatment restricted accounts (the “LCC Water Treatment Stipulation”) in the amount of $5.0 million.
Refer to Note 14 for additional disclosures on long-term debt.
Acquisition-Related Obligations

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At December 31, 2021, we had $41.6 million of acquisition-related obligations outstanding before discount. Our acquisition-related obligations are primarily comprised of the Contingent Revenue Obligation which has an offsetting $17.6 million of short-term restricted cash held in escrow as of the first quarter of 2022 (refer to Note 15).

Capital Requirements

We expect to spend between $160.0 million and $190.0 million on capital expenditures during 2022. Our expected capital expenditures include an increase from our estimates in the prior year due to inflationary pressure on labor and supplies and plans for several important projects that will help modernize and strategically improve our operations and preparation plant infrastructure.

Contractual Obligations

The following is a summary of our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2021:
(in thousands)
20222023202420252026After 2026Total
Term Loan Credit Facility (1)
$44,944 $44,944 $470,158 $— $— $— $560,046 
Contingent Revenue Obligation17,524 22,988 — — — — 40,512 
Minimum royalties14,665 14,418 13,620 12,525 12,396 56,771 124,395 
Coal purchase commitments37,335 — — — — — 37,335 
Unconditional purchase obligations (2)
46,514 105,750 87,825 — — — 240,089 
Total$160,982 $188,100 $571,603 $12,525 $12,396 $56,771 $1,002,377 
(1) Includes cash interest payable on this obligation, with an interest rate of 10.00% as of December 31, 2021.
(2) Includes transportation commitments, minimum equipment purchase commitments, and diesel fuel purchase commitments. Refer to Note 22 for further information.

Additionally, we have long-term liabilities relating to asset retirement obligations, pension benefits, black lung benefits, postretirement life insurance benefits, and workers’ compensation benefits. The table below reflects the estimated undiscounted cash flows for these obligations:
(in thousands)20222023202420252026After 2026Total
Asset retirement obligation$32,802 $35,495 $35,663 $24,079 $35,865 $256,029 $419,933 
Pension benefit obligation (1)
30,949 30,944 31,161 31,497 31,657 940,537 1,096,745 
Black lung benefit obligation7,295 7,208 7,254 7,329 7,497 158,467 195,050 
Postretirement life insurance benefit obligation602 568 569 571 570 14,237 17,117 
Workers’ compensation benefit obligation10,612 7,757 6,277 5,497 5,076 72,759 107,978 
Total$82,260 $81,972 $80,924 $68,973 $80,665 $1,442,029 $1,836,823 
(1) The estimated undiscounted cash flows will be paid from the defined benefit pension plan assets held within the defined benefit pension plan trust. Refer to Note 19 for further disclosures related to this obligation.

Business Updates

On December 14, 2021, S&P Global Ratings upgraded its issuer credit rating on the Company to B- from CCC+ and its issuer-level rating on our senior secured debt to B- from CCC+ amid favorable market indicators. The rating outlook was noted as stable. On September 14, 2021, Moody’s Investors Service ("Moody's") upgraded our Corporate Family Rating to B3 from Caa1, Probability of Default Rating to B3-PD from Caa1-PD, Senior Secured First Lien Bank Credit Facility Rating to B3 (LGD4) from Caa2 (LGD4), and Speculative Grade Liquidity Rating to SGL-2 from SGL-3 which were upgraded from Moody’s previous ratings which were released on April 16, 2021. The rating outlook was noted as stable. Should we receive any negative outlook ratings in the future, such negative outlook ratings would result in potential liquidity risks for us, including the risks of declines in our stock value, declines in our cash and cash equivalents, less availability and higher costs of additional credit, and requests for additional collateral by surety providers.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had negative impacts on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. The full extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operational and financial performance will depend on
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various developments, including the duration and spread of the outbreak, its impact on our customers and suppliers and the range of governmental and community reactions to the pandemic, which are still uncertain and still cannot be fully predicted.
We continually strive to enhance our capital structure and financial flexibility and reduce cash outflows from operations. As future opportunities arise, we will consider the possibility of refinancing, repayment or repurchase of outstanding debt and amendment of our credit facilities, and may consider the sale of other assets or businesses, and such other measures as we believe circumstances warrant. We may decide to pursue or not pursue these opportunities at any time. Access to additional funds from liquidity-generating transactions or other sources of external financing is subject to market conditions and certain limitations, including our credit rating and covenant restrictions in our credit facilities.
As a regular part of our business, we review opportunities for, and engage in discussions and negotiations concerning, the acquisition or disposition of coal mining and related infrastructure assets and interests in coal mining companies, and acquisitions or dispositions of, or combinations or other strategic transactions involving companies with coal mining or other energy assets. When we believe that these opportunities are consistent with our strategic plans and our acquisition or disposition criteria, we will make bids or proposals and/or enter into letters of intent and other similar agreements. These bids or proposals, which may be binding or non-binding, are customarily subject to a variety of conditions and usually permit us to terminate the discussions and any related agreement if, among other things, we are not satisfied with the results of due diligence. Any acquisition opportunities we pursue could materially affect our liquidity and capital resources and may require us to incur indebtedness, seek equity capital or both. There can be no assurance that additional financing will be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.
Income Taxes

In August 2021, we received an expected $64.2 million federal income tax refund and a $5.4 million associated interest payment related to a net operating loss (“NOL”) carryback claim. Refer to Note 18 for further income tax disclosures.
Pension Plans

We sponsor three qualified non-contributory pension plans (“Pension Plans”) which cover certain salaried and non-union hourly employees. Participants accrued benefits either based on certain formulas, the participant’s compensation prior to retirement or plan specified amounts for each year of service. Benefits are frozen under these Pension Plans. Annual funding contributions to the Pension Plans are made as recommended by consulting actuaries based upon the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”) funding standards. Funding decisions also consider certain funded status thresholds defined by the Pension Protection Act of 2006. As a result of the recent funding relief granted under the American Rescue Plan Act, contributions requirements to the pension plans were reduced relative to our previous estimates, and we contributed $6.6 million to the Pension Plans in 2021. We expect our minimum required contributions to be $4.4 million to the pension plans in 2022. Refer to Note 19 for further disclosures related to this obligation.
Discontinued Operations

Refer to Note 3 for disclosure on discontinued operations.

DCMWC Reauthorization Process

In July 2019, the U.S. Department of Labor (Division of Coal Mine Workers’ Compensation or “DCMWC”) began implementing a new authorization process for all self-insured coal mine operators. As requested by DCMWC, we filed an application and supporting documentation for reauthorization to self-insure certain of our black lung obligations in October 2019. As a result of this application, the DCMWC notified us in a letter dated February 21, 2020 that we were reauthorized to self-insure certain of our black lung obligations for a period of one-year from February 21, 2020. The DCMWC reauthorization is contingent, however, upon us providing collateral of $65.7 million to secure certain of our black lung obligations. This collateral requirement, which the DCMWC advises represents 70% of our estimated future liability according to the DCMWC’s estimation methodology, is an increase of approximately 2,400% from the approximately $2.6 million in collateral which we (previously by Alpha Natural Resources Inc. prior to the Merger) have provided since 2016 to secure these self-insured black lung obligations. Future liability has not previously been estimated by the DCMWC in connection with the reauthorization process but is now being considered as part of its new collateral-setting methodology.

The reauthorization process provided us with the right to appeal the security determination in writing within 30 days of the date of the notification, which appeal period the DCMWC agreed to extend to May 22, 2020, and we exercised this right of appeal. We strongly disagree with the DCMWC’s substantially higher collateral determination and the methodology through
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which the calculation was derived. In February 2021, the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) withdrew its Federal Register notice seeking comments on its bulletin describing its new method of calculating collateral requirements. The Department removed the bulletin from its website in May 2021. On February 10, 2022, a telephone conference was held with DCMWC and DOL decision makers wherein we presented facts and arguments in support of our appeal. No ruling has been made on the appeal, but during the call we indicated that we would be willing to allocate an additional $10.0 million in collateral. If our appeal is unsuccessful, we may be required to provide additional letters of credit in order to receive self-insurance reauthorization from the DCMWC or insure these black lung obligations through a third party provider, which would likely also require us to provide additional collateral. Either of these outcomes would significantly reduce our liquidity.

Share Repurchase Program

On March 4, 2022, our board of directors adopted a share repurchase program that permits us to repurchase up to an aggregate amount of $150.0 million of our common stock. Share repurchases may be made from time to time through open market transactions, block trades, tender offers, or otherwise. Repurchases under the program are subject to market and business conditions, levels of available liquidity, our cash needs, restrictions under agreements or obligations, legal or regulatory requirements or restrictions and other relevant factors.

Cash Flows

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash decreased by $62.0 million and $103.1 million over the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash was attributable to the following:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Cash flows (in thousands):
Net cash provided by operating activities$174,943 $129,236 
Net cash used in investing activities(89,855)(209,969)
Net cash used in financing activities(147,045)(22,376)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash$(61,957)$(103,109)

Operating Activities. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period was primarily attributable to the improvement in our results from operations as discussed above in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations,” partially offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities, primarily attributable to an increase in our working capital. Our working capital increase was primarily driven by an increase in our trade accounts receivable, net, partially offset by the receipt of the federal tax refund in the current year as discussed above.

Investing Activities. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period was primarily driven by the decrease in our capital expenditures which were near the maintenance capital level in the current year period and the cash paid on the sale of our former NAPP operations in the prior year period (refer to Note 3 for further information).

Financing Activities. The increase in net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period was primarily driven by the repurchase and voluntary prepayments of our outstanding principal borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Facility during the second half of the current year period (refer to Note 14 for further information).

Analysis of Material Debt Covenants

We are in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement’s Term Loan Credit Facility and the New ABL Agreement, as of December 31, 2021. A breach of the covenants in the Credit Agreement’s Term Loan Credit Facility or the Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement could result in a default under the terms of such agreement, and the respective lenders could then elect to declare all amounts borrowed due and payable.

Pursuant to the New ABL Agreement, during any Liquidity Period (capitalized terms as defined in the New ABL Agreement), our Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio cannot be less than 1.0 as of the last day of any Test Period, commencing with the Test Period ended immediately preceding the commencement of such Liquidity Period. The Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio is
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calculated as (a) Consolidated EBITDA of the Company and its Restricted Subsidiaries for such period, minus non-financed Capital Expenditures (including Capital Expenditures financed with the proceeds of any Loans) paid or payable currently in cash by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries for such period to (b) the Fixed Charges of the Company and its Restricted Subsidiaries during such period. As of December 31, 2021, we were not in a Liquidity Period.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates 
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors and assumptions, including the current economic environment, that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and adjust such estimates and assumptions as facts and circumstances require. Foreign currency and energy markets, and fluctuations in demand for steel products have combined to increase the uncertainty inherent in such estimates and assumptions. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results may differ significantly from these estimates. Changes in these estimates resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods.
Reclamation. Our asset retirement obligations arise from the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 and similar state statutes, which require that mine property be restored in accordance with specified standards and an approved reclamation plan. Significant reclamation activities include reclaiming refuse and slurry ponds, reclaiming the pit and support acreage at surface mines, sealing portals at deep mines, and the treatment of water. We determine the future cash flows necessary to satisfy our reclamation obligations on a permit-by-permit basis based upon current permit requirements and various estimates and assumptions, including estimates of disturbed acreage, cost estimates, and assumptions regarding productivity. We are also faced with increasingly stringent environmental regulation, much of which is beyond our control, which could increase our costs and materially increase our asset retirement obligations. Estimates of disturbed acreage are determined based on approved mining plans and related engineering data. Cost estimates are based upon third-party costs. Productivity assumptions are based on historical experience with the equipment that is expected to be utilized in the reclamation activities. Our asset retirement obligations are initially recorded at fair value. In order to determine fair value, we use assumptions including a discount rate and third-party margin. Each is discussed further below:
•Discount Rate. Asset retirement obligations are initially recorded at fair value. We utilize discounted cash flow techniques to estimate the fair value of our obligations. We base our discount rate on the rates of treasury bonds with maturities similar to expected mine lives and adjust for our credit standing as necessary after considering funding and assurance provisions. Changes in our credit standing could have a material impact on our asset retirement obligations.
•Third-Party Margin. The measurement of an obligation at fair value is based upon the amount a third party would demand to perform the obligation. Because we plan to perform a significant amount of the reclamation activities with internal resources, a third-party margin was added to the estimated costs of these activities. This margin was estimated based upon our historical experience with contractors performing similar types of reclamation activities. The inclusion of this margin will result in a recorded obligation that is greater than our estimates of our cost to perform the reclamation activities. If our cost estimates are accurate, the excess of the recorded obligation over the cost incurred to perform the work will be recorded as a reduction to depreciation, depletion and amortization within our Consolidated Statements of Operations at the time that reclamation work is completed.
On at least an annual basis, we review our reclamation liabilities and make necessary adjustments for permit changes as granted by state authorities, additional costs resulting from accelerated mine closures, and revisions to cost estimates and productivity assumptions to reflect current experience and updated plans. At December 31, 2021, we had recorded asset retirement obligation liabilities of $164.2 million, including amounts reported as current. While the precise amount of these future costs cannot be determined with certainty, as of December 31, 2021, we estimate that the aggregate undiscounted cost of final mine closures is approximately $419.9 million. Refer to Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for reclamation disclosures including a table summarizing the changes in asset retirement obligations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Retirement Plans. We have three non-contributory defined benefit retirement plans (the “Pension Plans”) covering certain of our salaried and non-union hourly employees, all of which are frozen. Benefits are based on either the employee’s compensation prior to retirement or stated amounts for each year of service with us. Funding of the Pension Plans is in accordance with requirements of ERISA, and our contributions can be deducted for federal income tax purposes. We contributed $6.6 million to our Pension Plans for the year ended December 31, 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2021,
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we recorded a net periodic benefit credit of $11.5 million, which included a settlement of $0.4 million, for our Pension Plans and have recorded net obligations of $159.9 million. Refer to Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for disclosures summarizing the changes in these projected benefit obligations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
The calculation of the net periodic benefit expense (credit) and projected benefit obligation associated with our Pension Plans requires the use of a number of assumptions, which are used by our independent actuaries to make the underlying calculations. Refer to Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a summary of these assumptions and additional disclosures related to our Pension Plans. Changes in these assumptions can result in different net periodic benefit expense and liability amounts, and actual experience can differ from the assumptions.
•The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets is an assumption of the rate of return on plan assets reflecting the average rate of earnings expected on the funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the projected benefit obligation. We establish the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets at the beginning of each fiscal year based upon historical returns and projected returns on the underlying mix of invested assets. The Pension Plans investment targets are 60% equity securities and 40% fixed income funds, based on the assumption the Pension Plans have a funded status level less than 90% (refer to Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional disclosures on this assumption). Investments are rebalanced on a periodic basis to stay within these targeted guidelines. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption used to determine net periodic benefit expense was 5.80% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption to be used in 2022 is expected to be 5.80%. Any difference between the actual experience and the assumed experience is deferred as an unrecognized actuarial gain or loss and amortized into expense in future periods.
•The discount rate represents our estimate of the interest rate at which pension benefits could be effectively settled. Assumed discount rates are used in the measurement of the projected and accumulated benefit obligations and the interest cost component of the net periodic benefit expense. In estimating that rate, we use rates of return on high quality, fixed income investments. The weighted average discount rate used to determine the pension benefit obligations was 2.92% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The differences resulting from actual versus assumed discount rates are amortized into pension net periodic benefit expense (credit) over the remaining average life of the active plan participants. A one percentage-point increase in the discount rate would increase the net periodic pension cost for the year ended December 31, 2021 by approximately $3.3 million and decrease the projected benefit obligation as of December 31, 2021 by approximately $83.5 million. The corresponding effects of a one percentage-point decrease in discount rate would decrease the net periodic pension cost for the year ended December 31, 2021 by approximately $4.5 million and increase the projected benefit obligation as of December 31, 2021 by approximately $104.8 million.
Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis. We are required by federal and state statues to provide benefits to employees for awards related to coal workers’ pneumoconiosis disease (black lung). Certain of our subsidiaries are insured for black lung benefit obligations by a third-party insurance provider and certain subsidiaries are self-insured for state black lung benefit obligations and may fund benefit payments through a Section 501(c)(21) tax-exempt trust fund. Provisions are made for estimated benefits based on annual evaluations prepared by independent actuaries. Charges are made to operations for self-insured black lung claims, as determined by an independent actuary at the present value of the actuarially computed liability for such benefits over the employee’s applicable term of service. These actuarially determined liabilities use various actuarial assumptions, including the discount rate, future cost trends, demographic assumptions, and return on plan assets to estimate the costs and obligations for these items.
•The discount rate represents our estimate of the interest rate at which black lung benefit obligations could be effectively settled. Assumed discount rates are used in the measurement of the black lung benefit obligations and the interest cost and service cost components of the net periodic benefit expense. In estimating that rate, we use rates of return on high quality, fixed income investments. The weighted average discount rate used to determine black lung benefit obligations was 2.96% for the year ended December 31, 2021. The differences resulting from actual versus assumed discount rates are amortized into black lung net periodic benefit cost over the remaining average life of the active plan participants. A one percentage-point increase in the discount rate would increase the net periodic black lung benefit cost for the year ended December 31, 2021 by approximately $0.6 million and decrease the projected benefit obligation as of December 31, 2021 by approximately $14.4 million. The corresponding effects of a one percentage-point decrease in discount rate would decrease the net periodic black lung benefit cost for the year ended December 31, 2021 by approximately $0.8 million and increase the projected benefit obligation as of December 31, 2021 by approximately $18.4 million.
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If our assumptions do not materialize as expected, actual cash expenditures and costs that we incur could differ materially from our current estimates. Moreover, regulatory changes could affect our obligation to satisfy these or additional obligations. As of December 31, 2021, we had estimated black lung benefit obligations of approximately $114.5 million, including amounts reported as current and within discontinued operations, which are net of assets of $2.7 million that are held in a tax-exempt trust fund. Refer to Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for disclosures summarizing these underlying assumptions and the changes in these projected benefit obligations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Income Taxes. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of recorded assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets within the jurisdiction in which they arise, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including the expected reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, taxable income available via carryback to prior years, tax planning strategies, and results of recent operations. We assess the realizability of our deferred tax assets, including scheduling the reversal of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, to determine the amount of valuation allowance needed. Scheduling the reversal of deferred tax asset and liability balances requires judgment and estimation. We believe the deferred tax liabilities relied upon as future taxable income in our assessment will reverse in the same period and jurisdiction and are of the same character as the temporary differences giving rise to the deferred tax assets that will be realized. At December 31, 2021, a valuation allowance of $172.9 million has been provided on federal and state net operating losses and other deferred tax assets not currently expected to provide future tax benefits. Refer to Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional disclosures on income taxes.
Asset Impairment. U.S. GAAP requires that a long-lived asset group that is held and used should be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the long-lived asset group might not be recoverable. Once indicators of potential impairment are identified, testing of a long-lived asset group for impairment is a two-step process. Step one evaluates the recoverability of an asset group by comparing its projected future net undiscounted cash flows to its carrying value. If the carrying value of an asset group exceeds its projected future net undiscounted cash flows, step two is performed whereby the fair value of the asset group is estimated and compared to its carrying amount. The amount of any potential impairment is equal to the excess of an asset group’s carrying value over its estimated fair value. The amount of any potential impairment is allocated to the individual long-lived assets within the asset group on a pro-rata basis, except that the carrying value of individual long-lived assets are not reduced below their individual estimated fair values. Long-lived assets located in a close geographic area are grouped together for purposes of impairment testing when, after considering revenue and cost interdependencies, circumstances indicate the assets are used together to produce future cash flows. Our asset groups generally consist of the assets and applicable liabilities of one or more mines and preparation plants and associated coal reserves for which cash flows are largely independent of cash flows of other mines, preparation plants and associated reserves.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, long-lived asset impairment of $60 was recorded in the All Other category to reduce the carrying value of property, plant, and equipment, net, due to capital spending during the period at previously impaired locations requiring the impairment of certain additional assets not considered recoverable. We performed long-lived asset impairment tests as of November 30, 2020, August 31, 2020, May 31, 2020, and February 29, 2020. In total, we determined that indicators of impairment with respect to five long-lived asset groups within our Met reporting segment, three long-lived asset groups within our All Other category, and one long-lived asset group within discontinued operations existed during the year ended December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2020, we determined that the carrying amounts of the asset groups exceeded both their undiscounted cash flows and their estimated fair values. As a result, the Company recorded a long-lived asset impairment of $228.6 million, including $147.6 million recorded within discontinued operations.

We estimate the fair value of an asset group generally using discounted cash flow analysis based on estimates of future sales volumes, coal prices, production costs, and a risk-adjusted cost of capital. Changes in any of these assumptions could materially impact the estimated undiscounted cash flows of our asset groups. Refer to Note 2 and Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Contingent Revenue Obligation. Our Contingent Revenue Obligation was assumed in connection with the Merger. Determining the fair value of this obligation requires management’s judgment and the utilization of independent valuation experts, and involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions with respect to forecasts of future revenues and discount rates. The Company forecasts future revenues for the duration of the obligation for the properties subject to the obligation. Discount rates are determined based on the risk associated with the projected cash flows. If our assumptions do not materialize as expected, actual payments made under the obligation could differ materially from our current estimates. For a further
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discussion of the factors that could result in a change in our assumptions, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

New Accounting Pronouncements. Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for disclosures related to new accounting policies adopted.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm


To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc.


Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively, the financial statements). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two year period ended December 31, 2021 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements and an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
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Asset Retirement Obligations
As described in Notes 2 and 16 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated asset retirement obligation liability was $164.2 million at December 31, 2021. The Company records the asset retirement obligation liability at fair value in the period in which the legal obligation associated with the retirement of the long-lived asset is incurred. Changes to the liability at operations that are not currently being reclaimed are offset by increasing or decreasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Changes to the liability at operations that are currently being reclaimed are recorded to depreciation, depletion, and amortization. The Company annually reviews its estimated future cash flows for its asset retirement obligations.

We identified the valuation of the asset retirement obligation as a critical audit matter because the estimate involves a high degree of subjectivity and auditing the significant assumptions utilized by management in estimating the amount of the liability requires judgment. In particular, the obligation is determined using a discounted cash flow technique and is based upon mining permit requirements and various assumptions including discount rates, inflation rate, estimates of disturbed acreage, timing of reclamation activities, and third-party reclamation costs.

Our audit procedures related to the Company’s asset retirement obligation liability included the following, among others:

–We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to the Company’s accounting for the asset retirement obligation liability, and tested such controls for design and operating effectiveness, including controls over management’s review of the significant assumptions and data inputs described above.
–We compared significant valuation assumptions including the discount rates and inflation rate to market data and utilized a valuation specialist to assist in testing the Company’s discounted cash flow model.
–We compared the estimates of disturbed acreage, timing of reclamation activities, and third-party reclamation costs to the prior year estimate, assessing consistency between timing of reclamation activities and projected mine life, evaluated the appropriateness of the estimated costs based on mine type, and compared anticipated costs to recent operating data.
–We utilized an external specialist to perform observations of mine site operations, conducted interviews of engineering personnel, assessed the completeness of the mine reclamation estimate with respect to meeting mine closure and post closure plan regulatory requirements, and evaluated the reasonableness of the engineering estimates and assumptions.


/s/ RSM US LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2020.

Atlanta, Georgia
March 7, 2022
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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
 20212020
Revenues: 
Coal revenues$2,252,597 $1,413,124 
Other revenues5,989 3,063 
Total revenues2,258,586 1,416,187 
Costs and expenses:  
Cost of coal sales (exclusive of items shown separately below)1,679,742 1,281,011 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization110,047 139,885 
Accretion on asset retirement obligations26,520 26,504 
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net13,244 9,214 
Asset impairment and restructuring(561)83,878 
Selling, general and administrative expenses (exclusive of depreciation, depletion and amortization shown separately above)63,901 57,356 
Total other operating loss (income):
Mark-to-market adjustment for acquisition-related obligations19,525 (8,750)
Other income(10,972)(2,223)
Total costs and expenses1,901,446 1,586,875 
Income (loss) from operations357,140 (170,688)
Other (expense) income:  
Interest expense(69,654)(74,528)
Interest income334 7,027 
Equity loss in affiliates(4,149)(3,473)
Miscellaneous income (loss), net6,867 (1,972)
Total other expense, net(66,602)(72,946)
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes290,538 (243,634)
Income tax (expense) benefit(3,609)2,164 
Net income (loss) from continuing operations286,929 (241,470)
Discontinued operations:
Income (loss) from discontinued operations before income taxes1,660 (205,429)
Income tax benefit from discontinued operations201 — 
Income (loss) from discontinued operations1,861 (205,429)
Net income (loss)$288,790 $(446,899)
Basic income (loss) per common share:
Income (loss) from continuing operations$15.56 $(13.20)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations0.10 (11.22)
Net income (loss)$15.66 $(24.42)
Diluted income (loss) per common share:
Income (loss) from continuing operations$15.20 $(13.20)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations0.10 (11.22)
Net income (loss)$15.30 $(24.42)
Weighted average shares - basic18,441,175 18,298,362 
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Weighted average shares - diluted18,871,682 18,298,362 

Refer to accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Amounts in thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Net income (loss)$288,790 $(446,899)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Employee benefit plans:
Current period actuarial gain (loss)$47,461 $(60,647)
Income tax— — 
$47,461 $(60,647)
Less: reclassification adjustments for amounts reclassified to earnings due to amortization of net actuarial loss and settlements 6,021 7,278 
Income tax— — 
$6,021 $7,278 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax$53,482 $(53,369)
Total comprehensive income (loss)$342,272 $(500,268)

Refer to accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Assets  
Current assets:  
Cash and cash equivalents$81,211 $139,227 
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $393 and $293 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively
489,241 145,670 
Inventories, net129,382 108,051 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets47,690 106,252 
Current assets - discontinued operations462 10,935 
Total current assets747,986 510,135 
Property, plant, and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $443,856 and $382,423 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively
362,218 363,620 
Owned and leased mineral rights, net of accumulated depletion and amortization of $52,444 and $35,143 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively
444,302 463,250 
Other acquired intangibles, net of accumulated amortization of $34,221 and $25,700 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively
74,197 88,196 
Long-term restricted cash89,426 96,033 
Other non-current assets131,057 149,382 
Non-current assets - discontinued operations8,526 9,473 
Total assets$1,857,712 $1,680,089 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity  
Current liabilities:  
Current portion of long-term debt$2,989 $28,830 
Trade accounts payable90,090 58,413 
Acquisition-related obligations - current22,405 19,099 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities174,607 140,406 
Current liabilities - discontinued operations5,838 12,306 
Total current liabilities295,929 259,054 
Long-term debt445,562 553,697 
Acquisition-related obligations - long-term19,000 20,768 
Workers’ compensation and black lung obligations208,193 230,081 
Pension obligations159,930 218,671 
Asset retirement obligations132,013 140,074 
Deferred income taxes317 480 
Other non-current liabilities26,176 28,072 
Non-current liabilities - discontinued operations23,683 29,090 
Total liabilities1,310,803 1,479,987 
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 22)
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock - par value $0.01, 5.0 million shares authorized, none issued
— — 
Common stock - par value $0.01, 50.0 million shares authorized, 20.8 million issued and 18.4 million outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 20.6 million issued and 18.3 million outstanding at December 31, 2020
208 206 
Additional paid-in capital784,743 779,424 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(58,503)(111,985)
Treasury stock, at cost: 2.4 million shares at December 31, 2021 and 2.3 million shares at December 31, 2020
(107,800)(107,014)
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Accumulated deficit(71,739)(360,529)
Total stockholders’ equity546,909 200,102 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$1,857,712 $1,680,089 

Refer to accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Amounts in thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Operating activities: 
Net income (loss)$288,790 $(446,899)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion and amortization110,047 151,455 
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net13,244 10,075 
Accretion of acquisition-related obligations discount1,258 3,342 
Amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of debt discount12,338 14,772 
Mark-to-market adjustment for acquisition-related obligations19,525 (8,750)
Loss on sale of business— 36,113 
Gain on disposal of assets, net(9,911)(2,401)
Accretion on asset retirement obligations26,520 30,658 
Employee benefit plans, net(1,751)14,439 
Deferred income taxes(163)33,123 
Asset impairment and restructuring(561)256,518 
Stock-based compensation5,315 4,896 
Equity loss in affiliates4,149 3,473 
Other, net(6,570)(5,972)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Trade accounts receivable, net(336,240)91,190 
Inventories, net(21,331)48,689 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets61,581 28,152 
Deposits26,853 (17,926)
Other non-current assets(250)(6,753)
Trade accounts payable25,154 (28,620)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities15,961 15,428 
Acquisition-related obligations(18,121)(32,560)
Asset retirement obligations(16,306)(19,375)
Other non-current liabilities(24,588)(43,831)
Net cash provided by operating activities174,943 129,236 
Investing activities:
Capital expenditures(83,300)(153,990)
Proceeds on disposal of assets8,224 4,023 
Cash paid on sale of business— (52,192)
Capital contributions to equity affiliates(6,677)(3,443)
Purchases of investment securities(17,985)(21,129)
Maturity of investment securities13,265 16,685 
Other, net(3,382)77 
Net cash used in investing activities(89,855)(209,969)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from borrowings on long-term debt— 57,500 
Repurchases of long-term debt(18,415)— 
Principal repayments of long-term debt(119,097)(76,491)
Principal repayments of financing lease obligations(2,064)(3,176)
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Debt issuance costs(6,683)— 
Common stock repurchases and related expenses(786)(209)
Net cash used in financing activities(147,045)(22,376)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash(61,957)(103,109)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period244,571 347,680 
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$182,614 $244,571 
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest$63,061 $49,294 
Cash paid for income taxes$176 $5 
Cash received for income tax refunds$64,498 $68,801 
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities:  
Financing leases and capital financing - equipment$787 $4,411 
Accrued capital expenditures$9,964 $7,493 
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
As of December 31,
 20212020
Cash and cash equivalents$81,211 $139,227 
Short-term restricted cash (included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets)11,977 9,311 
Long-term restricted cash89,426 96,033 
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows$182,614 $244,571 


Refer to accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(Amounts in thousands)
Common StockAdditional Paid-in CapitalAccumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) IncomeTreasury Stock at CostRetained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit)Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balances, December 31, 2019$205 $775,707 $(58,616)$(107,984)$86,810 $696,122 
Net loss— — — — (446,899)(446,899)
Credit losses cumulative-effect adjustment— — — — (440)(440)
Other comprehensive loss, net— — (53,369)— — (53,369)
Stock-based compensation and net issuance of common stock for share vesting1 3,717 — — — 3,718 
Common stock reissuances, repurchases and related expenses— — — 970 — 970 
Balances, December 31, 2020$206 $779,424 $(111,985)$(107,014)$(360,529)$200,102 
Net income— — — — 288,790 288,790 
Other comprehensive income, net— — 53,482 — 53,482 
Stock-based compensation and net issuance of common stock for share vesting2 5,313 — — — 5,315 
Common stock repurchases and related expenses— — — (786)— (786)
Warrant exercises— 6 — — — 6 
Balances, December 31, 2021$208 $784,743 $(58,503)$(107,800)$(71,739)$546,909 
Refer to accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)

(1) Business and Basis of Presentation
Business
Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc. (“Alpha” or the “Company”), previously named Contura Energy, Inc., is a Tennessee-based mining company with operations across Virginia and West Virginia. With customers across the globe, high-quality reserves and significant port capacity, Alpha is a leading U.S. supplier of metallurgical coal products for the steel industry.
The Company was formed to acquire and operate certain of Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.’s core coal operations, as part of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. bankruptcy reorganization. The Company began operations on July 26, 2016 and currently operates mines in the Central Appalachia region.
A merger with ANR, Inc. and Alpha Natural Resources Holdings, Inc. (together, the "Merger Companies”) was completed on November 9, 2018 (the “Merger”) pursuant to terms of the definitive merger agreement (the “Merger Agreement”). Upon the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the Company began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker “CTRA.”

Effective February 1, 2021, the Company changed its corporate name from Contura Energy, Inc. to Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc. to more accurately reflect its strategic focus on the production of metallurgical coal. Following the effectiveness of its name change, the Company’s ticker symbol on the New York Stock Exchange changed from “CTRA” to “AMR” effective on February 4, 2021.

Basis of Presentation

Together, the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), cash flows and stockholders’ equity for the Company are referred to as the “Financial Statements.” The Financial Statements are also referred to as “Consolidated” and references across periods are generally labeled “Balance Sheets,” “Statements of Operations,” and “Statements of Cash Flows.” The Company’s former Northern Appalachia (“NAPP”) operations results of operations and financial position are reported as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Refer to Note 3 for further information on discontinued operations.
The Consolidated Financial Statements include all wholly owned subsidiaries’ results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”).
Reclassifications
Certain amounts in the prior year Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Liquidity Risks and Uncertainties

The Company believes it will have sufficient liquidity to meet its working capital requirements, anticipated capital expenditures, debt service requirements, acquisition-related obligations, and reclamation obligations for the 12 months subsequent to the issuance of these financial statements. However, the Company may need to raise additional funds if market conditions deteriorate and may not be able to do so in a timely fashion, or at all. The Company relies on a number of assumptions in budgeting for future activities. These include the costs for mine development to sustain capacity of its operating mines, cash flows from operations, effects of regulation and taxes by governmental agencies, mining technology improvements and reclamation costs. These assumptions are inherently subject to significant business, political, economic, regulatory, environmental and competitive uncertainties, pending and existing climate-related initiatives, contingencies and risks, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond the Company’s control. Therefore, the Company’s cash on hand and from future operations will be subject to any significant changes in these assumptions.

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
COVID-19 Pandemic

In the first quarter of 2020, the COVID-19 virus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The COVID-19 pandemic has had negative impacts on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The full extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, including the duration and spread of the outbreak, its impact on its customers and suppliers and the range of governmental and community reactions to the pandemic, which are still uncertain and still cannot be fully predicted.

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include inventories; mineral reserves and resources; long-lived asset impairments; reclamation obligations; post-employment and other employee benefit obligations; useful lives, depletion and amortization; reserves for workers’ compensation and black lung claims; deferred income taxes; income taxes refundable and receivable; reserves for contingencies and litigation; fair value of financial instruments; and fair value adjustments for acquisition accounting. Estimates are based on facts and circumstances believed to be reasonable at the time; however, actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

 Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash held with reputable depository institutions and highly liquid, short-term investments, such as highly-rated money market funds, with original maturities of three months or less. Cash and cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value.

Restricted Cash

Amounts included in restricted cash represent cash deposits primarily invested in interest-bearing accounts that are restricted as to withdrawal as required by certain agreements entered into by the Company and provide collateral to secure the certain obligations which have been written on the Company’s behalf. Refer to Note 22 for further information.

Restricted Investments

Restricted investments consist of Federal Deposit Insurance Company (“FDIC”) insured certificates of deposit, mutual funds, and U.S. treasury bills classified as either trading securities or held-to-maturity securities that are restricted as to withdrawal as required by certain agreements entered into by the Company and provide collateral to secure certain obligations which have been written on the Company’s behalf.

Trading securities are recorded initially at cost and are adjusted to fair value at each reporting period with unrealized gains and recorded in current period earnings or loss. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at amortized cost with interest income recorded in current period earnings. Given the nature of the underlying investments, the Company does not expect any credit losses and has not recorded any credit losses with respect to its held-to-maturity portfolio. Refer to Note 22 for further information.

Deposits

Deposits represent cash deposits held at third parties as required by certain agreements entered into by the Company to provide cash collateral to secure the following obligations which have been written on the Company’s behalf. Refer to Note 22 for further information.

Trade Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

88
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Trade accounts receivable are recorded at their invoiced amounts and do not bear interest. The Company markets its coal primarily to domestic and international steel producers and electric utilities in the United States. Credit is extended based on an evaluation of a customer’s financial condition, including a review of third-party credit score information. Collateral is generally not required. Accounts receivable balances are monitored against approved credit limits. Credit limits are monitored and adjusted as considered necessary based on changes to a customer’s credit profile. If a customer’s credit deteriorates, the Company may reduce credit risk exposure by reducing credit limits, obtaining letters of credit, obtaining credit insurance, or requiring pre-payment for shipments. Credit losses have historically not been material. Account balances are written-off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. Refer to Note 23 for further information.

Inventories

Coal is reported as inventory at the point in time the coal is extracted from the mine. Raw coal represents coal stockpiles that may be sold in current condition or may be further processed prior to shipment to a customer. Saleable coal represents coal stockpiles that require no further processing prior to shipment to a customer.

Coal inventories are valued at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. The cost of coal inventories is determined based on the average cost of production, which includes labor, supplies, equipment costs, operating overhead, depreciation, and other related costs. Net realizable value considers the projected future sales price of the product, less estimated preparation and selling costs. Material and supplies inventories are valued at average cost, less an allowance for obsolete and surplus items. Refer to Note 7 for further information.

Discontinued Operations

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 205-20-45, the Company treats a disposal transaction as a discontinued operation when the disposal of a component or group of components represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results. In the period in which the discontinued operations criteria are met, the assets and liabilities of the discontinued operations are separately presented on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets and the results of operations, including any gain or loss recognized, is reclassified to discontinued operations on the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations. Refer to Note 3 for further information.

Deferred Longwall Move Expenses

The Company deferred the direct costs, including labor and supplies, associated with moving longwall equipment, the related equipment refurbishment costs, costs to drill vent holes and plug existing gas wells in advance of the longwall panel associated with its former NAPP operations included in discontinued operations during the year ending December 31, 2020. Refer to Note 3 for further information. These deferred costs were amortized on a units-of-production basis into cost of coal sales over the life of the related panel of coal mined by the longwall equipment.

Advanced Mining Royalties

Lease rights to coal reserves are often acquired in exchange for royalty payments. Advance mining royalties are advance payments made to lessors under terms of mineral lease agreements that are recoupable against future production royalties. These advance payments are deferred and charged to operations as the coal reserves are mined. The Company regularly reviews recoverability of advance mining royalties and establishes or adjusts the allowance for advance mining royalties as necessary using the specific identification method. Advance royalty balances are generally charged off against the allowance when they are no longer recoupable. Refer to Note 11 for further information.

Property, Plant, and Equipment, Net

Costs for mine development incurred to expand capacity of operating mines or to develop new mines are capitalized and charged to operations on the units-of-production method over the estimated proven and probable reserve tons directly benefiting from the capital expenditures. Mine development costs include costs incurred for site preparation and development of the mines during the development stage less any incidental revenue generated during the development stage. Mining equipment, buildings, and other fixed assets are stated at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives ranging from one to 25 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method, over the shorter of the estimated
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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
useful lives or term of the lease. Major repairs and betterments that significantly extend original useful lives or improve productivity are capitalized and depreciated over the period benefited. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. When equipment is retired or disposed, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts and any profit or loss on disposal is recognized in other (income) expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Refer to Note 10 for further information.

Owned and Leased Mineral Rights

Owned and leased mineral rights, net of accumulated depletion and amortization, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were $444,302 and $463,250, respectively, and are reported in assets in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. These amounts include $10,354 and $10,491 of asset retirement obligation assets, net of accumulated amortization, associated with active mining operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a long-lived asset impairment which reduced the carrying value of owned and leased mineral rights, net, by $41,579. Refer to Note 8 for further information on long-lived asset impairment.

Costs to obtain owned and leased mineral rights are capitalized and amortized to operations as depletion expense using the units-of-production method. Only proven and probable reserves are included in the depletion base. Depletion expense is included in depreciation, depletion and amortization in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and was $23,541 and ($13,746) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Depletion expense for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 includes an expense of $5,782 and a credit of ($34,377), respectively, related to revisions to asset retirement obligations. Refer to Note 16 for further disclosures related to asset retirement obligations.

Leases

In accordance with ASC 842, the Company recognizes right of use assets and lease liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Some of these leases include both lease and non-lease components which are accounted for as a single lease component as the Company has elected the practical expedient to combine these components for all leases. The discount rates used to determine the present value of the lease assets and liabilities are based on the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date and commensurate with the remaining lease term. As the rates implicit in most of the Company’s leases are not readily determinable, the Company uses a collateralized incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The Company uses the portfolio approach and groups leases by short-term and long-term categories, applying the corresponding incremental borrowing rates to these categories of leases. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, no right of use assets or liabilities are recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Company recognizes the lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Additionally, the Company recognizes variable lease payments as an expense in the period incurred. The Company has elected to show net instead of gross amounts for right-of-use assets and liabilities within its Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Refer to Note 12 for further information.

Acquired Intangibles

The Company has recognized assets for acquired above market-priced coal supply agreements and acquired mine permits and liabilities for acquired below market-priced coal supply agreements. The coal supply agreements were valued based on the present value of the difference between the expected net contractual cash flows based on the stated contract terms and the estimated net contractual cash flows derived from applying forward market prices at the Merger or acquisition date for new contracts of similar terms and conditions. The acquired mine permits were valued based on the replacement cost and lost profits method as of the Merger date. The balances and respective Consolidated Balance Sheets classifications of such assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, net of accumulated amortization, are set forth in the following tables:

December 31, 2021
Assets (1)
Liabilities (2)
Net Total
Coal supply agreements, net$— $— $— 
Acquired mine permits, net74,197 — 74,197 
Total$74,197 $— $74,197 

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
December 31, 2020
Assets (1)
Liabilities (2)
Net Total
Coal supply agreements, net$— $(327)$(327)
Acquired mine permits, net88,196 — 88,196 
Total$88,196 $(327)$87,869 
(1) Included within Other acquired intangibles, net of accumulated amortization, on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2) Included within Other non-current liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded long-lived asset impairments which reduced the carrying value of acquired mine permits, net, by $21,144. Refer to Note 8 for further information.

The acquired mine permits are amortized over the estimated life of the associated mine. The coal supply agreement assets and liabilities were amortized over the actual number of tons shipped over the life of each contract. The following table details the amortization of mine permits acquired as a result of the Merger and the amortization of above-market and below-market coal supply agreements.
December 31,
20212020
Amortization of mine permits (1)
$13,571 $14,887 
Amortization of above-market coal supply agreements$— $18 
Amortization of below-market coal supply agreements(327)(5,691)
Net income (1)
$(327)$(5,673)
(1) Included within amortization of acquired intangibles, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.


Future net amortization expense related to acquired intangibles is expected to be as follows:  
2022$11,749 
20238,079 
20246,728 
20256,723 
20266,196 
Thereafter34,722 
Total net future amortization expense$74,197 

Asset Impairment

Long-lived assets, such as property, plant, and equipment, mineral rights, and acquired intangibles subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset groups may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets or asset groups to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. Long-lived assets located in a close geographic area are grouped together for purposes of impairment testing when, after considering revenue and cost interdependencies, circumstances indicate the assets are used together to produce future cash flows. The Company’s asset groups generally consist of the assets and applicable liabilities of one or more mines and preparation plants and associated coal reserves for which cash flows are largely independent of cash flows of other mines, preparation plants, and associated coal reserves. If the carrying amount of an asset or asset group exceeds its estimated future cash flows, the potential impairment is equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset group. The Company estimates the fair value of an asset group generally using discounted cash flow analysis based on estimates of future sales volumes, coal prices, production costs, and a risk-adjusted cost of capital.
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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
These estimates generally constitute unobservable Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. The amount of impairment, if any, is allocated to the long-lived assets on a pro-rata basis, except that the carrying value of the individual long-lived assets are not reduced below their estimated fair value. Refer to Note 8 for further information.

Asset Retirement Obligations

Minimum standards for mine reclamation have been established by various regulatory agencies and dictate the reclamation requirements at the Company’s operations. The Company’s asset retirement obligations consist principally of costs to reclaim acreage disturbed at surface operations and estimated costs to reclaim support acreage, treat mine water discharge, and perform other related functions at underground mines. The Company records these reclamation obligations at fair value in the period in which the legal obligation associated with the retirement of the long-lived asset is incurred. Changes to the liability at operations that are not currently being reclaimed are offset by increasing or decreasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Changes to the liability at operations that are currently being reclaimed are recorded to depreciation, depletion, and amortization. Over time, the liability is accreted and any capitalized cost is depreciated or depleted over the useful life of the related asset. To settle the liability, the obligation is paid, and any difference between the liability and the amount of cash paid is recorded within depreciation, depletion and amortization within the Consolidated Statements of Operations at the time the reclamation work is completed. The Company annually reviews its estimated future cash flows for its asset retirement obligations. Refer to Note 16 for further information.

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the book and tax bases of recorded assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In evaluating its ability to recover deferred tax assets within the jurisdiction in which they arise, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including the expected reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, taxable income available via carryback to prior years, tax planning strategies, and results of recent operations. The Company assesses the realizability of its deferred tax assets, including scheduling the reversal of its deferred tax assets and liabilities, to determine the amount of valuation allowance needed. Scheduling the reversal of deferred tax asset and liability balances requires judgment and estimation. The Company believes the deferred tax liabilities relied upon as future taxable income in its assessment will reverse in the same period and jurisdiction and are of the same character as the temporary differences giving rise to the deferred tax assets that will be realized. Refer to Note 18 for further information.

Deferred Financing Costs

The costs to obtain new debt financing or amend existing financing agreements are generally deferred and amortized to interest expense over the life of the related indebtedness or credit facility using the effective interest method. Unamortized deferred financing costs are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability, consistent with debt discounts or premiums. Unamortized deferred financing costs associated with undrawn credit facilities are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets within other non-current assets.

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with ASC 606 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the Company measures revenue based on the consideration specified in a contract with a customer and recognizes revenue as a result of satisfying its promise to transfer goods or services in a contract with a customer using the following general revenue recognition five-step model: (1) identify the contract; (2) identify performance obligations; (3) determine transaction price; (4) allocate transaction price; and (5) recognize revenue. Freight and handling costs paid to third-party carriers and invoiced to coal customers are recorded as freight and handling costs and freight and handling fulfillment revenues within cost of coal sales and coal revenues, respectively. Refer to Note 4 for further information.

Workers’ Compensation and Pneumoconiosis (Black Lung) Benefits 

Workers’ Compensation

As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s subsidiaries generally utilize high-deductible insurance programs for workers’ compensation claims at its operations with the exception of certain subsidiaries in which the Company is a qualified self-insurer
92
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
for workers’ compensation obligations. The liabilities for workers’ compensation claims are estimates of the ultimate losses incurred based on the Company’s experience and include a provision for incurred but not reported losses. Adjustments to the probable ultimate liabilities are made annually based on an actuarial study and adjustments to the liability are recorded based on the results of this study. These short-term and long-term obligations are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets within accrued expenses and other current liabilities and workers’ compensation and black lung obligations, respectively, with the related expected insurance receivables within prepaid expenses and other current assets and other non-current assets. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the workers’ compensation liability was net of a discount of $23,442 and $24,061, respectively, related to fair value adjustments associated with acquisition accounting. Refer to Note 19 for further information.

Black Lung Benefits

The Company is required by federal and state statutes to provide benefits to employees for awards related to black lung. As of December 31, 2021, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries are insured for black lung obligations by a third-party insurance provider and certain subsidiaries are self-insured for state black lung obligations. Certain other subsidiaries are self-insured for federal black lung benefits and may fund benefit payments through a Section 501(c)(21) tax-exempt trust fund. Charges are made to operations for black lung claims, as determined by an independent actuary at the present value of the actuarially computed liability for such benefits over the employee’s applicable term of service. The Company recognizes in its Consolidated Balance sheets the amount of the Company’s unfunded Accumulated Benefit Obligation (“ABO”) at the end of the year. The actuarial gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are amortized into components of net periodic benefit cost over the expected lifetime of active participants (the Company does not use a corridor method). These short-term and long-term obligations are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets within accrued expenses and other current liabilities and workers’ compensation and black lung obligations, respectively. Refer to Note 19 for further information.

Pension

The Company is required to recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of a defined benefit pension plan as an asset or liability in its Consolidated Balance Sheets and to recognize changes in that funded status in the year in which the changes occur through other comprehensive (loss) income. The actuarial gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are amortized into components of net periodic benefit cost over the average future lifetime of participants expected to have benefits (the Company does not use a corridor method). The Company is required to measure plan assets and benefit obligations as of the date of the Company’s fiscal year-end Consolidated Balance Sheet and provide the required disclosures as of the end of each fiscal year. Refer to Note 19 for information.
Postretirement Life Insurance Benefits

As part of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. bankruptcy reorganization plan and the Retiree Committee Settlement Agreement, the Company assumed the liability for life insurance benefits for certain disabled and non-union retired employees. Provisions are made for estimated benefits based on annual evaluations prepared by independent actuaries. Adjustments to the probable ultimate liabilities are made annually based on an actuarial study and adjustments to the liability are recorded based on the results of this study. These obligations are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities. Refer to Note 19 for further information.

Net Income (Loss) per Share

 Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of outstanding common shares for the period. Diluted (loss) earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if instruments that may require the issuance of common shares in the future were settled and the underlying common shares were issued. Diluted (loss) earnings per share is computed by increasing the weighted-average number of outstanding common shares computed in basic earnings (loss) per share to include the additional common shares that would be outstanding after issuance and adjusting net income (loss) for changes that would result from the issuance. Only those securities that are dilutive are included in the calculation. In periods of loss, the number of shares used to calculate diluted earnings is the same as basic earnings per share. Refer to Note 6 for further information.

Stock-Based Compensation

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
The Company recognizes expense for stock-based compensation awards based on their grant-date fair value. The expense is recorded over the respective service period of the underlying award. Liability classified stock-based compensation awards are remeasured each reporting period at fair value until the award is settled. The Company recognizes forfeitures of stock-based compensation awards as they occur. Refer to Note 20 for further information.

Warrants

On July 26, 2016 (the “Initial Issue Date”), the Company issued 810,811 warrants, which are classified as equity instruments, each with an initial exercise price, as defined in the Series A Warrants Agreement (the “Warrants Agreement”), of $55.93 per share of common stock and exercisable for one share of the Alpha’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share. Pursuant to the Warrants Agreement, the warrants are exercisable for cash or on a cashless basis at any time from the Initial Issue Date until July 26, 2023, and no fractional shares shall be issued upon warrant exercises. The exercise price and the warrant share number will be adjusted in respect of certain dilutive events with respect to the common stock (namely, dividends or distributions on the common stock, share splits and combinations, above-market tender offers for common stock by the Company or a subsidiary thereof, and discounted issuances of common stock or rights or options to purchase common stock or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock). Refer to Note 25 for subsequent event disclosures related to the Company’s share repurchase program. Additionally, in the case of any reorganization (i.e., a consolidation, merger, or sale of all or substantially all of the consolidated assets of Alpha) pursuant to which the common stock is converted into cash, securities or other property, the warrants would become exercisable for such property. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the exercise price was $46.911 per share and the warrant share number was equal to 1.15, as adjusted in respect to certain dilutive events with respect to the common stock during 2017 and 2018.
As of December 31, 2021, of the 810,811 warrants that were originally issued, 801,246 remained outstanding, with a total of 921,433 shares underlying the un-exercised warrants. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company issued 143 shares of common stock resulting from exercises of its Series A Warrants and, pursuant to the terms of the Warrants Agreement, withheld 17 of the issued shares in satisfaction of the warrant exercise price, which were subsequently reclassified as treasury stock. As of December 31, 2020, of the 810,811 warrants that were originally issued, 801,370 remained outstanding, with a total of 921,576 shares underlying the un-exercised warrants. For the year ended December 31, 2020, there were no warrant exercises.

Equity Method Investments

Investments in unconsolidated affiliates that the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over, but not control, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company records its proportionate share of the entity’s net income or loss at each reporting period in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in other (expense) income, with a corresponding entry to increase or decrease the carrying value of the investment. The carrying value of the Company’s equity method investments was $20,460 and $18,383 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

Business Combinations: In October 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805), Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2021-08”). This update requires an acquirer in a business combination to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities from acquired contracts with customers using the revenue recognition guidance in ASC 606. This creates an exception to the general recognition and measurement principle in ASC 805, Business Combinations. The amendments in this update are intended to improve the accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination by addressing diversity in practice and certain inconsistencies. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years for public business entities, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2021-08 during the fourth quarter of 2021. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Presentation of Financial Statements: In August 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-06, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205), Financial Services—Depository and Lending (Topic 942), and Financial Services—Investment Companies (Topic 946) (“ASU 2021-06”). This update amends certain SEC paragraphs from the Codification in response to the issuance of SEC Final Rule Nos. 33-10786, Amendments to Financial Disclosures About Acquired and Disposed Businesses, and 33-10835, Update of Statistical Disclosures for Bank and Savings and Loan Registrants. For all entities, the update is effective immediately. The Company adopted ASU 2021-06 during the third quarter of 2021. The adoption of this ASU did not
94
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Leases: In July 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-05, Leases (Topic 842) Lessors—Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments (“ASU 2021-05”). The amendments in this update affect lessors with lease contracts that (1) have variable lease payments that do not depend on a reference index or a rate (“variable payments”) and (2) would have resulted in the recognition of a selling loss at lease commencement if classified as sales-type or direct financing. The amendments in this update address stakeholders’ concerns by amending the lease classification requirements for lessors to align them with practice under Topic 840 by requiring a lessor to classify a lease with variable payments as an operating lease on the commencement date of the lease if specified criteria are met. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, for all entities, and interim periods within those fiscal years for public business entities with early application permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2021-05 during the third quarter of 2021. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options: In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-04, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt—Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) (“ASU 2021-04”). The amendments in this update provide final guidance that requires issuers to account for modifications or exchanges of freestanding equity-classified written call options, such as the Company’s outstanding Series A warrants, that remain equity classified after the modification or exchange based on the economic substance of the modification or exchange. This ASU addresses the diversity in practice in issuers’ accounting by providing a principles-based framework to determine whether an issuer should recognize the modification or exchange as 1) an adjustment to equity and, if so, the related earnings per share effects, if any, or 2) an expense and, if so, the manner and pattern of recognition. For all entities, the standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2021-04 during the second quarter of 2021. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Reference Rate Reform: In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) (“ASU 2021-01”). The amendments in this update clarify that certain optional expedients and exceptions in Topic 848 for contract modifications and hedge accounting apply to derivatives that are affected by the discounting transition. For all entities, the standard is effective immediately. The Company adopted ASU 2021-01 during the first quarter of 2021. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Convertible Debt and Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity: In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40) (“ASU 2020-06”). The amendments in this update simplify the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts in an entity’s own equity, such as the Company’s outstanding Series A warrants. For public business entities, the standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 during the first quarter of 2021. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

Credit Losses: In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Credit Losses (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13, along with related amendments and improvements issued in 2018 and 2019, replaces the previous incurred loss impairment methodology in U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable supportable information to inform credit loss estimates for financial instruments that are in the scope of this update, including trade accounts receivable. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 during the first quarter of 2020. The adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures and resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings of $440 in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of January 1, 2020.

Recent Accounting Guidance Issued Not Yet Effective

Government Assistance: In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance (“ASU 2021-10”). This update requires business entities to make annual disclosures about transactions with a government accounted for by analogizing to a grant or contribution accounting model. The required annual disclosures include the nature of the transaction, the related accounting policy, the financial statement line items affected and the amounts reflected in the current period financial statements, and any significant terms and conditions. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, for all entities, with early application permitted. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.
95
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)

(3) Discontinued Operations

Discontinued operations consisted of activity related to the Company’s former NAPP operations.

Former NAPP Operations

On November 11, 2020, the Company entered into a unit purchase agreement (the “UPA”) to sell its thermal coal mining operations located in Pennsylvania consisting primarily of its Cumberland mining complex and related property (“Cumberland Transaction”) to a third party purchaser Iron Senergy Holdings, LLC (“Iron Senergy”). The Cumberland Transaction closed on December 10, 2020. In accordance with terms of the UPA, the Company transferred its equity interests in certain subsidiaries (Cumberland Contura, LLC, Contura Coal Resources, LLC, Contura Pennsylvania Land, LLC, Emerald Contura, LLC, and Contura Pennsylvania Terminal, LLC) along with total consideration of $49,987 to Iron Senergy. Pursuant to the terms of the UPA, the Company also retained certain assets and liabilities associated with its former NAPP operations. The mining permits associated with the Cumberland mining operations were obtained by Iron Senergy at closing. During the second quarter of 2021, nearly all of the Company’s remaining surety bonds were released and Iron Senergy’s replacement bonds were accepted through the administrative process with only $30 remaining as of December 31, 2021, which are expected to be released in the short-term.

The following table presents the details of the Cumberland Transaction:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Cash$19,987 
Surety bonding collateral30,000 
Total consideration49,987 
Transaction costs2,205 
Carrying value of assets and liabilities (1)
$(16,079)
Loss on sale$36,113 
(1) Assets and liabilities were primarily comprised of property, plant and equipment, net of $32,872, deferred longwall move expenses of $15,173, and coal and supplies inventory of $5,112 and asset retirement obligations of $39,573, severance of $17,143, black lung obligations of $8,290, and subsidence liability of $3,559.

In connection with the UPA, the Company entered into certain agreements with Iron Senergy under which Iron Senergy will sell to the Company all of the coal that the Company is obligated to sell to customers under Cumberland coal supply agreements (“Cumberland CSAs”) which existed as of the transaction closing date but did not transfer to Iron Senergy at closing (each, a “Cumberland Back-to-Back Coal Supply Agreement”). Each Cumberland Back-to-Back Coal Supply Agreement has economic terms identical to, but offsetting, the related Cumberland CSA. If a Cumberland customer subsequently consents to assign a Cumberland CSA to Iron Senergy after closing, the related Cumberland CSA will immediately and automatically transfer to Iron Senergy and the related Cumberland Back-to-Back Coal Supply Agreements executed by the parties shall thereupon terminate as set forth therein. As the Company does not control the purchased coal prior to customer delivery, the Company will record coal purchases and sales under the related agreements on a net basis. Per terms of the Cumberland Back-to-Back Coal Supply Agreements, the Company is required to purchase and sell 2,014 tons of coal in 2022 totaling $77,844. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company purchased and sold 2,591 and 104 tons, respectively, totaling $100,338 and $3,997, respectively, under the Cumberland Back-to-Back Coal Supply Agreements. The Cumberland Back-to-Back Coal Supply Agreements are scheduled to be fully performed by December 31, 2022.

Major Financial Statement Components of Discontinued Operations

The income from discontinued operations before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $1,660. The major components of net loss from discontinued operations before income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 are as follows:
96
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Year Ended December 31, 2020 (1)
Revenues:
Total revenues$235,509 
Costs and expenses:
Cost of coal sales (exclusive of items shown separately below)215,390 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization11,570 
Accretion on asset retirement obligations4,154 
Asset impairment and restructuring (2)
172,640 
Selling, general and administrative expenses (3)
1,623 
Other income(926)
Other non-major expense items, net374 
Loss on sale36,113 
Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes$(205,429)
(1) Includes minor residual activity related to the Company’s former PRB operations.
(2) Refer to Note 8.
(3) Represents professional and legal fees.

Refer to the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Note 6 for net income (loss) per share information related to discontinued operations.

The major components of assets and liabilities that are classified as discontinued operations in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows:
December 31,
20212020
Assets:  
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts$— $7,504 
Prepaid expenses and other current assets$462 $3,431 
Other non-current assets (1)
$8,526 $9,473 
Liabilities:  
Trade accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities$5,838 $12,306 
Workers’ compensation and black lung obligations, non-current$23,683 $27,799 
Other non-current liabilities$— $1,291 
(1) Primarily comprised of workers’ compensation insurance receivable and long-term restricted investments collateralizing workers’ compensation obligations.

The major components of cash flows related to discontinued operations were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
2020
Depreciation, depletion and amortization$11,570 
Capital expenditures$34,411 
Other significant operating non-cash items related to discontinued operations:
Accretion on asset retirement obligations$4,154 
Asset impairment and restructuring$172,640 

97
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
(4) Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenue from Contracts with Customers

ASC 606 requires that entities disclose disaggregated revenue information in categories (such as type of good or service, geography, market, type of contract, etc.) that depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flow are affected by economic factors. ASC 606 explains that the extent to which an entity’s revenue is disaggregated depends on the facts and circumstances that pertain to the entity’s contracts with customers and that some entities may need to use more than one type of category to meet the objective for disaggregating revenue.

The Company earns revenues primarily through the sale of coal produced at Company operations and coal purchased from third parties. The Company extracts, processes and markets met and thermal coal from deep and surface mines for sale to steel and coke producers, industrial customers, and electric utilities. The Company conducts mining operations only in the United States with mines in Central Appalachia. The Company has one reportable segment: Met. In addition to the one reportable segment, the All Other category includes general corporate overhead and corporate assets and liabilities, the former CAPP - Thermal operations, and the elimination of certain intercompany activity, as well as expenses associated with certain idled/closed mines. Refer to Note 24 for further segment information.

The Company has disaggregated revenue between met coal and thermal coal and export and domestic revenues which depicts the pricing and contract differences between the two. Export revenue generally is derived by spot or short term contracts with pricing determined at the time of shipment or based on a market index; whereas domestic revenue is characterized by contracts that typically have a term of one year or longer and typically the pricing is fixed. The following tables disaggregate the Company’s coal revenues by product category and by market to depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of the Company’s coal revenues and cash flows are affected by economic factors:
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Met CoalThermal CoalTotal
Export coal revenues$1,675,147 $30,879 $1,706,026 
Domestic coal revenues396,160 150,411 546,571 
Total coal revenues$2,071,307 $181,290 $2,252,597 
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Met CoalThermal CoalTotal
Export coal revenues$870,121 $27,904 $898,025 
Domestic coal revenues362,654 152,445 515,099 
Total coal revenues$1,232,775 $180,349 $1,413,124 
Performance Obligations

The Company considers each individual transfer of coal on a per shipment basis to the customer a performance obligation. The pricing terms of the Company’s contracts with customers include fixed pricing, variable pricing, or a combination of both fixed and variable pricing. All the Company’s revenue derived from contracts with customers is recognized at a point in time. The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied as of December 31, 2021.
20222023202420252026Total
Estimated coal revenues (1)
$65,768 $14,199 $— $— $— $79,967 
(1) Amounts only include estimated coal revenues associated with contracts with customers with fixed pricing with original expected duration of more than one year. The Company has elected not to disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of the end of the reporting period for performance obligations with either of the following conditions: 1) the remaining performance obligation is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less; or 2) the remaining performance obligation has variable consideration that is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation.
98
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)

(5) Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The following tables summarize the changes to accumulated other comprehensive loss during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Balance January 1, 2021Other comprehensive income before reclassificationsAmounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive lossBalance December 31, 2021
Employee benefit costs$(111,985)$47,461 $6,021 $(58,503)
Balance January 1, 2020
Other comprehensive loss before reclassificationsAmounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss
Balance December 31, 2020
Employee benefit costs$(58,616)$(60,647)$7,278 $(111,985)

The following table summarizes the amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss and the Consolidated Statements of Operations line items affected by the reclassification during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Details about accumulated other comprehensive loss componentsAmounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive lossAffected line item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Employee benefit costs:
Amortization of actuarial loss (1)
$5,653 $3,929 
Miscellaneous income (loss), net
Settlement (1)
368 3,349 
Miscellaneous income (loss), net
Total before income tax$6,021 $7,278 
Income tax— — Income tax (expense) benefit
Total, net of income tax$6,021 $7,278 
(1) These accumulated other comprehensive loss components are included in the computation of net periodic benefit costs for certain employee benefit plans. Refer to Note 19.

(6) Net Income (Loss) per Share
The number of shares used to calculate basic net income (loss) per common share is based on the weighted average number of the Company’s outstanding common shares during the respective period. The number of shares used to calculate diluted net income (loss) per common share is based on the number of common shares used to calculate basic net income (loss) per common share plus the dilutive effect of stock options and other stock-based instruments held by the Company’s employees and directors during the period, and the Company’s outstanding Series A warrants. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock-based instruments is determined by application of the treasury stock method. The warrants become dilutive for diluted net income (loss) per common share calculations when the market price of the Company’s common stock exceeds the exercise price. As discussed below, dilutive securities are not included in the computation of diluted net loss per common share for the year ended December 31, 2020 as the impact would be anti-dilutive.
For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, 717,992 and 1,317,351 warrants, stock options, and other stock-based instruments, respectively, were excluded from the computation of dilutive net income (loss) per common share because they would have been anti-dilutive. When applying the treasury stock method, anti-dilution generally occurs when the exercise prices or unrecognized compensation cost per share are higher than the Company’s average stock price during an applicable period.

Anti-dilution also occurs in periods of a net loss, and the dilutive impact of all share-based compensation awards are excluded. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the weighted average share impact of stock options and other stock-based instruments that were excluded from the calculation of diluted shares due to the Company incurring a net loss for the period was 142,250.

99
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
The following table presents the net income (loss) per common share for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Net income (loss)
Income (loss) from continuing operations$286,929 $(241,470)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations1,861 (205,429)
Net income (loss)$288,790 $(446,899)
Basic
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic18,441,175 18,298,362 
Basic income (loss) per common share:
Income (loss) from continuing operations$15.56 $(13.20)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations0.10 (11.22)
Net income (loss)$15.66 $(24.42)
Diluted
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic18,441,175 18,298,362 
Diluted effect of warrants35,574 — 
Diluted effect of stock options1,753 — 
Diluted effect of other stock-based instruments393,180 — 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted18,871,682 18,298,362 
Diluted income (loss) per common share:
Income (loss) from continuing operations$15.20 $(13.20)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations0.10 (11.22)
Net income (loss)$15.30 $(24.42)

(7) Inventories, net
Inventories, net consisted of the following: 
December 31,
 20212020
Raw coal$20,347 $15,084 
Saleable coal81,240 69,262 
Materials, supplies and other, net (1)
27,795 23,705 
Total inventories, net$129,382 $108,051 
(1) Includes an increase in allowance for obsolete material and supplies inventory of $807 recorded as restructuring expense during the year ended December 31, 2020 (refer to Note 8).

100
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
(8) Asset Impairment and Restructuring

Long-lived Asset Impairment for the Year Ended December 31, 2021

During the year ended December 31, 2021, long-lived asset impairment of $60 was recorded in the All Other category to reduce the carrying value of property, plant, and equipment, net, due to capital spending during the period at previously impaired locations requiring the impairment of certain additional assets not considered recoverable.

Long-lived Asset Impairment for the Year Ended December 31, 2020

During the year ended December 31, 2020, weakening coal market conditions due in part to the impact of the global COVID-19 Pandemic, as well as the following events resulted in quarterly impairment testing:

•During the second quarter of 2020, the Company announced that it would take certain strategic actions with respect to two of its thermal coal mining complexes in an effort to strengthen its financial performance and improve forecasted liquidity. The Company announced that an underground mine and preparation plant located in West Virginia would be idled during the third quarter of 2020. In addition, the Company decided not to move forward with the construction of a new refuse impoundment at its Cumberland mine in Pennsylvania and would therefore no longer spend the significant capital required in connection with the project. As a result, the Cumberland mine was expected to cease production by the end of 2022. On December 10, 2020, the Company sold its Cumberland mining operations. Refer to Note 3 for further details.

•During the fourth quarter of 2020, changes in mine plans and the determination that certain mineral reserves previously forecasted to be mined were no longer considered economic due to poor geologic conditions reduced forecasted cash flows for one Met and one All Other asset group to amounts below those required for full recoverability.

The Company performed long-lived asset impairment tests as of November 30, 2020, August 31, 2020, May 31, 2020, and February 29, 2020. In total, the Company determined that indicators of impairment with respect to five long-lived asset groups within its Met reporting segment, three long-lived asset groups within its All Other category, and one long-lived asset group within discontinued operations existed during the year ended December 31, 2020.

The following tables present the details of the long-lived asset impairments during the year ended December 31, 2020:

Year Ended December 31, 2020
First QuarterSecond QuarterThird QuarterFourth QuarterYear Ended
Continuing operations:
Met
$32,951 $— $— $13,366 $46,317 
All Other758 17,390 219 16,270 34,637 
Total from continuing operations$33,709 $17,390 $219 $29,636 $80,954 
Discontinued operations:$— $144,348 $3,297 $— $147,645 
Total long-lived asset impairment:$33,709 $161,738 $3,516 $29,636 $228,599 

101
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Year Ended December 31, 2020
First QuarterSecond QuarterThird QuarterFourth QuarterYear Ended
Continuing operations:
Mineral rights, net
$21,825 $2,241 $— $17,513 $41,579 
Property, plant, and equipment, net
6,066 6,496 219 5,450 18,231 
Acquired mine permits, net5,818 8,653 — 6,673 21,144 
Total from continuing operations$33,709 $17,390 $219 $29,636 $80,954 
Discontinued operations:
Mineral rights, net
$— $16,364 $— $— $16,364 
Property, plant, and equipment, net
— 127,984 3,297 — 131,281 
Total from discontinued operations$— $144,348 $3,297 $— $147,645 
Total long-lived asset impairment:
Mineral rights, net
$21,825 $18,605 $— $17,513 $57,943 
Property, plant, and equipment, net
6,066 134,480 3,516 5,450 149,512 
Acquired mine permits, net5,818 8,653 — 6,673 21,144 
Total long-lived asset impairment$33,709 $161,738 $3,516 $29,636 $228,599 

Restructuring

As a result of the strategic actions announced in the second quarter of 2020 and subsequent changes to severance and employee-related benefits, the Company recorded restructuring expense of ($621) in the All Other category during the year ended December 31, 2021.

As a result of the strategic actions discussed above, the Company recorded restructuring expense during the year ended December 31, 2020 as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Total Restructuring
Continuing Operations (3)
Discontinued Operations
Severance and employee-related benefits (1)
$26,037 $2,117 $23,920 
Other costs (2)
1,882 807 1,075 
Total restructuring expense$27,919 $2,924 $24,995 

(1) Severance and employee-related benefits were considered probable and estimable based on provisions of contractual agreements and existing employee benefit plans.
(2) Includes accelerated amortization of deferred longwall move expenses of $668, allowance for advanced mining royalties of $407, and allowance for obsolete materials and supplies inventory of $807.
(3) Total restructuring expense from continuing operations of $2,924 was recorded within the All Other category and affected Accrued expenses and other current liabilities, Other non-current liabilities, Inventories, net, and Other non-current assets.

102
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
(9) Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:
December 31,
 20212020
Prepaid freight$19,671 $8,515 
Notes and other receivables4,161 13,245 
Short-term restricted cash11,977 9,311 
Prepaid insurance8,525 6,510 
Refundable income taxes— 64,565 
Prepaid bond premium1,649 2,576 
Other prepaid expenses1,707 1,530 
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets$47,690 $106,252 

(10) Property, Plant, and Equipment, net

Property, plant, and equipment, net, consisted of the following: 
December 31,
 20212020
Plant and mining equipment$642,874 $603,463 
Mine development115,357 96,008 
Land26,389 26,606 
Office equipment, software and other1,462 1,379 
Construction in progress19,992 18,587 
Total property, equipment and mine development costs$806,074 $746,043 
Less accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization(443,856)(382,423)
Total property, plant, and equipment, net$362,218 $363,620 
Included in plant and mining equipment are assets under financing leases totaling $8,611 and $7,907 with accumulated depreciation of $5,624 and $3,645 as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.
Depreciation and amortization expense associated with property, plant, equipment, and non-mineral asset retirement obligation assets, net, was $86,506 and $153,631 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 includes a credit of ($307) and ($3,689), respectively, related to revisions to asset retirement obligations. Refer to Note 16 for further disclosures related to asset retirement obligations.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded long-lived asset impairments which reduced the carrying value of property, plant, and equipment, net, by $60 and $18,231, respectively. Refer to Note 8 for further information.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had commitments to purchase approximately $18,497 of new equipment, expected to be acquired at various dates in 2022.

103
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
(11) Other Non-Current Assets
Other non-current assets consisted of the following:
December 31,
 20212020
Advanced mining royalties$10,788 $13,132 
Long-term deposits1,371 28,200 
Long-term restricted investments28,443 23,768 
Equity method investments20,460 18,383 
Workers’ compensation receivables45,335 48,320 
Other24,660 17,579 
Total other non-current assets$131,057 $149,382 

(12) Leases

The Company’s lease population consists primarily of vehicle and heavy equipment leases and leases for office equipment. The Company’s building and land leases relate to corporate office space and certain site offices. The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease based on whether the Company obtains the right to control the use of specifically identifiable property, plant, and equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company identified no instances requiring significant judgment in determining whether any contracts entered into during the period were or were not leases. Additionally, the Company had no material sublease agreements within the scope of ASC 842 or lease agreements for which the Company was the lessor for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Renewal options in the Company’s lease population primarily relate to month-to-month extensions on vehicle leases and are immaterial both individually and in the aggregate. The Company includes renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised in the measurement of lease liabilities. As of December 31, 2021, the Company does not intend to exercise any termination options on existing leases.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had the following right-of-use assets and lease liabilities within the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets:
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
AssetsBalance Sheet Classification
Financing lease assetsProperty, plant, and equipment, net$2,987 $4,262 
Operating lease right-of-use assetsOther non-current assets5,003 5,671 
Total lease assets$7,990 $9,933 
LiabilitiesBalance Sheet Classification
Financing lease liabilities - currentCurrent portion of long-term debt$1,878 $2,014 
Operating lease liabilities - currentAccrued expenses and other current liabilities547 595 
Financing lease liabilities - long-termLong-term debt791 1,996 
Operating lease liabilities - long-termOther non-current liabilities4,456 5,076 
Total lease liabilities$7,672 $9,681 

Total lease costs and other lease information for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 included the following:
104
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Year Ended December 31, 2021Year Ended December 31, 2020
Lease cost (1)
Financing lease cost:
     Amortization of leased assets$2,061 $3,238 
     Interest on lease liabilities245 358 
Operating lease cost1,383 2,105 
Short-term lease cost786 1,518 
     Total lease cost$4,475 $7,219 
(1) The Company had no variable lease costs or sublease income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Other information
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities$4,478 $7,157 
     Operating cash flows from financing leases$245 $358 
     Operating cash flows from operating leases$2,169 $3,623 
     Financing cash flows from financing leases$2,064 $3,176 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new financing lease liabilities$703 $221 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities$275 $(12)
Lease Term and Discount Rate
Weighted-average remaining lease term in years - financing leases1.751.94
Weighted-average remaining lease term in years - operating leases7.888.45
Weighted-average discount rate - financing leases9.6 %6.1 %
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases11.3 %11.5 %

The Company has elected to show net instead of gross amounts for right-of-use assets and liabilities within its Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following table summarizes the maturity of the Company’s lease liabilities on an undiscounted cash flow basis and a reconciliation to the lease liabilities recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021:
Financing LeasesOperating Leases
Lease cost
2022$2,072 $1,100 
2023522 1,066 
2024259 955 
2025150 897 
20263 884 
Thereafter— 2,775 
Total future minimum lease payments$3,006 $7,677 
Imputed interest(337)(2,674)
Present value of future minimum lease payments$2,669 $5,003 

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had no leases with future commencement dates that will create significant rights or obligations for the Company.

105
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
(13) Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following: 
December 31,
 20212020
Wages and benefits$52,310 $40,330 
Workers’ compensation 10,582 10,355 
Black lung 7,235 6,784 
Taxes other than income taxes30,734 21,540 
Current portion of asset retirement obligations32,159 24,990 
Accrued interest and fees14,489 15,902 
Deferred revenue— 13,197 
Freight accrual15,085 2,610 
Other 12,013 4,698 
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities$174,607 $140,406 

(14) Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt consisted of the following: 
December 31,
 20212020
Term Loan Credit Facility - due June 2024$449,435 $553,373 
ABL Facility - due December 2024— 3,350 
LCC Note Payable— 27,500 
LCC Water Treatment Obligation— 6,875 
Other (1)
5,311 8,475 
Debt discount and issuance costs(6,195)(17,046)
Total long-term debt $448,551 $582,527 
Less current portion(2,989)(28,830)
Long-term debt, net of current portion$445,562 $553,697 
(1) Includes financing leases, refer to Note 12 for additional information.

Term Loan Credit Facility - due June 2024

On June 14, 2019, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald Securities, as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the other lenders party thereto (as defined therein) that provides for a senior secured term loan facility in the aggregate principal amount of $561,800 with a maturity date of June 14, 2024 (the “Term Loan Credit Facility”). Principal repayments equal to approximately $1,405 were due each March, June, September and December (commencing with September 30, 2019) with the final principal repayment installment to be paid on the maturity date and in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount outstanding on such date. The Term Loan Credit Facility bears an interest rate per annum based on the character of the loan (defined as either “Base Rate Loan” or “Eurocurrency Rate Loan”). Each loan type bears interest at a rate per annum comprised of a base rate (as defined) plus an applicable percentage (6.00% for Base Rate Loans and 7.00% for Eurocurrency Rate Loans on or prior to the second anniversary of the Closing Date and 7.00% or 8.00% thereafter (the “Applicable Rate”)). The Eurocurrency base rate is subject to a 2.00% floor. Interest accrued on each Base Rate Loan is payable in arrears on the last business day of each March, June, September and December and the maturity date. Interest accrued on each Eurocurrency Rate Loan is payable in arrears on the last day of each interest period as defined therein. As of December 31, 2021, the borrowings made under the Term Loan Credit Facility were comprised of Eurocurrency Rate Loans with an interest rate of 10.00%, calculated as the Eurocurrency rate during the period plus an applicable rate of 8.00%. As of December 31, 2021, the carrying value of the Term Loan Credit Facility was $443,241, all of which was classified as long-term within the
106
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2020, the carrying value of the Term Loan Credit Facility was $540,643, with $5,618 classified as current, within the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

During the three months ending September 30, 2021, the Company repurchased and permanently retired, through privately negotiated transactions, $18,724 of outstanding principal borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Facility. These borrowings were repurchased at a discount resulting in an aggregate purchase price of $18,415. As the participating lenders were existing shareholders (related parties) of the Company as of the repurchase date, the Company analyzed various factors regarding each of the transactions and concluded such repurchases were at a reasonable market rate and reflected the terms of an arm’s length transaction per the requirements of the Term Loan Credit Facility. Additionally, on December 31, 2021 and September 30, 2021, the Company made voluntary prepayments of $50,000 and $31,000, respectively, of outstanding principal borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Facility. As a result of the prepayments, no further amortization payments under the Term Loan Credit Facility are required prior to maturity.

All obligations under the Term Loan Credit Facility are guaranteed by substantially all of Alpha’s direct and indirect subsidiaries. Certain obligations under the Term Loan Facility are secured by a senior lien, subject to certain exceptions (including the ABL Priority Collateral described below), by substantially all of Alpha’s assets and the assets of Alpha’s subsidiary guarantors (“Term Loan Priority Collateral”), in each case subject to exceptions. The obligations under the Term Loan Credit Facility are also secured by a junior lien, again subject to certain exceptions, against the ABL Priority Collateral. The Term Loan Facility contains negative and affirmative covenants including certain financial covenants that are more flexible than the covenants on the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated December 6, 2021. The Company was in compliance with all covenants under this agreement as of December 31, 2021.

Second Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement

On December 6, 2021, the Company entered into the Second Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement with Citibank N.A as administrative agent, collateral agent, swingline lender, and L/C issuer and the other lenders party thereto (the “Lenders”), and BMO Harris Bank N.A and Eclipse Business Capital LLC as co-collateral agents. The Second Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement (“New ABL Agreement”) amended and restated the Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement dated November 9, 2018, in its entirety, and includes a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (“the New ABL Facility”). Under the New ABL Facility, the Company may borrow cash from the Lenders (as defined therein) or cause the L/C Issuers (as defined therein) to issue letters of credit, on a revolving basis, in an aggregate amount of up to $155,000, of which no more than $150,000 may represent outstanding letters of credit ($125,000 on a committed basis and another $25,000 on an uncommitted cash collateralized basis) with a maturity date of December 6, 2024. The New ABL Agreement extended the maturity date of the facility from the previous maturity of April 3, 2022. Under the terms of the New ABL Agreement, letters of credit fees will be calculated at 5.25%, while any future borrowings will bear interest based on the character of the loan (defined as either secured overnight financing rate “SOFR” Loan (“SOFR Loan”) or “Base Rate Loan”) plus an applicable rate of 4.50% for SOFR Loans and 3.50% for Base Rate Loans. Pursuant to terms of the New ABL Agreement at each notice period, the Company elects the character of the loan, the interest period, and may provide notice of continuation or conversion of the borrowed principal amount with the ability to repay the borrowed principal amount in advance of the maturity date without penalty. As of the date of the refinance and as of December 31, 2021, no borrowings were outstanding under the New ABL Facility.

The New ABL Agreement provides that a specified percentage of billed and unbilled receivables and raw and clean inventory meeting certain criteria are eligible to be counted for purposes of collateralizing the amount of financing available, subject to certain terms and conditions. Availability under the New ABL Facility is calculated on a monthly basis and fluctuates based on qualifying amounts of coal inventory and trade accounts receivable (the “Borrowing Base”) and the facility's covenant limitations related to the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in therein). In accordance with terms of the New ABL Facility, the Company may be required to collateralize the New ABL Facility to the extent outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under the New ABL Facility exceed the Borrowing Base after considering covenant limitations.

Any letter of credit issued under the New ABL Facility will bear a commitment fee rate of 0.50%, and a fronting fee of 0.25% of the face amount under each letter of credit. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $121,037 letters of credit outstanding under the New ABL Facility.

107
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
The New ABL Facility is guaranteed by substantially all of Alpha’s direct and indirect subsidiaries (together with Alpha, the “Loan Parties”) and secured by all or substantially all assets of the Loan Parties, including equity in Alpha’s direct domestic subsidiaries, as collateral for the obligations under the New ABL Facility. The New ABL Facility has a first lien on ABL priority collateral and a second lien on Term Loan Priority Collateral. The New ABL Agreement, as amended, and related documents contain negative and affirmative covenants including certain financial covenants. The Company is in compliance with all covenants under these agreements as of December 31, 2021.

Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement

On November 9, 2018, the Company entered into the Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement with Citibank N.A. as administrative agent, collateral agent, and swingline lender and the other lenders party thereto (the “Lenders”), and Citibank N.A., Barclays Bank PLC, BMO Harris Bank N.A. and Credit Suisse AG as letter of credit issuers (“LC Lenders”). The Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement amended and restated the Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement dated April 3, 2017, in its entirety, and included a senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (the “ABL Facility”). Under the ABL Facility, the Company could borrow cash from the Lenders (as defined therein) or cause the L/C Issuers (as defined therein) to issue letters of credit, on a revolving basis, in an aggregate amount of up to $225,000, of which no more than $200,000 could be drawn through letters of credit. Any borrowings under the ABL Facility had a maturity date of April 3, 2022 and incurred interest based on the character of the loan (defined as either “Base Rate Loan” or “Eurocurrency Rate Loan”) plus an applicable rate ranging from 1.00% to 1.50% for Base Rate Loans and 2.00% to 2.50% for Eurocurrency Rate Loans, depending on the amount of credit available. Pursuant to terms of the Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement at each notice period, the Company elected the character of the loan, the interest period, and could provide notice of continuation or conversion of the borrowed principal amount with the ability to repay the borrowed principal amount in advance of the maturity date without penalty. On March 20, 2020, the Company borrowed $57,500 principal amount under the ABL Facility. The funds were borrowed to augment the Company’s short-term operational flexibility in the face of uncertainty created by the spread of the COVID-19 virus and its potential effects. As of December 6, 2021, the date the Company entered into the New ABL Agreement, there were no outstanding borrowings under the ABL Facility. As of December 31, 2020, the carrying value of the ABL Facility was $3,350, all of which was classified as long-term within the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with the outstanding borrowings comprised of Eurocurrency Rate Loans with an interest rate of 2.73%, calculated as the Eurocurrency rate during the period plus an applicable rate of 2.50%.

The Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement provided that a specified percentage of billed, unbilled and approved foreign receivables and raw and clean inventory meeting certain criteria were eligible to be counted for purposes of collateralizing the amount of financing available, subject to certain terms and conditions. Availability under the ABL Facility was calculated on a monthly basis and fluctuated based on qualifying amounts of coal inventory and trade accounts receivable (the “Borrowing Base”) and the facility's covenant limitations related to the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in therein). In accordance with terms of the ABL Facility, the Company was required to collateralize the ABL Facility to the extent outstanding borrowings and letters of credit under the ABL Facility exceeded the Borrowing Base after considering covenant limitations. Due to fluctuations of the Borrowing Base, the Company was required to post $25,000 of collateral in January 2021 to remain in compliance with the terms of the ABL Facility as of December 31, 2020. During the first quarter of 2021, a portion of the posted cash collateral was used to repay the remaining $3,350 in borrowings under the ABL Facility, and the remaining posted cash collateral was returned to unrestricted cash.

Any letters of credit issued under the ABL Facility incurred a commitment fee rate ranging from 0.25% to 0.375% depending on the amount of availability per terms of the agreement, and a fronting fee of 0.25% of the face amount under each letter of credit, payable to the ABL Facility’s administrative agent. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had $123,108 letters of credit outstanding under the ABL Facility.

LCC Note Payable

As a result of the Merger, the Company assumed a note payable to Lexington Coal Company (“LCC”) in the aggregate amount of $62,500 (the “LCC Note Payable”) and with a maturity date of July 26, 2022. The LCC Note Payable had no stated interest rate and an imputed interest rate of 12.45%. Principal repayments of $17,500 were due each July during 2019, 2020 and 2021, with the final principal payment of $10,000 due on the maturity date. On July 26, 2021, the Company prepaid $7,700 of the final principal payment. As a result of the prepayment, $13,982 of surety collateral was returned. In October 2021, the Company elected to repay in full the remaining $2,300 of the final principal payment.

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
There was no remaining carrying value of the LCC Note Payable as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2020, the carrying value of the LCC Note Payable was $24,423, with $17,500 reported within the current portion of long-term debt.

LCC Water Treatment Stipulation

As a result of the Merger, the Company assumed an obligation to contribute $12,500 into LCC’s water treatment restricted cash accounts (the “LCC Water Treatment Stipulation”). Contributions equal to $625 were due each January, April, July and October from 2019 through 2023. The LCC Water Treatment Stipulation had no stated interest rate and an imputed interest rate of 13.12%. In October 2021, the Company elected to repay in full the remaining $5,000 obligation.

There was no remaining carrying value of the LCC Water Treatment Stipulation as of December 31, 2021. As of December 21, 2020, the carrying value of the LCC Water Treatment Stipulation was $5,636, with $1,875 reported within the current portion of long-term debt.

Future Maturities

Future maturities of long-term debt as of December 31, 2021 are as follows: 
2022$2,989 
20231,367 
2024450,245 
2025142 
20263 
Total long-term debt$454,746 

(15) Acquisition-Related Obligations
Acquisition-related obligations consisted of the following:
December 31,
20212020
Contingent Revenue Obligation$35,005 $28,967 
Environmental Settlement Obligations6,633 10,391 
UMWA Funds Settlement Liability— 2,000 
Discount(233)(1,491)
Total acquisition-related obligations $41,405 $39,867 
Less current portion(22,405)(19,099)
Acquisition-related obligations, net of current portion$19,000 $20,768 

The Company entered into various settlement agreements with Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. and/or the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. bankruptcy successor ANR, Inc. and third parties as part of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. bankruptcy reorganization process. The Company assumed acquisition-related obligations through those settlement agreements which became effective on July 26, 2016, the effective date of Alpha Natural Resources, Inc.’s plan of reorganization. Additionally, as a result of the Merger, the Company assumed certain acquisition-related obligations pursuant to the terms stipulated within the bankruptcy settlement previously entered into by the Merger Companies.

Contingent Revenue Obligation

As a result of the Merger, the Company assumed a contingent revenue payment obligation (the “Contingent Revenue Obligation”) to certain of the Merger Companies’ creditors pursuant to the terms stipulated within the bankruptcy settlement previously entered into by the Merger Companies. Pursuant to terms of the obligation, the annual obligation will be limited to revenues derived from legacy operations for the Merger Companies and will not include revenues related to legacy Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc. operations. The Contingent Revenue Obligation consists of a contingent revenue payment of
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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
1.5% of annual gross revenues of the legacy operations for the Merger Companies up to $500,000 and 1.0% of annual gross revenue of the legacy operations for the Merger Companies in excess of $500,000 through the period ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the carrying value of the Contingent Revenue Obligation was $35,005 and $28,967, with $16,005 and $11,393 classified as current, respectively, and classified as an acquisition-related obligation in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 17 for further disclosures related to the fair value assignment and methods used.

Refer to Note 21 for disclosures related to a Contingent Revenue Obligation repurchase transaction with a related party during the fourth quarter of 2021. Additionally, during the second quarter of 2021, the Company paid $11,396 pursuant to terms of the Contingent Revenue Obligation. During the second quarter of 2020, the Company paid $15,084, including $374 of unclaimed unsecured claims distributions, pursuant to terms of the Contingent Revenue Obligation.

Environmental Settlement Obligations

As a result of the Merger, the Company assumed certain environmental settlement obligations (the “Environmental Settlement Obligations”) pursuant to the terms stipulated within the bankruptcy settlement previously entered into by the Merger Companies. These obligations include payments to a third-party environmental agency and the funding of certain reclamation related projects through 2022. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the carrying value of the Environmental Settlement Obligations was $6,400 and $9,237, net of discounts of $233 and $1,154, with $6,400 and $6,044 classified as current, respectively, all of which was classified as an acquisition-related obligation in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(16) Asset Retirement Obligations

The following table summarizes the changes in asset retirement obligations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Total asset retirement obligations at December 31, 2019$203,137 
Accretion for the period 26,504 
Sites added during the period621 
Revisions in estimated cash flows (1)
(43,765)
Expenditures for the period(21,433)
Total asset retirement obligations at December 31, 2020$165,064 
Accretion for the period26,520 
Sites added during the period 2,125 
Revisions in estimated cash flows (1)
(12,744)
Expenditures for the period(16,793)
Total asset retirement obligations at December 31, 2021$164,172 
Less current portion (2)
(32,159)
Long-term portion$132,013 
(1)    The revisions in estimated cash flows resulted primarily from discount rate adjustments and changes in mine plans.
(2)    Included within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 13.

(17) Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements
The estimated fair values of financial instruments are determined based on relevant market information. These estimates involve uncertainty and cannot be determined with precision.
The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable, net, prepaid expenses and other current assets, short-term and long-term restricted cash, short-term and long-term deposits, trade accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate fair value as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 due to the short maturity of these instruments.
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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
The following tables set forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Company’s long-term debt at fair value as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:
December 31, 2021
Carrying
     Amount (1)
Total Fair
Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Term Loan Credit Facility - due June 2024$443,241 $447,561 $— $447,561 $— 
Total long-term debt$443,241 $447,561 $— $447,561 $— 

December 31, 2020
Carrying
Amount (1)
Total Fair
Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Term Loan Credit Facility - due June 2024$540,643 $379,614 $— $379,614 $— 
ABL Facility - due April 2022 (2)
3,350 3,057 — — 3,057 
LCC Note Payable24,423 20,328 — — 20,328 
LCC Water Treatment Obligation5,636 4,281 — — 4,281 
Total long-term debt$574,052 $407,280 $— $379,614 $27,666 
(1) Net of debt discounts and debt issuance costs.
(2) On December 6, 2021, the Company entered into a New ABL Agreement. Refer to Note 14 for additional information.

The following tables set forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Company’s acquisition-related obligations at fair value as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:
 December 31, 2021
Carrying
Amount (1)
Total Fair ValueQuoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Environmental Settlement Obligations$6,400 $6,270 $— $— $6,270 
Total acquisition-related obligations$6,400 $6,270 $— $— $6,270 

 December 31, 2020
Carrying
Amount (1)
Total Fair ValueQuoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
UMWA Funds Settlement Liability$1,662 $1,426 $— $— $1,426 
Environmental Settlement Obligations9,237 7,760 — — 7,760 
Total acquisition-related obligations$10,899 $9,186 $— $— $9,186 
(1) Net of discounts.

The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Company’s financial and non-financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. Financial and non-financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, and may affect the determination of fair value for assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels.
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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
 December 31, 2021
Total Fair ValueQuoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Contingent Revenue Obligation$35,005 $— $— $35,005 
Trading securities$28,443 $27,075 $1,368 $— 
 December 31, 2020
Total Fair ValueQuoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Contingent Revenue Obligation$28,967 $— $— $28,967 
Trading securities$22,498 $20,092 $2,406 $— 

The following table is a reconciliation of the financial and non-financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis and that were categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy:
December 31, 2020PaymentsLoss Recognized in EarningsTransfer In (Out) of Level 3 Fair Value HierarchyDecember 31, 2021
Contingent Revenue Obligation $28,967 $(13,487)$19,525 $— $35,005 
(1) The loss recognized in earnings resulted primarily from an increase in forecasted future revenue as of December 31, 2021.

December 31, 2019PaymentsGain Recognized in EarningsTransfer In (Out) of Level 3 Fair Value HierarchyDecember 31, 2020
Contingent Revenue Obligation$52,427 $(14,710)$(8,750)$— $28,967 
(1) The gain recognized in earnings resulted primarily from a change in the forecasted future revenue associated with this obligation and an increase in annualized volatility as of December 31, 2020.

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair values of the assets and liabilities in the tables above:
Level 1 Fair Value Measurements
Trading Securities - Includes money market funds and other cash equivalents. The fair value is based on observable market data.

Level 2 Fair Value Measurements
Term Loan Credit Facility - due June 2024 - The fair value is based on the average between bid and ask prices provided by a third-party. As the fair value is based on observable market inputs and due to limited trading volume in the Term Loan Credit Facility, the Company has classified the fair value within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Trading Securities - Includes certificates of deposit, mutual funds, corporate debt securities and U.S. treasury and agency securities. The fair values of the Company’s trading securities are obtained from a third-party pricing service provider. The fair values provided by the pricing service provider are based on observable market inputs including credit spreads and broker-dealer quotes, among other inputs. The Company classifies the prices obtained from the pricing services within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because the underlying inputs are directly observable from active markets. However, the pricing models used entail a certain amount of subjectivity and therefore differing judgments in how the underlying inputs are modeled could result in different estimates of fair value.

Level 3 Fair Value Measurements

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
ABL Facility - due April 2022 - Observable transactions are not available to aid in determining the fair value of this item. Therefore, the fair value was derived by using the expected present value approach in which estimated cash flows are discounted using a risk-free interest rate adjusted for credit risk (discount rate of approximately 9% as of December 31, 2020). On December 6, 2021, the Company entered into a New ABL Agreement. Refer to Note 14 for additional information.

LCC Note Payable, LCC Water Treatment Obligation, UMWA Funds Settlement Liability and Environmental Settlement Obligations - Observable transactions are not available to aid in determining the fair value of these items. Therefore, the fair value was derived by using the expected present value approach in which estimated cash flows are discounted using a risk-free interest rate adjusted for credit risk (discount rates of approximately 13% and 34% as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively).

Contingent Revenue Obligation - The fair value of the Contingent Revenue Obligation was estimated using a Black-Scholes pricing model and is marked to market at each reporting period with changes in value reflected in earnings. The inputs included in the Black-Scholes pricing model are the Company's forecasted future revenue, the stated royalty rate, the remaining periods in the obligation, annual risk-free interest rate based on the U.S. Constant Maturity Treasury Curve and annualized volatility. The annualized volatility was calculated by observing volatilities for comparable companies with adjustments for the Company's size and leverage. The range of significant unobservable inputs used to value the Contingent Revenue Obligation as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are set forth in the following table:
 December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Forecasted future revenue
$1.5 - $2.0 billion
$0.9 - $1.1 billion
Stated royalty rate
1.0% - 1.5%
1.0% - 1.5%
Annualized volatility
18.4% - 39.3% (29.9%)
19.4% - 52.1% (28.0%)

(18) Income Taxes

Total income tax expense (benefit) provided on income (loss) before income taxes was allocated as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Continuing operations$3,609 $(2,164)
Discontinued operations(201)— 
Total$3,408 $(2,164)

Significant components of income tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations were as follows:
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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Current tax expense (benefit):
Federal$2,586 $(35,187)
State1,186 (99)
Total current$3,772 $(35,286)
Deferred tax (benefit) expense:
Federal$(3)$33,348 
State(160)(226)
Total deferred $(163)$33,122 
Total income tax expense (benefit):
Federal$2,583 $(1,839)
State1,026 (325)
Total$3,609 $(2,164)

A reconciliation of statutory federal income tax expense (benefit) on income (loss) from continuing operations to the actual income tax expense (benefit) is as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Federal statutory income tax expense (benefit)$61,013 $(51,163)
Increase (reductions) in taxes due to:
Percentage depletion allowance(11,864)(2,039)
AMT sequestration refund— (2,123)
State taxes, net of federal tax impact12,998 (9,640)
State apportioned tax rate change, net of federal tax impact8,751 (1,235)
Change in valuation allowances(78,056)59,929 
Capital loss expiration10,552 — 
Stock-based compensation405 1,739 
Other, net (190)2,368 
Income tax expense (benefit)$3,609 $(2,164)

Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the reporting of amounts for financial statement purposes and income tax purposes. The net deferred tax assets and liabilities included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets include the following amounts:
114
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Deferred tax assets:
  Asset retirement obligations$36,252 $41,268 
  Reserves and accruals not currently deductible9,610 12,131 
  Workers’ compensation benefit obligations47,105 59,478 
Pension obligations34,956 52,598 
  Equity method investments1,846 2,050 
Loss carryforwards, net of Section 382 limitation187,341 255,772 
  Acquisition-related obligations9,156 10,002 
  Other 7,100 10,976 
     Gross deferred tax assets333,366 444,275 
Less valuation allowance(172,883)(263,387)
     Deferred tax assets$160,483 $180,888 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property, plant and mineral reserves$(134,075)$(141,549)
  Acquired intangibles, net(16,408)(22,037)
  Prepaid expenses(4,955)(6,211)
Restricted cash(5,362)(11,516)
  Other — (55)
     Total deferred tax liabilities(160,800)(181,368)
     Net deferred tax liabilities$(317)$(480)

Changes in the valuation allowance were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Valuation allowance beginning of period$263,387 $133,020 
(Decrease) increase in valuation allowance recorded to income tax expense (benefit) (78,043)117,829 
(Decrease) increase in valuation allowance not affecting income tax expense (benefit)(12,461)12,538 
Valuation allowance end of period$172,883 $263,387 

On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law legislation commonly referred to as the “Tax Cuts and Jobs Act” (“TCJA”). Among other provisions, the TCJA repealed the corporate alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) and provided a mechanism for corporations to monetize their alternative minimum tax credits (“AMT Credits”) as a refundable credit during the 2018 through 2021 tax years. On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law legislation referred to as the CARES Act. The CARES Act modified the AMT Credits provision such that a corporate taxpayer’s remaining AMT Credits would be refunded in the 2019 tax year rather than the 2019 through 2021 tax years. As of December 31, 2019, the Company recorded a current federal income tax receivable of $33,065 and a deferred tax asset of $33,065 in relation to its refundable AMT Credits. During the first quarter of 2020 and following enactment of the CARES Act, the Company reclassified the $33,065 deferred tax asset to a current federal income tax receivable. The Company received the $66,130 AMT Credit refund in the fourth quarter of 2020. In addition, the Company received $2,123 related to AMT Credits claimed in prior tax years under a different Internal Revenue Code section, which were previously and erroneously subjected to the budgetary sequestration provisions. The Company does not expect to receive any further benefits related to AMT Credits.

The Company acquired the core assets of Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. as part of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. bankruptcy reorganization in transactions intended to be treated as a tax-free reorganization for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result of these transactions, the Company inherited the tax basis of the core assets and the net operating loss and
115
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
other carryforwards of Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. On December 31, 2016, the net operating loss carryforwards and other carryforwards were reduced under Internal Revenue Code Section 108 due to the cancellation of indebtedness resulting from the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. bankruptcy reorganization. Due to the change in ownership, the net operating loss and other carryforwards inherited in the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. bankruptcy reorganization are subjected to significant limitations on their use in future years.

Due to the Company’s formation through acquisition of certain core coal assets as part of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. bankruptcy reorganization, the Company does not have a long history of operating results. Additionally, significant ownership change limitations limit the ability of the Company to utilize its net operating loss and other carryforwards in future years. The Company currently is relying primarily on the reversal of taxable temporary differences, along with consideration of taxable income via carryback to prior years and tax planning strategies, to support the realization of deferred tax assets. The Company assesses the realizability of its deferred tax assets, including scheduling the reversal of its deferred tax liabilities, to determine the amount of valuation allowance needed. Scheduling the reversal of deferred tax asset and liability balances requires judgment and estimation. The Company believes the deferred tax liabilities relied upon as future taxable income in its assessment will reverse in the same period and jurisdiction and are of the same character as temporary differences giving rise to the deferred tax assets that will be realized. The valuation allowance recorded represents the portion of deferred tax assets for which the Company is unable to support realization through the methods described above. The Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that the remaining deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowances, are realizable.

At December 31, 2021, the Company has regular tax net operating loss carryforwards for federal income tax purposes of approximately $1,543,000. This includes $1,008,000 that are available to offset regular federal taxable income subject to an annual Internal Revenue Code Section 382 limitation of approximately $1,000 and $270,000 that are subject to an annual Section 382 limitation of approximately $17,500. These federal net operating loss carryforwards were generated before 2018 and will expire between years 2030 and 2037. The Company also has $265,000 of federal net operating loss carryforwards with an indefinite carryforward period that can be used to offset up to 80% of taxable income. The Company has capital loss carryforwards of approximately $223,000. The capital loss carryforwards will expire between years 2022 and 2025. A full valuation allowance is recorded against the capital loss carryforwards.

During the third quarter of the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $20,788 as a result of the issuance of final regulatory guidance from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). The decrease in unrecognized tax benefits did not impact the Company’s effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2020.

The Company’s policy is to classify interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of income tax expense. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had no accrued interest and penalties.

The following reconciliation illustrates the Company’s liability for uncertain tax positions:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Unrecognized tax benefits - beginning of period$— $20,788 
Reductions for tax positions of prior years— (20,788)
Unrecognized tax benefits - end of period$— $— 

As of December 31, 2021, tax years 2018 – 2021 remain open to federal and state examination. During the third quarter of 2021, the IRS concluded its audit of the Company’s 2016 federal income tax return and associated net operating loss (“NOL”) carryback claim. The audit conclusion did not result in any material impact to the financial statements or related disclosures. Following the conclusion of the audit, the Company received the $64,160 carryback claim tax refund and $5,425 of accrued interest.

(19) Employee Benefit Plans

The Company provides several types of benefits for its employees, including defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans, workers’ compensation and black lung benefits, and postretirement life insurance. The Company does not participate in any multi-employer plans. The components of net periodic benefit (credit) cost other than the service cost
116
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
component for black lung and postretirement life insurance benefits are included in the line item miscellaneous income (loss), net, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Company Administered Defined Benefit Pension Plans

In connection with the Merger, the Company assumed three qualified non-contributory defined benefit pension plans, which cover certain salaried and non-union hourly employees. The qualified non-contributory defined benefit pension plans are collectively referred to as the “Pension Plans.” Benefits are frozen under these plans. Participants accrued benefits either based on certain formulas, the participant’s compensation prior to retirement, or plan specified amounts for each year of service with the Company. One of the Company’s frozen qualified non-contributory defined benefit pension plans utilizes a cash balance formula for certain of its participants. The cash balance formula provides guaranteed rates of interest on accumulated balances of 6% for balances accumulated prior to 2004 and 4% on balances accumulated thereafter.

Annual funding contributions to the Pension Plans are made as recommended by consulting actuaries based upon the ERISA funding standards. Plan assets consist of equity securities, fixed income funds, commingled short-term funds, private equity funds, and a guaranteed insurance contract.

Effective in 2019, two of the qualified non-contributory defined benefit pension plans were amended to offer certain eligible participants the option to elect to receive lump sum benefits, which resulted in a partial plan settlement and the accelerated recognition of a portion of the accumulated other comprehensive loss during the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Refer to the disclosures below for further information on the partial plan settlements.

The following tables set forth the Pension Plans’ accumulated benefit obligations, fair value of plan assets and funded status for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Change in benefit obligations:
Accumulated benefit obligation at beginning of period:$723,448 $674,439 
Interest cost 13,566 18,730 
Actuarial (gain) loss (1)
(34,922)72,822 
Benefits paid(30,222)(30,916)
Settlement(3,815)(11,627)
Accumulated benefit obligation at end of period$668,055 $723,448 
Change in fair value of plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period$504,777 $470,353 
Actual return on plan assets30,814 54,222 
Employer contributions6,571 22,745 
Benefits paid(30,222)(30,916)
Settlement(3,815)(11,627)
Fair value of plan assets at end of period$508,125 $504,777 
Funded status$(159,930)$(218,671)
Accrued benefit cost at end of period (2)
$(159,930)$(218,671)
(1) For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the actuarial (gain) loss was primarily attributable to the change in the weighted-average discount rate actuarial assumption used in determining the benefit obligations.
(2) Amounts are classified as long-term on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as there are sufficient plan assets to make expected benefit payments to plan participants in the succeeding twelve months.

Gross amounts related to benefit obligations recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:
117
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
December 31,
20212020
Net actuarial loss$47,950 $88,583 

The following table details the components of net periodic benefit credit:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Interest cost$13,566 $18,730 
Expected return on plan assets(28,732)(27,064)
Amortization of net actuarial loss3,217 2,012 
Settlement412 1,636 
Net periodic benefit credit$(11,537)$(4,686)

Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Actuarial (gain) loss$(37,004)$45,663 
Amortization of net actuarial loss(3,217)(2,012)
Settlement(412)(1,636)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)$(40,633)$42,015 

The following table presents information applicable to plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Projected benefit obligation$668,055 $723,448 
Accumulated benefit obligation$668,055 $723,448 
Fair value of plan assets$508,125 $504,777 

The weighted-average actuarial assumption used in determining the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows: 
December 31,
20212020
Discount rate2.92 %2.62 %

The weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit credit for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows: 
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Discount rate for benefit obligation2.62 %3.35 %
Discount rate for interest cost1.96 %2.92 %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets5.80 %5.90 %

The discount rate assumptions were determined from a high-quality corporate bond yield-curve timing of the Company’s projected cash out flows.

118
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
The expected long-term rate of return on assets of the Pension Plans is established each year by the Company’s Benefits Committee in consultation with the plans’ actuaries and outside investment advisors. This rate is determined by taking into consideration the Pension Plans’ target asset allocation, expected long-term rates of return on each major asset class by reference to long-term historic ranges, inflation assumptions, and the expected additional value from active management of the Pension Plans’ assets. For the determination of net periodic benefit cost in 2022, the Company will utilize an expected long-term rate of return on plan assets of 5.80%.

Assets of the Pension Plans are held in trusts and are invested in accordance with investment guidelines that have been established by the Company’s Benefits Committee in consultation with outside investment advisors. The target allocation for 2022 and the actual asset allocation as reported at December 31, 2021 are as follows:
Target Allocation Percentages 2022 (1)
Percentage of Plan Assets 2021
Equity securities60.0 %56.0 %
Fixed income funds40.0 %41.0 %
Other— %3.0 %
Total100.0 %100.0 %
(1) Assumes the Pension Plans have a funded status level less than 90.0%.

The asset allocation targets have been set with the expectation that the Pension Plans’ assets will fund the expected liabilities within an appropriate level of risk. In determining the appropriate target asset allocations, the Benefits Committee considers the demographics of the Pension Plans’ participants, the funded status of each plan, the Company’s contribution philosophy, the Company’s business and financial profile, and other associated risk factors. The Pension Plans’ assets are periodically rebalanced among the major asset categories to maintain the asset allocation within a specified range of the target allocation percentage. The target allocation between equity securities and fixed income funds is determined by reference to the funded status percentage for each of the Pension Plans. The plan administrator uses a de-risking glide path whereby the fixed income funds allocation increases as the funded status improves. At a 90.0% funded status level, the glide path calls for a 50/50 equity securities and fixed income funds mix. During the year ended December 31, 2021, one of the Pension Plans funded status levels reached 90.0% and the related plan assets were adjusted accordingly to the new allocation. In September 2020, the target allocation was adjusted by the Company’s Benefits Committee to transition to 60.0% equity securities and 40.0% fixed income funds in approximate 2.0% increments over a 10-month period.

As a result of the recent funding relief granted under the American Rescue Plan Act, estimated contributions requirements to the pension plans were reduced relative to the Company’s previous estimates. The Company contributed $6,571 to the pension plans during the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company’s minimum required contributions are estimated to be $4,404 to the Pension Plans in 2022.

The following represents expected future pension benefit payments for the next ten years:
2022$30,949 
202330,944 
202431,161 
202531,497 
202631,657 
2027-2031158,207 
$314,415 

The fair values of the Company’s Pension Plans’ assets as of December 31, 2021, by asset category are as follows:
119
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Asset CategoryTotalQuoted Market Prices in Active Market for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Equity securities:
Multi-asset fund (1)
$284,568 $— $284,568 $— 
Fixed income funds:
Bond fund (2)
208,466 — 208,466 — 
Commingled short-term fund (3)
1,384 — 1,384 — 
Other types of investments:
Guaranteed insurance contract11,652 — — 11,652 
Total$506,070 $— $494,418 $11,652 
Receivable (4)
876 
Total assets at fair value506,946 
Private equity funds measured at net asset value practical expedient (5)
1,179 
Total plan assets$508,125 
(1) This fund contains equities (domestic and international), real estate and bonds.
(2) This fund contains bonds representing a diversity of sectors and maturities. This fund also includes mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasuries.
(3) This fund contains cash and highly liquid short-term investments in a collective investment fund.
(4) Receivable for investments sold at December 31, 2021, which approximates fair value.
(5) In accordance with Accounting Standards Update 2015-07, investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total value of assets of the plans.

Changes in Level 3 plan assets for the period ended December 31, 2021 were as follows:
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Guaranteed Insurance Contract
Beginning balance, December 31, 2020$11,454 
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date528 
Purchases, sales and settlements(330)
Ending balance, December 31, 2021$11,652 

The fair values of the Company’s Pension Plans’ assets as of December 31, 2020, by asset category are as follows:
120
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Asset CategoryTotalQuoted Market Prices in Active Market for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Equity securities:
Multi-asset fund (1)
$236,405 $— $236,405 $— 
Fixed income funds:
Bond fund (2)
253,218 — 253,218 — 
Commingled short-term fund (3)
1,405 — 1,405 — 
Other types of investments:
Guaranteed insurance contract11,454 — — 11,454 
Total$502,482 $— $491,028 $11,454 
Receivable (4)
888 
Total assets at fair value503,370 
Private equity funds measured at net asset value practical expedient (5)
1,407 
Total plan assets$504,777 
(1) This fund contains equities (domestic and international), real estate and bonds.
(2) This fund contains bonds representing a diversity of sectors and maturities. This fund also includes mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasuries.
(3) This fund contains cash and highly liquid short-term investments in a collective investment fund.
(4) Receivable for investments sold at December 31, 2020, which approximates fair value.
(5) In accordance with Accounting Standards Update 2015-07, investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total value of assets of the plans.

Changes in Level 3 plan assets for the period ended December 31, 2020 were as follows:
Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Guaranteed Insurance Contract
Beginning balance, December 31, 2019$11,155 
Actual return on plan assets:
Relating to assets still held at the reporting date659 
Purchases, sales and settlements(360)
Ending balance, December 31, 2020$11,454 

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets measured at fair value:

Level 1 Plan Assets: Assets consist of individual security positions that are easily traded on recognized market exchanges. These securities are priced and traded daily, and therefore the fund is valued daily.

Level 2 Plan Assets: Funds consist of individual security positions that are mostly securities easily traded on recognized market exchanges. These securities are priced and traded daily, and therefore the fund is valued daily.

Level 3 Plan Assets: Assets are valued monthly or quarterly based on the Market Value provided by managers of the underlying fund investments. The Market Value provided typically reflects the fair value of each underlying fund investment, including unrealized gains and losses.

Workers’ Compensation and Pneumoconiosis (Black Lung)

121
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
The Company is required by federal and state statutes to provide benefits to employees for awards related to workers’ compensation and black lung.

The Company’s subsidiaries utilize high-deductible third-party insurance for worker’s compensation and black lung obligations with the exception of certain subsidiaries in which the Company is a qualified self-insurer for workers’ compensation and/or black lung obligations. The Company’s subsidiaries that are self-insured for black lung benefits may fund benefit payments through a Section 501(c) (21) tax-exempt trust fund.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company assumed a reinsurance contract with a third party. In 2017, the Merger Companies made a lump sum payment in exchange for a reinsurance company’s agreement to administer and pay certain future workers’ compensation and state black lung obligations in the state of Kentucky. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company assumed the estimated liability for these future claims. As the liabilities are paid by the insurance company, the prepaid insurance amounts will be reduced by a corresponding amount.

The Company accrues for workers’ compensation liability by recognizing costs when it is probable that a covered liability has been incurred and the cost can be reasonably estimated. The Company’s estimates of these costs are adjusted based upon actuarial studies and include a provision for incurred but not reported losses. Actual losses may differ from these estimates, which could increase or decrease the Company’s costs. Additionally, the liability for black lung benefits is estimated by an independent actuary by prorating the accrual of actuarially projected benefits over the employee’s applicable term of service. Adjustments to the probable ultimate liability for workers’ compensation and black lung are made annually based on actuarial valuations.

For the Company’s subsidiaries that are insured with a high-deductible insurance plan for workers’ compensation and black lung claims, the insurance premium expense for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $8,602 and $7,000, respectively.

Workers’ Compensation

The table below presents workers’ compensation amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
December 31,
20212020
Current liabilities$10,582 $10,355 
Current liabilities - discontinued operations (1)
2,730 4,847 
Long-term liabilities103,574 113,904 
Long-term liabilities - discontinued operations (1)
21,119 26,000 
Total liabilities$138,005 $155,106 
Less expected insurance receivable (2)
(47,644)(50,688)
Less long-term expected insurance receivable - discontinued operations (1)
(6,020)(6,970)
Workers’ compensation obligations, net of expected insurance receivables$84,341 $97,448 
(1) The discontinued operations consisted of activity related to the Company’s former NAPP operations. Refer to Note 3.
(2) Included within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Workers’ compensation expense for high-deductible insurance plans for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $3,750 and $1,275, respectively.

122
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Black Lung

The divestiture of the Company’s former NAPP operations during the fourth quarter of 2020 (refer to Note 3) resulted in a partial plan settlement of $8,290 and the accelerated recognition of a portion of the accumulated other comprehensive loss of $1,563 during the three months ended December 31, 2020. Refer to the disclosures below for further information on the partial plan settlement.

As a result of the strategic actions impacting certain mines during the three months ended June 30, 2020 (refer to Note 8), black lung obligations were revalued for curtailment and remeasured with an updated discount rate as of May 31, 2020, which resulted in an increase in the liability for black lung obligations of approximately $7,400 with the offset to accumulated other comprehensive loss and a slight increase in net periodic expense to be recognized subsequent to the remeasurement date. Refer to the disclosures below for further information.

The following tables set forth the accumulated black lung benefit obligations, fair value of plan assets and funded status for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Change in benefit obligation:
Accumulated benefit obligation at beginning of period$127,506 $122,788 
Service cost2,972 2,361 
Interest cost2,463 3,240 
Actuarial (gain) loss (1)
(9,759)14,736 
Benefits paid(6,040)(7,166)
Curtailment gain— (163)
Settlement— (8,290)
Accumulated benefit obligation at end of period$117,142 $127,506 
Change in fair value of plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period$2,720 $2,660 
Actual return on plan assets(56)60 
Benefits paid(6,040)(7,166)
Employer contributions6,040 7,166 
Fair value of plan assets at end of period (2)
2,664 2,720 
Funded status$(114,478)$(124,786)
Accrued benefit cost at end of period$(114,478)$(124,786)
Summary of accrued benefit cost at end of period:
Continuing operations(111,854)(122,961)
Discontinued operations (3)
(2,624)(1,825)
Total accrued benefit cost at end of period$(114,478)$(124,786)
(1) For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the actuarial (gain) loss was primarily attributable to the change in the weighted-average discount rate actuarial assumption used in determining the benefit obligations.
(2) Assets of the plan are held in a Section 501(c)(21) tax-exempt trust fund and consist primarily of government debt securities. All assets are classified as Level 1 and valued based on quoted market prices.
(3) The discontinued operations consisted of activity related to the Company’s former NAPP operations. Refer to Note 3.

The table below presents amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
123
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
December 31,
20212020
Current liabilities$7,235 $6,784 
Current liabilities - discontinued operations60 26 
Long-term liabilities104,619 116,177 
Long-term liabilities - discontinued operations2,564 1,799 
Total liabilities$114,478 $124,786 

Gross amounts related to the black lung benefit obligations recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020: 
December 31,
20212020
Net actuarial loss $11,940 $24,042 

The following table details the components of the net periodic benefit cost for the black lung benefit obligations:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Service cost$2,972 $2,361 
Interest cost2,463 3,240 
Expected return on plan assets(54)(54)
Amortization of net actuarial loss 2,453 1,942 
Settlement— 1,563 
Net periodic benefit cost$7,834 $9,052 
Summary net periodic benefit cost:
Continuing operations$7,418 $7,670 
Discontinued operations (1)
416 1,382 
Total net periodic benefit cost$7,834 $9,052 
(1) The discontinued operations consisted of activity related to the Company’s former NAPP operations. Refer to Note 3.

Other changes in the black lung plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Actuarial (gain) loss$(9,649)$14,567 
Amortization of net actuarial loss(2,453)(1,942)
Settlement— (1,563)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)$(12,102)$11,062 

The weighted-average assumptions related to black lung obligations used to determine the benefit obligation as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows: 
124
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
December 31,
20212020
Discount rate2.96 %2.75 %
Federal black lung income benefit trend rate2.00 %2.00 %
Federal black lung medical benefit trend rate5.00 %5.00 %
Black lung benefit expense inflation rate (1)
— %2.00 %
(1) Effective in 2021, the annual claim administration expenses are incorporated into the annual service cost component of the net periodic benefit cost for the black lung benefit obligations.

The weighted-average assumptions related to black lung benefit obligations used to determine net periodic benefit cost were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
20212020
Discount rate for benefit obligation2.75 %3.47 %
Discount rate for service cost3.15 %3.56 %
Discount rate for interest cost1.96 %2.61 %
Federal black lung income benefit trend rate2.00 %2.50 %
Federal black lung medical benefit trend rate5.00 %5.00 %
Black lung benefit expense inflation rate (1)
— %2.00 %
Expected return on plan assets2.00 %2.00 %
(1) Effective in 2021, the annual claim administration expenses are incorporated into the annual service cost component of the net periodic benefit cost for the black lung benefit obligations.

Estimated future cash payments related to black lung benefit obligations for the next 10 years ending after December 31, 2021 are as follows: 
Year ending December 31:
2022$7,295 
20237,208 
20247,254 
20257,329 
20267,497 
2027-203119,889 
$56,472 

Postretirement Life Insurance Benefits

As part of the Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. bankruptcy reorganization process and the Retiree Committee Settlement Agreement, the Company assumed the unfunded liability for life insurance benefits for certain disabled and non-union retired employees. Provisions are made for estimated benefits and adjustments to the probable ultimate liabilities are made annually based on an actuarial study prepared by independent actuaries. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the postretirement life insurance benefit obligation was $11,610, including a current portion $602, and $12,635, including a current portion $628, respectively, which are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Other non-current liabilities and Accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

Defined Contribution and Profit-Sharing Plans

The Company sponsors defined contribution plans to assist its eligible employees in providing for retirement. Generally, under the terms of these plans, employees make voluntary contributions through payroll deductions and the Company makes
125
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
matching and/or discretionary contributions, as defined by each plan. The Company’s total contributions to these plans for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were $10,276 and $3,613, respectively.

During the second quarter of 2020, the Company’s matching contributions under the Alpha Metallurgical Resources (formerly Contura Energy) 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan (the “Plan”) were suspended due to weak market conditions at that time. Effective in June 2021, the Company’s matching contributions under the Plan were reinstated.

Self-insured Medical Plan

The Company is self-insured for health benefit coverage for all of its active employees. Estimated liabilities for health and medical claims are recorded based on the Company’s historical experience and include a component for incurred but not paid claims. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company incurred total expenses of $63,127 and $52,517, respectively, which primarily include claims processed and an estimate for claims incurred but not paid.

(20) Stock-Based Compensation Awards
The MIP is currently authorized for the issuance of awards of up to 1,201,202 shares of common stock, and as of December 31, 2021, there were 37,805 shares of common stock available for grant under the MIP. The Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP”) is currently authorized for the issuance of awards of up to 1,500,000 shares of common stock, and as of December 31, 2021, there were 870,503 shares of common stock available for grant under the LTIP. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company assumed the ANR Inc. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “ANR EIP”), which had underlying ANR shares that were converted to 89,766 Contura Energy, Inc. shares. The ANR EIP is not authorized for additional issuance of awards of shares of common stock, and as of December 31, 2021, there were no shares of common stock available for grant under the ANR EIP.
As of December 31, 2021, the Company had four types of stock-based awards outstanding: time-based restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units, stock options, and performance-based cash awards. Stock-based compensation expense totaled $7,468 and $5,540 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, approximately 89% and 83%, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense was reported as selling, general and administrative expenses, and the remainder was recorded as cost of coal sales.
The Company is authorized to repurchase common shares from employees (upon the election by the employee) to satisfy the employees’ statutory tax withholdings upon the vesting of stock grants. Shares that are repurchased to satisfy the employees’ statutory tax withholdings are recorded in treasury stock at cost. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company repurchased 50,363 shares of its common stock issued pursuant to awards under the MIP and LTIP for a total purchase amount of $785, or $15.60 average price paid per share. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company repurchased 43,559 shares of its common stock issued pursuant to awards under the MIP, LTIP and ANR EIP for a total purchase amount of $209, or $4.79 average price paid per share.
2021 Awards Granted
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company granted certain key employees and non-employee directors 223,496 time-based restricted stock units under the MIP and LTIP with a weighted average grant date fair value of $12.03 based on the Company’s closing stock price at the trading day before the date of the grant. The awards granted to key employees will vest ratably over a three-year period from date of grant in accordance with the vesting schedule, subject to the participant’s continuous service with the Company through each applicable vesting date. The restricted stock units granted to non-employee directors on February 10, 2021 will vest on the first to occur of (i) April 30, 2021, (ii) the director’s separation from service due to the director’s death or physical or mental incapacity to perform his or her usual duties, such condition likely to remain continuously and permanently, as determined by the Company, and (iii) a change in control. The restricted stock units granted to non-employee directors on May 1, 2021 will vest on the first to occur of (i) April 30, 2022, (ii) the director’s service as a member of the board of directors is terminated, for any reason other than removal for cause, as of a date that is more than six months after the date of grant, and (iii) a change in control. Upon vesting and settlement of time-based restricted stock units, the Company issues authorized and unissued shares of the Company’s common stock to the recipient.
Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company granted certain key employees 167,587 performance-based restricted stock units granted under the LTIP which represent the number of shares of common stock that may be issued based on the achievement of targeted performance levels related to pre-established relative total shareholder
126
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
return goals and annually determined operational goals over a three year period. These awards are scheduled to cliff vest on the third anniversary of the date of the grant, subject to the participant’s continuous service with the Company through the applicable vesting date and the satisfaction of the performance criteria. These performance-based restricted stock units have the potential to be earned from 0% to 200% of target depending on actual results. Upon vesting and settlement of these awards, the Company will issue authorized and previously unissued shares of the Company’s common stock to the recipient. The 100,552 operational performance-based restricted stock units were valued based on the Company’s closing stock price at the trading day before the date of the grant and had a weighted average grant date fair value of $12.00. For the awards with operational performance conditions, the Company reassesses at each reporting date whether achievement of each of the performance conditions was probable and adjusts the accrual of stock-based compensation expense as needed. The 67,035 relative total shareholder return performance-based restricted stock units were valued relative to the stock price performance of a comparator group and had a weighted average grant date fair value of $16.18 based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo simulation incorporated the assumptions as presented in the following table:
Relative performance-based restricted stock units
Start price (1)
$11.81 
Valuation date stock price (2)
$11.34 
Expected volatility (3)
98.54 %
Risk-free interest rate (4)
0.18 %
Expected dividend yield (5)
— %
(1)    The start price for the Company represented the average closing stock price over the twenty trading days ending on December 31, 2020, assuming dividends distributed during this period were reinvested in additional shares of the Company’s stock on the ex-dividend date.
(2)    The valuation date stock price represented the closing price on the grant date.
(3)    The expected volatility assumption was based on the historical volatility of the price of the Company’s stock.
(4)    The annual risk-free interest rate equaled the yield on the semi-annual zero coupon U.S. Treasury rates converted to continuously compounded rates that had a term equal to the length of the remaining performance measurement period as of the valuation date.
(5)    The expected dividend yield represented the investments return to a share of the Company’s stock that is not available to the holder of the performance-based restricted stock unit.

Additionally, the Company granted certain key employees performance-based cash incentive awards granted under the LTIP with a target award amount of $927. The cash to be awarded is based on the achievement of pre-established relative total shareholder return goals over a three-year period. These awards are scheduled to cliff vest on the third anniversary of the date of the grant, subject to the participant’s continuous service with the Company through the applicable vesting date and the satisfaction of the performance criteria. These awards have the potential to be distributed from 0% to 200% of target depending on actual performance. Upon vesting of these awards, the Company issues cash to the recipient. These awards are classified as a liability, and the Company reassesses at each reporting date the fair value of the award and adjusts the accruals of stock-based compensation expense as appropriate based on a Monte Carlo simulation. As of December 31, 2021, the liability for these awards totaled $255. The performance-based cash incentive awards were valued relative to the stock price performance of a comparator group and had a weighted average grant date fair value as a percent of target dollar value of 51.73% based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo simulation incorporates the assumptions as presented in the following table:
Performance-based cash incentive awards
Start price (1)
$11.81 
Valuation date stock price (2)
$11.34 
Expected volatility (3)
98.54 %
Risk-free interest rate (4)
0.18 %
Expected dividend yield (5)
— %
(1)    The start price for the Company represents the average closing stock price over the twenty trading days ending on December 31, 2020, assuming dividends distributed during this period were reinvested in additional shares of the Company’s stock on the ex-dividend date.
(2)    The valuation date stock price represents the closing price at each reporting date.
(3)    The expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of the price of the Company’s stock.
127
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
(4)    The annual risk-free interest rate equals the yield on the semi-annual zero coupon U.S. Treasury rates converted to continuously compounded rates that have a term equal to the length of the remaining performance measurement period as of the valuation date.
(5)    The expected dividend yield represents the investments return to a share of the Company’s stock that is not available to the holder of the performance-based restricted stock unit.

2020 Awards Granted
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company granted certain key employees and non-employee directors 402,620 time-based restricted stock units under the MIP and LTIP with a weighted average grant date fair value of $6.17 based on the Company’s closing stock price at the trading day before the date of the grant. The awards granted to key employees will vest ratably over a three-year period from date of grant in accordance with the vesting schedule, subject to the participant’s continuous service with the Company through each applicable vesting date. The awards granted to non-employee directors will vest on the first to occur of (i) April 30, 2021, (ii) the director’s separation from service due to the director’s death or physical or mental incapacity to perform his or her usual duties, such condition likely to remain continuously and permanently, as determined by the Company, (iii) a change in control, and (iv) the director's service as a member of the board of directors is terminated as of a date that is after October 31, 2021 but prior to May 1, 2022 for any reason other than removal for cause. Upon vesting and settlement of time-based restricted stock units, the Company issues authorized and unissued shares of the Company’s common stock to the recipient.
Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company granted the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) 302,795 performance-based restricted stock units granted under the LTIP which represent the number of shares of common stock that may be issued based on the achievement of targeted performance levels related to pre-established relative total shareholder return goals and annually determined operational goals over a three year period. This award was scheduled to cliff vest on the third anniversary of the date of the grant, subject to the participant’s continuous service with the Company through the applicable vesting date and the satisfaction of the performance criteria. These performance-based restricted stock units had the potential to be earned from 0% to 200% of target depending on actual results. Upon vesting of this award, the Company would issue authorized and previously unissued shares of the Company’s common stock to the recipient. The 151,398 operational performance-based restricted stock units were valued based on the Company’s closing stock price at the trading day before the date of the grant and had a weighted average grant date fair value of $6.36. For the awards with operational performance conditions, the Company reassessed at each reporting date whether achievement of each of the performance conditions was probable and adjusted the accrual of stock-based compensation expense as needed. The 151,397 relative total shareholder return performance-based restricted stock units were valued relative to the stock price performance of a comparator group and had a weighted average grant date fair value of $8.53 based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo simulation incorporated the assumptions as presented in the following table:
Relative performance-based restricted stock units
Start price (1)
$7.59 
Valuation date stock price (2)
$6.33 
Expected volatility (3)
55.27 %
Risk-free interest rate (4)
1.37 %
Expected dividend yield (5)
— %
(1)    The start price for the Company represented the average closing stock price over the twenty trading days ending on December 31, 2019, assuming dividends distributed during this period were reinvested in additional shares of the Company’s stock on the ex-dividend date.
(2)    The valuation date stock price represented the closing price on the grant date.
(3)    The expected volatility assumption was based on the historical volatility of the price of the Company’s stock.
(4)    The annual risk-free interest rate equaled the yield on the semi-annual zero coupon U.S. Treasury rates converted to continuously compounded rates that had a term equal to the length of the remaining performance measurement period as of the valuation date.
(5)    The expected dividend yield represented the investments return to a share of the Company’s stock that is not available to the holder of the performance-based restricted stock unit.

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
During the first quarter of 2021, the 302,795 performance-based restricted stock units granted under the LTIP were voluntarily forfeited by the CEO in conjunction with an amendment to his employment agreement and the shares were cancelled and allocated back to the LTIP for future issuance. The amendment also included an amendment to the participant’s time-based restricted stock granted under the MIP, such that the ratable vesting initially scheduled to occur on the second and third anniversaries of the award shall instead both occur on the second anniversary of the award.

Additionally, the Company granted certain key employees performance-based cash incentive awards granted under the LTIP with a target award amount of $2,755. The cash to be awarded is based on the achievement of pre-established relative total shareholder return goals over a three-year period. These awards are scheduled to cliff vest on the third anniversary of the date of the grant, subject to the participant’s continuous service with the Company through the applicable vesting date and the satisfaction of the performance criteria. These awards have the potential to be distributed from 0% to 200% of target depending on actual performance. Upon vesting of these awards, the Company issues cash to the recipient. These awards are classified as a liability, and the Company reassesses at each reporting date the fair value of the award and adjusts the accruals of stock-based compensation expense as appropriate based on a Monte Carlo simulation. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the liability for these awards totaled $2,542 and $643, respectively. The performance-based cash incentive awards were valued relative to the stock price performance of a comparator group and had a weighted average grant date fair value as a percent of target dollar value of 82.45% based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo simulation incorporates the assumptions as presented in the following table:
Performance-based cash incentive awards
Start price (1)
$7.59 
Valuation date stock price (2)
$6.33 
Expected volatility (3)
55.27 %
Risk-free interest rate (4)
1.37 %
Expected dividend yield (5)
— %
(1)    The start price for the Company represents the average closing stock price over the twenty trading days ending on December 31, 2019, assuming dividends distributed during this period were reinvested in additional shares of the Company’s stock on the ex-dividend date.
(2)    The valuation date stock price represents the closing price at each reporting date.
(3)    The expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of the price of the Company’s stock.
(4)    The annual risk-free interest rate equals the yield on the semi-annual zero coupon U.S. Treasury rates converted to continuously compounded rates that have a term equal to the length of the remaining performance measurement period as of the valuation date.
(5)    The expected dividend yield represents the investments return to a share of the Company’s stock that is not available to the holder of the performance-based restricted stock unit.

Restricted Stock Units

Time-Based Restricted Stock Units

Time-based restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 is summarized in the following table: 
Time-based restricted stock unit activity:Number of  SharesWeighted-Average Grant  Date Fair Value
Non-vested shares outstanding at December 31, 2020367,553 $13.72 
Granted223,496 $12.03 
Vested (1)
(193,854)$16.05 
Forfeited(4,920)$19.22 
Non-vested shares outstanding at December 31, 2021392,275 $11.54 
(1) Includes 61,646 shares with deferred settlement pursuant to the award agreements.

As of December 31, 2021, there was $1,167 of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested time-based restricted stock units which is expected to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of 1.33 years.

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units

Relative performance-based restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 based on target achievement of the performance criteria is summarized in the following table: 
Relative performance-based restricted stock unit activity:Number of  SharesWeighted-Average Grant  Date Fair Value
Non-vested shares outstanding at December 31, 2020174,203 $16.01 
Granted67,035 $16.18 
Vested— $— 
Forfeited or Cancelled(153,016)$9.13 
Non-vested shares outstanding at December 31, 2021 (1)
88,222 $28.07 
(1) During the first quarter of 2022, 46,551 shares were cancelled and allocated back to the LTIP for future issuance as the 2019 award’s performance metric was not achieved.

As of December 31, 2021, there was $803 of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested relative performance-based restricted stock units which is expected to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of 1.95 years.
Absolute performance-based restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 based on target achievement of the performance criteria is summarized in the following table: 
Absolute performance-based restricted stock unit activity:Number of SharesWeighted-Average Grant  Date Fair Value
Non-vested shares outstanding at December 31, 20207,614 $50.60 
Granted— $— 
Vested— $— 
Forfeited(541)$50.60 
Non-vested shares outstanding at December 31, 2021 (1)
7,073 $50.60 
(1) During the first quarter of 2022, 15,532 shares were cancelled and allocated back to the LTIP for future issuance as the 2019 award’s performance metric was not achieved.

As of December 31, 2021, there was $13 of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested absolute performance-based restricted stock units which is expected to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of 0.11 years.
Operational performance-based restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 based on target achievement of the performance criteria is summarized in the following table: 
Operational performance-based restricted stock unit activity:
Number of  SharesWeighted-Average Fair Value
Non-vested shares outstanding at December 31, 2020151,398 $6.36 
Granted100,552 $12.00 
Vested— $— 
Cancelled(151,398)$6.36 
Non-vested shares outstanding at December 31, 2021100,552 $12.00 

As of December 31, 2021, there was $386 of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested operational performance-based restricted stock units, based on the probability of achievement as of December 31, 2021, which is expected to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of 2.08 years.
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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Stock Options
30-Day Volume-Weighted Average Price (“VWAP”) Stock Options
30-day VWAP stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 is summarized in the following table:
Number of SharesWeighted-Average Exercise Price Per ShareWeighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)
Outstanding at December 31, 202023,225 $60.20 6.12$(1,134)
Exercisable at December 31, 202023,225 $60.20 6.12$(1,134)
Granted— $— 
Exercised— $— $— 
Forfeited or Expired— $— 
Outstanding at December 31, 202123,225 $60.20 5.12$20 
Exercisable at December 31, 202123,225 $60.20 5.12$20 
(1) The aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding and exercisable options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price and the Company’s stock price at each reporting period end. The aggregate intrinsic value of exercised options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price and the Company’s stock price on the exercise date.

As of December 31, 2021, there was $0 of unrecognized compensation cost related to the 30-day VWAP stock options.

Performance-Based Cash Incentive Awards
Performance-based cash incentive award activity for the year ended December 31, 2021 based on target achievement of the performance criteria is summarized in the following table: 
Performance-based cash incentive award activity:Target Dollar ValueWeighted-Average Fair Value as a % of Target Dollar Value
Non-vested awards outstanding at December 31, 2020$2,206 94.21 %
Granted927 51.73 %
Vested— — %
Forfeited(142)78.45 %
Non-vested awards outstanding at December 31, 2021$2,991 162.03 %

As of December 31, 2021, there was $2,092 of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested performance-based cash incentive awards, based on the probability of achievement as of December 31, 2021, which is expected to be recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of 1.39 years.

(21) Related Party Transactions
There were no material related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. However, during the year ended December 31, 2021,

•the Company, through a privately negotiated transaction with an underlying Contingent Revenue Obligation creditor, repurchased 7.75% of the outstanding rights of the Contingent Revenue Obligation at an aggregate purchase price of $2,091. The underlying Contingent Revenue Obligation creditor was an existing shareholder (related party) as of the repurchase date. Refer to Note 15 for additional disclosures on this acquisition-related obligation; and
•the Company repurchased at a discount certain outstanding principal borrowings made under the Term Loan Credit Facility from existing shareholders through privately negotiated transactions. Refer to Note 14 for additional disclosures on long-term debt.
131
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)

(22) Commitments and Contingencies
(a) General
Estimated losses from loss contingencies are accrued by a charge to income when information available indicates that it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.
If a loss contingency is not probable or reasonably estimable, disclosure of the loss contingency is made in the Consolidated Financial Statements when it is at least reasonably possible that a loss may be incurred and that the loss could be material.
(b) Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments
The Company leases coal mining and other equipment under long-term financing and operating leases with varying terms. Refer to Note 12 for further information on leases. In addition, the Company leases mineral interests and surface rights from landowners under various terms and royalty rates.
Coal royalty expense was $113,685 and $67,992 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Minimum royalty obligations under coal leases total $14,665, $14,418, $13,620, $12,525, $12,396, and $56,771 for 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, and after 2026, respectively.

Other Commitments

As of December 31, 2021, the Company has obligations under certain coal purchase agreements that contain minimum quantities to be purchased in 2022 totaling an estimated $37,335. The Company also has obligations under certain coal transportation agreements that contain minimum quantities to be shipped during contract periods in 2022 and 2023 with estimated cash settlements in 2022, 2023, and 2024 which are based on estimated remaining tons to be shipped, totaling $2,527, $105,750, and $87,825, respectively. The Company also has obligations under certain equipment purchase agreements that contain minimum quantities to be purchased in 2022 totaling $18,497. Additionally, the Company has diesel fuel purchase commitments totaling $25,490 in 2022.

Contingencies
Extensive regulation of the impacts of mining on the environment and of maintaining workplace safety has had, and is expected to continue to have, a significant effect on the Company’s costs of production and results of operations. Further regulations, legislation or litigation in these areas may also cause the Company’s sales or profitability to decline by increasing costs or by hindering the Company’s ability to continue mining at existing operations or to permit new operations.
During the normal course of business, contract-related matters arise between the Company and its customers. When a loss related to such matters is considered probable and can reasonably be estimated, the Company records a liability.
Refer to Note 3 for disclosures on the Cumberland Back-to-Back Coal Supply Agreements.
(c) Guarantees and Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk
In the normal course of business, the Company is a party to certain guarantees and financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk, such as bank letters of credit, performance or surety bonds, and other guarantees and indemnities related to the obligations of affiliated entities which are not reflected in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. However, the underlying liabilities that they secure, such as asset retirement obligations, workers’ compensation liabilities, and royalty obligations, are reflected in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
The Company is required to provide financial assurance in order to perform the post-mining reclamation required by its mining permits, pay workers’ compensation claims under workers’ compensation laws in various states, pay federal black lung benefits, and perform certain other obligations. In order to provide the required financial assurance, the Company generally uses surety bonds for post-mining reclamation and workers’ compensation obligations. The Company can also use bank letters of credit to collateralize certain obligations.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $121,037 in letters of credit outstanding under the Second Amended and Restated Asset-Based Revolving Credit Agreement. Additionally, as of December 31, 2021, the Company had $613 in letters of credit outstanding under the Credit and Security Agreement dated June 30, 2017, and related amendments, between ANR, Inc. and First Tennessee Bank National Association. On March 31, 2021, the Amended and Restated Letter of Credit Agreement dated November 9, 2018 between ANR, Inc. and Citibank, N.A. was terminated.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had outstanding surety bonds with a total face amount of $176,119 to secure various obligations and commitments, including $30 attributable to discontinued operations. To secure the Company’s reclamation-related obligations, the Company currently has $36,792 of collateral in the form of restricted cash, restricted investments, and deposits and $15,548 of letters of credit outstanding supporting these obligations as of December 31, 2021.

The Company meets frequently with its surety providers and has discussions with certain providers regarding the extent of and the terms of their participation in the program. These discussions may cause the Company to shift surety bonds between providers or to alter the terms of their participation in our program. To the extent that surety bonds become unavailable or the Company’s surety bond providers require additional collateral, the Company would seek to secure its obligations with letters of credit, cash deposits or other suitable forms of collateral. The Company’s failure to maintain, or inability to acquire, surety bonds or to provide a suitable alternative would have a material adverse effect on its liquidity. These failures could result from a variety of factors including lack of availability, higher cost or unfavorable market terms of new surety bonds, and the exercise by third-party surety bond issuers of their right to refuse to renew the surety.

Amounts included in restricted cash represent cash deposits primarily invested in interest-bearing accounts that are restricted as to withdrawal as required by certain agreements entered into by the Company and provide collateral to secure the following obligations which have been written on the Company’s behalf:

December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Workers’ compensation and black lung obligations$70,637 $69,725 
Reclamation-related obligations10,449 8,445 
Financial payments and other performance obligations8,340 17,863 
Contingent Revenue Obligation escrow11,977 9,311 
Total restricted cash101,403 105,344 
Less current portion (1)
(11,977)(9,311)
Restricted cash, net of current portion$89,426 $96,033 
(1) Included within Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Restricted investments consist of FDIC insured certificates of deposit, mutual funds, and U.S. treasury bills that are restricted as to withdrawal as required by certain agreements entered into by the Company and provide collateral to secure the following obligations which have been written on the Company’s behalf:

December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Workers’ compensation obligations$210 $51 
Reclamation-related obligations26,225 22,233 
Financial payments and other performance obligations2,008 1,484 
Total restricted investments (1), (2)
$28,443 $23,768 
(1) Included within Other non-current assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2) As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, $28,443 and $22,498 are classified as trading securities and $0 and $1,270 are classified as held-to-maturity securities.
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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)

Deposits represent cash deposits held at third parties as required by certain agreements entered into by the Company to provide cash collateral to secure the following obligations which have been written on the Company’s behalf:
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Reclamation-related obligations$118 $25,633 
Financial payments and other performance obligations403 1,596 
Other operating agreements873 1,018 
Total deposits (1)
$1,394 $28,247 
(1) Included within Prepaid expenses and other current assets and other non-current assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

DCMWC Reauthorization Process

In July 2019, the U.S. Department of Labor (Division of Coal Mine Workers’ Compensation or “DCMWC”) began implementing a new authorization process for all self-insured coal mine operators. As requested by the DCMWC, the Company filed an application and supporting documentation for reauthorization to self-insure certain of its black lung obligations in October 2019. As a result of this application, the DCMWC notified the Company in a letter dated February 21, 2020 that the Company was reauthorized to self-insure certain of its black lung obligations for a period of one-year from February 21, 2020. The DCMWC reauthorization is contingent, however, upon the Company’s providing collateral of $65,700 to secure certain of its black lung obligations. This proposed collateral requirement is an increase from the approximate $2,600 in collateral that the Company currently provides to secure these self-insured black lung obligations. The reauthorization process provided the Company with the right to appeal the security determination in writing within 30 days of the date of the notification, which appeal period the DCMWC agreed to extend to May 22, 2020. The Company exercised this right of appeal in connection with the substantial increase in the amount of required collateral. In February 2021, the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”) withdrew its Federal Register notice seeking comments on its bulletin describing its new method of calculating collateral requirements. The Department removed the bulletin from its website in May 2021. On February 10, 2022, a telephone conference was held with DCMWC and DOL decision makers wherein the Company presented facts and arguments in support of its appeal. No ruling has been made on the appeal, but during the call the Company indicated that it would be willing to allocate an additional $10,000 in collateral. If the Company’s appeal is unsuccessful, the Company may be required to provide additional letters of credit to receive the self-insurance reauthorization from the DCMWC or alternatively insure these black lung obligations through a third party provider that would likely also require the Company to provide additional collateral. Either of these outcomes could potentially reduce the Company’s liquidity.

(d) Legal Proceedings 

The Company is party to legal proceedings from time to time. These proceedings, as well as governmental examinations, could involve various business units and a variety of claims including, but not limited to, contract disputes, personal injury claims, property damage claims (including those resulting from blasting, trucking and flooding), environmental and safety issues, securities-related matters and employment matters. While some legal matters may specify the damages claimed by the plaintiffs, many seek an unquantified amount of damages. Even when the amount of damages claimed against the Company or its subsidiaries is stated, (i) the claimed amount may be exaggerated or unsupported; (ii) the claim may be based on a novel legal theory or involve a large number of parties; (iii) there may be uncertainty as to the likelihood of a class being certified or the ultimate size of the class; (iv) there may be uncertainty as to the outcome of pending appeals or motions; and/or (v) there may be significant factual issues to be resolved. As a result, if such legal matters arise in the future, the Company may be unable to estimate a range of possible loss for matters that have not yet progressed sufficiently through discovery and development of important factual information and legal issues. The Company records accruals based on an estimate of the ultimate outcome of these matters, but these estimates can be difficult to determine and involve significant judgment.

(23) Concentration of Credit Risk and Major Customers

The Company markets produced, processed, and purchased coal to customers in the United States and in international markets, primarily India, China, and Brazil. The following table presents additional information on our total revenues and top customers:
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ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
 20212020
Total revenue$2,258,586 $1,416,187 
Top customer as % of total revenue 13 %16 %
Top 10 customers as % of total revenue 64 %63 %
Number of customers exceeding 10% of total revenue2 2 
Number of customers exceeding 10% of total trade accounts receivable, net3 3 
Domestic revenue as % of coal revenue 24 %36 %
Export revenue as % of coal revenue 76 %64 %
Countries with export revenue exceeding 10% of total revenue India, China, BrazilIndia, Brazil
Met coal as % of coal sales volume83 %80 %
Thermal coal as % of coal sales volume17 %20 %

(24) Segment Information
The Company extracts, processes and markets met and thermal coal from deep and surface mines for sale to steel and coke producers, industrial customers, and electric utilities. The Company conducts mining operations only in the United States with mines in Central Appalachia. The Company has one reportable segment: Met, which consists of five active mines and two preparation plants in Virginia, fourteen active mines and five preparation plants in West Virginia, as well as expenses associated with certain idled/closed mines. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had two reportable segments: CAPP - Met and CAPP - Thermal. As a result of the Company’s continued strategic focus on the production of metallurgical coal and the reduction of thermal mining operations, the Company re-evaluated its previous conclusions with respect to its segment reporting during the first quarter of 2021. To conform to the current period reportable segments presentation, the prior periods have been restated to reflect the change in reportable segments.
In addition to the one reportable segment, the All Other category includes general corporate overhead and corporate assets and liabilities, the former CAPP - Thermal operations consisting of one active mine and one preparation plant in West Virginia, and the elimination of certain intercompany activity, as well as expenses associated with certain idled/closed mines.
Reportable segment operating results are regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), who is the Chief Executive Officer of the Company.
Segment operating results and capital expenditures from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 were as follows: 
Year Ended December 31, 2021
MetAll OtherConsolidated
Total revenues$2,176,080 $82,506 $2,258,586 
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization$99,963 $10,084 $110,047 
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net$13,671 $(427)$13,244 
Adjusted EBITDA$567,270 $(34,447)$532,823 
Capital expenditures$79,185 $4,115 $83,300 

135
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
Segment operating results and capital expenditures from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2020 were as follows: 
Year Ended December 31, 2020
MetAll OtherConsolidated
Total revenues$1,264,496 $151,691 $1,416,187 
Depreciation, depletion, and amortization$124,060 $15,825 $139,885 
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net$12,889 $(3,675)$9,214 
Adjusted EBITDA$120,281 $(36,880)$83,401 
Capital expenditures$111,745 $7,834 $119,579 

The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2021:
Year Ended December 31, 2021
MetAll OtherConsolidated
Net income (loss) from continuing operations$439,859 $(152,930)$286,929 
Interest expense184 69,470 69,654 
Interest income(6)(328)(334)
Income tax expense— 3,609 3,609 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization99,963 10,084 110,047 
Non-cash stock compensation expense28 5,287 5,315 
Mark-to-market adjustment - acquisition-related obligations— 19,525 19,525 
Gain on settlement of acquisition-related obligations— (1,125)(1,125)
Accretion on asset retirement obligations13,571 12,949 26,520 
Asset impairment and restructuring — (561)(561)
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net13,671 (427)13,244 
Adjusted EBITDA $567,270 $(34,447)$532,823 


136
ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands except share and per share data)
The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2020:
Year Ended December 31, 2020
MetAll OtherConsolidated
Net loss from continuing operations$(77,519)$(163,951)$(241,470)
Interest expense(2,014)76,542 74,528 
Interest income(63)(6,964)(7,027)
Income tax benefit— (2,164)(2,164)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization124,060 15,825 139,885 
Non-cash stock compensation expense289 4,607 4,896 
Mark-to-market adjustment - acquisition-related obligations— (8,750)(8,750)
Accretion on asset retirement obligations14,214 12,290 26,504 
Asset impairment and restructuring 46,317 37,561 83,878 
Management restructuring costs (1)
501 440 941 
Loss on partial settlement of benefit obligations1,607 1,359 2,966 
Amortization of acquired intangibles, net12,889 (3,675)9,214 
Adjusted EBITDA $120,281 $(36,880)$83,401 
(1) Management restructuring costs are related to severance expense associated with senior management changes during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

No asset information has been disclosed as the CODM does not regularly review asset information by reportable segment.

(25) Subsequent Events

On March 4, 2022, the Company’s board of directors adopted a share repurchase program that permits the Company to repurchase up to an aggregate amount of $150,000 of the Company's common stock. Share repurchases may be made from time to time through open market transactions, block trades, tender offers, or otherwise. Repurchases under the program are subject to market and business conditions, levels of available liquidity, the Company’s cash needs, restrictions under agreements or obligations, legal or regulatory requirements or restrictions and other relevant factors.


137
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None. 

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In accordance with Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, we have evaluated, under the supervision of our CEO and our CFO, the effectiveness of disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021. Based on this evaluation, our CEO and our CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2021.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for maintaining and establishing adequate internal control over financial reporting. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our CEO and CFO under the oversight of the audit committee of the board of directors. This evaluation is performed to determine if our internal controls over financial reporting provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.

Our CEO, CFO, and other members of management do not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, RSM US LLP, has audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their attestation report included in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

Part III

138
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The sections of our Proxy Statement entitled “Proposal 1 - Election of Directors,” “About our Board of Directors - Board and Its Committees,” “About our Board of Directors - Board Committees - Audit Committee,” “About our Management Team,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” “About our Board of Directors - Code of Business Ethics” and “Stockholder Proposals for the 2023 Annual Meeting” are incorporated herein by reference.

The Company has a written Code of Business Ethics that applies to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer), Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) and others. The Code of Business Ethics is available on the Company’s website at www.alphametresources.com. Any amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of our Code of Business Ethics that applies to our Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial and Accounting Officer or persons performing similar functions and that relates to any element of the code of ethics enumerated in paragraph (b) of Item 406 of Regulation S-K shall be disclosed by posting on our website. Information on or accessible through our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The sections of our Proxy Statement entitled “About our Board of Directors - Director Compensation - 2021 Director Compensation,” “Executive Compensation - Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Board Committee Reports - Compensation Committee Report,” “Executive Compensation - Compensation Discussion and Analysis - Risk Assessment of Compensation Programs,” “Executive Compensation - 2021 Summary Compensation Table,” “Executive Compensation - 2021 Grants of Plan-Based Awards,” “Executive Compensation - Outstanding Equity Awards at 2021 Fiscal Year End,” “Executive Compensation - Option Exercises and Stock Vested in 2021,” “Executive Compensation - Nonqualified Deferred Compensation,” “Executive Compensation - Potential Payments on Termination or Change in Control,” and “Pay Ratio” are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters 

The section of our Proxy Statement entitled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The sections of our Proxy Statement entitled “About our Board of Directors - Independent and Non-Management Directors” and “Other Information - Review and Approval of Transactions With Related Persons” are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The sections of our Proxy Statement entitled “Proposal 2 - Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and Fees” and “Proposal 2 - Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm - Policy for Approval of Audit and Permitted Non-Audit Services” are incorporated herein by reference.

Additional Information

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). You may access and read our SEC filings through our website, at www.alphametresources.com, or the SEC’s website, at www.sec.gov. You may also request copies of our filings, at no cost, by telephone at (423) 573-0300 or by mail at: Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc., P.O. Box 848, Bristol, TN 37621, attention: Investor Relations. Our Audit Committee Charter, Compensation Committee Charter, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charter, Corporate Governance Practices and Policies, and Code of Business Ethics are also available on our website and available in print to any stockholder who requests them. Information on or accessible through our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Part IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

139
Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Company has filed certain agreements as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These agreements may contain representations and warranties by the parties. These warranties have been made solely for the benefit of the other party or parties to such agreements and (i) may have been qualified by disclosure made to such other party or parties, (ii) were made only as of the date of such agreements or such other date(s) as may be specified in such agreements and are subject to more recent developments, which may not be fully reflected in such Company’s public disclosure, (iii) may reflect the allocation of risk among the parties to such agreements and (iv) may apply materiality standards different from what may be viewed as material to investors. Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the Company’s actual state of affairs at the date hereof and should not be relied upon. 

(a) Documents filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: 

(1) The following financial statements are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under Item 8-Financial Statements and Supplementary Data: 

•Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
•Consolidated Statements of Operations, Years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
•Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), Years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
•Consolidated Balance Sheets, December 31, 2021 and 2020
•Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
•Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, Years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
•Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 

(2) Financial Statement Schedules. All schedules are omitted because they are not required or because the information is immaterial or provided elsewhere in the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto. 

(3) Listing of Exhibits. See the Exhibit Index following the signature page to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

140
SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 ALPHA METALLURGICAL RESOURCES, INC.
Date: March 7, 2022By:/s/ Charles Andrew Eidson
 Name:Charles Andrew Eidson
 Title: President and Chief Financial Officer
        (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)















































141
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Charles Andrew Eidson, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, each with full power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact or their substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature DateTitle
/s/ David J. StetsonMarch 7, 2022Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
David J. Stetson
/s/ Charles Andrew EidsonMarch 7, 2022President and Chief Financial Officer
        (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)
Charles Andrew Eidson
/s/ Michael J. QuillenMarch 7, 2022Director
Michael J. Quillen
/s/ Kenneth S. CourtisMarch 7, 2022Director
Kenneth S. Courtis
/s/ Albert E. Ferrara, Jr. March 7, 2022Director
Albert E. Ferrara, Jr.
/s/ Elizabeth A. FessendenMarch 7, 2022Director
Elizabeth A. Fessenden
/s/ Daniel D. SmithMarch 7, 2022Director
Daniel D. Smith
/s/ Scott D. VogelMarch 7, 2022Director
Scott D. Vogel




142

Exhibit Index
Exhibit No.Description of Exhibit
3.1*
3.2
4.1*
4.2
10.1*
10.2*
10.3*†
10.4*†
10.5*†
10.6*†
10.7*†
10.8*†
10.9*†
10.10*
10.11*†
10.12*†
10.13*†
10.14*†
10.15*
10.16*†
10.17*†
10.18*†
10.19*†
143
10.20*†
10.21*†
10.22*
10.23 *†
10.24* †
10.25* †
10.26*
10.27*
21.1
23.1
23.2
31
32
95
96.1
96.2
96.3
96.4
96.5
144
101
The following financial information from Alpha Metallurgical Resources, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language) includes: (i) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iii) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (v) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, and (vi) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
______________
* Previously filed.
† Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement.





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