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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2021
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                 to
Commission file number 001-09818
ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN HOLDING L.P.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware   13-3434400
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)   (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
501 Commerce Street, Nashville, TN
37203
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (615) 622-0000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class   Trading Symbol Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Units Rep. Assignments of Beneficial Ownership of LP Interests in AB Holding ("Units")   AB New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes ☒  No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes ☐  No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes ☒  No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer ☒
Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐
Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.   Yes ☒  No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes ☐  No ☒
The aggregate market value of the units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which such units were last sold on the New York Stock Exchange as of June 30, 2021 was approximately $4.2 billion.
The number of units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests outstanding as of December 31, 2021 was 99,271,727. (This figure includes 100,000 general partnership units having economic interests equivalent to the economic interests of the units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests.)
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
This Form 10-K does not incorporate any document by reference.
Table of Contents
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37
AB
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AB
59
61
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173

2021 Annual Report
i
Glossary of Certain Defined Terms
AB
AllianceBernstein L.P. (Delaware limited partnership formerly known as Alliance Capital Management L.P., “Alliance Capital”), the operating partnership, and its subsidiaries and, where appropriate, its predecessors, AB Holding and ACMC, Inc. and their respective subsidiaries.
AB Holding AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (Delaware limited partnership).
AB Holding Partnership Agreement the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of AB Holding, dated as of October 29, 1999 and as amended February 24, 2006.
AB Holding Units units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interest in AB Holding.
AB Partnership Agreement the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of AB, dated as of October 29, 1999 and as amended February 24, 2006.
AB Units units of limited partnership interest in AB.
AUM AB's Assets Under Management.
AXA
AXA S.A. (société anonyme organized under the laws of France) is the holding company for the AXA Group, a worldwide leader in financial protection.
Bernstein Transaction AB's acquisition of the business and assets of SCB Inc., formerly known as Sanford C. Bernstein Inc., and the related assumption of the liabilities of that business, completed on October 2, 2000.
Equitable America Equitable Financial Insurance Company of America (f/k/a MONY Life Insurance Company of America, an Arizona corporation), a subsidiary of Equitable Holdings.
Equitable Financial Equitable Financial Life Insurance Company (New York stock life insurance company), a subsidiary of Equitable Holdings.
Equitable Holdings or EQH Equitable Holdings, Inc. (Delaware corporation) and its subsidiaries other than AB and its subsidiaries.
Exchange Act the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
ERISA the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended.
GAAP U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.
General Partner AllianceBernstein Corporation (Delaware corporation), the general partner of AB and AB Holding and a subsidiary of Equitable Holdings, and, where appropriate, ACMC, LLC, its predecessor.
Investment Advisers Act the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended.
Investment Company Act the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.
NYSE the New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
Partnerships AB and AB Holding together.
SEC the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
Securities Act the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

ii
AllianceBernstein
Part I
Item 1. Business
The words “we” and “our” in this Form 10-K refer collectively to AB Holding and AB and its subsidiaries, or to their officers and employees. Similarly, the words “company” and “firm” refer to both AB Holding and AB. Where the context requires distinguishing between AB Holding and AB, we identify which company is being discussed. Cross-references are in italics.
We use “global” in this Form 10-K to refer to all nations, including the United States; we use “international” or “non-U.S.” to refer to nations other than the United States.
We use “emerging markets” in this Form 10-K to refer to countries included in the Morgan Stanley Capital International (“MSCI”) emerging markets index, which are, as of December 31, 2021: Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey and United Arab Emirates.
Clients
We provide diversified investment management, research and related services globally to a broad range of clients through our three buy-side distribution channels: Institutions, Retail and Private Wealth Management, and our sell-side business, Bernstein Research Services. See “Distribution Channels” in this Item 1 for additional information.
As of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, our AUM were approximately $779 billion, $686 billion and $623 billion, respectively, and our net revenues were approximately $4.4 billion, $3.7 billion and $3.5 billion, respectively. EQH (our parent company) and its subsidiaries, whose AUM consist primarily of fixed income investments, is our largest client. Our EQH affiliates represented approximately 17%, 19% and 18% of our AUM as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, and we earned approximately 3% of our net revenues from services we provided to them in each of those years.
Assets Under
Management (AUM)
($ billions)
Net Revenues
($ billions)
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See “Distribution Channels” below and “Assets Under Management” and “Net Revenues” in Item 7 for additional information regarding our AUM and net revenues.
Generally, we are compensated for our investment services on the basis of investment advisory and services fees calculated as a percentage of AUM. For additional information about our investment advisory and services fees, including performance-based fees, see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and “Net Revenues – Investment Advisory and Services Fees” in Item 7.
2021 Annual Report
1
Research
Our high-quality, in-depth research is the foundation of our business. We believe that our global team of research professionals, whose disciplines include economic, fundamental equity, fixed income and quantitative research, gives us a competitive advantage in achieving investment success for our clients. We also have experts focused on multi-asset strategies, wealth management, environmental, social and governance (“ESG”), and alternative investments.
Corporate Responsibility
At AB, we pursue insight that unlocks opportunity. This is our firm's purpose. Together with our firm's mission and values, which we have described below, our purpose forms the foundation of responsibility at AB.
AB's mission is to help our clients define and achieve their investment goals, explicitly stating what we do each day to unlock opportunity for our clients. As an active manager, our differentiated insights drive our ability to deliver alpha and design innovative investment solutions. ESG and climate issues are key elements in forming insights and in presenting potential risks and opportunities that can impact the performance of the companies and issuers in which we invest and the portfolios we build.
Our values provide a framework for the behaviors and actions that deliver on our purpose and mission. Values align our actions. Each value emerges from our firm's character, yet also is aspirational, and each value challenges us to become a better, more responsible version of AB:
•We invest in each other, meaning that we have a strong organizational culture in which diversity is celebrated and mentorship is critical to our success.
•We strive for distinctive insight, meaning that we collaboratively identify creative solutions to clients' economic, ESG and climate-related investment challenges through our expertise in a wide range of investment disciplines.
•We speak with courage and conviction, which informs how we engage with our AB colleagues and issuers.
•We act with integrity, which is the bedrock of our relationships and drives us to avoid activities that could create potential conflicts of interest or distract us from our singular focus to provide asset management and research to our clients.
As noted above, we consistently challenge ourselves to become a better version of AB. This means, in part, giving back to the communities in which we work through our firm-wide philanthropic initiative, AB Gives Back, and reducing our environmental footprint by increasing our use of “green buildings,” such as our new corporate headquarters in Nashville, Tennessee. Additionally, by promoting diversity and inclusion, we are afforded different perspectives and ways of thinking, which can lead to better outcomes for our clients (See Diversity and Inclusion below in this Item 1).
Also, striving to be more responsible gives us a richer perspective for evaluating other companies. As longtime fundamental investors with a strong research heritage, we consider ESG factors in various processes. This helps us make fully informed risk/return assessments and draw insightful investment conclusions. Our investors — research analysts and portfolio managers — understand the companies and industries they cover in-depth. This positions them well to determine which ESG issues are material to particular companies, to determine the financial impact of an ESG issue and to incorporate that insight into their cash-flow, earnings and credit models. And, we continue to invest in technology and innovation to further enable our investment teams to formalize their ESG evaluations and share insights from our engagements with other companies.
Additionally, AB has prioritized our employees' health and welfare throughout the COVID-19 pandemic while ensuring that our firm has continued to meet our fiduciary obligations and provide exceptional client service and thoughtful investment advice. Furthermore, COVID-19 is a prominent theme in engagement: it not only impacts business models but also highlights corporate ESG practices. We are advocating that issuers be responsible corporate citizens, and we are working to better understand opportunities and threats, including supply chain disruptions and inflationary pressures, fueled by the pandemic.
We provide additional information in this regard in our corporate responsibility report, which is entitled "Advancing Responsible Investing" and can be found under “Responsibility - Overview” on www.alliancebernstein.com.
2
AllianceBernstein
Investment Services
We provide a broad range of investment services with expertise in:
•Actively-managed equity strategies, with global and regional portfolios across capitalization ranges, concentration ranges and investment strategies, including value, growth and core equities;
•Actively-managed traditional and unconstrained fixed income strategies, including taxable and tax-exempt strategies;
•Alternative investments, including hedge funds, fund of funds, direct lending, real estate and private equity;
•Multi-asset solutions and services, including dynamic asset allocation, customized target-date funds and target-risk funds; and
•Some passive management, including index and enhanced index strategies.
Our AUM by client domicile and investment service as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
AUM by Client Domicile
($ in billions)
AUM by Investment Service
($ in billions)
AB-20211231_G3.JPG
AB-20211231_G4.JPG
2021 Annual Report
3
Distribution Channels
Institutions
We offer to our institutional clients, which include private and public pension plans, foundations and endowments, insurance companies, central banks and governments worldwide, and EQH and its subsidiaries, separately-managed accounts, sub-advisory relationships, structured products, collective investment trusts, mutual funds, hedge funds and other investment vehicles (“Institutional Services”).
We manage the assets of our institutional clients pursuant to written investment management agreements or other arrangements, which generally are terminable at any time or upon relatively short notice by either party. In general, our written investment management agreements may not be assigned without the client's consent. For information about our institutional investment advisory and services fees, including performance-based fees, see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and “Net Revenues – Investment Advisory and Services Fees” in Item 7.
EQH and its subsidiaries constitute our largest institutional client. EQH and its subsidiaries combined AUM accounted for approximately 25%, 29% and 28% of our institutional AUM as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and approximately 18%, 18% and 17% of our institutional revenues for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. No single institutional client other than EQH and its respective subsidiaries accounted for more than approximately 2% of our net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2021.
As of December 31, 2021, EQH and its subsidiaries combined AUM accounted for:
Approximately

25%
of our institutional AUM.
Approximately

18%
of our institutional revenues.
EQH and Subsidiaries as a % of our Institutional AUM EQH and Subsidiaries as a % of our Institutional Revenues
AB-20211231_G5.JPG
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4
AllianceBernstein
As of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, Institutional Services represented approximately 43%, 46% and 45%, respectively, of our AUM, and the fees we earned from providing these services represented approximately 13%, 14% and 14%, respectively, of our net revenues for each of those years. Our AUM and revenues are as follows:

Institutional Services Assets Under Management
(by Investment Service)

Years Ended December 31 % Change
2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
(in millions)
Equity:
Equity Actively Managed $ 73,726  $ 60,067  $ 44,628  22.7  % 34.6  %
Equity Passively Managed(1)
28,995  27,873  25,300  4.0  10.2 
Total Equity 102,721  87,940  69,928  16.8  25.8 
U.S. 47,409  41,241  35,210  15.0  17.1 
Global & Non-US 55,312  46,699  34,718  18.4  34.5 
Total Equity 102,721  87,940  69,928  16.8  25.8 
Fixed Income:
Fixed Income Taxable 155,940  164,048  157,717  (4.9) 4.0 
Fixed Income Tax-Exempt 1,108  1,271  1,209  (12.8) 5.1 
Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)
224  84  89  166.7  (5.6)
Total Fixed Income 157,272  165,403  159,015  (4.9) 4.0 
U.S. 110,312  116,833  108,714  (5.6) 7.5 
Global & Non-US 46,960  48,570  50,301  26.1  9.6 
Total Fixed Income 157,272  165,403  159,015  (4.9) 4.0 
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2):
U.S. 7,697  6,104  5,568  26.1  9.6 
Global & Non-US 69,390  56,151  48,179  23.6  16.5 
Total Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions 77,087  62,255  53,747  23.8  15.8 
Total:
U.S. 165,418  164,178  149,492  0.8  9.8 
Global & Non-US 171,662  151,420  133,198  13.4  13.7 
Total $ 337,080  $ 315,598  $ 282,690  6.8  11.6 
Affiliated - EQH 84,096  91,396  78,506  (8.0) 16.4 
Non-affiliated(3)
252,984  224,202  204,184  12.8  9.8 
Total $ 337,080  $ 315,598  $ 282,690  6.8  11.6 
(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.
(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services.
(3)As of 12/31/2021, AXA is no longer considered an affiliated party, as such, AXA-related AUM has been reclassified to non-affiliated in 2020 and 2019.
2021 Annual Report
5

Revenues from Institutional Services
(by Investment Service)

Years Ended December 31 % Change
2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
(in thousands)
Equity:
Equity Actively Managed $ 240,049  $ 170,802  $ 160,421  40.5  % 6.5  %
Equity Passively Managed(1)
6,119  5,851  5,838  4.6  0.2 
Total Equity 246,168  176,653  166,259  39.4  6.3 
U.S. 97,522  69,795  66,098  39.7  5.6 
Global & Non-US 148,646  106,858  100,161  39.1  6.7 
Total Equity 246,168  176,653  166,259  39.4  6.3 
Fixed Income:
Fixed Income Taxable 199,866  194,026  204,087  3.0  (4.9)
Fixed Income Tax-Exempt 1,356  1,355  1,309  0.1  3.5 
Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)
105  82  107  28.0  (23.4)
Fixed Income Servicing(2)
14,738  14,108  13,215  4.5  6.8 
Total Fixed Income 216,065  209,571  218,718  3.1  (4.2)
U.S. 124,004  118,924  118,345  4.3  0.5 
Global & Non-US 92,061  90,647  100,373  1.6  (9.7)
Total Fixed Income 216,065  209,571  218,718  3.1  (4.2)
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(3):
U.S. 64,646  52,222  54,582  23.8  (4.3)
Global & Non-US 59,179  73,354  39,405  (19.3) 86.2 
Total Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions 123,825  125,576  93,987  (1.4) 33.6 
Total Investment Advisory and Services Fees:
U.S. 286,172  240,941  239,025  18.8  0.8 
Global & Non-US 299,886  270,859  239,939  10.7  12.9 
Total 586,058  511,800  478,964  14.5  6.9 
Distribution Revenues 474  588  704  (19.4) (16.5)
Shareholder Servicing Fees 485  526  476 (7.8) 10.5 
Total $ 587,017  $ 512,914  $ 480,144  14.4  6.8 
Affiliated - EQH 105,415  90,101  82,413  17.0  9.3 
Non-affiliated(4)
481,602  422,813  397,731  13.9  6.3 
Total $ 587,017  $ 512,914  $ 480,144  14.4  6.8 
(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.
(2)Fixed Income Servicing includes advisory-related services fees that are not based on AUM, including derivative transaction fees, capital purchase program-related advisory services and other fixed income advisory services.
(3)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services.
(4)As of 12/31/2021, AXA is no longer considered an affiliated party, as such, AXA-related AUM has been reclassified to non-affiliated in 2020 and 2019.
6
AllianceBernstein
Retail
We provide investment management and related services to a wide variety of individual retail investors globally through retail mutual funds we sponsor, mutual fund sub-advisory relationships, separately-managed account programs (see below), and other investment vehicles (“Retail Products and Services”).
We distribute our Retail Products and Services through financial intermediaries, including broker-dealers, insurance sales representatives, banks, registered investment advisers and financial planners. These products and services include open-end and closed-end funds that are either (i) registered as investment companies under the Investment Company Act (“U.S. Funds”), or (ii) not registered under the Investment Company Act and generally not offered to U.S. persons (“Non-U.S. Funds” and, collectively with the U.S. Funds, “AB Funds”). They also include separately-managed account programs, which are sponsored by financial intermediaries and generally charge an all-inclusive fee covering investment management, trade execution, asset allocation, and custodial and administrative services. In addition, we provide distribution, shareholder servicing, transfer agency services and administrative services for our Retail Products and Services. See “Net Revenues – Investment Advisory and Services Fees” in Item 7 for information about our retail investment advisory and services fees. See Note 2 to AB’s consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for a discussion of the commissions we pay to financial intermediaries in connection with the sale of open-end AB Funds.
Fees paid by the U.S. Funds are reflected in the applicable investment management agreement, which generally must be approved annually by the board of directors or trustees of those funds, by a majority vote of the independent directors or trustees. Increases in these fees must be approved by fund shareholders; decreases need not be, including any decreases implemented by a fund’s directors or trustees. In general, each investment management agreement with the U.S. Funds provides for termination by either party, at any time, upon 60 days’ notice.
Fees paid by Non-U.S. Funds are reflected in management agreements that continue until they are terminated. Increases in these fees generally must be approved by the relevant regulatory authority, depending on the domicile and structure of the fund, and Non-U.S. Fund shareholders must be given advance notice of any fee increases.
The mutual funds we sub-advise for EQH and its subsidiaries constitute our largest retail client. EQH and its subsidiaries accounted for approximately 14% of our retail AUM as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 and approximately 1%, 1% and 2% of our retail net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
HSBC was responsible for approximately 4%, 6% and 14% of our open-end mutual fund sales in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. HSBC is not under any obligation to sell a specific amount of AB Fund shares and is not our affiliate.
Most open-end U.S. Funds have adopted a plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act that allows the fund to pay, out of assets of the fund, distribution and service fees for the distribution and sale of its shares. The open-end U.S. Funds have entered into such agreements with us, and we have entered into selling and distribution agreements pursuant to which we pay sales commissions to the financial intermediaries that distribute our open-end U.S. Funds. These agreements are terminable by either party upon notice (generally 30 days) and do not obligate the financial intermediary to sell any specific amount of fund shares.
As of December 31, 2021, retail U.S. Fund AUM were approximately $73 billion, or 23% of retail AUM, as compared to $62 billion, or 23%, as of December 31, 2020, and $55 billion, or 23%, as of December 31, 2019. Non-U.S. Fund AUM, as of December 31, 2021, totaled $130 billion, or 41% of retail AUM, as compared to $110 billion, or 41%, as of December 31, 2020, and $103 billion, or 43%, as of December 31, 2019.
2021 Annual Report
7
Our Retail Services represented approximately 41%, 39% and 39% of our AUM as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and the fees we earned from providing these services represented approximately 50%, 49% and 46% of our net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our AUM and revenues are as follows:
Retail Services Assets Under Management
(by Investment Service)
Years Ended December 31 % Change
2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
(in millions)
Equity:
Equity Actively Managed $ 154,200  $ 106,866  $ 81,622  44.3  % 30.9  %
Equity Passively Managed(1)
40,821  35,995  34,683  13.4  3.8 
Total Equity 195,021  142,861  116,305  36.5  22.8 
U.S. 152,106  108,506  84,278  40.2  28.7 
Global & Non-US 42,915  34,355  32,027  24.9  7.3 
Total Equity 195,021  142,861  116,305  36.5  22.8 
Fixed Income:
Fixed Income Taxable 75,813  84,654  88,408  (10.4) (4.2)
Fixed Income Tax-Exempt 29,009  23,202  20,750  25.0  11.8 
Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)
12,762  8,231  8,825  55.0  (6.7)
Total Fixed Income 117,584  116,087  117,983  1.3  (1.6)
U.S. 46,361  36,137  34,830  28.3  3.8 
Global & Non-US 71,223  79,950  83,153  (10.9) (3.9)
Total Fixed Income 117,584  116,087  117,983  1.3  (1.6)
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2):
U.S. 3,595  3,071  2,470  17.1  24.3 
Global & Non-US 3,718  3,321  2,408  12.0  37.9 
Total Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions 7,313  6,392  4,878  14.4  31.0 
Total:
U.S. 202,062  147,714  121,578  36.8  21.5 
Global & Non-US 117,856  117,626  117,588  0.2  — 
Total $ 319,918  $ 265,340  $ 239,166  20.6  10.9 
Affiliated - EQH 44,417  36,765  34,448  20.8  6.7 
Non-affiliated(3)
275,501  228,575  204,718  20.5  11.7 
Total $ 319,918  $ 265,340  $ 239,166  20.6  10.9 
(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.
(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services.
(3)As of 12/31/2021, AXA is no longer considered an affiliated party, as such, AXA-related AUM has been reclassified to non-affiliated in 2020 and 2019.
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AllianceBernstein
Revenues from Retail Services
(by Investment Service)
Years Ended December 31 % Change
2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
(in thousands)
Equity:
Equity Actively Managed $ 766,578  $ 508,973  $ 436,617  50.6  % 16.6  %
Equity Passively Managed(1)
14,773  14,347  16,173  3.0  (11.3)
Total Equity 781,351  523,320  452,790  49.3  15.6 
U.S. 556,398  355,542  292,640  56.5  21.5 
Global & Non-US 224,953  167,778  160,150  34.1  4.8 
Total Equity 781,351  523,320  452,790  49.3  15.6 
Fixed Income:
Fixed Income Taxable 517,327  534,164  506,849  (3.2) 5.4 
Fixed Income Tax-Exempt 84,945  70,734  65,474  20.1  8.0 
Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)
12,994  12,229  12,105  6.3  1.0 
Total Fixed Income 615,266  617,127  584,428  (0.3) 5.6 
U.S. 115,248  101,825  98,310  13.2  3.6 
Global & Non-US 500,018  515,302  486,118  (3.0) 6.0 
Total Fixed Income 615,266  617,127  584,428  (0.3) 5.6 
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2):
U.S. 81,872  57,069  51,958  43.5  9.8 
Global & Non-US 13,117  12,723  8,946  3.1  42.2 
Total Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions 94,989  69,792  60,904  36.1  14.6 
Total Investment Advisory and Services Fees:
U.S. 753,518  514,436  442,908  46.5  16.1 
Global & Non-US 738,086  695,803  655,214  6.1  6.2 
Consolidated company-sponsored investment funds 1,243  733  883  69.6  (17.0)
Total 1,492,847  1,210,972  1,099,005  23.3  10.2 
Distribution Revenues 644,125  522,056  447,050  23.4  16.8 
Shareholder Servicing Fees 86,857  78,920  73,777  10.1  7.0 
Total $ 2,223,829  $ 1,811,948  $ 1,619,832  22.7  11.9 
Affiliated - EQH 28,334  27,130  27,737  4.4  (2.2)
Non-affiliated(3)
2,195,495  1,784,818  1,592,095  23.0  12.1 
Total $ 2,223,829  $ 1,811,948  $ 1,619,832  22.7  11.9 
(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.
(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services.
(3)As of 12/31/2021, AXA is no longer considered an affiliated party, as such, AXA-related AUM has been reclassified to non-affiliated in 2020 and 2019.
2021 Annual Report
9
Private Wealth Management
We partner with our clients, embracing innovation and independent research to address increasingly complex challenges. Our clients include high-net-worth individuals and families who have created generational wealth as successful business owners, athletes, entertainers, corporate executives and private practice owners. We also provide investment and wealth advice to foundations and endowments, family offices and other entities. Our flexible and extensive investment platform offers a range of solutions, including separately-managed accounts, hedge funds, mutual funds and other investment vehicles, tailored to meet each distinct client's needs. Our investment platform is complimented with a wealth platform that includes complex tax and estate planning, pre-IPO and pre-transaction planning, multi-generational family engagement, and philanthropic advice in addition to tailored approaches to meeting the unique needs of emerging wealth and multi-cultural demographics ("Private Wealth Services").
We manage accounts pursuant to written investment advisory agreements, which generally are terminable at any time or upon relatively short notice by any authorized party, and may not be assigned without the client's consent. For information about our investment advisory and services fees, including performance-based fees, see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and “Net Revenues – Investment Advisory and Services Fees” in Item 7.
Our Private Wealth Services represented approximately 16%, 15% and 16% of our AUM as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The fees we earned from providing these services represented approximately 25%, 24% and 26% of our net revenues for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our AUM and revenues are as follows:
Private Wealth Services Assets Under Management
(by Investment Service)
Years Ended December 31 % Change
2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
(in millions)
Equity:
Equity Actively Managed $ 59,709  $ 50,854  $ 50,934  17.4  % (0.2) %
Equity Passively Managed(1)
1,764  666  174  164.9  %
n/m
Total Equity 61,473  51,520  51,108  19.3  0.8 
U.S. 35,014  28,776  26,982  21.7  6.6 
Global & Non-US 26,459  22,744  24,126  16.3  (5.7)
Total Equity 61,473  51,520  51,108  19.3  0.8 
Fixed Income:
Fixed Income Taxable 14,567  14,515  12,170  0.4  19.3 
Fixed Income Tax-Exempt 26,929  25,764  25,117  4.5  2.6 
Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)
230  195  372  17.9  (47.6)
Total Fixed Income 41,726  40,474  37,659  3.1  7.5 
U.S. 36,166  35,042  32,685  3.2  7.2 
Global & Non-US 5,561  5,432  4,974  2.4  9.2 
Total Fixed Income 41,727  40,474  37,659  3.1  7.5 
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2):
U.S. 6,926  5,927  6,808  16.9  (12.9)
Global & Non-US 11,446  7,064  5,484  62.0  28.8 
Total Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions 18,372  12,991  12,292  41.4  5.7 
Total:
U.S. 78,106  69,745  66,475  12.0  4.9 
Global & Non-US 43,466  35,240  34,584  23.3  1.9 
Total $ 121,572  $ 104,985  $ 101,059  15.8  3.9 
(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.
(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services.
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Revenues from Private Wealth Services
(by Investment Service)
Years Ended December 31 % Change
2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
(in thousands)
Equity:
Equity Actively Managed $ 584,455  $ 487,899  $ 510,911  19.8  % (4.5) %
Equity Passively Managed(1)
4,780  1,113  334  n/m
n/m
Total Equity 589,235  489,012  511,245  20.5  (4.3)
U.S. 325,154  263,938  267,815  23.2  (1.4)
Global & Non-US 264,081  225,074  243,430  17.3  (7.5)
Total Equity 589,235  489,012  511,245  20.5  (4.3)
Fixed Income:
Fixed Income Taxable 72,404  71,575  63,964  1.2  11.9 
Fixed Income Tax-Exempt 130,391  123,952  122,447  5.2  1.2 
Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)
2,634  2,891  4,475  (8.9) (35.4)
Total Fixed Income 205,429  198,418  190,886  3.5  3.9 
U.S. 167,402  160,666  156,909  4.2  2.4 
Global & Non-US 38,027  37,752  33,977  0.7  11.1 
Total Fixed Income 205,429  198,418  190,886  3.5  3.9 
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2):
U.S. 249,432  109,169  123,216  128.5  (11.4)
Global & Non-US 71,524  76,065  68,728  (6.0) 10.7 
Total Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions 320,956  185,234  191,944  73.3  (3.5)
Total Investment Advisory and Services Fees:
U.S. 741,987  533,773  547,940  39.0  (2.6)
Global & Non-US 373,632  338,891  346,135  10.3  (2.1)
Total 1,115,619  872,664  894,075  27.8  (2.4)
Distribution Revenues 7,641  7,137  7,289  7.1  (2.1)
Shareholder Servicing Fees 2,882  2,871  3,141  0.4  (8.6)
Total $ 1,126,142  $ 882,672  $ 904,505  27.6  (2.4)
(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.
(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services.

2021 Annual Report
11
Bernstein Research Services
We offer high-quality fundamental and quantitative research and trade execution services in equities and listed options to institutional investors, such as mutual fund and hedge fund managers, pension funds and other institutional investors ("Bernstein Research Services"). We serve our clients, which are based in the United States and in other major markets around the world, through our trading professionals, who are primarily based in New York, London and Hong Kong, and our research analysts, who provide fundamental company and industry research along with quantitative research into securities valuation and factors affecting stock-price movements.
Additionally, we provide equity capital markets services to issuers of publicly-traded securities, primarily in initial public offerings and follow-on offerings, generally acting as co-manager in such offerings.
We earn revenues for providing investment research to, and executing brokerage transactions for, institutional clients. These clients compensate us principally by directing us to execute brokerage transactions on their behalf, for which we earn commissions, and to a lesser but increasing extent, by paying us directly for research through commission sharing agreements or cash payments. Bernstein Research Services accounted for approximately 10%, 12% and 12% of our net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
For information regarding trends in fee rates charged for brokerage transactions, see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A.
Our Bernstein Research Services revenues are as follows:
Revenues from Bernstein Research Services
Years Ended December 31 % Change
2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
(in thousands)    
Bernstein Research Services $ 452,017  $ 459,744  $ 407,911  (1.7  %) 12.7  %
Custody
Our U.S. based broker-dealer subsidiary acts as custodian for the majority of our Private Wealth Management AUM and some of our Institutional AUM. Other custodian arrangements, directed by clients, include banks, trust companies, brokerage firms and other financial institutions.
Human Capital Management
As a leading global investment management and research firm, we bring together a wide range of insights, expertise and innovations to advance the interests of our clients around the world. The intellectual capital of our employees is collectively the most important asset of our firm, so the long-term sustainability of our firm is heavily dependent on our people. We are keenly focused on:
•fostering an inclusive culture by incorporating diversity and inclusion in all levels of our business;
•encouraging innovation;
•developing, retaining and recruiting high quality talent; and
•aligning employees’ incentives and risk taking with those of the firm.
As a result, we have a strong firm culture that helps us maximize performance and drive excellence. Further, our firm’s role as a fiduciary is embedded in our culture. As a fiduciary, our firm’s primary objective is to act in our clients' best interests and help them reach their financial goals.
Also, our Board of Directors (the "Board") and committees of the Board, particularly our Compensation and Workplace Practices Committee, provide oversight into various human capital matters, including emerging human capital management risks and strategies to mitigate our exposure to those risks. Furthermore, our Board and Board committees evaluate the overall effectiveness of our social responsibility policies, goals and programs and recommend changes to management as necessary. These collaborative efforts contribute to the overall framework that guides how AB attracts, retains and develops a workforce that supports our values and strategic initiatives.
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Talent Acquisition
AB seeks to achieve excellence in business and investment performance by recruiting and hiring a workforce with diversity of thought, backgrounds and experiences. We believe that diverse and inclusive teams generate better ideas and reach more balanced decisions. We seek to leverage the unique backgrounds of our employees to meet the needs of a broad range of clients and engage with the communities in which we operate. We engage several external organizations to assist in attracting and recruiting top talent at all levels, with a particular focus on attracting diverse talent. We have a sizable group of internal human capital associates focused on recruiting, and we have implemented various human capital initiatives to develop and provide for a balanced workforce. Additionally, we offer internship programs for students to work in positions across functional areas of the firm, and an important part of our college recruitment strategy is to convert a high percentage of our interns into full-time employees.
Employee Engagement
We believe a workforce is most productive, effective and highly engaged when they feel connected to our business and culture. We seek to provide diverse work experiences, professional development opportunities, competitive compensation and benefits, an inclusive and diverse culture and social engagement projects to keep our employees motivated, connected to our firm and engaged throughout their careers. We strive to create a culture of intellectual curiosity and collaboration, creating an environment where our employees can thrive and do their best work. We foster growth and advancement through different training avenues to develop skill sets, create opportunities for networking, both internally and externally, and we encourage internal mobility as a part of our employees' career trajectory.
It is important that our employees are not only connected to our business but also to the communities in which we operate. As such, AB offers many opportunities for our employees to volunteer in the communities in which we serve, including our firm-wide philanthropic initiative, AB Gives Back. Other initiatives in support of these objectives include a five-year refresh award, whereby employees receive two additional weeks off for every five years of service. In addition, we utilize AB Voice, a periodic survey designed to measure employee satisfaction and engagement, allowing us to identify and address performance gaps.
Diversity and Inclusion
We continue to believe that diverse and inclusive teams generate better ideas and best serve the needs of our clients. The events of the last two years have provided an unforeseen yet unique opportunity to reflect, adapt and broaden our Diversity & Inclusion (“D&I”) strategy. D&I continues to be a key strategic priority for AB and our ongoing commitment to embed it across all facets of the firm has further reinforced our company values. It has also allowed for a more purposeful approach to engagement with our people, our clients and the communities in which we operate.
Also, our firm's community engagement efforts have been further integrated under the D&I umbrella. Under the new structure, we are better able to streamline and formalize the process for assessing corporate partnerships and philanthropic giving through the lens of D&I, allowing for a more cohesive overall strategy.
We have enhanced our talent attraction and retention approach to position ourselves as an employer of choice and invest in the development of our people. We have developed a diverse talent strategy with a goal of developing a deeper understanding of the needs of diverse talent and also equipping managers with the necessary tools to effectively manage an increasingly diverse workforce. The strategy includes incorporating the concept of inclusive leadership into the firm-wide leadership development curriculum and enhancing our exit interview process for diverse talent by conducting in-person interviews, which will better enable us to detect trends and mitigate attrition.
Our people remain our top priority, especially during these times of uncertainty. Over the course of the last year, there has been a continued focus on education and deepening engagement across all pillars of our strategy to include Employee Resource Groups ("ERGs"), corporate partnerships, and the overall experience at AB. ERGs have been a major proponent of these efforts by cultivating spaces for courageous conversations, encouraging professional development and personal wellness, and raising awareness for various underrepresented communities.
As we continue to seek opportunities to further our commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion, we are leveraging best practices from industry peers. Our D&I journey continues to evolve; addressing racial and gender equity, increasing access to diverse talent and monitoring client trends remain top priorities.
2021 Annual Report
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Compensation and Benefits
We have demonstrated a history of investing in our workforce by offering competitive compensation. We utilize a variety of compensation elements, including base salaries, annual short-term compensation awards (i.e., cash bonuses) and, for those of our employees who earn more than $300,000 annually, a long-term compensation award program. Long-term incentive compensation awards generally are denominated in restricted AB Holding Units. We utilize this structure to foster a stronger sense of ownership and align the interests of our employees directly with the interests of our Unitholders and indirectly with the interests of our clients, as strong performance for our clients generally contributes directly to increases in AUM and improved financial performance for the firm. Furthermore, we offer to all eligible employees health and welfare, 401(k) profit-sharing and other benefits programs, including a flexible in-office work schedule that permits working remotely two days weekly. In the U.S. (and elsewhere, although benefits may differ by jurisdiction):
•We provide employee wages that are competitive and consistent with employee positions, skill levels, experience, knowledge and geographic location;
•We engage nationally recognized compensation and benefits consulting firms to independently evaluate the effectiveness of our executive compensation and benefit programs, as well as consulting services relating to the amount and form of compensation paid to employees other than executives, and to provide benchmarking against our peers;
•We provide merit-based and performance-based annual increases and incentive compensation, which are communicated to employees at the time of hiring and documented through our talent management process as part of our annual review procedures and upon internal transfer and/or promotion; and
•The firm makes benefits available to all eligible employees, including health insurance, paid and unpaid leaves, a retirement plan, and life and disability/accident coverage. We also offer a variety of voluntary benefits that allow employees to select the options that meet their needs, including flexible time-off, telemedicine, paid parental leave, adoption assistance, prescription savings solutions, Veterans' Health Administration coverage in U.S. medical plans, a personalized wellness program and a financial wellness program.
Health and Safety
Our ongoing response to the COVID-19 global pandemic demonstrates how highly we value the health and safety of our employees. At the initial onset of COVID-19 during the first quarter of 2020, we quickly responded in the various jurisdictions where we operate, including the U.S., EMEA (including the U.K., Luxembourg, France and other jurisdictions), Hong Kong, Shanghai, Singapore and Taiwan. We implemented business continuity measures, including travel restrictions and a work-from-home requirement for almost all personnel (other than a relatively small number of employees whose physical presence in our offices was considered critical), which lasted through the second quarter of 2021. Since then, working in the office generally has been voluntary, with mandatory in-office participation occurring only at certain times when COVID-19 has ebbed significantly in the communities in which we operate. Throughout the pandemic, we have conscientiously ensured operating continuity for all critical functions.
We also instituted a confidential notification process for any employee who tests positive for COVID-19 or has been exposed to someone else who has tested positive. As the COVID-19 crisis has continued to evolve since the lockdown in the first quarter of 2020, certain key functions of the business, such as Risk Management, Business Continuity, Finance and Human Capital, have maintained constant communication and monitored the evolution of the pandemic to keep our employees safe and advised of key developments. Additionally, we continue to monitor communications from the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and in the third quarter of 2021 engaged an epidemiologist on a consulting basis, to ensure we have current and accurate information. We have also instituted various other protocols in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as increased cleaning protocols, masking requirements where permitted by local law and testing protocols for large gatherings.
Employees
As of December 31, 2021, our firm had 4,118 full-time employees, compared to 3,929 full-time employees as of December 31, 2020, representing a 4.8% increase.
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AllianceBernstein
As of December 31, 2021, our employees reflected the following characteristics and locations:
Region: Female % Female Male % Male Grand Total % of Total
Americas 1,124 37  % 1,943 63  % 3,067 75  %
Asia ex Japan 225 51  % 214 49  % 439 11  %
EMEA 183 35  % 333 65  % 516 13  %
Japan 46 55  % 38 45  % 84 2  %
Grand Total(1)
1,578 38  % 2,528 62  % 4,106 100  %
(1)The table above only reflects employees who have self-reported as male or female and as such may not reconcile to our total of 4,118 full-time employees.
In connection with our establishing 1,250 roles in Nashville, Tennessee, we have relocated many of our employees from our New York City and White Plains, New York, locations. Employees whose roles are in-scope for the move, but who are not relocating, receive a separation package. We expect layoffs to continue on a rolling basis until all in-scope roles are filled in Nashville.
Information about our Executive Officers
Please refer to "Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance" below for information relating to our firm's executive officers.
Service Marks
We have registered a number of service marks with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and various foreign trademark offices, including the mark “AllianceBernstein.” The logo set forth below is a service mark of AB:
AB-20211231_G7.JPG
In 2015, we established a new brand identity by prominently incorporating “AB” into our brand architecture, while maintaining the legal names of our corporate entities. With this and other related refinements, our company, and our Institutional and Retail businesses, are referred to as “AllianceBernstein (AB)” or simply “AB.” Private Wealth Management and Bernstein Research Services are referred to as “AB Bernstein.” Also, we adopted the logo service mark described above.
In connection with the Bernstein Transaction, we acquired all of the rights in, and title to, the Bernstein service marks, including the mark “Bernstein.”
In connection with an acquisition we completed in 2013, we acquired all of the rights in, and title to, the W.P. Stewart & Co. service marks, including the logo “WPSTEWART.”
Service marks are generally valid and may be renewed indefinitely, as long as they are in use and/or their registrations are properly maintained.
Regulation
Virtually all aspects of our business are subject to various federal and state laws and regulations, rules of various securities regulators and exchanges, and laws in the foreign countries in which our subsidiaries conduct business. These laws and regulations primarily are intended to protect clients and fund shareholders and generally grant supervisory agencies broad administrative powers, including the power to limit or restrict the carrying on of business for failure to comply with such laws and regulations. Possible sanctions that may be imposed on us include the suspension of individual employees, limitations on engaging in business for specific periods, the revocation of the registration as an investment adviser or broker-dealer, censures and fines.

2021 Annual Report
15
AB, AB Holding, the General Partner and five of our subsidiaries (Sanford C. Bernstein & Co., LLC (“SCB LLC”), AB Broadly Syndicated Loan Manager LLC, AB Custom Alternative Solutions LLC, AB Private Credit Investors LLC and W.P. Stewart Asset Management Ltd.) are registered with the SEC as investment advisers under the Investment Advisers Act. Additionally, AB Holding is an NYSE-listed company and, accordingly, is subject to applicable regulations promulgated by the NYSE. Also, AB, SCB LLC and AB Custom Alternative Solutions LLC are registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) as commodity pool operators and commodity trading advisers; SCB LLC also is registered with the CFTC as a commodities introducing broker.
Each U.S. Fund is registered with the SEC under the Investment Company Act and each Non-U.S. Fund is subject to the laws in the jurisdiction in which the fund is registered. For example, our platform of Luxembourg-based funds operates pursuant to Luxembourg laws and regulations, including Undertakings for the Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directives, and is authorized and supervised by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (“CSSF”), the primary regulator in Luxembourg. AllianceBernstein Investor Services, Inc., one of our subsidiaries, is registered with the SEC as a transfer and servicing agent.
SCB LLC and another of our subsidiaries, AllianceBernstein Investments, Inc., are registered with the SEC as broker-dealers, and both are members of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. In addition, SCB LLC is a member of the NYSE and other principal U.S. exchanges.
Many of our subsidiaries are subject to the oversight of regulatory authorities in the jurisdictions outside the United States in which they operate, including the Ontario Securities Commission, the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada, the European Securities and Markets Authority, the Financial Conduct Authority in the U.K., the CSSF in Luxembourg, the Financial Services Agency in Japan, the Securities & Futures Commission in Hong Kong, the Monetary Authority of Singapore, the Financial Services Commission in South Korea, the Financial Supervisory Commission in Taiwan and The Securities and Exchange Board of India. While these regulatory requirements often may be comparable to the requirements of the SEC and other U.S. regulators, they are sometimes more restrictive and may cause us to incur substantial expenditures of time and money related to our compliance efforts. For additional information relating to the regulations that impact our business, please refer to "Risk Factors" in Item 1A.
History and Structure
We have been in the investment research and management business for more than 50 years. Bernstein was founded in 1967. Alliance Capital was founded in 1971 when the investment management department of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc. (since November 2000, a part of Credit Suisse Group) merged with the investment advisory business of Moody’s Investors Service, Inc.
In April 1988, AB Holding “went public” as a master limited partnership. AB Holding Units, which trade under the ticker symbol “AB,” have been listed on the NYSE since that time.
In October 1999, AB Holding reorganized by transferring its business and assets to AB, a newly-formed operating partnership, in exchange for all of the AB Units (“Reorganization”). Since the date of the Reorganization, AB has conducted the business formerly conducted by AB Holding and AB Holding’s activities have consisted of owning AB Units and engaging in related activities. Unlike AB Holding Units, AB Units do not trade publicly and are subject to significant restrictions on transfer. The General Partner is the general partner of both AB and AB Holding.
In October 2000, our two legacy firms, Alliance Capital and Bernstein, combined, bringing together Alliance Capital’s expertise in growth equity and corporate fixed income investing and its family of retail mutual funds, with Bernstein’s expertise in value equity investing, tax-exempt fixed income management, and its Private Wealth Management and Bernstein Research Services businesses.
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AllianceBernstein
As of December 31, 2021, the condensed ownership structure of AB is as follows (for a more complete description of our ownership structure, see “Principal Security Holders” in Item 12):
AB-20211231_G8.JPG
The General Partner owns 100,000 general partnership units in AB Holding and a 1% general partnership interest in AB. Including these general partnership interests, EQH, directly and through certain of its subsidiaries (see “Principal Security Holders” in Item 12), had an approximate 64.5% economic interest in AB as of December 31, 2021.
Competition
We compete in all aspects of our business with numerous investment management firms, mutual fund sponsors, brokerage and investment banking firms, insurance companies, banks, savings and loan associations, and other financial institutions that often provide investment products with similar features and objectives as those we offer. Our competitors offer a wide range of financial services to the same customers that we seek to serve. Some of our competitors are larger, have a broader range of product choices and investment capabilities, conduct business in more markets, and have substantially greater resources than we do. These factors may place us at a competitive disadvantage, and we can give no assurance that our strategies and efforts to maintain and enhance our current client relationships, and create new ones, will be successful.
In addition, EQH and its subsidiaries provide financial services, some of which compete with those we offer. The AB Partnership Agreement specifically allows EQH and its subsidiaries (other than the General Partner) to compete with AB and to pursue opportunities that may be available to us. EQH and certain of its subsidiaries have substantially greater financial resources than we do and are not obligated to provide resources to us.
To grow our business, we believe we must be able to compete effectively for AUM. Key competitive factors include:
•our investment performance for clients;
•our commitment to place the interests of our clients first;
•the quality of our research;
•our ability to attract, motivate and retain highly skilled, and often highly specialized, personnel;
•the array of investment products we offer;
•the fees we charge;
•Morningstar/Lipper rankings for the AB Funds;
•our ability to sell our actively-managed investment services despite the fact that many investors favor passive services;
•our operational effectiveness;
•our ability to further develop and market our brand; and
•our global presence.
Competition is an important risk that our business faces and should be considered along with the other factors we discuss in “Risk Factors” in Item 1A.
2021 Annual Report
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Available Information
AB and AB Holding file or furnish annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, amendments to such reports, and other reports (and amendments thereto) required to comply with federal securities laws, including Section 16 beneficial ownership reports on Forms 3, 4 and 5, registration statements and proxy statements. We maintain an Internet site (http://www.alliancebernstein.com) where the public can view these reports, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after each report is filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Please consider this section along with the description of our business in Item 1, the competition section immediately above and AB’s financial information contained in Items 7 and 8. The majority of the risk factors discussed below directly affect AB. These risk factors also affect AB Holding because AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AB. See also “Cautions Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in Item 7.
Business-related Risks, including risks relating to COVID-19
Our revenues and results of operations depend on the market value and composition of our AUM, which can fluctuate significantly based on various factors, including many factors outside of our control.
We derive most of our revenues from investment advisory and services fees, which typically are calculated as a percentage of the value of AUM as of a specified date, or as a percentage of the value of average AUM for the applicable billing period, and vary with the type of investment service, the size of the account and the total amount of assets we manage for a particular client. The value and composition of our AUM can be adversely affected by several factors, including:
•Market Factors. Our AUM remain sensitive to the volatility associated with global financial market conditions. For example, the dramatic securities market declines experienced during March 2020, which resulted from the global effects of COVID-19, caused a significant reduction in our AUM. Markets and AUM levels have since recovered to new highs following unprecedented, coordinated monetary and fiscal policy support and the approval of vaccines to help remedy the global pandemic. However, we recognize that, due to continued uncertainty associated with these circumstances, markets may remain volatile and, accordingly, there remains risk of a significant reduction in our revenues and net income in future periods, particularly if the negative effects on the global economy from COVID accelerate. Global economies and financial markets are increasingly interconnected, which increases the probability that conditions in one country or region might adversely impact a different country or region. Conditions affecting the general economy, including political, social or economic instability at the local, regional or global level, such as the U.S. civil unrest centered around racial inequity experienced in 2020 or the riot experienced in Washington D.C. in January 2021 surrounding the transition to a new Presidential administration, may also affect the market value of our AUM. Health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as other incidents that interrupt the expected course of events, such as natural disasters, war or civil disturbance, acts of terrorism (whether foreign or domestic), power outages and other unforeseeable and external events, and the public response to or fear of such diseases or events, have had and may in the future have a significant adverse effect on financial markets and our AUM, revenues and net income. Furthermore, the preventative and protective health-related actions, such as business activity suspensions and population lock-downs, that governments have taken, and may continue to take, in response to COVID-19 have resulted, and may continue to result, in periods of business interruption, inability to obtain raw materials, supplies and component parts, and reduced or disrupted operations. These circumstances have caused, and may continue to cause, significant economic disruption and high levels of unemployment, as well as inflationary pressures, which could adversely affect the financial condition and results of operations of many of the companies in which we invest, and likely reduce the market value of their securities and thus our AUM and revenues. Furthermore, significant market volatility and uncertainty, and reductions in the availability of margin financing, can significantly limit the liquidity of certain asset backed and other securities, making it at times impossible to sell these securities at prices reflecting their true economic value. While liquidity conditions have improved considerably since the first quarter of 2020 following the stimulus programs announced by the U.S. Federal Reserve and U.S. Treasury, we recognize the possibility that conditions could deteriorate in the future. Lack of liquidity makes it more difficult for our funds to meet redemption requests. If liquidity were to worsen, this may have a significant adverse effect on our AUM, revenues and net income in the future.
•Client Preferences. Generally, our clients may withdraw their assets at any time and on short notice. Also, changing market dynamics and investment trends, particularly with respect to sponsors of defined benefit plans choosing to invest in less risky investments and the ongoing shift to lower-fee passive services described below, may continue to reduce interest in some of the investment products we offer, and/or clients and prospects may continue to seek investment products that we may not currently offer. Loss of, or decreases in, AUM reduces our investment advisory and services fees and revenues.
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•Our Investment Performance. Our ability to achieve investment returns for clients that meet or exceed investment returns for comparable asset classes and competing investment services is a key consideration when clients decide to keep their assets with us or invest additional assets, and when a prospective client is deciding whether to invest with us. Poor investment performance, both in absolute terms and/or relative to peers and stated benchmarks, may result in clients withdrawing assets and prospective clients choosing to invest with competitors.
•Investing Trends. Our fee rates can vary significantly among the various investment products and services we offer to our clients (see “Net Revenues” in Item 7 for additional information regarding our fee rates); our fee realization rate fluctuates as clients shift assets between accounts or products with different fee structures.
•Service Changes. We may be required to reduce our fee levels, restructure the fees we charge and/or adjust the services we offer to our clients because of, among other things, regulatory initiatives (whether industry-wide or specifically targeted), changing technology in the asset management business (including algorithmic strategies and emerging financial technology), court decisions and competitive considerations. A reduction in fee levels would reduce our revenues.
A decrease in the value of our AUM, a decrease in the amount of AUM we manage, an adverse mix shift in our AUM and/or a reduction in the level of fees we charge would adversely affect our investment advisory fees and revenues. A reduction in revenues, without a commensurate reduction in expenses, adversely affects our results of operations.
The industry-wide shift from actively-managed investment services to passive services has adversely affected our investment advisory and services fees, revenues and results of operations, and this trend may continue.
Our competitive environment has become increasingly difficult over the past decade, as active managers, which invest based on individual security selection, have, on average, consistently underperformed passive services, which invest based on market indices. Active performance relative to benchmarks as of mid-2021 remained mixed, with 47% of active managers outperforming their passive benchmarks for the 12 months ended June 30, 2021 (latest data available). Non-U.S. stock active funds fared better with 59% outperforming benchmarks, while 40% of U.S. large-cap stock active funds outperformed. Actively-managed bond funds generally performed well in 2021, with intermediate core, corporate and high yield funds each generally outperforming benchmarks.
Flows into actively-managed funds improved industry-wide in 2021, with U.S. industry-wide active mutual fund flows rebounding to inflows of $217 billion in 2021, contrasted with $196 billion of outflows in 2020. Active fixed income U.S. mutual fund inflows accelerated to $366 billion in 2021, compared to $246 billion in 2020. Furthermore, active equity U.S. mutual fund outflows decelerated to $198 billion in 2021, compared to outflows of $338 billion in 2020. However, the improvement in active fund flows was surpassed by increased demand for passive strategies in the U.S., as industry-wide total passive mutual net inflows increased to $918 billion in 2021 from $361 billion in 2020. In this environment, organic growth through net inflows is difficult to achieve for active managers, such as AB, and requires taking market share from other active managers.
The significant shift from active services to passive services adversely affects Bernstein Research Services revenues as well. Institutional global market trading volumes continue to be pressured (notwithstanding the heightened market volatility and trading volume predominantly relating to COVID-19 in the first half of 2020) by persistent active equity outflows and passive equity inflows. As a result, portfolio turnover has declined and investors hold fewer shares that are actively traded by managers.
Our reputation could suffer if we are unable to deliver consistent, competitive investment performance.
Our business is based on the trust and confidence of our clients. Damage to our reputation, resulting from poor or inconsistent investment performance, among other factors, can reduce substantially our AUM and impair our ability to maintain or grow our business.
EQH and its subsidiaries provide a significant amount of our AUM and fund a significant portion of our seed investments, and if our agreements with them terminate or they withdraw capital support it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition.
EQH (our parent company) and its subsidiaries constitute our largest client. Our EQH affiliates represented approximately 17% of our AUM as of December 31, 2021, and we earned approximately 3% of our net revenues from services we provided to them in 2021. Our related investment management agreements are terminable at any time or on short notice by either party, and EQH is not under any obligation to maintain any level of AUM with us. A material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition could result if EQH were to terminate its investment management agreements with us.
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Our business is dependent on investment advisory agreements with clients, and selling and distribution agreements with various financial intermediaries and consultants, which generally are subject to termination or non-renewal on short notice.
We derive most of our revenues pursuant to written investment management agreements (or other arrangements) with institutional investors, mutual funds and private wealth clients, and selling and distribution agreements with financial intermediaries that distribute AB Funds. Generally, the investment management agreements (and other arrangements), including our agreements with EQH and its subsidiaries, are terminable at any time or upon relatively short notice by either party. The investment management agreements pursuant to which we manage the U.S. Funds must be renewed and approved by the Funds’ boards of directors annually. A significant majority of the directors are independent. Consequently, there can be no assurance that the board of directors of each fund will approve the fund’s investment management agreement each year, or will not condition its approval on revised terms that may be adverse to us. In addition, investors in AB Funds can redeem their investments without notice. Any termination of, or failure to renew, a significant number of these agreements, or a significant increase in redemption rates, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and business prospects.
Similarly, the selling and distribution agreements with securities firms, brokers, banks and other financial intermediaries are terminable by either party upon notice (generally 30 days) and do not obligate the financial intermediary to sell any specific amount of fund shares. These intermediaries generally offer their clients investment products that compete with our products. In addition, certain institutional investors rely on consultants to advise them about choosing an investment adviser and some of our services may not be considered among the best choices by these consultants. As a result, investment consultants may advise their clients to move their assets invested with us to other investment advisers, which could result in significant net outflows.
Lastly, our Private Wealth Services rely on referrals from financial planners, registered investment advisers and other professionals. We cannot be certain that we will continue to have access to, or receive referrals from, these third parties. Loss of such access or referrals could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and business prospects.
Performance-based fee arrangements with our clients may cause greater fluctuations in our net revenues.
We sometimes charge our clients performance-based fees, whereby we charge a base advisory fee and are eligible to earn an additional performance-based fee or incentive allocation that is calculated as either a percentage of absolute investment results or a percentage of investment results in excess of a stated benchmark over a specified period of time. Some performance-based fees include a high-watermark provision, which generally provides that if a client account under-performs relative to its performance target (whether in absolute terms or relative to a specified benchmark), it must gain back such under-performance before we can collect future performance-based fees. Therefore, if we fail to achieve the performance target for a particular period, we will not earn a performance-based fee for that period and, for accounts with a high-watermark provision, our ability to earn future performance-based fees will be impaired.
We are eligible to earn performance-based fees on 6.7%, 8.7% and 0.6% of the assets we manage for institutional clients, private wealth clients and retail clients, respectively (in total, 4.5% of our AUM). If the percentage of our AUM subject to performance-based fees increases, seasonality and volatility of revenue and earnings are likely to become more significant. Our performance-based fees were $245.1 million, $132.6 million and $99.6 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The revenues generated by Bernstein Research Services may be adversely affected by circumstances beyond our control, including declines in brokerage transaction rates, declines in global market volumes, failure to settle our trades by significant counterparties and the effects of MiFID II and Brexit.
Electronic, or “low-touch,” trading represents a significant percentage of buy-side trading activity and typically produces transaction fees that are significantly lower than the price of traditional full service fee rates. As a result, blended pricing throughout our industry is lower now than it was historically, and price declines may continue. In addition, fee rates we charge and charged by other brokers for brokerage services have historically experienced price pressure, and we expect these trends to continue. Also, while increases in transaction volume and market share often can offset decreases in rates, this may not continue.
In addition, the failure or inability of any of our broker-dealer's significant counterparties to perform could expose us to substantial expenditures and adversely affect our revenues. For example, SCB LLC, as a member of clearing and settlement organizations, would be required to settle open trades of any non-performing counterparty. This exposes us to the mark-to-market adjustment on the trades between trade date and settlement date, which could be significant, especially during periods of severe market volatility. Also, our ability to access liquidity in such situations may be limited by what our funding relationships are able to offer us at such times.
We discuss the risks associated with the second installment of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (“MiFID II”) and Brexit below in "Legal and Regulatory-related Risks" in this Item 1A.
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Fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and various other currencies can adversely affect our AUM, revenues and results of operations.
Although significant portions of our net revenues and expenses, as well as our AUM, presently are denominated in U.S. dollars, we have subsidiaries and clients outside of the United States with functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Weakening of these currencies relative to the U.S. dollar adversely affects the value in U.S. dollar terms of our revenues and our AUM denominated in these other currencies. Accordingly, fluctuations in U.S. dollar exchange rates affect our AUM, revenues and reported financial results from one period to the next.
We may not be successful in our efforts to hedge our exposure to such fluctuations, which could negatively impact our revenues and reported financial results.
Our seed capital investments are subject to market risk. While we enter into various futures, forwards, swap and option contracts to economically hedge many of these investments, we also may be exposed to market risk and credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to these derivative instruments.
We have a seed investment program for the purpose of building track records and assisting with the marketing initiatives pertaining to our firm's new products. These seed capital investments are subject to market risk. Our risk management team oversees a seed hedging program that attempts to minimize this risk, subject to practical and cost considerations. Also, not all seed investments are deemed appropriate to hedge, and in those cases we are exposed to market risk. In addition, we may be subject to basis risk in that we cannot always hedge with precision our market exposure and, as a result, we may be subject to relative spreads between market sectors. As a result, volatility in the capital markets may cause significant changes in our period-to-period financial and operating results.
We use various derivative instruments, including futures, forwards, swap and option contracts, in conjunction with our seed hedging program. While in most cases broad market risks are hedged, our hedges are imperfect and some market risk remains. In addition, our use of derivatives results in counterparty risk (i.e., the risk that we may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to these derivative instruments), regulatory risk (e.g., short selling restrictions) and cash/synthetic basis risk (i.e., the risk that the underlying positions do not move identically to the related derivative instruments).
We may engage in strategic transactions that could pose risks.
As part of our business strategy, we consider potential strategic transactions, including acquisitions, dispositions, mergers, consolidations, joint venture partnerships and similar transactions, some of which may be material. These transactions, if undertaken, may involve various risks and present financial, managerial and operational challenges, including:.
•adverse effects on our earnings if acquired intangible assets or goodwill become impaired;
•existence of unknown liabilities or contingencies that arise after closing;
•potential disputes with counterparties; and
•the possible need for us to increase our firm's leverage or, if we fund the purchase price of a transaction with AB Units or AB Holding Units, likely dilution to our existing unitholders.
Acquisitions also pose the risk that any business we acquire may lose customers or employees or could under-perform relative to expectations. Additionally, the loss of investment personnel poses the risk that we may lose the AUM we expected to manage, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
We may not accurately value the securities we hold on behalf of our clients or our company investments.
In accordance with applicable regulatory requirements, contractual obligations or client direction, we employ procedures for the pricing and valuation of securities and other positions held in client accounts or for company investments. We have established a Valuation Committee, consisting of senior officers and employees, which oversees pricing controls and valuation processes. If market quotations for a security are not readily available, the Valuation Committee determines a fair value for the security.
Extraordinary volatility in financial markets, significant liquidity constraints or our failure to adequately consider one or more factors when determining the fair value of a security based on information with limited market observability could result in our failing to properly value securities we hold for our clients or investments accounted for on our balance sheet. Improper valuation likely would result in our basing fee calculations on inaccurate AUM figures, our striking incorrect net asset values for company-sponsored mutual funds or hedge funds or, in the case of company investments, our inaccurately calculating and reporting our financial condition and operating results. Although the overall percentage of our AUM that we fair value based on information with limited market observability is not significant, inaccurate fair value determinations can harm our clients, create regulatory issues and damage our reputation.
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We may not have sufficient information to confirm or review the accuracy of valuations provided to us by underlying external managers for the funds in which certain of our alternative investment products invest.
Certain of our alternative investment services invest in funds managed by external managers (“External Managers”) rather than investing directly in securities and other instruments. As a result, our abilities will be limited with regard to (i) monitoring such investments, (ii) regularly obtaining complete, accurate and current information with respect to such investments and (iii) exercising control over such investments. Accordingly, we may not have sufficient information to confirm or review the accuracy of valuations provided to us by External Managers. In addition, we will be required to rely on External Managers’ compliance with any applicable investment guidelines and restrictions. Any failure of an External Manager to operate within such guidelines or to provide accurate information with respect to the investment could subject our alternative investment products to losses and cause damage to our reputation.
The quantitative and systematic models we use in certain of our investment services may contain errors, resulting in imprecise risk assessments and unintended output.
We use quantitative and systematic models in a variety of our investment services, generally in combination with fundamental research. These models are developed by senior quantitative professionals and typically are implemented by IT professionals. Our Model Risk Oversight Committee oversees the model governance framework and associated model review activities, which are then executed by our Model Risk Team. However, due to the complexity and large data dependency of such models, it is possible that errors in the models could exist and our controls could fail to detect such errors. Failure to detect errors could result in client losses and reputational damage.
The financial services industry is intensely competitive.
We compete on the basis of a number of factors, including our investment performance for our clients, our array of investment services, innovation, reputation and price. By having a global presence, we often face competitors with more experience and more established relationships with clients, regulators and industry participants in the relevant market, which could adversely affect our ability to expand. Furthermore, if we are unable to maintain and/or continue to improve our investment performance, our client flows may be adversely affected, which may make it more difficult for us to compete effectively.
Also, increased competition could reduce the demand for our products and services, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and business prospects. For additional information regarding competitive factors, see “Competition” in Item 1.
Human Capital-related Risks
We may be unable to continue to attract, motivate and retain key personnel, and the cost to retain key personnel could put pressure on our adjusted operating margin.
Our business depends on our ability to attract, motivate and retain highly skilled, and often highly specialized, technical, investment, managerial and executive personnel, and there is no assurance that we will be able to do so.
The market for these professionals is extremely competitive. Certain of these professionals often maintain strong, personal relationships with investors in our products and other members of the business community so their departure may cause us to lose client accounts or result in fewer opportunities to win new business, either of which factors could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and business prospects.
Additionally, a decline in revenues may limit our ability to pay our employees at competitive levels, and maintaining (or increasing) compensation without a revenue increase, in order to retain key personnel, may adversely affect our operating margin. As a result, we remain vigilant about aligning our cost structure (including headcount) with our revenue base. For additional information regarding our compensation practices, see "Compensation Discussion and Analysis" in Item 11.
Our process of relocating our headquarters may not be executed as we envision.
We have established our corporate headquarters in and expect to relocate a total of approximately 1,250 jobs previously located in the New York metropolitan area to Nashville, Tennessee (for additional information, see “Relocation Strategy” in Item 7). Although the eventual impact on AB from this process is not yet known, the uncertainty created by these circumstances could have a significant adverse effect on AB’s ability to motivate and retain current employees. Further significant managerial and operational challenges could arise, such as ineffective transfer of institutional knowledge from current employees to newly-hired employees, if AB experiences significantly greater attrition among current employees than the firm anticipates in connection with the relocation and/or if the firm encounters more difficulty than expected in hiring qualified employees to help staff our Nashville headquarters.
Additionally, our estimates for both the transition costs and the corresponding expense savings relating to our headquarters relocation, which we discuss in more detail in “Relocation Strategy” in Item 7, are based on our current assumptions of employee relocation costs, severance, and overlapping compensation and occupancy costs. If our assumptions turn out to be inaccurate, our expenses and operating income could be adversely affected.
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Operational, Technology and Cyber-related Risks
Technology failures and disruptions, including failures to properly safeguard confidential information, can significantly constrain our operations and result in significant time and expense to remediate, which could result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations and business prospects.
We are highly dependent on software and related technologies throughout our business, including both proprietary systems and those provided by third-party vendors. We use our technology to, among other things, obtain securities pricing information, process client transactions, store and maintain data, and provide reports and other services to our clients. Despite our protective measures, including measures designed to effectively secure information through system security technology and established and tested business continuity plans, we may still experience system delays and interruptions as a result of natural disasters, hardware failures, software defects, power outages, acts of war and third-party failures. We cannot predict with certainty all of the adverse effects that could result from our failure, or the failure of a third party, to efficiently address and resolve these delays and interruptions. These adverse effects could include the inability to perform critical business functions or failure to comply with financial reporting and other regulatory requirements, which could lead to loss of client confidence, reputational damage, exposure to disciplinary action and liability to our clients.
Many of the software applications that we use in our business are licensed from, and supported, upgraded and maintained by, third-party vendors. A suspension or termination of certain of these licenses or the related support, upgrades and maintenance could cause temporary system delays or interruption. Additionally, technology rapidly evolves and we cannot guarantee that our competitors may not implement more advanced technology platforms for their products and services, which may place us at a competitive disadvantage and adversely affect our results of operations and business prospects.
Also, we could be subject to losses if we fail to properly safeguard sensitive and confidential information. As part of our normal operations, we maintain and transmit confidential information about our clients as well as proprietary information relating to our business operations. Although we take protective measures, our systems still could be vulnerable to cyber attack or other forms of unauthorized access (including computer viruses) that have a security impact, such as an authorized employee or vendor inadvertently or intentionally causing us to release confidential or proprietary information. Such disclosure could, among other things, allow competitors access to our proprietary business information and require significant time and expense to investigate and remediate the breach. Moreover, loss of confidential client information could harm our reputation and subject us to liability under laws that protect confidential personal data, resulting in increased costs or loss of revenues.
Any significant security breach of our information and cyber security infrastructure, as well as our failure to properly escalate and respond to such an incident, may significantly harm our operations and reputation.
It is critical that we ensure the continuity and effectiveness of our information and cyber security infrastructure, policies, procedures and capabilities to protect our computer and telecommunications systems and the data that reside on or are transmitted through them and contracted third-party systems. Although we take protective measures, including measures to effectively secure information through system security technology, our technology systems may still be vulnerable to unauthorized access, supply chain attacks, computer viruses or other events that have a security impact, such as an external attack by one or more cyber criminals (including phishing attacks attempting to obtain confidential information and ransomware attacks attempting to block access to a computer system until a sum of money is paid), which could materially harm our operations and reputation. Additionally, while we take precautions to password protect and encrypt our laptops and sensitive information on our other mobile electronic devices, if such devices are stolen, misplaced or left unattended, they may become vulnerable to hacking or other unauthorized use, creating a possible security risk and resulting in potentially costly actions by us.
Furthermore, although we maintain a robust cyber security infrastructure and incident preparedness strategy, which we test periodically, we may be unable to respond, both internally and externally, to a cyber incident in a sufficiently expeditious manner. Any such failure could cause significant harm to our reputation and result in litigation, regulatory scrutiny and/or significant remediation costs.
Unpredictable events, including climate change, outbreak of infectious disease, natural disaster, dangerous weather conditions, technology failure, terrorist attack and political unrest, may adversely affect our ability to conduct business.
War, terrorist attack, political unrest, power failure, climate change, natural disaster and rapid spread of infectious disease (such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic) could interrupt our operations by:
•causing disruptions in global economic conditions, thereby decreasing investor confidence and making investment products generally less attractive;
•inflicting loss of life;
•triggering large-scale technology failures or delays;
•breaching our information and cyber security infrastructure; and
•requiring substantial capital expenditures and operating expenses to remediate damage and restore operations.
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Despite the contingency plans and facilities we have in place, including system security measures, information back-up and disaster recovery processes, our ability to conduct business, including in key business centers where we have significant operations, such as New York City, London, England, and Nashville, Tennessee, may be adversely affected by a disruption in the infrastructure that supports our operations and the communities in which they are located. This may include a disruption involving electrical, communications, transportation or other services we may use or third parties with which we conduct business. If a disruption occurs in one location and our employees in that location are unable to occupy our offices or communicate with or travel to other locations, our ability to conduct business with and on behalf of our clients may suffer, and we may not be able to successfully implement contingency plans that depend on communication or travel. Furthermore, unauthorized access to our systems as a result of a security breach, the failure of our systems, or the loss of data could give rise to legal proceedings or regulatory penalties under laws protecting the privacy of personal information, disrupt operations, and damage our reputation.
Our operations require experienced, professional staff. Loss of a substantial number of such persons or an inability to provide properly equipped places for them to work may, by disrupting our operations, adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and business prospects. In addition, our property and business interruption insurance may not be adequate to compensate us for all losses, failures or breaches that may occur.
Our own operational failures or those of third parties on which we rely, including failures arising out of human error, could disrupt our business, damage our reputation and reduce our revenues.
Weaknesses or failures in our internal processes or systems could lead to disruption of our operations, liability to clients, exposure to disciplinary action or harm to our reputation. Our business is highly dependent on our ability to process, on a daily basis, large numbers of transactions, many of which are highly complex, across numerous and diverse markets. These transactions generally must comply with client investment guidelines, as well as stringent legal and regulatory standards.
Our obligations to clients require us to exercise skill, care and prudence in performing our services. Despite our employees being highly trained and skilled, the large number of transactions we process makes it highly likely that errors will occasionally occur. If we make a mistake in performing our services that causes financial harm to a client, we have a duty to act promptly to put the client in the position the client would have been in had we not made the error. The occurrence of mistakes, particularly significant ones, can have a material adverse effect on our reputation, results of operations and business prospects.
The individuals, third-party vendors or issuers on whom we rely to perform services for us or our clients may be unable or unwilling to honor their contractual obligations to us.
We rely on various counterparties and other third-party vendors to augment our existing investment, operational, financial and technological capabilities, but the use of a third-party vendor does not diminish AB's responsibility to ensure that client and regulatory obligations are met. Default rates, credit downgrades and disputes with counterparties as to the valuation of collateral increase significantly in times of market stress. Disruptions in the financial markets and other economic challenges may cause our counterparties and other third-party vendors to experience significant cash flow problems or even render them insolvent, which may expose us to significant costs and impair our ability to conduct business.
Weaknesses or failures within a third-party vendor's internal processes or systems, or inadequate business continuity plans, can materially disrupt our business operations. Also, third-party vendors may lack the necessary infrastructure or resources to effectively safeguard our confidential data. If we are unable to effectively manage the risks associated with such third-party relationships, we may suffer fines, disciplinary action and reputational damage.
We may not always successfully manage actual and potential conflicts of interest that arise in our business.
Increasingly, we must manage actual and potential conflicts of interest, including situations where our services to a particular client conflict, or are perceived to conflict, with the interests of another client. Failure to adequately address potential conflicts of interest could adversely affect our reputation, results of operations and business prospects.
We have procedures and controls that are designed to identify and mitigate conflicts of interest, including those designed to prevent the improper sharing of information. However, appropriately managing conflicts of interest is complex. Our reputation could be damaged and the willingness of clients to enter into transactions in which such a conflict might arise may be affected if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with actual or perceived conflicts of interest. In addition, potential or perceived conflicts could give rise to litigation or regulatory enforcement actions.
Maintaining adequate liquidity for our general business needs depends on certain factors, including operating cash flows and our access to credit on reasonable terms.
Our financial condition is dependent on our cash flow from operations, which is subject to the performance of the capital markets, our ability to maintain and grow AUM and other factors beyond our control. Our ability to issue public or private debt on reasonable terms may be limited by adverse market conditions, our profitability, our creditworthiness as perceived by lenders and changes in government regulations, including tax rates and interest rates. Furthermore, our access to credit on reasonable terms is partially dependent on our firm’s credit ratings.
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Both Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Standard & Poor's Rating Service affirmed AB’s long-term and short-term credit ratings and indicated a stable outlook in 2021. Future changes in our credit ratings are possible and any downgrade to our ratings is likely to increase our borrowing costs and limit our access to the capital markets. If this occurs, we may be forced to incur unanticipated costs or revise our strategic plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and business prospects.
An impairment of goodwill may occur.
Determining whether an impairment of the goodwill asset exists requires management to exercise a substantial amount of judgment. In addition, to the extent that securities valuations are depressed for prolonged periods of time and/or market conditions deteriorate, or if we experience significant net redemptions, our AUM, revenues, profitability and unit price will be adversely affected. Although the price of an AB Holding Unit is just one factor in the calculation of fair value, if AB Holding Unit price levels decline significantly, reaching the conclusion that fair value exceeds carrying value will, over time, become more difficult. In addition, control premiums, industry earnings multiples and discount rates are impacted by economic conditions. As a result, subsequent impairment tests may occur more frequently and be based on more negative assumptions and future cash flow projections, and may result in an impairment of goodwill. An impairment may result in a material charge to our earnings. For additional information about our impairment testing, see Item 7.
The insurance that we maintain may not fully cover all potential exposures.
We maintain professional liability, fidelity, cyber, property, casualty, business interruption and other types of insurance, but such insurance may not cover all risks associated with the operation of our business. Our coverage is subject to exclusions and limitations, including high self-insured retentions or deductibles and maximum limits and liabilities covered. In addition, from time to time, various types of insurance may not be available on commercially acceptable terms or, in some cases, at all. We can make no assurance that a claim or claims will be covered by our insurance policies or, if covered, will not exceed our available insurance coverage, or that our insurers will remain solvent and meet their obligations.
In the future, we may not be able to obtain coverage at current levels, if at all, and our premiums may increase significantly on coverage that we maintain. Also, we currently are party to certain joint insurance arrangements with subsidiaries of EQH. If our affiliates choose not to include us as insured parties under any such policies, we may need to obtain stand-alone insurance coverage, which could have coverage terms that are less beneficial to us and/or cost more.
Legal and Regulatory-related Risks
Our business is subject to pervasive, complex and continuously evolving global regulation, compliance with which involves substantial expenditures of time and money, and violation of which may result in material adverse consequences.
Virtually all aspects of our business are subject to federal and state laws and regulations, rules of securities regulators and exchanges, and laws and regulations in the foreign jurisdictions in which our subsidiaries conduct business. If we violate these laws or regulations, we could be subject to civil liability, criminal liability or sanction, including restriction or revocation of our and our subsidiaries’ professional licenses or registrations, revocation of the licenses of our employees, censures, fines, or temporary suspension or permanent bar from conducting business. Any such liability or sanction could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and business prospects. A regulatory proceeding, even if it does not result in a finding of wrongdoing or sanction, could require substantial expenditures of time and money and could potentially damage our reputation.
In recent years, global regulators have substantially increased their oversight of financial services. Some of the newly-adopted and proposed regulations are focused on investment management services. Others, while more broadly focused, nonetheless impact our business. Moreover, the adoption of new laws, regulations or standards and changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws, regulations or standards have directly affected, and will continue to affect, our business, including making our efforts to comply more expensive and time-consuming.
For example, in 2015 the Financial Supervisory Commission in Taiwan (the “FSC”) implemented new limits on the degree to which local investors can own an offshore investment product. While certain exemptions have been available to us, should we not continue to qualify, the FSC’s rules could force some of our local resident investors to redeem their investments in our funds sold in Taiwan (and/or prevent further sales of those funds in Taiwan), some of which funds have local ownership levels substantially above the FSC limits. This could lead to significant declines in our investment advisory and services fees and revenues earned from these funds.
In Europe, MiFID II, which became effective in January 2018, makes significant modifications to the manner in which European broker-dealers can be compensated for research. These modifications have reduced, and are believed to have significantly reduced, the overall research spend by European buy-side firms, which has decreased the revenues we derive from our European clients. Our European clients may continue to reduce their research budgets, which could result in a significant decline in our sell-side revenues.
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Also, while MiFID II is not applicable to firms operating outside of Europe, competitive and client pressures increasingly may force buy-side firms operating outside of Europe to pay for research from their own resources instead of through bundled trading commissions. To the extent that occurs, we expect that research budgets from those clients will decrease further, which could result in an additional significant decline in our sell-side revenues. Additionally, these competitive and client pressures may result in our buy-side operation paying for research out of our own resources instead of through bundled trading commissions, which could increase our firm's expenses and decrease our operating income.
Additionally, in July 2017 the Chief Executive of the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”), which regulates the London Interbank Offered Rate, or “LIBOR,” as a “benchmark” or “reference rate” for various interest rate calculations, announced that the FCA will no longer persuade or compel banks to submit rates for the calculation of the LIBOR benchmark after 2021. In November 2020, the ICE Benchmark Administration Limited announced a plan to extend the date as of which most U.S. LIBOR values would cease being computed from December 31, 2021 to June 30, 2023. Although financial regulators and industry working groups have suggested alternative reference rates, global consensus on alternative rates is lacking and the process for amending existing contracts or instruments to transition away from LIBOR remains unclear. The elimination of LIBOR or changes to other reference rates or any other changes or reforms to the determination or supervision of reference rates may adversely affect the amount of interest payable or interest receivable on certain of our firm's portfolio investments. These changes may also impact the market liquidity and market value of these portfolio investments. We are finalizing our global assessment of exposure in relation to funds utilizing LIBOR based instruments and benchmarks. Further, we are prioritizing the mitigation of risks associated with the forecast changes to financial instruments and performance benchmarks referencing existing LIBOR rates, and concurrently any impact on AB portfolios and investment strategies.
Lastly, it also is uncertain how regulatory trends will further evolve, both in the U.S. and abroad. For example, following the Brexit referendum in June 2016, the U.K.'s departure from the European Union (the "EU") resulted in the U.K. leaving the EU Single Market on December 31, 2020. While the U.K. and the EU have agreed to a trade deal, which took effect on January 1, 2021, this deal does not include specific arrangements for financial services. Accordingly, since the start of 2021, our U.K.-based buy-side and sell-side subsidiaries have implemented alternative arrangements in EU jurisdictions (utilizing AB's EU-based subsidiaries) to ensure continued operations in the EU Single Market. These arrangements are subject to potential change due to ongoing negotiations between the U.K. and the EU on future regulatory cooperation, and it is difficult to ascertain how any such changes may impact the ability of our U.K.-based subsidiaries to provide services to EU-based clients in the future.
We are involved in various legal proceedings and regulatory matters and may be involved in such proceedings in the future, any one or combination of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, financial condition, results of operations and business prospects.
We may be involved in various matters, including regulatory inquiries, administrative proceedings and litigation, some of which allege significant damages, and we may be involved in additional matters in the future. Litigation is subject to significant uncertainties, particularly when plaintiffs allege substantial or indeterminate damages, the litigation is in its early stages, or when the litigation is highly complex or broad in scope.
Structure-related Risks
The partnership structure of AB Holding and AB limits Unitholders’ abilities to influence the management and operation of AB’s business and is highly likely to prevent a change in control of AB Holding and AB.
The General Partner, as general partner of both AB Holding and AB, generally has the exclusive right and full authority and responsibility to manage, conduct, control and operate their respective businesses, except as otherwise expressly stated in their respective Amended and Restated Agreements of Limited Partnership. AB Holding and AB Unitholders have more limited voting rights on matters affecting AB than do holders of common stock in a corporation. Both Amended and Restated Agreements of Limited Partnership provide that Unitholders do not have any right to vote for directors of the General Partner and that Unitholders only can vote on certain extraordinary matters (including removal of the General Partner under certain extraordinary circumstances). Additionally, the AB Partnership Agreement includes significant restrictions on the transfer of AB Units and provisions that have the practical effect of preventing the removal of the General Partner, which provisions are highly likely to prevent a change in control of AB’s management.
AB Units are illiquid and subject to significant transfer restrictions.
There is no public trading market for AB Units and we do not anticipate that a public trading market will develop. The AB Partnership Agreement restricts our ability to participate in a public trading market or anything substantially equivalent to one by providing that any transfer that may cause AB to be classified as a “publicly traded partnership” (“PTP”) as defined in Section 7704 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), shall be deemed void and shall not be recognized by AB. In addition, AB Units are subject to significant restrictions on transfer, such as obtaining the written consent of EQH and the General Partner pursuant to the AB Partnership Agreement. Generally, neither EQH nor the General Partner will permit any transfer that it believes would create a risk that AB would be treated as a corporation for tax purposes. EQH and the General Partner have implemented a transfer program that requires a seller to locate a purchaser and imposes annual volume restrictions on transfers. You may request a copy of the transfer program from our Corporate Secretary (corporate_secretary@alliancebernstein.com). Also, we have filed the transfer program as Exhibit 10.07 to this Form 10-K.
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Changes in the partnership structure of AB Holding and AB and/or changes in the tax law governing partnerships would have significant tax ramifications.
AB Holding, having elected under Section 7704(g) of the Code to be subject to a 3.5% federal tax on partnership gross income from the active conduct of a trade or business, is a PTP for federal income tax purposes. AB Holding is also subject to the 4.0% New York City unincorporated business tax (“UBT”), net of credits for UBT paid by AB. In order to preserve AB Holding’s status as a PTP for federal income tax purposes, management seeks to ensure that AB Holding does not directly or indirectly (through AB) enter into a substantial new line of business. A “new line of business” includes any business that is not closely related to AB’s historical business of providing research and diversified investment management and related services to its clients. A new line of business is “substantial” when a partnership derives more than 15% of its gross income from, or uses more than 15% of its total assets in, the new line of business.
AB is a private partnership for federal income tax purposes and, accordingly, is not subject to federal and state corporate income taxes. However, AB is subject to the 4.0% UBT. Domestic corporate subsidiaries of AB, which are subject to federal, state and local income taxes, generally are included in the filing of a consolidated federal income tax return with separate state and local income tax returns being filed. Each of AB's non-U.S. corporate subsidiaries generally is subject to taxes in the foreign jurisdiction where it is located. If our business increasingly operates in countries other than the U.S., AB’s effective tax rate will increase as our international subsidiaries are subject to corporate taxes in the jurisdictions where they are located.
In order to preserve AB’s status as a private partnership for federal income tax purposes, AB Units must not be considered publicly traded. If such units were to be considered readily tradable, AB would be subject to federal and state corporate income tax on its net income. Furthermore, as noted above, should AB enter into a substantial new line of business, AB Holding, by virtue of its ownership of AB, would lose its status as a PTP and would become subject to corporate income tax as set forth above. If AB and AB Holding were to become subject to corporate income tax as set forth above, their net income and quarterly distributions to Unitholders would be materially reduced. For information about the significant restrictions on transfer of AB Units, see the risk factor immediately above.
Additionally, past or future legislative proposals have been or may be introduced that, if enacted, could have a material adverse effect on us. We cannot predict the outcome of such legislative proposals.
If, pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 ("2015 Act"), any audit by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") of our income tax returns for any of our taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 results in any adjustments, the IRS may collect any resulting taxes, including any applicable penalties and interest, directly from us, in which case our net income and the cash available for quarterly Unitholder distributions may be substantially reduced.
Although the IRS, under current law, generally determines tax adjustments at the partnership level when it audits the income tax return of a partnership, the IRS, with respect to taxable years beginning on or before December 31, 2017, is required to collect any additional taxes, interest and penalties from the partnership's individual partners. The 2015 Act modifies this procedure for audits of a partnership’s taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and, if a partnership meets certain requirements and makes a proper election, for audits of a partnership’s taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018. We may choose to make such an election if we receive a written notice of selection for examination for an eligible taxable year or if we file, on or after January 1, 2018, an administrative adjustment request for an eligible taxable year and otherwise qualify to make such an election.
Generally, we will have the ability to collect tax liability from our Unitholders in accordance with their percentage interests during the year under audit, but there can be no assurance that we will elect to do so or be able to do so under all circumstances. If we do not collect such tax liability from our Unitholders in accordance with their percentage interests in the tax year under audit, our net income and the available cash for quarterly distributions to current Unitholders may be substantially reduced. Accordingly, our current Unitholders may bear some or all of the tax liability resulting from such audit adjustment, even if such Unitholders did not own Units during the tax year under audit. In particular, as a publicly traded partnership, our Partnership Representative (as defined below) may, in certain instances, request that any “imputed underpayment” resulting from an audit be adjusted by amounts of certain of our passive losses. If we successfully make such a request, we would have to reduce suspended passive loss carryovers in a manner which is binding on the partners.
For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, a "partnership representative" that we designate (a “Partnership Representative”) will have the sole authority to act on our behalf for purposes of, among other things, U.S. federal income tax audits and judicial review of administrative adjustments by the IRS. If we do not make such a designation, the IRS can select any person as the Partnership Representative. Any actions taken by us or by the Partnership Representative on our behalf with respect to, among other things, U.S. federal income tax audits and judicial review of administrative adjustments by the IRS, will be binding on us and our Unitholders.
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In addition, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, we may, but are not required to, make an election to require our Unitholders to take into account on their income tax returns an audit adjustment made to our income tax items, also known as a “push-out” election. Also, a partnership that is a partner of another partnership may elect to have its unitholders take an audit adjustment of the lower-tier partnership into account (i.e., the upper-tier partnership may push adjustments received from the lower-tier partnership through to the partners of the upper-tier partnership). The upper-tier partnership must timely complete the “push-out” of the adjustment in order for it to be effective. Such election must be made by the extended due date for the return for the adjustment year of the audited partnership, regardless of whether the audited partnership is required to file a return for the adjustment year or timely files a request for an extension for its return. There are a number of requirements to make a “push-out” election and we may be unable or unwilling to comply with such requirements. If we do not make a “push-out” election, we would be required to pay any tax resulting from the adjustments to our income tax items, and the cash available for distribution to unitholders would be substantially reduced.
Non-U.S. unitholders may be subject to a 10% withholding tax on the sale of their AB Units or AB Holding Units, which could reduce the value of such Units.
Gain or loss from the sale or exchange of partnership units after November 27, 2017 by a non-U.S. unitholder are treated as effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business to the extent that the non-U.S. unitholder would have had effectively connected gain or loss on a hypothetical sale by the partnership of all of its assets at fair market value as of the date of the sale or exchange of the partnership units. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act also imposed certain withholding requirements for the sale of partnership units by a non-U.S. unitholder and authorized the IRS to issue regulations to carry out the withholding rules in the case of publicly traded partnerships. On November 30, 2020, the IRS published final regulations (the "1446 Final Regulations") that address withholding tax and information reporting with respect to interests in publicly traded partnerships engaged in a U.S. trade or business. The 1446 Final Regulations end the suspension of withholding on the sale, exchange or disposition of certain interests in a publicly traded partnership, effective January 1, 2022, but place the primary responsibility for such withholding obligations for transfers effected through brokers on the broker, and not the publicly traded partnership. However, the requirement to withhold on amounts realized in connection with the sale, exchange or disposition of certain interests in a publicly traded partnership (including by brokers) is suspended under Notice 2021-51 for transfers that occur before January 1, 2023, and no withholding will apply until that date. Under the 1446 Final Regulations, a publicly traded partnership may be liable for any under-withholding by a broker that relies on a qualified notice for which the publicly traded partnership failed to make a reasonable estimate of the amounts required for determining the applicability of the "ten percent exception." The "ten percent exception" applies if, either (1) the publicly traded partnership was not engaged in a U.S. trade or business during a specified period of time, or (2) upon a hypothetical sale of the publicly traded partnership's assets at fair market value, (i) the amount of net gain that would have been effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States would be less than 10 percent of the total net gain, or (ii) no gain would have been effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States.
We may be liable for any under-withholding by nominees on our Unitholder distributions after January 1, 2023.
Under the 1446 Final Regulations, for distributions made after January 1, 2022, a publicly traded partnership must post on its primary public website (and keep accessible for 10 years), and deliver to any registered holder that is a nominee, a qualified notice that states the amount of a distribution that is attributable to each type of income group specified in the 1446 Final Regulations. If the qualified notice is incorrect such that it causes a broker to under-withhold with respect to an amount in excess of cumulative net income, the publicly traded partnership is liable for any under-withholding on such amount. Notice 2021-51 suspends these requirements for distributions made before January 1, 2023.
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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
Neither AB nor AB Holding has unresolved comments from the staff of the SEC to report.
Item 2. Properties
Our headquarters is located at 501 Commerce Street, Nashville, Tennessee. We occupy 218,976 square feet of space at this location under a 15-year lease agreement that commenced in the fourth quarter of 2020.
We lease space at our other principal location, 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York. We occupy this space pursuant to a lease expiring in 2024. At this location, we currently lease 999,963 square feet of space, within which we currently occupy approximately 512,284 square feet of space and have sub-let (or are seeking to sub-let) approximately 487,679 square feet of space.
Also, we entered into a 20-year lease agreement in New York, New York, at 66 Hudson Boulevard, for 165,608 square feet that is expected to commence in 2024.
We also lease 50,792 square feet of space in San Antonio, Texas under a lease expiring in 2029. 
In addition, we lease more modest amounts of space in 23 other cities in the United States.
Our subsidiaries lease space in 30 cities outside the United States, the most significant of which are two leases in London, England, one lease expiring in 2022 and a second lease expiring in 2031, and in Hong Kong, China, under a lease expiring in 2027. In London, we currently lease 65,488 square feet of space, within which we currently occupy approximately 54,746 square feet of space and have sub-let approximately 10,742 square feet of space, which will expire in 2022. In 2021, we signed a 10-year lease for 52,814 square feet for an additional London location that we expect to occupy by the fourth quarter of 2022. In Hong Kong, we currently lease and occupy 35,878 square feet of space.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
With respect to all significant litigation matters, we consider the likelihood of a negative outcome. If we determine the likelihood of a negative outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an estimated loss for the expected outcome of the litigation. If the likelihood of a negative outcome is reasonably possible and we are able to determine an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss in excess of amounts already accrued, if any, we disclose that fact together with the estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. However, it is often difficult to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss because litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, particularly when plaintiffs allege substantial or indeterminate damages. Such is also the case when the litigation is in its early stages or when the litigation is highly complex or broad in scope. In these cases, we disclose that we are unable to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss.
AB may be involved in various matters, including regulatory inquiries, administrative proceedings and litigation, some of which may allege significant damages. It is reasonably possible that we could incur losses pertaining to these matters, but we cannot currently estimate any such losses.
Management, after consultation with legal counsel, currently believes that the outcome of any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. However, any inquiry, proceeding or litigation has an element of uncertainty; management cannot determine whether further developments relating to any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operation, financial condition or liquidity in any future reporting period.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Part II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market for AB Holding Units and AB Units; Cash Distributions
AB Holding Units are listed on the NYSE and trade publicly under the ticker symbol “AB". There is no established public trading market for AB Units, which are subject to significant restrictions on transfer. For information about these transfer restrictions, see “Structure-related Risks” in Item 1A.
AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its limited partnership interests in AB.
Each of AB Holding and AB distributes on a quarterly basis all of its Available Cash Flow, as defined in the AB Holding Partnership Agreement and the AB Partnership Agreement, respectively, to its Unitholders and the General Partner. For additional information concerning distribution of Available Cash Flow by AB Holding, see Note 2 to AB Holding’s financial statements in Item 8. For additional information concerning distribution of Available Cash Flow by AB, see Note 2 to AB’s consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
On December 31, 2021, the closing price of an AB Holding Unit on the NYSE was $48.84 per Unit. On December 31, 2021, there were (i) 928 AB Holding Unitholders of record for approximately 82,000 beneficial owners, and (ii) 317 AB Unitholders of record (we do not believe there are substantial additional beneficial owners).
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities
We did not engage in any unregistered sales of our securities during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
Each quarter, AB considers whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Exchange Act. We did not, however, adopt a plan during the fourth quarter of 2021. AB may adopt additional plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under the firm’s incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes. For additional information about Rule 10b5-1 plans, see “Units Outstanding” in Item 7.
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AB Holding Units bought by us or one of our affiliates during the fourth quarter of 2021 are as follows:
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period Total
Number of
AB Holding
Units
Purchased 		Average
Price Paid
Per AB
Holding Unit,
net of
Commissions 		Total
Number of
AB Holding
Units
Purchased as
Part of
Publicly
Announced
Plans or
Programs 		Maximum
Number (or
Approximate
Dollar Value)
of AB
Holding
Units that
May Yet Be
Purchased
Under the
Plans or
Programs
10/1/21-10/31/21(1)(2)
281,579 $ 50.46  —  —
11/1/21-11/30/21 —  —  —  —
12/1/21-12/31/21(1)
2,449,657 49.95 —  —
Total 2,731,236 $ 50.00  —  —
(1)During the fourth quarter of 2021, we purchased 2,449,716 AB Holding Units from employees to allow them to fulfill statutory withholding tax requirements at the time of distribution of long-term incentive compensation awards.
(2)During the fourth quarter of 2021, we purchased 281,520 AB Holding Units on the open market pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 plan to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program.
Neither we nor our affiliates bought any AB Units during the fourth quarter of 2021.
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Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Impact of COVID-19
General Economic Conditions
COVID-19 has significantly impacted the global economy since the first quarter of 2020, and its impact may persist for months to come. While most businesses have re-opened, vaccinations are progressing in most portions of the world and leading economic indicators, other than heightened inflation, have improved significantly, the overall extent and duration of COVID-19's impact on businesses and economic activity generally remains unclear.
Various countries around the world, and most areas in the U.S., have continued to experience surges in the rates of COVID-19 infections and hospitalizations, which have resulted from the emergence and spread of virus variants (particularly the "delta variant" during the second half of 2021 and the "omicron variant" more recently), greatly increased social interactions, including at colleges and universities and social venues, after re-opening of economies, and decreased usage of mitigation techniques, such as mask-wearing and social distancing, in combination with large portions of the population remaining unvaccinated. These ongoing circumstances surrounding the virus may adversely affect consumer sentiment and the durability of business re-openings, and they also may slow economic recovery and possibly cause market volatility and even a new downturn.
AB Impact
At the onset of COVID-19 during the first quarter of 2020, we quickly responded in the various jurisdictions where we operate, including the U.S., the U.K., Hong Kong, Shanghai, Singapore and Taiwan. We implemented business continuity measures, including travel restrictions and a work-from-home requirement for almost all personnel (other than a relatively small number of employees whose physical presence in our offices was considered critical), which generally remained in place throughout 2020 and 2021 to ensure operating continuity for all critical functions. We also instituted a notification process for any employee who tests positive for COVID-19 or has been exposed to someone else who has tested positive. As the COVID-19 crisis has continued to evolve since the lockdown in the first quarter of 2020, certain key functions of the business, such as Risk Management, Business Continuity, Finance and Human Capital, have maintained constant communication and monitored the evolution of the pandemic to keep our employees safe and advise of key developments. Additionally, we continue to monitor communications from the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and in the third quarter of 2021 engaged an epidemiologist on a consulting basis, to ensure we have current and accurate information.
Furthermore, we have continued to enhance our virtual programs to support business functions, such as training on cybersecurity and enhancements to our existing technology platforms, which has increased the effectiveness of our remote work force. There has been a heightened focus on the emotional well-being of our employees, and we have provided regular touch points with employees through virtual town halls and management communications. Additionally, we have maintained regular communications and updates on the virus and the Company's response, which are posted on the Company's internal website, to ensure transparent communication with our employees.
The economic impact of COVID-19 and any additional declines in the financial markets could have a significant adverse effect on our AUM and revenues, particularly if economic activity does not continue to recover and inflation continues unabated. Further, we have benefited from certain of our adjusted operating expenses declining significantly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as costs for travel and entertainment and client meetings, particularly during 2020. Although these costs increased in 2021, they have not yet returned to a normalized level. These cost savings have benefited our margins. If financial markets continue to normalize and economic activity increases, we do not anticipate continued cost savings related to COVID-19, and these savings are not indicative of our future performance. Although countries throughout the world continue to grapple with re-opening their economies, there is a significant risk that the opening process may be interrupted or reversed if infection and hospitalization rates increase. Also, any reluctance of consumers to resume spending could do long-term damage to the global economy, which would have an adverse effect on our business. Additionally, as most of our workforce continues working remotely, at least part of the time, we are mindful of increased risk related to cybersecurity, which could significantly disrupt our business functions.
Ultimately, the return to normal business and economic activity will likely require the broad application of effective vaccines. The distribution of multiple safe, effective vaccines was initiated towards the end of the fourth quarter of 2020, and the distribution of such vaccines generally increased globally throughout 2021. However, the rate of new vaccinations in the U.S. plateaued, and in some areas began to decline, by the end of the second quarter of 2021, and the rate at which vaccination "boosters" have been administered has lagged. If global vaccination rates do not improve further, a significant risk will remain that COVID-19 and/or a variant thereof, could accelerate global health concerns and, in so doing, cause heightened market and economic turmoil in the future.
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Executive Overview(1)
Our total assets under management ("AUM") as of December 31, 2021 were $778.6 billion, up $92.7 billion, or 13.5%, during 2021. The increase was driven primarily by market appreciation of $66.6 billion and net inflows of $26.1 billion (reflecting Retail net inflows of $20.8 billion, Private Wealth Management net inflows of $3.0 billion and Institutional net inflows of $2.3 billion). As previously disclosed, we expect additional redemptions by AXA of low-fee retail AUM in the first half of 2022 of approximately $5 billion.
Institutional AUM increased $21.5 billion, or 6.8%, to $337.1 billion during 2021, primarily due to market appreciation of $19.4 billion and net inflows of $2.3 billion, primarily driven by growth in active equities. Gross sales increased $0.8 billion, from $30.9 billion in 2020 to $31.7 billion in 2021. Redemptions and terminations increased $0.1 billion, from $23.3 billion in 2020 to $23.4 billion in 2021. Institutional sales and redemptions in 2021 include $8.7 billion in sales and $10.0 billion in redemptions associated with the reinsurance agreement entered into by Equitable Financial Life Insurance Company ("Equitable Financial") and a subsidiary of Venerable Holdings, Inc., pursuant to which Equitable Financial ceded to Venerable a portion of its legacy variable annuity business; AB remained the preferred investment manager for the General Account assets transferred
Retail AUM increased $54.6 billion, or 20.6%, to $319.9 billion during 2021, primarily due to market appreciation of $33.6 billion and net inflows of $20.8 billion, primarily driven by growth in active equities. Gross sales increased $21.1 billion, from $78.9 billion in 2020 to $100.0 billion in 2021. Redemptions and terminations decreased $4.4 billion, from $69.5 billion in 2020 to $65.1 billion in 2021.
Private Wealth Management AUM increased $16.6 billion, or 15.8%, to $121.6 billion during 2021, due to market appreciation of $13.6 billion and net inflows of $3.0 billion, primarily driven by growth in alternatives and multi-asset solutions. Gross sales increased $4.0 billion, from $14.3 billion in 2020 to $18.3 billion in 2021. Redemptions and terminations decreased $1.2 billion, from $16.5 billion in 2020 to $15.3 billion in 2021.
Bernstein Research Services ("Bernstein") revenue decreased $7.7 million, or 1.7%, in 2021. The decrease was due to lower trading activity driven by lower global market volatility as compared to the COVID-related volatility in 2020. This was partially offset by higher research payments across Bernstein and Autonomous Research ("Autonomous") products.
Our 2021 net revenues of $4.4 billion increased $733.1 million, or 19.8%, compared to net revenues of $3.7 billion in the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by higher base advisory fees of $486.6 million, higher distribution revenues of $122.5 million and higher performance-based fees of $112.5 million. Our operating expenses of $3.2 billion increased $424.0 million, or 15.1%, compared to operating expenses of $2.8 billion in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to higher employee compensation and benefits expenses of $221.8 million, higher promotion and servicing expenses of $153.5 million and higher general and administrative expenses of $64.5 million. Our operating income increased $309.0 million, or 34.1%, to $1.2 billion from $907.4 million in 2020 and our operating margin increased to 27.3% in 2021 from 24.6% in 2020.
Market Environment
Despite a selloff in November resulting from fears surrounding inflation and the rising cases of the omicron variant, U.S. equity markets finished higher in 2021. The S&P 500, Dow Jones Industrial Average and Nasdaq each rallied to finish the year with solid gains. With rising inflation remaining a key concern, the Federal Reserve signaled it would begin tapering its quantitative easing at a faster pace and will begin raising their target interest rate in the first half of 2022. Meanwhile, U.S. government negotiations surrounding the Build Back Better package and the Infrastructure and Investments Jobs Act continued, with concerns the fiscal stimulus could drive inflation even higher in 2022.
In the U.K., equities lagged the global gains in 2021 but rose in fourth quarter. Brexit, however, has placed constraints on labor supply and, in turn, upward pressure on wages and inflation. In response, the Bank of England raised interest rates, despite the spread of the omicron variant. In China, equities significantly underperformed global equities. The People’s Bank of China reduced the reserve requirement ratio, releasing inexpensive funds for banks to lend, and announced that this cut is not the beginning of an easing cycle, but rather a regular monetary policy action. The risks in China, however, around the property market will likely remain a key watchpoint over the coming months.

1 Percentage change figures are calculated using assets under management rounded to the nearest million, while financial statement amounts are rounded to the nearest thousand.
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MiFID II
In Europe, MiFID II, which became effective on January 3, 2018, has made significant modifications to the manner in which European broker-dealers can be compensated for research. These modifications are believed to have significantly reduced the overall research spend by European buy-side firms, which has decreased the revenues we derive from our European clients. Our European clients may continue to reduce their research budgets, which could result in a significant decline in our sell-side revenues.
Also, while MiFID II is not applicable to firms operating outside of Europe, competitive and client pressures may force buy-side firms operating outside of Europe to pay for research from their own resources instead of through bundled trading commissions. If that occurs, we would expect that research budgets from those clients will decrease further, which could result in an additional significant decline in our sell-side revenues. Additionally, these competitive and client pressures may result in our buy-side operation paying for research out of our own resources instead of through bundled trading commissions, which could increase our firm's expenses and decrease our operating income.
The ultimate impact of MiFID II on payments for research globally remains uncertain.
Relationship with EQH and its Subsidiaries
EQH (our parent company) and its subsidiaries are our largest client. EQH is collaborating with AB in order to improve the risk-adjusted yield for the General Accounts of EQH's insurance subsidiaries by investing additional assets at AB, including the utilization of AB's higher-fee, longer-duration alternative offerings. Equitable Financial has agreed to provide $10 billion in permanent capital2 over the next three years to build out AB’s private illiquid offerings, including private alternatives and private placements. We expect this anticipated capital from Equitable Financial will accelerate both organic and inorganic growth in our private alternatives business, allowing us to continue to deliver for our clients, employees, unitholders and other stakeholders.
Relocation Strategy
As previously announced, we have established our corporate headquarters in Nashville, TN, at 501 Commerce Street. Our Nashville headquarters houses Finance, IT, Operations, Legal, Compliance, Internal Audit, Human Capital, and Sales and Marketing, and at year-end we had 974 employees in Nashville. We expect to reach a total of 1,250 employees in Nashville by the end of 2024. We have been actively relocating jobs and expect this transition to take several more years. We will continue to maintain a principal location in New York City, which houses our Portfolio Management, Sell-Side Research and Trading, and New York-based Private Wealth Management businesses.
We believe relocating our corporate headquarters to Nashville affords us the opportunity to provide an improved quality of life alternative for our employees and enables us to attract and recruit new talented employees to a highly desirable location while improving the long-term cost structure of the firm.
During the transition period, which began in 2018 and is expected to continue through 2024, we currently estimate that we will incur transition costs of between $145 million to $155 million. These costs include employee relocation, severance, recruitment, and overlapping compensation and occupancy costs. Over this same period, we expect to realize total expense savings of between $205 million to $215 million. However, we did incur some transition costs before we began to realize expense savings. For the period beginning in 2018 and ending in the fourth quarter of 2021, we incurred $97 million of cumulative transition costs compared to $89 million of cumulative savings. In addition, we incurred $27 million of transition costs for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, compared to $43 million of expense savings, resulting in an overall net savings of $16 million for the period. In 2021, our net income per unit ("EPU") increased $0.06 as a result of our relocation strategy, which compares to the $0.04 EPU increase that occurred in 2020. We also expect to achieve EPU accretion in each year thereafter. Beginning in 2025, once the transition period has been completed, we estimate ongoing annual expense savings of approximately $75 million to $80 million, which will result from a combination of occupancy and compensation-related savings. Our estimates for both the transition costs and the corresponding expense savings are based on our current assumptions of employee relocation costs, severance, and overlapping compensation and occupancy costs. In addition, our estimates for both the timing of when we incur transition costs and realize the related expense savings are based on our current relocation implementation plan and the timing for execution of each phase. The actual total charges we eventually record, the related expense savings we realize, and the timing of EPU impact may differ from our current estimates as we implement each phase of our headquarters relocation.
2 Permanent capital means investment capital of indefinite duration, which may be withdrawn under certain conditions. Although Equitable Financial has indicated its intention over time to provide this investment capital to AB, which is mutually beneficial to both firms, it has no binding commitment to do so.
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During October 2018, we signed a lease, which commenced in the fourth quarter of 2020, relating to 218,976 square feet of space at our new Nashville headquarters. Our estimated total base rent obligation (excluding taxes, operating expenses and utilities) over the 15-year initial lease term is $134 million.
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Although we have presented many of our transition costs and annual expense savings with numerical specificity, and we believe these targets to be reasonable as of the date of this report, the uncertainties surrounding the assumptions we discuss above create a significant risk that these targets may not be achieved.  Accordingly, the expenses we actually incur and the savings we actually realize may differ from our targets, particularly if actual events adversely differ from one or more of our key assumptions.  The transition costs and expense savings, together with their underlying assumptions, are Forward-Looking Statements and can be affected by any of the factors discussed in “Risk Factors” and “Cautions Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this 2021 10-K. We strongly caution investors not to place undue reliance on any of these assumptions or our cost and expense targets.  Except as may be required by applicable securities laws, we are not under any obligation, and we expressly disclaim any obligation, to update or alter any assumptions, estimates, financial goals, targets, projections or other related statements that we may make.
AB Holding
AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AB Units. The AB Holding financial statements, notes to the financial statements and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with those of AB.
Results of Operations
Years Ended December 31 % Change
2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders $ 1,148,623  $ 865,952  $ 752,042  32.6  % 15.1  %
Weighted average equity ownership interest 36.2  % 35.6  % 35.4  %
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders $ 416,326  $ 308,404  $ 266,292  35.0  15.8 
Income taxes 30,483  29,024  27,729  5.0  4.7 
Net income of AB Holding $ 385,843  $ 279,380  $ 238,563  38.1  17.1 
Diluted net income per AB Holding Unit $ 3.88  $ 2.88  $ 2.49  34.7  15.7 
Distributions per AB Holding Unit (1)
$ 3.90  $ 2.91  $ 2.53  34.0  15.0 
(1)Distributions reflect the impact of AB’s non-GAAP adjustments.
AB Holding had net income of $385.8 million in 2021 compared to $279.4 million in 2020, reflecting higher net income attributable to AB Unitholders and higher weighted average equity ownership interest. AB Holding had net income of $279.4 million in 2020 compared to $238.6 million in 2019, reflecting higher net income attributable to AB Unitholders.
AB Holding's partnership gross income is derived from its interest in AB. AB Holding’s income taxes, which reflect a 3.5% federal tax on its partnership gross income from the active conduct of a trade or business, are computed by multiplying certain AB qualifying revenues (primarily U.S. investment advisory fees, brokerage commissions and direct payments for research services) by AB Holding’s ownership interest in AB, multiplied by the 3.5% tax rate. AB Holding’s effective tax rate was 7.3% in 2021, 9.4% in 2020 and 10.4% in 2019. See Note 6 to AB Holding’s financial statements in Item 8 for a further description.
As supplemental information, AB provides the performance measures “adjusted net revenues,” “adjusted operating income” and “adjusted operating margin,” which are the principal metrics management uses in evaluating and comparing the period-to-period operating performance of AB. Management principally uses these metrics in evaluating performance because they present a clearer picture of AB's operating performance and allow management to see long-term trends without the distortion primarily caused by long-term incentive compensation-related mark-to-market adjustments, real estate charges (discussed below in Adjusted Operating Income) and other adjustment items. Similarly, management believes that these management operating metrics help investors better understand the underlying trends in AB's results and, accordingly, provide a valuable perspective for investors. Such measures are not based on generally accepted accounting principles (“non-GAAP measures”). These non-GAAP measures are provided in addition to, and not as substitutes for, net revenues, operating income and operating margin, and they may not be comparable to non-GAAP measures presented by other companies. Management uses both GAAP and non-GAAP measures in evaluating the company’s financial performance. The non-GAAP measures alone may pose limitations because they do not include all of AB’s revenues and expenses. Further, adjusted diluted net income per AB Holding Unit is not a liquidity measure and should not be used in place of cash flow measures. See “Management Operating Metrics” in this Item 7.
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The impact of these adjustments on AB Holding’s net income and diluted net income per AB Holding Unit are as follows:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
AB non-GAAP adjustments, before taxes $ 2,959  $ 6,393  $ 8,648 
AB Income tax benefit (expense) on non-GAAP adjustments 71  (523) 1,070 
AB non-GAAP adjustments, after taxes 3,030  5,870  9,718 
AB Holding’s weighted average equity ownership interest in AB 36.2  % 35.6  % 35.4  %
Impact on AB Holding’s net income of AB non-GAAP adjustments $ 1,098  $ 2,090  $ 3,441 
Net income - diluted, GAAP basis $ 385,873  $ 279,436  $ 238,642 
Impact on AB Holding’s net income of AB non-GAAP adjustments 1,098  2,090  3,441 
Adjusted net income - diluted $ 386,971  $ 281,526  $ 242,083 
Diluted net income per AB Holding Unit, GAAP basis $ 3.88  $ 2.88  $ 2.49 
Impact of AB non-GAAP adjustments 0.01  0.03  0.03 
Adjusted diluted net income per AB Holding Unit $ 3.89  $ 2.91  $ 2.52 
The degree to which AB’s non-GAAP adjustments impact AB Holding’s net income fluctuates based on AB Holding's ownership percentage in AB.
Tax Legislation
For a discussion of tax legislation, see “Risk Factors - Structure-related Risks” in Item 1A.
Capital Resources and Liquidity
During the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash provided by operating activities was $355.1 million, compared to $270.0 million during the corresponding 2020 period. The increase primarily resulted from higher cash distributions received from AB of $86.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2020, net cash provided by operating activities was $270.0 million, compared to $222.8 million during the corresponding 2019 period. The increase primarily resulted from higher cash distributions received from AB of $49.5 million.
During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, net cash used in investing activities was $3.4 million, $0.1 million and $11.5 million, respectively, reflecting investments in AB with proceeds from exercises of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units.
During the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in financing activities was $351.7 million, compared to $269.9 million during the corresponding 2020 period. The increase primarily was due to higher cash distributions to Unitholders of $86.6 million, offset by higher proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units of $3.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2020, net cash used in financing activities was $269.9 million, compared to $211.2 million during the corresponding 2019 period. The increase was primarily due to higher cash distributions to Unitholders of $48.4 million, partially offset by lower proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units of $11.4 million.
Management believes that AB Holding will have the resources it needs to meet its financial obligations as a result of the cash flow AB Holding realizes from its investment in AB.
Cash Distributions
AB Holding is required to distribute all of its Available Cash Flow, as defined in the AB Holding Partnership Agreement, to its Unitholders (including the General Partner). Available Cash Flow typically is the adjusted diluted net income per unit for the quarter multiplied by the number of units outstanding at the end of the quarter. Management anticipates that Available Cash Flow will continue to be based on adjusted diluted net income per unit, unless management determines, with concurrence of the Board of Directors, that one or more adjustments made to adjusted net income should not be made with respect to the Available Cash Flow calculation. See Note 2 to AB Holding’s financial statements in Item 8 for a description of Available Cash Flow.
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Commitments and Contingencies
For a discussion of commitments and contingencies, see Note 7 to AB Holding’s financial statements in Item 8.
AB
Assets Under Management
Assets under management by distribution channel are as follows: 
  As of December 31 % Change  
  2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
  (in billions)        
Institutions $337.1  $315.6  $282.7  6.8  % 11.6  %
Retail 319.9  265.3  239.2  20.6  10.9 
Private Wealth Management 121.6  105.0  101.0  15.8  3.9 
Total $778.6  $685.9  $622.9  13.5  10.1 
Assets under management by investment service are as follows:
  As of December 31 % Change
  2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
  (in billions)    
Equity    
Actively Managed $287.6  $217.8  $177.2  32.1  % 22.9  %
Passively Managed(1)
71.6  64.5  60.1  10.9  7.3 
Total Equity 359.2  282.3  237.3  27.2  19.0 
Fixed Income      
Actively Managed      
Taxable 246.3  263.2  258.3  (6.4) 1.9 
Tax–exempt 57.1  50.3  47.1  13.6  6.7 
Total 303.4  313.5  305.4  (3.2) 2.6 
         Passively Managed(1)
13.2  8.5  9.3  55.3  (8.4)
Total Fixed Income 316.6  322.0  314.7  (1.7) 2.3 
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2)
 Actively Managed 97.3  79.1  69.3  23.0  14.2 
Passively Managed(1)
5.5  2.5  1.6  116.6  54.1 
Total Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions 102.8  81.6  70.9  25.9  15.1 
Total $778.6  $685.9  $622.9  13.5  % 10.1  %
(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.
(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services. Prior to December 31, 2020, this investment service line was disclosed as "Other." In order to reflect the increasing significance of our Alternatives and Multi-Asset Solutions services, we updated the investment service line to "Alternatives and Multi-Asset Solutions."
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Changes in assets under management during 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
  Distribution Channel
  Institutions Retail Private
Wealth
Management 		Total
  (in billions)
Balance as of December 31, 2020 $315.6  $265.3  $105.0  $685.9 
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts 31.7  100.0  18.3  150.0 
Redemptions/terminations (23.4) (65.1) (15.3) (103.8)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends (6.0) (14.1) —  (20.1)
Net long-term inflows(1)
2.3  20.8  3.0  26.1 
Transfers (0.2) 0.2  —  — 
Market appreciation 19.4  33.6  13.6  66.6 
Net change 21.5  54.6  16.6  92.7 
Balance as of December 31, 2021 $337.1  $319.9  $121.6  $778.6 
Balance as of December 31, 2019 $282.7  $239.2  $101.0  $622.9 
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts 30.9  78.9  14.3  124.1 
Redemptions/terminations (23.3) (69.5) (16.5) (109.3)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends (6.6) (11.0) 0.2  (17.4)
Net long-term inflows (outflows)(1)
1.0  (1.6) (2.0) (2.6)
Acquisitions —  0.2  —  0.2 
Transfers 1.4  (0.6) (0.8) — 
Market appreciation 30.5  28.1  6.8  65.4 
Net change 32.9  26.1  4.0  63.0 
Balance as of December 31, 2020 $315.6  $265.3  $105.0  $685.9 
(1)Institutional net flows include $1.3 billion and $11.8 billion of AXA redemptions of certain low-fee fixed income mandates for 2021 and 2020, respectively.
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  Investment Service
  Equity
Actively
Managed
Equity
Passively
Managed(1)
Fixed
Income
Actively
Managed-
Taxable 		Fixed Income
Actively
Managed-Tax-
Exempt
Fixed
Income
Passively
Managed(1)
Alternatives/
Multi-Asset
Solutions(2)
Total
(in billions)
Balance as of December 31, 2020 $217.8  $64.5  $263.2  $50.3  $8.5  $81.6  $685.9 
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts 72.9  1.4  44.9  13.5  4.6  12.7  150.0 
Redemptions/terminations (39.6) (1.1) (52.6) (7.8) (0.4) (2.3) (103.8)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends (11.4) (7.8) (2.2) 0.3  0.8  0.2  (20.1)
Net long-term inflows (outflows)(3)
21.9  (7.5) (9.9) 6.0  5.0  10.6  26.1 
Market appreciation (depreciation) 47.9  14.6  (7.0) 0.8  (0.3) 10.6  66.6 
Net change 69.8  7.1  (16.9) 6.8  4.7  21.2  92.7 
Balance as of December 31, 2021 $287.6  $71.6  $246.3  $57.1  $13.2  $102.8  $778.6 
Balance as of December 31, 2019 $177.2  $60.1  $258.3  $47.1  $9.3  $70.9  $622.9 
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts 51.4  1.7  54.3  10.3  —  6.4  124.1 
Redemptions/terminations (36.7) (1.9) (58.3) (9.5) (0.3) (2.6) (109.3)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends (7.3) (4.4) (5.8) 0.2  (1.3) 1.2  (17.4)
Net long-term inflows (outflows)(3)
7.4  (4.6) (9.8) 1.0  (1.6) 5.0  (2.6)
Acquisitions —  —  —  —  —  0.2  0.2 
Market appreciation 33.2  9.0  14.7  2.2  0.8  5.5  65.4 
Net change 40.6  4.4  4.9  3.2  (0.8) 10.7  63.0 
Balance as of December 31, 2020 $217.8  $64.5  $263.2  $50.3  $8.5  $81.6  $685.9 
(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.
(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services. Prior to December 31, 2020, this investment service line was disclosed as "Other." In order to reflect the increasing significance of our Alternatives and Multi-Asset Solutions services, we updated the investment service line to "Alternatives and Multi-Asset Solutions."
(3)Fixed income - taxable investment service net flows include $1.3 billion and $11.8 billion of AXA redemptions of certain low-fee fixed income mandates for 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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Net long-term inflows (outflows) for actively managed investment services as compared to passively managed investment services during 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
  Years Ended December 31
  2021 2020
  (in billions)
Actively Managed
Equity $ 21.9  $ 7.4 
Fixed Income (3.9) (8.8)
Alternatives/Multi- Asset Solutions 8.3  4.5 
Total 26.3  3.1 
Passively Managed    
Equity (7.5) (4.6)
Fixed Income 5.0  (1.6)
Alternatives/Multi- Asset Solutions 2.3  0.5 
Total (0.2) (5.7)
Total net long-term inflows (outflows) $ 26.1  $ (2.6)
Average assets under management by distribution channel and investment service are as follows:
  Years Ended December 31 % Change
  2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
  (in billions)    
Distribution Channel:    
Institutions $ 325.7  $ 285.9  $ 265.4  13.9  % 7.7  %
Retail 291.0  236.5  212.3  23.0  11.4 
Private Wealth Management 114.1  97.1  96.5  17.5  0.7 
Total $ 730.8  $ 619.5  $ 574.2  18.0  7.9 
Investment Service:
Equity Actively Managed $ 252.2  $ 179.8  $ 158.4  40.2  13.5 
Equity Passively Managed(1)
68.7  57.1  56.4  20.5  1.2 
Fixed Income Actively Managed – Taxable 253.1  254.4  239.7  (0.5) 6.2 
Fixed Income Actively Managed – Tax-exempt 53.8  47.9  44.6  12.3  7.5 
Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)
9.6  9.4  9.4  1.4  0.2 
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2)
93.4  70.9  65.7  31.7  7.8 
Total $ 730.8  $ 619.5  $ 574.2  18.0  7.9 
(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.
(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services. Prior to December 31, 2020, this investment service line was disclosed as "Other." In order to reflect the increasing significance of our Alternatives and Multi-Asset Solutions services, we updated the investment service line to "Alternatives and Multi-Asset Solutions."
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During 2021, our Institutional channel average AUM of $325.7 billion increased $39.8 billion, or 13.9%, compared to 2020, primarily due to this AUM increasing $21.5 billion, or 6.8%, to $337.1 billion over the last twelve months. The $21.5 billion increase in AUM resulted primarily from market appreciation of $19.4 billion and net inflows of $2.3 billion. During 2020, our Institutional channel average AUM of $285.9 billion increased $20.5 billion, or 7.7%, compared to 2019, primarily due to this AUM increasing $32.9 billion, or 11.6%, to $315.6 billion during 2020. The $32.9 billion increase in AUM resulted primarily from market appreciation of $30.5 billion and net inflows of $1.0 billion.
During 2021, our Retail channel average AUM of $291.0 billion increased $54.5 billion, or 23.0%, compared to 2020, primarily due to this AUM increasing $54.6 billion, or 20.6%, to $319.9 billion over the last twelve months. The $54.6 billion increase in AUM resulted primarily from market appreciation of $33.6 billion and net inflows of $20.8 billion. During 2020, our Retail channel average AUM of $236.5 billion increased $24.2 billion, or 11.4%, compared to 2019, primarily due to this AUM increasing $26.1 billion, or 10.9%, to $265.3 billion during 2020. The $26.1 billion increase in AUM resulted primarily from market appreciation of $28.1 billion, partially offset by net outflows of $1.6 billion.
During 2021, our Private Wealth Management channel average AUM of $114.1 billion increased $17.0 billion, or 17.5%, compared to 2020, primarily due to this AUM increasing $16.6 billion, or 15.8%, to $121.6 billion over the last twelve months. The $16.6 billion increase in AUM resulted primarily from market appreciation of $13.6 billion and net inflows of $3.0 billion. During 2020, our Private Wealth Management channel average AUM of $97.1 billion increased $0.6 billion, or 0.7%, compared to 2019, primarily due to this AUM increasing $4.0 billion, or 3.9%, to $105.0 billion during 2020. The $4.0 billion increase in AUM resulted primarily from market appreciation of $6.8 billion, partially offset by net outflows of $2.0 billion.
Absolute investment composite returns, gross of fees, and relative performance as of December 31, 2021 compared to benchmarks for certain representative Institutional equity and fixed income services are as follows:
  1-Year
3-Year(1)
5-Year(1)
Global High Income - Hedged (fixed income)
Absolute return 4.8  % 7.8  % 5.6  %
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays Global High Yield Index - Hedged) 2.3  0.7  0.3 
Global Plus - Hedged (fixed income)
Absolute return (0.5) 4.6  3.8 
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Index - Hedged) 0.9  0.6  0.4 
Intermediate Municipal Bonds (fixed income)
Absolute return 1.8  4.0  3.4 
Relative return (vs. Lipper Short/Int. Blended Muni Fund Avg) 0.9  1.0  0.8 
U.S. Strategic Core Plus (fixed income)
Absolute return (0.5) 5.5  4.2 
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Index) 1.1  0.7  0.6 
Emerging Market Debt (fixed income)
Absolute return (2.1) 6.7  4.9 
Relative return (vs. JPM EMBI Global/JPM EMBI) (0.6) 0.7  0.4 
Sustainable Global Thematic
Absolute return 23.7  31.7  23.5 
Relative return (vs. MSCI ACWI Index) 5.2  11.3  9.1 
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  1-Year
3-Year(1)
5-Year(1)
International Strategic Core Equity
Absolute return 10.8  12.3  10.4 
Relative return (vs. MSCI EAFE Index) (0.4) (1.3) 0.8 
U.S. Small & Mid Cap Value
Absolute return 37.0  20.2  11.1 
Relative return (vs. Russell 2500 Value Index) 9.2  1.9  1.3 
U.S. Strategic Value
Absolute return 28.3  16.5  9.3 
Relative return (vs. Russell 1000 Value Index) 3.1  (1.2) (1.8)
U.S. Small Cap Growth
Absolute return 10.5  33.1  26.3 
Relative return (vs. Russell 2000 Growth Index) 7.7  12.0  11.8 
U.S. Large Cap Growth
Absolute return 29.3  33.2  26.4 
Relative return (vs. Russell 1000 Growth Index) 1.7  (0.8) 1.1 
U.S. Small & Mid Cap Growth
Absolute return 11.9  31.5  23.9 
Relative return (vs. Russell 2500 Growth Index) 6.9  6.4  6.3 
Concentrated U.S. Growth
Absolute return 32.4  31.3  23.6 
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index) 3.7  5.3  5.1 
Select U.S. Equity
Absolute return 31.2  25.9  18.7 
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index) 2.5  (0.2) 0.3 
Strategic Equities
Absolute return 26.9  23.7  16.3 
Relative return (vs. Russell 3000 Index) 1.2  (2.0) (1.6)
Global Core Equity
Absolute return 19.4  19.6  15.6 
Relative return (vs. MSCI ACWI Index) 0.8  (0.8) 1.2 
U.S. Strategic Core Equity
Absolute return 25.1  21.4  15.6 
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index) (3.7) (4.7) (2.9)
Select U.S. Equity Long/Short
Absolute return 19.4  16.6  12.5 
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index) (9.3) (9.5) (6.0)
(1)Reflects annualized returns.
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Consolidated Results of Operations
  Years Ended December 31 % Change
  2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
  (in thousands, except per unit amounts)    
Net revenues $ 4,441,602  $ 3,708,536  $ 3,518,432  19.8  % 5.4  %
Expenses 3,225,140  2,801,100  2,694,995  15.1  3.9 
Operating income 1,216,462  907,436  823,437  34.1  10.2 
Income taxes 62,728  45,653  41,754  37.4  9.3 
Net income 1,153,734  861,783  781,683  33.9  10.2 
Net income (loss) of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests 5,111  (4,169) 29,641  n/m n/m
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders $ 1,148,623  $ 865,952  $ 752,042  32.6  15.1 
Diluted net income per AB Unit $ 4.18  $ 3.19  $ 2.78  31.0  14.7 
Distributions per AB Unit $ 4.19  $ 3.20  $ 2.82  30.9  13.5 
Operating margin(1)
27.3  % 24.6  % 22.6  %    
(1)Operating income excluding net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests as a percentage of net revenues.
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased $282.7 million from the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase primarily is due to (in millions):
Higher base advisory fees $ 486.6 
Higher distribution revenues 122.5 
Higher performance-based fees 112.5 
Higher employee compensation and benefits (221.8)
Higher promotion and servicing expenses (153.5)
Higher general and administrative expenses (64.5)
Other 0.9 
$ 282.7 
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $113.9 million from the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase primarily was due to (in millions):
Higher base advisory fees $ 90.4 
Higher distribution revenues 74.7 
Higher Bernstein Research Services revenue 51.8 
Higher net income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interest 33.8 
Lower performance-based fees 33.0 
Higher promotion and servicing expenses (63.6)
Higher investment losses (55.1)
Higher employee compensation and benefits (51.4)
Other 0.3 
  $ 113.9 
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Units Outstanding
Each quarter, we consider whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). A plan of this type allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or because it possesses material non-public information. Each broker we select has the authority to repurchase AB Holding Units on our behalf in accordance with the terms and limitations specified in the plan. Repurchases are subject to regulations promulgated by the SEC, as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the plan. There was no plan adopted during the fourth quarter of 2021. We may adopt additional plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes.
Cash Distributions
We are required to distribute all of our Available Cash Flow, as defined in the AB Partnership Agreement, to our Unitholders and the General Partner. Available Cash Flow typically is the adjusted diluted net income per unit for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests at the end of the quarter. In future periods, management anticipates that Available Cash Flow will continue to be based on adjusted diluted net income per unit, unless management determines, with concurrence of the Board of Directors, that one or more adjustments that are made for adjusted net income should not be made with respect to the Available Cash Flow calculation. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 for a description of Available Cash Flow.
Management Operating Metrics
We are providing the non-GAAP measures “adjusted net revenues,” “adjusted operating income” and “adjusted operating margin” because they are the principal operating metrics management uses in evaluating and comparing period-to-period operating performance. Management principally uses these metrics in evaluating performance because they present a clearer picture of our operating performance and allow management to see long-term trends without the distortion primarily caused by long-term incentive compensation-related mark-to-market adjustments, real estate charges and other adjustment items. Similarly, we believe that these management operating metrics help investors better understand the underlying trends in our results and, accordingly, provide a valuable perspective for investors.
These non-GAAP measures are provided in addition to, and not as substitutes for, net revenues, operating income and operating margin, and they may not be comparable to non-GAAP measures presented by other companies. Management uses both accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP") and non-GAAP measures in evaluating our financial performance. The non-GAAP measures alone may pose limitations because they do not include all of our revenues and expenses.
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Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Net revenues, US GAAP basis $ 4,441,602  $ 3,708,536  $ 3,518,432 
Adjustments:
Distribution-related adjustments:
Distribution revenues (652,240) (529,781) (455,043)
Investment advisory services fees (90,242) (66,858) (47,951)
Pass through adjustments:
Investment advisory services fees (40,628) (18,279) (20,914)
Other revenues (37,209) (39,333) (35,926)
Impact of consolidated company-sponsored funds (6,933) 954  (33,044)
Long-term incentive compensation-related investment gains and dividend and interest (6,694) (6,772) (8,939)
Write-down of investment 1,880  859  — 
Adjusted net revenues $ 3,609,536  $ 3,049,326  $ 2,916,615 
Operating income, US GAAP basis $ 1,216,462  $ 907,436  $ 823,437 
Adjustments:
Real estate (3,162) 2,880  2,623 
Long-term incentive compensation-related items 687  (83) 1,217 
EQH award compensation 940  802  1,125 
Write-down of investment 1,880  859  — 
Acquisition-related expenses 3,214  3,301  6,734 
Contingent payment arrangements (600) (1,366) (3,051)
Sub-total of non-GAAP adjustments 2,959  6,393  8,648 
Less: Net income (loss) of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests 5,111  (4,169) 29,641 
Adjusted operating income 1,214,310  917,998  802,444 
Adjusted income taxes 62,658  46,176  40,684 
Adjusted net income $ 1,151,652  $ 871,822  $ 761,760 
Diluted net income per AB Unit, GAAP basis $ 4.18  $ 3.19  $ 2.78 
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments 0.02  0.02  0.03 
Adjusted diluted net income per AB Unit $ 4.20  $ 3.21  $ 2.81 
Operating margin, GAAP basis 27.3  % 24.6  % 22.6  %
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments 6.3  5.5  4.9 
Adjusted operating margin 33.6  % 30.1  % 27.5  %
Adjusted operating income for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased $296.3 million, or 32.3%, from the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to higher investment advisory base fees of $460.9 million and higher performance-based fees of $91.7 million, partially offset by higher employee compensation and benefits expenses of $221.4 million and higher general and administrative expenses of $49.2 million.
Adjusted operating income for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $115.6 million, or 14.4%, from the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to higher investment advisory base fees of $74.1 million, higher Bernstein Research Services revenue of $51.8 million, lower promotion and servicing expenses of $33.4 million and higher performance-based fees of $33.2 million, partially offset by higher employee compensation expenses (excluding the impact of long-term incentive compensation-related items) of $56.1 million and higher net investment losses of $22.8 million.
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Adjusted Net Revenues
Net Revenue, as adjusted, is reduced to exclude all of the company's distribution revenues, which are recorded as a separate line item on the consolidated statement of income, as well as a portion of investment advisory services fees received that is used to pay distribution and servicing costs. For certain products, based on the distinct arrangements, certain distribution fees are collected by us and passed through to third-party client intermediaries, while for certain other products, we collect investment advisory services fees and a portion is passed through to third-party client intermediaries. In both arrangements, the third-party client intermediary owns the relationship with the client and is responsible for performing services and distributing the product to the client on our behalf. We believe offsetting distribution revenues and certain investment advisory services fees is useful for our investors and other users of our financial statements because such presentation appropriately reflects the nature of these costs as pass-through payments to third parties that perform functions on behalf of our sponsored mutual funds and/or shareholders of these funds. Distribution-related adjustments fluctuate each period based on the type of investment products sold, as well as the average AUM over the period. Also, we adjust distribution revenues for the amortization of deferred sales commissions as these costs, over time, will offset such revenues.
We adjust investment advisory and services fees and other revenues for pass through costs, primarily related to our transfer agent and shareholder servicing fees. These fees do not affect operating income, but they do affect our operating margin. As such, we exclude these fees from adjusted net revenues.
We adjust for the revenue impact of consolidating company-sponsored investment funds by eliminating the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds' revenues and including AB's fees from such consolidated company-sponsored investment funds and AB's investment gains and losses on its investments in such consolidated company-sponsored investment funds that were eliminated in consolidation.
Also, adjusted net revenues exclude investment gains and losses and dividends and interest on employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments.
During the fourth quarter of 2021, we wrote down an equity method investment; this write down brought the investment balance to zero. Additionally, during the first quarter of 2020, we wrote-down an investment that had been received in exchange for the sale of software technology; the write-down brought the investment balance to zero. Previously, we had been excluding the investment from adjusted net revenues.
Adjusted Operating Income
Adjusted operating income represents operating income on a US GAAP basis excluding (1) real estate charges (credits), (2) the impact on net revenues and compensation expense of the investment gains and losses (as well as the dividends and interest) associated with employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments, (3) our senior management's EQH award compensation, as discussed below, (4) the write-down of investments (discussed immediately above), (5) acquisition-related expenses, (6) adjustments to contingent payment arrangements, and (7) the impact of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.
Real estate charges (credits) incurred during the fourth quarter of 2019 through the fourth quarter of 2020, while excluded in the period in which the charges (credits) were recorded, are included ratably over the remaining applicable lease term.
Prior to 2009, a significant portion of employee compensation was in the form of long-term incentive compensation awards that were notionally invested in AB investment services and generally vested over a period of four years. AB economically hedged the exposure to market movements by purchasing and holding these investments on its balance sheet. All such investments had vested as of year-end 2012 and the investments have been delivered to the participants, except for those investments with respect to which the participant elected a long-term deferral. Fluctuation in the value of these investments, which also impacts compensation expense, is recorded within investment gains and losses on the income statement. Management believes it is useful to reflect the offset achieved from economically hedging the market exposure of these investments in the calculation of adjusted operating income and adjusted operating margin. The non-GAAP measures exclude gains and losses and dividends and interest on employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments included in revenues and compensation expense.
The board of directors of EQH granted to Seth P. Bernstein, our CEO, equity awards in connection with EQH's IPO. Additionally, equity awards were granted to Mr. Bernstein and other members of AB's senior management for their membership on the EQH Management Committee. These individuals may receive additional equity or cash compensation from EQH in the future related to their service on the Management Committee. Any awards granted to these individuals by EQH are recorded as compensation expense in AB’s consolidated statement of income. The compensation expense associated with these awards has been excluded from our non-GAAP measures because they are non-cash and are based upon EQH's, and not AB's, financial performance.
The write-down of investments discussed above in Adjusted Net Revenues have been excluded due to their non-recurring nature and because they are not part of our core operating results.
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Acquisition-related expenses have been excluded because they are not considered part of our core operating results when comparing financial results from period to period and to industry peers. During 2021 and 2020, these expenses included an intangible asset impairment charge of $1.0 million and $1.5 million, respectively, relating to our 2016 acquisition.
The recording of changes in estimates of contingent consideration payable with respect to contingent payment arrangements associated with our acquisitions are not considered part of our core operating results and, accordingly, have been excluded.
We adjusted for the operating income impact of consolidating certain company-sponsored investment funds by eliminating the consolidated company-sponsored funds' revenues and expenses and including AB's revenues and expenses that were eliminated in consolidation. We also excluded the limited partner interests we do not own.
Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Diluted Net Income per AB Unit
As previously discussed, our quarterly distribution is typically our adjusted diluted net income per unit (which is derived from adjusted net income) for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests at the end of the quarter. Adjusted income taxes, used in calculating adjusted net income, are calculated using the GAAP effective tax rate adjusted for non-GAAP income tax adjustments.
Adjusted Operating Margin
Adjusted operating margin allows us to monitor our financial performance and efficiency from period to period without the volatility noted above in our discussion of adjusted operating income and to compare our performance to industry peers on a basis that better reflects our performance in our core business. Adjusted operating margin is derived by dividing adjusted operating income by adjusted net revenues.
Net Revenues
The components of net revenues are as follows:
  Years Ended December 31 % Change
  2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
  (in thousands)    
Investment advisory and services fees:    
Institutions:    
Base fees $ 540,478  $ 458,449  $ 451,125  17.9  % 1.6  %
Performance-based fees 45,580  53,351  27,839  (14.6) 91.6 
  586,058  511,800  478,964  14.5  6.9 
Retail:
Base fees 1,442,178  1,186,560  1,076,495  21.5  10.2 
Performance-based fees 50,669  24,412  22,510  107.6  8.4 
  1,492,847  1,210,972  1,099,005  23.3  10.2 
Private Wealth Management:
Base fees 966,749  817,801  844,809  18.2  (3.2)
Performance-based fees 148,870  54,863  49,266  171.3  11.4 
  1,115,619  872,664  894,075  27.8  (2.4)
Total:
Base fees 2,949,405  2,462,810  2,372,429  19.8  3.8 
Performance-based fees 245,119  132,626  99,615  84.8  33.1 
  3,194,524  2,595,436  2,472,044  23.1  5.0 
Bernstein Research Services 452,017  459,744  407,911  (1.7) 12.7 
Distribution revenues 652,240  529,781  455,043  23.1  16.4 
Dividend and interest income 38,734  50,923  104,421  (23.9) (51.2)
Investment (losses) gains (636) (16,401) 38,659  (96.1) n/m
Other revenues 108,409  104,703  97,559  3.5  7.3 
Total revenues 4,445,288  3,724,186  3,575,637  19.4  4.2 
Less: Interest expense 3,686  15,650  57,205  (76.4) (72.6)
Net revenues $ 4,441,602  $ 3,708,536  $ 3,518,432  19.8  5.4 
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Investment Advisory and Services Fees
Investment advisory and services fees are the largest component of our revenues. These fees generally are calculated as a percentage of the value of AUM as of a specified date, or as a percentage of the value of average AUM for the applicable billing period, and vary with the type of investment service, the size of account and the total amount of assets we manage for a particular client. Accordingly, fee income generally increases or decreases as AUM increase or decrease and is affected by market appreciation or depreciation, the addition of new client accounts or client contributions of additional assets to existing accounts, withdrawals of assets from and termination of client accounts, purchases and redemptions of mutual fund shares, shifts of assets between accounts or products with different fee structures, and acquisitions. Our average basis points realized (investment advisory and services fees divided by average AUM) generally approximate 30 to 105 basis points for actively-managed equity services, 10 to 70 basis points for actively-managed fixed income services and 2 to 40 basis points for passively-managed services. Average basis points realized for other services could range from 4 basis points for certain Institutional third party managed services to over 100 basis points for certain Retail and Private Wealth Management alternative services. These ranges include all-inclusive fee arrangements (covering investment management, trade execution and other services) for our Private Wealth Management clients.
We calculate AUM using established market-based valuation methods and fair valuation (non-observable market) methods. Market-based valuation methods include: last sale/settle prices from an exchange for actively-traded listed equities, options and futures; evaluated bid prices from recognized pricing vendors for fixed income, asset-backed or mortgage-backed issues; mid prices from recognized pricing vendors and brokers for credit default swaps; and quoted bids or spreads from pricing vendors and brokers for other derivative products. Fair valuation methods include: discounted cash flow models or any other methodology that is validated and approved by our Valuation Committee (see paragraph immediately below for more information regarding our Valuation Committee). Fair valuation methods are used only where AUM cannot be valued using market-based valuation methods, such as in the case of private equity or illiquid securities.
The Valuation Committee, which consists of senior officers and employees, is responsible for overseeing the pricing and valuation of all investments held in client and AB portfolios. The Valuation Committee has adopted a Statement of Pricing Policies describing principles and policies that apply to pricing and valuing investments held in these portfolios. We also have a Pricing Group, which reports to the Valuation Committee and is responsible for overseeing the pricing process for all investments.
We sometimes charge our clients performance-based fees. In these situations, we charge a base advisory fee and are eligible to earn an additional performance-based fee or incentive allocation that is calculated as either a percentage of absolute investment results or a percentage of investment results in excess of a stated benchmark over a specified period of time. Some performance-based fees include a high-watermark provision, which generally provides that if a client account underperforms relative to its performance target (whether absolute or relative to a specified benchmark), it must gain back such underperformance before we can collect future performance-based fees. Therefore, if we fail to achieve our performance target for a particular period, we will not earn a performance-based fee for that period and, for accounts with a high-watermark provision, our ability to earn future performance-based fees will be impaired. We are eligible to earn performance-based fees on 6.7%, 8.7% and 0.6% of the assets we manage for institutional clients, private wealth clients and retail clients, respectively (in total, 4.5% of our AUM).
Our investment advisory and services fees increased by $599.1 million, or 23.1%, in 2021, due to a $486.6 million, or 19.8%, increase in base fees and a $112.5 million increase in performance-based fees. The increase in base fees is primarily due to an 18.0% increase in average AUM, as well as a slight increase in our portfolio fee rate. Our investment advisory and services fees increased by $123.4 million, or 5.0%, in 2020, due to a $90.4 million, or 3.8%, increase in base fees and a $33.0 million increase in performance-based fees. The increase in base fees is primarily due to a 7.9% increase in average AUM, partially offset by a lower portfolio fee rate.
Performance-based fees increased $112.5 million, or 84.8%, in 2021, primarily due to higher performance fees earned on Private Credit Services, U.S. Real Estate Funds, Financial Services Opportunities and U.S. Select Equity, partially offset by lower Arya Partners fees. Performance-based fees increased $33.0 million, or 33.1%, in 2020, primarily due to higher performance-based fees earned on Arya Partners, partially offset by lower Private Credit Services fees.
Institutional investment advisory and services fees increased $74.3 million, or 14.5%, in 2021, due to an increase in base fees of $82.0 million, or 17.9%, partially offset by a decrease in performance-based fees of $7.8 million. The increase in base fees is primarily due to a 13.9% increase in average AUM, an increase in the portfolio fee rate and a shift in product mix from fixed income to active equities and alternatives, which generally earn higher fees. Institutional investment advisory and services fees increased $32.8 million, or 6.9%, in 2020, due to an increase in in performance-based fees of $25.5 million and an increase in base fees of $7.3 million, or 1.6%. The increase in base fees was primarily due to a 7.7% increase in average AUM, partially offset by a lower portfolio fee rate.
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Retail investment advisory and services fees increased $281.9 million, or 23.3%, in 2021, due to an increase in base fees of $255.6 million, or 21.5%, and a $26.3 million increase in performance-based fees. The increase in base fees is primarily due to a 23.0% increase in average AUM. Retail investment advisory and services fees increased $112.0 million, or 10.2%, in 2020, due to an increase in base fees of $110.1 million, or 10.2%, and a $1.9 million increase in performance-based fees. The increase in performance-based fees was primarily due to a 11.4% increase in average AUM, partially offset by a lower portfolio fee rate.
Private Wealth Management investment advisory and services fees increased by $243.0 million, or 27.8%, in 2021, due to a increase in base fees of $148.9 million, or 18.2%, and a $94.0 million increase in performance-based fees. The increase in base fees is primarily due to a 17.5% increase in average AUM. Private Wealth Management investment advisory and services fees decreased $21.4 million, or 2.4%, in 2020, due to an decrease in base fees of $27.0 million, or 3.2%, partially offset by a increase in performance-based fees of $5.6 million. The decrease in base fees was primarily due to the impact of a lower portfolio fee rate, as well as a product mix shift with high fee value equity strategies representing a lower percentage of our total AUM than in prior periods.
Bernstein Research Services
We earn revenues for providing investment research to, and executing brokerage transactions for, institutional clients. These clients compensate us principally by directing us to execute brokerage transactions on their behalf, for which we earn commissions, and to a lesser extent, but increasingly, by paying us directly for research through commission sharing agreements or cash payments.
Revenues from Bernstein Research Services decreased $7.7 million, or 1.7%, in 2021. The decrease was due to lower trading activity driven by lower global market volatility as compared to the COVID-related volatility in 2020. This was partially offset by higher research payments across Bernstein and Autonomous products.
Revenues from Bernstein Research Services increased $51.8 million, or 12.7%, in 2020. The increase was due to higher market volatility in 2020, particularly between March and June 2020, primarily as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to higher customer activity and greater global trading volumes. Any decreases in customer activity and trading volumes will have a corresponding effect on Bernstein Research Services revenue. Furthermore, all of 2020 included revenues from our acquisition of Autonomous (which closed on April 1, 2019).
Distribution Revenues
Two of our subsidiaries act as distributors and/or placement agents of company-sponsored mutual funds and receive distribution services fees from certain of those funds as full or partial reimbursement of the distribution expenses they incur. Period-over-period fluctuations of distribution revenues typically are in line with fluctuations of the corresponding average AUM of these mutual funds.
Distribution revenues increased $122.5 million, or 23.1%, in 2021, primarily due to the corresponding average AUM of these mutual funds increasing 17.2%. Distribution revenues increased $74.7 million, or 16.4%, in 2020, primarily due to the corresponding average AUM of these mutual funds increasing 13.2%.
Dividend and Interest Income and Interest Expense
Dividend and interest income consists primarily of investment income and interest earned on customer margin balances and U.S. Treasury Bills as well as dividend and interest income in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Interest expense principally reflects interest accrued on cash balances in customers’ brokerage accounts.
Dividend and interest income decreased $12.2 million, or 23.9%, in 2021, primarily due to lower interest earned on U.S. Treasury Bills as well as lower dividend and interest income in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Interest expense decreased $12.0 million, or 76.4%, in 2021, due to lower interest paid on cash balances in customers' brokerage accounts.
Dividend and interest income decreased $53.5 million, or 51.2%, in 2020, primarily due to lower interest earned on customer margin balances and U.S. Treasury Bills, as well as lower dividend and interest income in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Interest expense decreased $41.6 million, or 72.6%, in 2020, due to lower interest paid on cash balances in customers' brokerage accounts.
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Investment Gains (Losses)
Investment gains (losses) consist primarily of realized and unrealized investment gains or losses on: (i) employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments, (ii) U.S. Treasury Bills, (iii) market-making in exchange-traded options and equities, (iv) seed capital investments, (v) derivatives and (vi) investments in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Investment gains (losses) also include equity in earnings of proprietary investments in limited partnership hedge funds that we sponsor and manage.
Investment gains (losses) are as follows:
  Years Ended December 31
  2021 2020 2019
  (in thousands)
Long-term incentive compensation-related investments:
Realized gains $ 2,213  $ 2,655  $ 1,672 
Unrealized gains 2,446  2,914  5,859 
Investments held by consolidated company-sponsored investment funds:
Realized (losses) gains (2,341) 3,357  9,378 
Unrealized (losses) gains (1,882) (854) 36,150 
Seed capital investments:  
Realized gains (losses)  
Seed capital and other 20,263  25,002  17,301 
Derivatives (22,313) (30,343) (30,320)
Unrealized (losses) gains  
Seed capital and other (6,907) (12,387) 7,510 
Derivatives 8,992  (5,220) (8,013)
Brokerage-related investments:  
Realized (losses) (829) (1,188) (1,209)
Unrealized (losses) gains (278) (337) 331 
  $ (636) $ (16,401) $ 38,659 
Other Revenues
Other revenues consist of fees earned for transfer agency services provided to company-sponsored mutual funds, fees earned for administration and recordkeeping services provided to company-sponsored mutual funds and the General Accounts of EQH and its subsidiaries, and other miscellaneous revenues. Other revenues increased $3.7 million, or 3.5%, in 2021, primarily due to higher shareholder servicing fees, partially offset by lower brokerage income. Other revenues increased $7.1 million, or 7.3%, in 2020, primarily due to higher shareholder servicing fees, higher brokerage income and higher mutual fund reimbursements, partially offset by lower investment income related to our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.
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Expenses
The components of expenses are as follows:
  Years Ended December 31 % Change
  2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
  (in thousands)    
Employee compensation and benefits $ 1,716,013  $ 1,494,198  $ 1,442,783  14.8  % 3.6  %
Promotion and servicing:          
Distribution-related payments 708,117  569,283  487,965  24.4  16.7 
Amortization of deferred sales commissions 34,364  27,355  15,029  25.6  82.0 
Trade execution, marketing, T&E and other 197,486  189,787  219,860  4.1  (13.7)
  939,967  786,425  722,854  19.5  8.8 
General and administrative:          
General and administrative 555,608  485,544  484,750  14.4  0.2 
Real estate charges —  5,526  3,324  (100.0) 66.2 
  555,608  491,070  488,074  13.1  0.6 
Contingent payment arrangements 2,710  1,855  (510) 46.1  n/m
Interest on borrowings 5,145  6,180  13,035  (16.7) (52.6)
Amortization of intangible assets 5,697  21,372  28,759  (73.3) (25.7)
Total $ 3,225,140  $ 2,801,100  $ 2,694,995  15.1  3.9 
Employee Compensation and Benefits
Employee compensation and benefits consist of base compensation (including salaries and severance), annual short-term incentive compensation awards (cash bonuses), annual long-term incentive compensation awards, commissions, fringe benefits and other employment costs (including recruitment, training, temporary help and meals).
Compensation expense as a percentage of net revenues was 38.6%, 40.3% and 41.0% for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Compensation expense generally is determined on a discretionary basis and is primarily a function of our firm’s current-year financial performance. The amounts of incentive compensation we award are designed to motivate, reward and retain top talent while aligning our executives' interests with the interests of our Unitholders. Senior management, with the approval of the Compensation and Workplace Practices Committee of the Board of Directors of AllianceBernstein Corporation (“Compensation Committee”), periodically confirms that the appropriate metric to consider in determining the amount of incentive compensation is the ratio of adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense to adjusted net revenues. Adjusted net revenues used in the adjusted compensation ratio are the same as the adjusted net revenues presented as a non-GAAP measure (discussed earlier in this Item 7). Adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense is total employee compensation and benefits expense minus other employment costs such as recruitment, training, temporary help and meals (which were 0.9%, 0.9% and 1.2% of adjusted net revenues for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively), and excludes the impact of mark-to-market vesting expense, as well as dividends and interest expense, associated with employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments and the amortization expense associated with the awards issued by EQH to some of our firm's senior management relating to their roles as members of the EQH Management Committee. Senior management, with the approval of the Compensation Committee, has established as an objective that adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense generally should not exceed 50% of our adjusted net revenues, except in unexpected or unusual circumstances. Our ratios of adjusted compensation expense as a percentage of adjusted net revenues were 46.5%, 47.9% and 47.9%, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
In 2021, employee compensation and benefits expense increased $221.8 million, or 14.8%, primarily due to higher incentive compensation of $124.6 million, higher base compensation of $48.9 million (primarily higher base salaries), higher commissions of $25.0 million, higher fringes of $20.1 million and higher other employment costs of $3.3 million. In 2020, employee compensation and benefits expense increased $51.4 million, or 3.6%, primarily due to higher incentive compensation of $58.8 million and higher base compensation of $13.5 million (primarily higher base salaries), offset by lower fringes of $8.5 million, lower commissions of $6.2 million and lower other employment costs of $6.2 million.
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Promotion and Servicing
Promotion and servicing expenses include distribution-related payments to financial intermediaries for distribution of AB mutual funds and amortization of deferred sales commissions paid to financial intermediaries for the sale of back-end load shares of AB mutual funds. Also included in this expense category are costs related to trade execution and clearance, travel and entertainment, advertising and promotional materials.
Promotion and servicing expenses increased $153.5 million, or 19.5%, in 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher distribution-related payments of $138.8 million, higher transfer fees of $10.1 million, higher amortization of deferred sales commissions of $7.0 million and higher marketing expenses of $4.9 million, partially offset by lower trade execution and clearance expenses of $7.4 million. Promotion and servicing expenses increased $63.6 million, or 8.8%, in 2020. The increase primarily was due to higher distribution-related payments of $81.3 million, higher amortization of deferred sales commissions of $12.3 million, higher trade execution and clearance expenses of $7.9 million and higher transfer fees of $4.8 million, offset by lower travel and entertainment expenses of $34.3 million and lower marketing expense of $8.4 million. The decrease in travel and entertainment and marketing expense was primarily as a result of cost savings associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses include portfolio services fees, technology fees, professional fees and office-related expenses (occupancy, communications and similar expenses). General and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 12.5%, 13.2% and 13.9% for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. General and administrative expenses increased $64.5 million, or 13.1%, in 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher portfolio services fees of $34.0 million, higher technology fees of $14.3 million, higher office-related expenses of $7.6 million, higher professional fees of $6.6 million and an unfavorable foreign exchange translation impact of $5.2 million, partially offset by lower charitable contributions of $4.9 million. General and administrative expenses increased $3.0 million, or 0.6%, during 2020, primarily due to higher technology fees of $4.7 million, higher charitable contributions of $3.9 million, higher portfolio service fees of $3.6 million, higher real estate charges of $2.2 million and higher other taxes of $1.6 million, partially offset by lower professional fees of $9.1 million and lower office-related expenses of $3.5 million.
Contingent Payment Arrangements
Contingent payment arrangements reflect changes in estimates of contingent payment liabilities associated with acquisitions in previous periods, as well as accretion expense of these liabilities. The expense of $2.7 million for 2021 reflects accretion expense of $3.3 million, offset by the change in estimate of the contingent consideration payable relating to our 2016 acquisition of $0.6 million. The expense of $1.9 million for 2020 reflects accretion expense of $3.3 million, offset by the change in estimate of the contingent consideration payable relating to our 2016 acquisition of $1.4 million.
Interest on Borrowings
Interest expense decreased $1.0 million, or 16.7%, in 2021, reflecting lower interest rates partially offset by higher weighted average borrowings. Average daily borrowings for both the EQH facility and commercial paper were $561.6 million at a weighted average interest rate of 0.2% during 2021 compared to $554.0 million and 0.5% during 2020. Interest expense decreased 52.6% in 2020, reflecting lower interest rates partially offset by higher weighted average borrowings. Average daily borrowings for both the EQH facility and commercial paper were $554.0 million at a weighted average interest rate of 0.5% during 2020 compared to $436.9 million and 2.5% during 2019.
Amortization of Intangible Assets
Amortization of intangible assets reflects our amortization of costs assigned to acquired investment management contracts with a finite life. These assets are recognized at fair value and generally are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life. Amortization of intangible assets decreased $15.7 million, or 73.3%, and $7.4 million, or 25.7%, in 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in both periods was primarily due to the full amortization of intangible assets related to the Bernstein acquisition as of September 30, 2020. As a result, $5.2 million of quarterly amortization expense ceased after the third quarter of 2020.
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Income Taxes
AB, a private limited partnership, is not subject to federal or state corporate income taxes. However, AB is subject to a 4.0% New York City unincorporated business tax (“UBT”). Our domestic corporate subsidiaries are subject to federal, state and local income taxes, and generally are included in the filing of a consolidated federal income tax return. Separate state and local income tax returns also are filed. Foreign corporate subsidiaries generally are subject to taxes in the jurisdictions where they are located.
Income tax expense increased $17.1 million, or 37.4%, in 2021 compared to 2020. This increase is due to higher pre-tax book income which resulted in a higher effective tax rate in 2021 of 5.2% compared to 5.0% in 2020.
Income tax expense increased $3.9 million, or 9.3%, in 2020 compared to 2019. This increase is due to higher pre-tax book income, offset by a slightly lower effective tax rate in 2020 of 5.0% compared to 5.1% in 2019. The decrease in our effective tax rate was driven by a reduction of one-time discrete items.
Net Income (Loss) of Consolidated Entities Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests
Net income (loss) of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests primarily consists of limited partner interests owned by other investors in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. In 2021, we had $5.1 million of net income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests, primarily due to gains on investments held by our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. In 2020, we had $4.2 million of net losses of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests, primarily due to losses on investments held by our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. In 2019 we had $29.6 million of net gains of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests, primarily due to gains on investments held by our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.
Capital Resources and Liquidity
Cash flows from operating activities primarily include the receipt of investment advisory and services fees and other revenues offset by the payment of operating expenses incurred in the normal course of business. Our cash flows from operating activities have historically been positive and sufficient in supporting our operations. We do not anticipate this to change in the foreseeable future. Cash flows from investing activities generally consist of small capital expenditures and, when applicable, business acquisitions. Cash flows from financing activities primarily consist of issuance and repayment of debt and the repurchase of AB Holding units to fund our long-term deferred compensation plans. We are required to distribute all of our Available Cash Flow to our Unitholders and the General Partner.
During 2021, net cash provided by operating activities was $1.3 billion, compared to $1.5 billion during 2020. The change primarily was due to net activity of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds of $560.6 million, an increase in other assets of $75.7 million and higher net purchases of broker-dealer investments of $33.3 million, partially offset by higher earnings of $346.2 million, an increase in broker-dealer related payables (net of receivable and segregated U.S. Treasury Bills activity) of $72.9 million and an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $25.2 million. During 2020, net cash provided by operating activities was $1.5 billion, compared to $827.5 million during 2019. The change primarily was due to net activity of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds of $468.2 million, an increase in broker-dealer related payables (net of receivable and segregated U.S. Treasury Bills activity) of $368.0 million, a decrease in other assets of $92.3 million, an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $67.2 million and an increase in accrued compensation of $54.4 million, partially offset by higher net purchases of broker-dealer investments of $454.1 million.
During 2021, net cash used in investing activities was $65.7 million, compared to $59.1 million during 2020. The change is primarily due to higher purchases of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements of $20.4 million, partially offset by lower cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, of $9.8 million and lower purchases of equity method investments of $4.1 million. During 2020, net cash used in investing activities was $59.1 million, compared to $23.0 million during 2019. The change is primarily due to $13.6 million paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, $4.1 million paid for equity method investments and higher purchases of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements of $13.2 million.
During 2021, net cash used in financing activities was $0.9 billion, compared to $1.1 billion during 2020. The change reflects the net purchases of non-controlling interests of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds in 2021 as compared to net redemptions in 2020 (impact of $532.7 million), partially offset by higher distributions to the General Partner and Unitholders of $223.0 million as a result of higher earnings (distributions on earnings are paid one quarter in arrears) and an increase in the net purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plans of $113.2 million. During 2020, net cash used in financing activities was $1.1 billion, compared to $775.0 million during 2019. The change reflects higher redemptions of non-controlling interests of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds of $369.1 million and higher distributions to the General Partner and Unitholders of $133.4 million, partially offset by higher net proceeds of debt of $112.9 million and an increase in overdrafts payable of $47.3 million.
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As of December 31, 2021, AB had $1.3 billion of cash and cash equivalents (excluding cash and cash equivalents of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds), all of which is available for liquidity but consist primarily of cash on deposit for our broker-dealers related to various customer clearing activities, and cash held by foreign subsidiaries of $675.3 million.
Debt and Credit Facilities
See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for disclosures relating to our debt and credit facilities.
Our financial condition and access to public and private debt markets should provide adequate liquidity for our general business needs. Management believes that cash flow from operations and the issuance of debt and AB Units or AB Holding Units will provide us with the resources we need to meet our financial obligations. See “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and “Cautions Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Item 7 for a discussion of credit markets and our ability to renew our credit facilities at expiration.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations
Guarantees
Under various circumstances, AB guarantees the obligations of its consolidated subsidiaries.
AB maintains a guarantee in connection with an $800 million committed, unsecured senior revolving credit facility (the "Credit Facility"). If SCB LLC is unable to meet its obligations, AB will pay the obligations when due or on demand. In addition, during 2021 AB established two additional uncommitted lines of credit for $100.0 million and $50.0 million, respectively, which are available for both AB's and SCB LLC's business. AB has guaranteed the obligations of SCB LLC under these lines of credit. AB maintains guarantees totaling $415.0 million for SCB LLC’s five uncommitted lines of credit.
AB maintains a guarantee with a commercial bank, under which we guarantee the obligations in the ordinary course of business of each of SCB LLC, our U.K.-based broker-dealer and our Cayman subsidiary. We also maintain three additional guarantees with other commercial banks under which we guarantee approximately $277.4 million of obligations for our U.K.-based broker-dealer and $99.0 million of obligations for our India-based broker-dealer. In the event that any of these three entities is unable to meet its obligations, AB will pay the obligations when due or on demand.
We also have two smaller guarantees with a commercial bank totaling approximately $2.0 million, under which we guarantee certain obligations in the ordinary course of business of one of our foreign subsidiaries.
We have not been required to perform under any of the above agreements and currently have no liability in connection with these agreements.
Aggregate Contractual Obligations
During 2010, as general partner of AllianceBernstein U.S. Real Estate L.P. (“Real Estate Fund”), we committed to invest $25.0 million in the Real Estate Fund. As of December 31, 2021, we had funded $22.4 million of this commitment. During 2014, as general partner of AllianceBernstein U.S. Real Estate II L.P. (“Real Estate Fund II”), we committed to invest $27.3 million, as amended in 2020, in the Real Estate Fund II. As of December 31, 2021, we had funded $21.1 million of this commitment.
We have various compensation and benefit obligations, including accrued salaries and fringes, commissions, payroll taxes, incentive payments and deferred compensation arrangements. The majority of our compensation and benefits obligations are paid out in less than one year, while the deferred compensation obligations are payable over various periods, with the majority payable over periods of up to three years. Accrued compensation and benefits at December 31, 2021 totaled $353.6 million. This amount excludes our accrued pension obligation. Offsetting our accrued compensation obligations are long-term incentive compensation-related investments and money market investments we funded totaling $65.7 million, which are included in our consolidated statement of financial condition. Any amounts reflected on the consolidated statement of financial condition as payables (to broker-dealers, brokerage clients and company-sponsored mutual funds) and accounts payable and accrued expenses are excluded from the aforementioned accrued compensation and benefits obligation amount.
We expect to make contributions to our qualified profit sharing plan of approximately $16.5 million in each of the next four years. We do not currently anticipate that we will contribute to the Retirement Plan during 2022.
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The 2017 Tax Act (enacted in the U.S. on December 22, 2017) imposed a federal transition tax on mandatory deemed repatriation of certain deferred foreign earnings. Management elected to pay the transition tax in installments over an eight-year period from 2018 to 2025. The federal transition tax obligation at December 31, 2021 totaled $13.3 million and is recorded to income tax payable on our consolidated statement of financial condition. See Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for further discussion of our taxes.
See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for discussion of our leases.
See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for a discussion of our debt.
Contingencies
See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for a discussion of our commitments and contingencies.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements and notes to consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses.
Management believes that the critical accounting policies and estimates discussed below involve significant management judgment due to the sensitivity of the methods and assumptions used.
Goodwill
As of December 31, 2021, we had goodwill of $3.1 billion on the consolidated statement of financial condition. We have determined that AB has only one reporting segment and reporting unit. We test our goodwill annually, as of September 30, for impairment. As of September 30, 2021, the impairment test indicated that goodwill was not impaired. The carrying value of goodwill is also reviewed if facts and circumstances occur that suggest possible impairment, such as significant declines in AUM, revenues, earnings or the price of an AB Holding Unit.
On an annual basis, or when circumstances warrant, goodwill is tested for impairment utilizing the market approach where the fair value of the reporting unit is based on its unadjusted market valuation (AB Units outstanding multiplied by AB Holding's Unit price) and earnings multiples. The price of a publicly-traded AB Holding Unit serves as a reasonable starting point for valuing an AB Unit because each represents the same fractional interest in our underlying business. Our market approach analysis also includes comparable industry earnings multiples applied to our earnings forecast and assumes a control premium (when applicable).
Throughout the year, the carrying value of goodwill is also reviewed for impairment if certain events or changes in circumstances occur and trigger whether an interim impairment test may be required. Such changes in circumstances may include, but are not limited to, a sustained decrease in the price of an AB Holding Unit or declines in AB’s market capitalization that would suggest that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount; significant and unanticipated declines in AB’s assets under management or revenues; and/or lower than expected earnings per unit. Any of these changes in circumstances could suggest the possibility that goodwill is impaired, but none of these events or circumstances by itself would indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. Instead, they are merely recognized as triggering events for the consideration of impairment and must be viewed in combination with any mitigating or positive factors. A holistic evaluation of all events since the most recent quantitative impairment test must be done to determine whether it is more likely than not that the reporting unit is impaired.
Under ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, a goodwill impairment will be the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. Under this guidance, the goodwill impairment test no longer includes a determination by management of whether a decline in fair value is temporary; however, it is important that management's determination of fair value reflect the impact of changing market conditions, including the severity and anticipated duration of any such changes.
Loss Contingencies
Management continuously reviews with legal counsel the status of regulatory matters and pending or threatened litigation. We evaluate the likelihood that a loss contingency exists and record a loss contingency if it is both probable and reasonably estimable as of the date of the financial statements. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
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Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
Cautions Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements provided by management in this report are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The most significant of these factors include, but are not limited to, the following: the performance of financial markets, the investment performance of sponsored investment products and separately-managed accounts, general economic conditions, industry trends, future acquisitions, integration of acquired companies, competitive conditions and government regulations, including changes in tax regulations and rates and the manner in which the earnings of publicly-traded partnerships are taxed. We caution readers to carefully consider such factors. Further, these forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such statements are made; we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. For further information regarding these forward-looking statements and the factors that could cause actual results to differ, see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A. Any or all of the forward-looking statements that we make in this Form 10-K, other documents we file with or furnish to the SEC, and any other public statements we issue, may turn out to be wrong. It is important to remember that other factors besides those listed in “Risk Factors” and those listed below could also adversely impact our revenues, financial condition, results of operations and business prospects.
The forward-looking statements referred to in the preceding paragraph, most of which directly affect AB but also affect AB Holding because AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AB, include statements regarding:
•Our belief that the cash flow AB Holding realizes from its investment in AB will provide AB Holding with the resources it needs to meet its financial obligations: AB Holding’s cash flow is dependent on the quarterly cash distributions it receives from AB. Accordingly, AB Holding’s ability to meet its financial obligations is dependent on AB’s cash flow from its operations, which is subject to the performance of the capital markets and other factors beyond our control.
•Our financial condition and ability to access the public and private capital markets providing adequate liquidity for our general business needs: Our financial condition is dependent on our cash flow from operations, which is subject to the performance of the capital markets, our ability to maintain and grow client assets under management and other factors beyond our control. Our ability to access public and private capital markets on reasonable terms may be limited by adverse market conditions, our firm’s credit ratings, our profitability and changes in government regulations, including tax rates and interest rates.
•The outcome of litigation: Litigation is inherently unpredictable, and excessive damage awards do occur. Though we have stated that we do not expect any pending legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity, any settlement or judgment with respect to a legal proceeding could be significant, and could have such an effect.
•The possibility that we will engage in open market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program: The number of AB Holding Units AB may decide to buy in future periods, if any, to help fund incentive compensation awards depends on various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the fluctuation in the price of an AB Holding Unit (NYSE: AB) and the availability of cash to make these purchases.
•Our determination that adjusted employee compensation expense should not exceed 50% of our adjusted net revenues: Aggregate employee compensation reflects employee performance and competitive compensation levels. Fluctuations in our revenues and/or changes in competitive compensation levels could result in adjusted employee compensation expense exceeding 50% of our adjusted net revenues.
•Our Relocation Strategy: While many of the expenses, expense savings and EPU impact we expect will result from our Relocation Strategy are presented with numerical specificity, and we believe these figures to be reasonable as of the date of this report, the uncertainties surrounding the assumptions on which our estimates are based create a significant risk that our current estimates may not be realized. These assumptions include:
•the amount and timing of employee relocation costs, severance, and overlapping compensation and occupancy costs we experience; and
•the timing for execution of each phase of our relocation implementation plan.
•The Adverse Impact of COVID-19: The severity of the expected adverse impact on our AUM and revenues of the economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic will depend on the depth and length of the downturn and its impact on the companies in which we invest. Our conclusions about the possible continuing significant adverse impact on us is based on our assumptions that the recovery will be gradual and that there may be lasting unemployment and economic damage. We
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believe that these assumptions are reasonable, but they may not be correct and economic conditions likely will differ from our assumptions.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
AB Holding
Market Risk, Risk Management and Derivative Financial Instruments
AB Holding’s sole investment is AB Units. AB Holding did not own, nor was it a party to, any derivative financial instruments during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
AB
Market Risk, Risk Management and Derivative Financial Instruments
Our investments consist of trading and other investments. Trading investments include U.S. Treasury Bills, mutual funds, exchange-traded options and various separately-managed portfolios consisting of equity securities. Trading investments are purchased for short-term investment, principally to fund liabilities related to long-term incentive compensation plans and to seed new investment services. Other investments include investments in hedge funds we sponsor and other investment vehicles.
We enter into various futures, forwards, swaps and options primarily to economically hedge our seed capital investments. We do not hold any derivatives designated in a formal hedge relationship under ASC 815-10, Derivatives and Hedging. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
Trading and Non-Trading Market Risk Sensitive Instruments
Investments with Interest Rate Risk—Fair Value
The table below provides our potential exposure with respect to our fixed income investments, measured in terms of fair value, to an immediate 100 basis point increase in interest rates at all maturities from the levels prevailing as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. Such a fluctuation in interest rates is a hypothetical rate scenario used to calibrate potential risk and does not represent our view of future market movements. While these fair value measurements provide a representation of interest rate sensitivity of our investments in fixed income mutual funds and fixed income hedge funds, they are based on our exposures at a particular point in time and may not be representative of future market results. These exposures will change as a result of ongoing changes in investments in response to our assessment of changing market conditions and available investment opportunities:
As of December 31
2021 2020
Fair Value Effect of
+100
Basis Point
Change 		Fair Value Effect of
+100
Basis Point
Change
(in thousands)
Fixed Income Investments:
Trading $ 100,661  $ (6,976) $35,555  $ (2,457)
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Investments with Equity Price Risk—Fair Value
Our investments also include investments in equity securities, mutual funds and hedge funds. The following table provides our potential exposure with respect to our equity investments, measured in terms of fair value, to an immediate 10% decrease in equity prices from those prevailing as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. A 10% decrease in equity prices is a hypothetical scenario used to calibrate potential risk and does not represent our view of future market movements. While these fair value measurements provide a representation of equity price sensitivity of our investments in equity securities, mutual funds and hedge funds, they are based on our exposures at a particular point in time and may not be representative of future market results. These exposures will change as a result of ongoing portfolio activities in response to our assessment of changing market conditions and available investment opportunities:
  As of December 31
  2021 2020
  Fair Value Effect of
-10%
Equity Price
Change 		Fair Value Effect of
-10%
Equity Price
Change
  (in thousands)
Equity Investments:
Trading $ 85,704  $ (8,570) $ 137,529  $ (13,753)
Other investments $ 87,053  $ (8,705) $ 80,291  $ (8,029)
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the General Partner and Unitholders of AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying statements of financial condition of AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related statements of income, of comprehensive income, of changes in partners’ capital and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
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Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Measurement of Equity in Net Income Attributable to AB Unitholders – Performance-Based Fees
As described in Notes 1 and 2 to the financial statements, the Company’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AllianceBernstein L.P. (AB) limited partnership interests. The equity in net income attributable to AB unitholders was $416.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company records its investment in AB using the equity method of accounting. The Company’s investment is increased to reflect its proportionate share of income of AB, decreased to reflect its proportionate share of losses of AB and cash distributions made by AB to its unitholders and adjusted to reflect its proportionate share of certain capital transactions of AB. The Company’s proportionate share of income of AB includes performance-based fees recognized by AB. As disclosed by management, the transaction price for the asset management performance obligation for certain hedge fund and alternative investment advisory contracts, provide for a performance-based fee, in addition to the base advisory fee, which is calculated as either a percentage of absolute investment results or a percentage of investment results in excess of a stated benchmark over a specified period of time. The performance-based fees are forms of variable consideration and are therefore excluded from the transaction price until it becomes probable that there will not be significant reversal of the cumulative revenue recognized. Constraining factors impacting the amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price include the contractual claw-back provisions to which the variable consideration is subject, the length of time to which the uncertainty of the consideration is subject, the number and range of possible consideration amounts, the probability of significant fluctuations in the fund’s market value and the level at which the fund’s value exceeds the contractual threshold required to earn such a fee. With respect to the constraining factors related to the fund’s market value, management measures assets under management (AUM) using established market-based valuation methods and fair valuation (non-observable market) methods. Fair valuation methods, including discounted cash flow models and other methods, are used only where AUM cannot be valued using market-based valuation methods, such as in the case of private equity or illiquid securities.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the measurement of equity in net income attributable to AB unitholders - performance-based fees is a critical audit matter are the significant audit effort in performing procedures and evaluating evidence related to these fees, including evaluating evidence related to the constraining factors impacting the amount of variable consideration, and the audit effort also included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in evaluating management’s estimate of the funds’ market value where fair valuation methods are used.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders, including controls relating to AB’s revenue recognition process for performance-based fees, including controls over the assessment of constraining factors and the valuation of AUM. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for determining performance-based fees, including evaluating the appropriateness of the methods used, testing the contractual claw-back provisions to which the variable consideration is subject and, on a sample basis, evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assumptions related to the length of time to which the uncertainty of the consideration is subject, the number and range of possible consideration amounts and the probability of significant fluctuations in the funds’ market value and, as applicable, the level at which a fund’s value exceeded the contractual threshold required to earn such fees. In evaluating management’s estimates of the funds’ market value, procedures included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in developing an independent range of prices for a sample of securities used in determining the underlying funds’ market value where fair valuation methods are used, and comparison of management’s estimate of the securities’ fair value to the independently developed ranges. Developing the independent estimate of securities’ fair value involved testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management and independently developing the significant assumptions for the sampled securities.
/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Nashville, Tennessee
February 11, 2022
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2006.
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AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.
Statements of Financial Condition
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands,
except unit amounts)
ASSETS
Investment in AB $1,623,764  $ 1,605,941 
Other assets —  92 
Total assets $1,623,764  $ 1,606,033 
LIABILITIES AND PARTNERS’ CAPITAL
Liabilities:
Other liabilities $2,140  $ 1,876 
Total liabilities 2,140  1,876 
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 7)
Partners’ capital:
General Partner: 100,000 general partnership units issued and outstanding
1,439  1,410 
Limited partners: 99,171,727 and 98,222,942 limited partnership units issued and outstanding
1,696,199  1,656,816 
AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans (43,309) (20,171)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (32,705) (33,898)
Total partners’ capital 1,621,624  1,604,157 
Total liabilities and partners’ capital $1,623,764  $ 1,606,033 
See Accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.
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Statements of Income
  Years Ended December 31
  2021 2020 2019
  (in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders $416,326  $ 308,404  $ 266,292 
Income taxes 30,483  29,024  27,729 
Net income $385,843  $ 279,380  $ 238,563 
Net income per unit:
Basic $3.88  $ 2.88  $ 2.49 
Diluted $3.88  $ 2.88  $ 2.49 
See Accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.
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AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.
Statements of Comprehensive Income
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Net income $385,843  $ 279,380  $ 238,563 
Other comprehensive (loss) income:      
Foreign currency translation adjustments, before reclassification and tax (2,894) 8,579  1,900 
Less: reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income upon liquidation 1,613  (77) — 
Foreign currency translation adjustments, before tax (4,507) 8,656  1,900 
Income tax benefit (expense) 147  (310) (161)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax (4,360) 8,346  1,739 
Changes in employee benefit related items:      
Amortization of prior service cost 7  8  6 
Recognized actuarial gain (loss) 5,566  (1,557) (3,011)
Changes in employee benefit related items 5,573  (1,549) (3,005)
Income tax (expense) benefit (20) (67) 99 
Employee benefit related items, net of tax 5,553  (1,616) (2,906)
Other comprehensive income (loss) 1,193  6,730  (1,167)
Comprehensive income $387,036  $ 286,110  $ 237,396 
See Accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.
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AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.
Statements of Changes in Partners’ Capital
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
General Partner’s Capital
Balance, beginning of year $ 1,410  $ 1,402  $ 1,385 
Net income 387  288  249 
Cash distributions to Unitholders (358) (280) (232)
Balance, end of year 1,439  1,410  1,402 
Limited Partners’ Capital      
Balance, beginning of year 1,656,816  1,619,200  1,555,892 
Net income 385,456  279,092  238,314 
Cash distributions to Unitholders (357,097) (270,601) (222,253)
Retirement of AB Holding Units (143,460) (78,388) (110,752)
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plan awards 151,082  107,366  146,488 
Exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units 3,402  147  11,511 
Balance, end of year 1,696,199  1,656,816  1,619,200 
AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans      
Balance, beginning of year (20,171) (27,436) (27,759)
Change in AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans (23,138) 7,265  323 
Balance, end of year (43,309) (20,171) (27,436)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income      
Balance, beginning of year (33,898) (40,628) (39,461)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax (4,360) 8,346  1,739 
Changes in employee benefit related items, net of tax 5,553  (1,616) (2,906)
Balance, end of year (32,705) (33,898) (40,628)
Total Partners’ Capital $ 1,621,624  $ 1,604,157  $ 1,552,538 
See Accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.
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AllianceBernstein
AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.
Statements of Cash Flows
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $385,843  $ 279,380  $ 238,563 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders (416,326) (308,404) (266,292)
Cash distributions received from AB 385,236  298,919  249,463 
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Decrease (increase) in other assets 92  (31) (61)
Increase in other liabilities 264  150  1,082 
Net cash provided by operating activities 355,109  270,014  222,755 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Investments in AB with proceeds from exercises of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units (3,402) (147) (11,511)
Net cash used in investing activities (3,402) (147) (11,511)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash distributions to Unitholders (357,455) (270,881) (222,485)
Capital contributions from (to) AB 2,346  867  (270)
Proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units 3,402  147  11,511 
Net cash used in financing activities (351,707) (269,867) (211,244)
Change in cash and cash equivalents —  —  — 
Cash and cash equivalents as of beginning of the year —  —  — 
Cash and cash equivalents as of end of the year $—  $ —  $ — 
Cash paid:
Income taxes 30,127  28,906  26,650 
Non-cash investing activities:
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plan awards 151,082  107,366  146,488 
Retirement of AB Holding Units (143,460) (78,388) (110,752)
See Accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.
2021 Annual Report
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AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.
Notes to Financial Statements
The words “we” and “our” refer collectively to AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (“AB Holding”) and AllianceBernstein L.P. and its subsidiaries (“AB”), or to their officers and employees. Similarly, the word “company” refers to both AB Holding and AB. Where the context requires distinguishing between AB Holding and AB, we identify which of them is being discussed. Cross-references are in italics.
1. Business Description and Organization
AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AB limited partnership interests.
AB provides diversified investment management, research and related services globally to a broad range of clients. Its principal services include:
•Institutional Services—servicing its institutional clients, including private and public pension plans, foundations and endowments, insurance companies, central banks and governments worldwide, and affiliates such as Equitable Holdings, Inc. ("EQH") and its subsidiaries, by means of separately-managed accounts, sub-advisory relationships, structured products, collective investment trusts, mutual funds, hedge funds and other investment vehicles.
•Retail Services—servicing its retail clients, primarily by means of retail mutual funds sponsored by AB or an affiliated company, sub-advisory relationships with mutual funds sponsored by third parties, separately-managed account programs sponsored by financial intermediaries worldwide and other investment vehicles.
•Private Wealth Management Services—servicing its private clients, including high-net-worth individuals and families, trusts and estates, charitable foundations, partnerships, private and family corporations, and other entities, by means of separately-managed accounts, hedge funds, mutual funds and other investment vehicles.
•Bernstein Research Services—servicing institutional investors, such as pension fund, hedge fund and mutual fund managers, seeking high-quality fundamental research, quantitative services and brokerage-related services in equities and listed options.
AB also provides distribution, shareholder servicing, transfer agency services and administrative services to the mutual funds it sponsors.
AB’s high-quality, in-depth research is the foundation of its business. AB’s research disciplines include economic, fundamental equity, fixed income and quantitative research. In addition, AB has expertise in multi-asset strategies, wealth management, environmental, social and corporate governance ("ESG"), and alternative investments.
AB provides a broad range of investment services with expertise in:
•Actively-managed equity strategies, with global and regional portfolios across capitalization ranges, concentration ranges and investment strategies, including value, growth and core equities;
•Actively-managed traditional and unconstrained fixed income strategies, including taxable and tax-exempt strategies;
•Alternative investments, including hedge funds, fund of funds, direct lending, real estate and private equity;
•Multi-asset solutions and services, including dynamic asset allocation, customized target-date funds and target-risk funds; and
•Some passive management, including index and enhanced index strategies.
Organization
As of December 31, 2021, EQH owns approximately 4.0% of the issued and outstanding units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests in AB Holding (“AB Holding Units”). AllianceBernstein Corporation (an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of EQH, “General Partner”) is the general partner of both AB Holding and AB. AllianceBernstein Corporation owns 100,000 general partnership units in AB Holding and a 1% general partnership interest in AB.
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As of December 31, 2021, the ownership structure of AB, expressed as a percentage of general and limited partnership interests, was as follows:
EQH and its subsidiaries 63.0  %
AB Holding 36.2 
Unaffiliated holders 0.8 
100.0  %
Including both the general partnership and limited partnership interests in AB Holding and AB, EQH and its subsidiaries had an approximate 64.5% economic interest in AB as of December 31, 2021.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of the financial statements requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
AB Holding’s financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes of AB, which are included in this Form 10-K.
Investment in AB
AB Holding records its investment in AB using the equity method of accounting. AB Holding’s investment is increased to reflect its proportionate share of income of AB and decreased to reflect its proportionate share of losses of AB and cash distributions made by AB to its Unitholders. In addition, AB Holding's investment is adjusted to reflect its proportionate share of certain capital transactions of AB.
Cash Distributions
AB Holding is required to distribute all of its Available Cash Flow, as defined in the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of AB Holding (“AB Holding Partnership Agreement”), to its Unitholders pro rata in accordance with their percentage interests in AB Holding. Available Cash Flow is defined as the cash distributions AB Holding receives from AB minus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be retained by AB Holding for use in its business (such as the payment of taxes) or plus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be released from previously retained cash flow.
On February 11, 2022, the General Partner declared a distribution of $1.29 per unit, representing a distribution of Available Cash Flow for the three months ended December 31, 2021. Each general partnership unit in AB Holding is entitled to receive distributions equal to those received by each AB Holding Unit. The distribution is payable on March 17, 2022 to holders of record at the close of business on February 22, 2022.
Total cash distributions per Unit paid to Unitholders during 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $3.58, $2.79 and $2.32, respectively.
Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans
AB maintains several unfunded, non-qualified long-term incentive compensation plans, under which the company grants awards of restricted AB Holding Units to its employees and members of the Board of Directors, who are not employed by AB or by any of AB’s affiliates (“Eligible Directors”).
AB funds its restricted AB Holding Unit awards either by purchasing AB Holding Units on the open market or purchasing newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, and then keeping these AB Holding Units in a consolidated rabbi trust until delivering them or retiring them. In accordance with the AB Holding Partnership Agreement, when AB purchases newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, AB Holding is required to use the proceeds it receives from AB to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units, thus increasing its percentage ownership interest in AB. AB Holding Units held in the consolidated rabbi trust are corporate assets in the name of the trust and are available to the general creditors of AB.

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Repurchases of AB Holding Units for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 consisted of the following:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in millions)
Total amount of AB Holding Units Purchased(1)
5.6  5.4 
Total Cash Paid for AB Holding Units Purchased(1)
$262.3  $ 149.0 
Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units Purchased(2)
2.6  3.1 
Total Cash Paid for Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units(2)
$117.9  $ 74.0 
(1)Purchased on a trade date basis.
(2)The remainder related to purchases of AB Holding Units from employees to fulfill statutory tax withholding requirements at the time of delivery of long-term incentive compensation awards.
Each quarter, AB considers whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). A plan of this type allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or because it possesses material non-public information. Each broker selected by AB has the authority to repurchase AB Holding Units on AB’s behalf in accordance with the terms and limitations specified in the plan. Repurchases are subject to regulations promulgated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the plan. We did not adopt a plan during the fourth quarter of 2021. AB may adopt additional plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under its incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes.
During 2021, AB granted to employees and Eligible Directors 7.0 million restricted AB Holding Units (including 3.4 million granted in December for 2021 year-end awards). During 2020, AB granted to employees and Eligible Directors 5.7 million restricted AB Holding Units (including 5.0 million granted in December for 2020 year-end awards). AB used AB Holding Units repurchased during the periods and newly-issued AB Holding Units to fund these awards.
During 2021 and 2020, AB Holding issued 0.1 million and 5,182 AB Holding Units, respectively, upon exercise of options to buy AB Holding Units. AB Holding used the proceeds of $3.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively, received from award recipients as payment in cash for the exercise price to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units.
Subsequent Events
We have evaluated subsequent events through the date that these financial statements were filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and did not identify any subsequent events that would have required disclosure in these financial statements.
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3. Net Income Per Unit
Basic net income per unit is derived by dividing net income by the basic weighted average number of units outstanding for each year. Diluted net income per unit is derived by adjusting net income for the assumed dilutive effect of compensatory options (“Net income - diluted”) and dividing by the diluted weighted average number of units outstanding for each year.
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net income - basic $385,843  $ 279,380  $ 238,563 
Additional allocation of equity in net income attributable to AB resulting from assumed dilutive effect of compensatory options 30  56  79 
Net income - diluted $385,873  $ 279,436  $ 238,642 
Weighted average units outstanding - basic 99,545  96,870  95,884 
Dilutive effect of compensatory options 11  27  44 
Weighted average units outstanding - diluted 99,556  96,897  95,928 
Basic net income per unit $3.88  $ 2.88  $ 2.49 
Diluted net income per unit $3.88  $ 2.88  $ 2.49 
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
Anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted net income —  29,056  29,056 
4. Investment in AB
Changes in AB Holding’s investment in AB for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
  2021 2020
  (in thousands)
Investment in AB as of January 1, $ 1,605,941  $ 1,554,203 
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders 416,326  308,404 
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income 1,193  6,730 
Cash distributions received from AB (385,236) (298,919)
Additional investments with proceeds from exercises of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units 3,402  147 
Capital contributions (from) AB (2,346) (867)
AB Holding Units retired (143,460) (78,388)
AB Holding Units issued to fund long-term incentive compensation plans 151,082  107,366 
Change in AB Holding Units held by AB for long-term incentive compensation plans (23,138) 7,265 
Investment in AB as of December 31, $ 1,623,764  $ 1,605,941 
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5. Units Outstanding
Changes in AB Holding Units outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
  2021 2020
Outstanding as of January 1, 98,322,942  98,192,098 
Options exercised 143,211  5,182 
Units issued 3,917,437  3,363,132 
Units retired (3,111,863) (3,237,470)
Outstanding as of December 31, 99,271,727  98,322,942 
6. Income Taxes
AB Holding is a publicly-traded partnership ("PTP") for federal tax purposes and, accordingly, is not subject to federal or state corporate income taxes. However, AB Holding is subject to the 4.0% New York City unincorporated business tax (“UBT”), net of credits for UBT paid by AB, and to a 3.5% federal tax on partnership gross income from the active conduct of a trade or business. AB Holding’s partnership gross income is derived from its interest in AB.
The principal reasons for the difference between AB Holding’s effective tax rates and the UBT statutory tax rate of 4.0% are as follows:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
UBT statutory rate $16,653  4.0  % $ 12,336  4.0  % $ 10,652  4.0  %
Federal tax on partnership gross business income 29,643  7.1  28,522  9.2  27,197  10.2 
State income taxes 840  0.2  502  0.2  532  0.2 
Credit for UBT paid by AB (16,653) (4.0) (12,336) (4.0) (10,652) (4.0)
Income tax expense and effective tax rate $30,483  7.3  $ 29,024  9.4  $ 27,729  10.4 
AB Holding’s federal income tax is computed by multiplying certain AB qualifying revenues (primarily U.S. investment advisory fees, research payments and brokerage commissions) by AB Holding’s ownership interest in AB, multiplied by the 3.5% tax rate. AB Holding Units in AB’s consolidated rabbi trust are not considered outstanding for purposes of calculating AB Holding’s ownership interest in AB.
Years Ended December 31 % Change
2021 2020 2019 2021-20 2020-19
(in thousands)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders $ 1,148,623  $ 865,952  $ 752,042  32.6  % 15.1  %
Multiplied by: weighted average equity ownership interest 36.2  % 35.6  % 35.4  %
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders $ 416,326  $ 308,404  $ 266,292  35.0  15.8 
AB qualifying revenues $ 2,779,281  $ 2,740,137  $ 2,640,169  1.4  2.4 
Multiplied by: weighted average equity ownership interest for calculating tax 30.5  % 30.1  % 29.4  %
Multiplied by: federal tax 3.5  % 3.5  % 3.5  %
Federal income taxes 29,643  28,522  27,197 
State income taxes 840  502  532 
Total income taxes $ 30,483  $ 29,024  $ 27,729  5.0  4.7 
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In order to preserve AB Holding’s status as a PTP for federal income tax purposes, management ensures that AB Holding does not directly or indirectly (through AB) enter into a substantial new line of business. If AB Holding were to lose its status as a PTP, it would be subject to corporate income tax, which would reduce materially AB Holding’s net income and its quarterly distributions to AB Holding Unitholders.
We recognize the effects of a tax position in the financial statements only if, as of the reporting date, it is “more likely than not” to be sustained based on its technical merits and their applicability to the facts and circumstances of the tax position. In making this assessment, we assume that the taxing authority will examine the tax position and have full knowledge of all relevant information. Accordingly, we have no liability for unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. A liability for unrecognized tax benefits, if required, would be recorded in income tax expense and affect the company’s effective tax rate.
As of December 31, 2021, AB Holding is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, local or foreign examinations by tax authorities for years before 2017.
7. Commitments and Contingencies
Legal and regulatory matters described below pertain to AB and are included here due to their potential significance to AB Holding’s investment in AB.
With respect to all significant litigation matters, we consider the likelihood of a negative outcome. If we determine the likelihood of a negative outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an estimated loss for the expected outcome of the litigation. If the likelihood of a negative outcome is reasonably possible and we are able to determine an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss in excess of amounts already accrued, if any, we disclose that fact together with the estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. However, it is often difficult to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss because litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, particularly when plaintiffs allege substantial or indeterminate damages. Such is also the case when the litigation is in its early stages or when the litigation is highly complex or broad in scope. In these cases, we disclose that we are unable to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss.
AB may be involved in various matters, including regulatory inquiries, administrative proceedings and litigation, some of which may allege significant damages. It is reasonably possible that AB could incur losses pertaining to these matters, but management cannot currently estimate any such losses.
Management, after consultation with legal counsel, currently believes that the outcome of any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. However, any inquiry, proceeding or litigation has the element of uncertainty; management cannot determine whether further developments relating to any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity in any future reporting period.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the General Partner and Unitholders of AllianceBernstein L.P.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of AllianceBernstein L.P. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of changes in partners’ capital and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
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Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Performance-Based Fees
As described in Notes 2 and 3 to the consolidated financial statements, performance-based fees earned were $245.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The transaction price for the asset management performance obligation for certain hedge fund and alternative investment advisory contracts, provide for a performance-based fee, in addition to the base advisory fee, which is calculated as either a percentage of absolute investment results or a percentage of investment results in excess of a stated benchmark over a specified period of time. The performance-based fees are forms of variable consideration and are therefore excluded from the transaction price until it becomes probable that there will not be significant reversal of the cumulative revenue recognized. Constraining factors impacting the amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price include the contractual claw-back provisions to which the variable consideration is subject, the length of time to which the uncertainty of the consideration is subject, the number and range of possible consideration amounts, the probability of significant fluctuations in the fund’s market value and the level at which the fund’s value exceeds the contractual threshold required to earn such a fee. With respect to the constraining factors related to the fund’s market value, management measures assets under management (AUM) using established market-based valuation methods and fair valuation (non-observable market) methods. Fair valuation methods, including discounted cash flow models and other methods, are used only where AUM cannot be valued using market-based valuation methods, such as in the case of private equity or illiquid securities.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to performance-based fees is a critical audit matter are the significant audit effort in performing procedures and evaluating evidence related to these fees, including evaluating evidence related to the constraining factors impacting the amount of variable consideration, and the audit effort also included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in evaluating management's estimate of the funds' market value where fair valuation methods are used.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the Company’s revenue recognition process for performance-based fees, including controls over the assessment of constraining factors and the valuation of AUM. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for determining performance-based fees, including evaluating the appropriateness of the methods used, testing the contractual claw-back provisions to which the variable consideration is subject and, on a sample basis, evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assumptions related to the length of time to which the uncertainty of the consideration is subject, the number and range of possible consideration amounts and the probability of significant fluctuations in the funds’ market value and, as applicable, the level at which a fund’s value exceeded the contractual threshold required to earn such fees. In evaluating management’s estimates of the funds’ market value, procedures included the involvement of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in developing an independent range of prices for a sample of securities used in determining the underlying funds’ market value where fair valuation methods are used, and comparison of management’s estimate of the securities’ fair value to the independently developed ranges. Developing the independent estimate of securities’ fair value involved testing the completeness and accuracy of data provided by management and independently developing the significant assumptions for the sampled securities.

/s/PricewaterhouseCooper LLP
Nashville, Tennessee
February 11, 2022
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2006.
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AllianceBernstein L.P. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands,
except unit amounts)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,285,700  $ 1,037,400 
Cash and securities segregated, at fair value (cost $1,503,554 and $1,752,483) 1,503,957  1,753,478 
Receivables, net:    
Brokers and dealers 65,897  92,638 
Brokerage clients 2,059,842  1,713,377 
AB funds fees 340,158  325,407 
Other fees 185,653  148,746 
Investments:    
Long-term incentive compensation-related 63,839  60,114 
Other 209,579  193,261 
Assets of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds:
Cash and cash equivalents 90,326  36,506 
Investments 613,025  302,582 
Other assets 30,461  12,244 
Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net 169,175  147,874 
Goodwill 3,091,763  3,082,778 
Intangible assets, net 41,531  44,496 
Deferred sales commissions, net 74,899  64,066 
Right-of-use assets 421,980  418,455 
Other assets 262,303  264,418 
Total assets $ 10,510,088  $ 9,697,840 
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Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands,
except unit amounts)
LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST AND CAPITAL
Liabilities:    
Payables:    
Brokers and dealers $ 265,957  $ 216,403 
Securities sold not yet purchased 3,828  17,791 
Brokerage clients 3,603,558  3,440,266 
AB mutual funds 94,962  65,550 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 257,307  197,657 
Lease liabilities 490,735  505,549 
Liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds 87,000  30,620 
Accrued compensation and benefits 369,649  335,122 
Debt 755,000  675,000 
Total liabilities 5,927,996  5,483,958 
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 14)
Redeemable non-controlling interest 421,169  102,359 
Capital:    
General Partner 42,850  41,776 
Limited partners: 271,453,043 and 270,509,658 units issued and outstanding 4,336,211  4,229,485 
Receivables from affiliates (8,333) (8,316)
AB Holding Units held for long-term incentive compensation plans (119,470) (57,219)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (90,335) (94,203)
Partners’ capital attributable to AB Unitholders 4,160,923  4,111,523 
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest and capital $ 10,510,088  $ 9,697,840 
See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AllianceBernstein L.P. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Revenues:
Investment advisory and services fees $ 3,194,524  $ 2,595,436  $ 2,472,044 
Bernstein research services 452,017  459,744  407,911 
Distribution revenues 652,240  529,781  455,043 
Dividend and interest income 38,734  50,923  104,421 
Investment (losses) gains (636) (16,401) 38,659 
Other revenues 108,409  104,703  97,559 
Total revenues 4,445,288  3,724,186  3,575,637 
Less: Interest expense 3,686  15,650  57,205 
Net revenues 4,441,602  3,708,536  3,518,432 
Expenses:      
Employee compensation and benefits 1,716,013  1,494,198  1,442,783 
Promotion and servicing:      
Distribution-related payments 708,117  569,283  487,965 
Amortization of deferred sales commissions 34,364  27,355  15,029 
Trade execution, marketing, T&E and other 197,486  189,787  219,860 
General and administrative:      
General and administrative 555,608  485,544  484,750 
Real estate charges —  5,526  3,324 
Contingent payment arrangements 2,710  1,855  (510)
Interest on borrowings 5,145  6,180  13,035 
Amortization of intangible assets 5,697  21,372  28,759 
Total expenses 3,225,140  2,801,100  2,694,995 
Operating income 1,216,462  907,436  823,437 
Income tax 62,728  45,653  41,754 
Net income 1,153,734  861,783  781,683 
Net income (loss) of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests 5,111  (4,169) 29,641 
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders $ 1,148,623  $ 865,952  $ 752,042 
Net income per AB Unit:      
Basic $ 4.18  $ 3.19  $ 2.78 
Diluted $ 4.18  $ 3.19  $ 2.78 
See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AllianceBernstein L.P. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Net income $ 1,153,734  $ 861,783  $ 781,683 
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, before reclassification and tax: (7,839) 23,882  5,986 
Less: reclassification adjustment for gains (losses) included in net income upon liquidation 4,458  (216) — 
Foreign currency translation adjustments, before tax (12,297) 24,098  5,986 
Income tax benefit (expense) 457  (854) (383)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax (11,840) 23,244  5,603 
Changes in employee benefit related items:      
Amortization of prior service cost 24  24  24 
Recognized actuarial gain (loss) 15,743  (4,280) (7,891)
Changes in employee benefit related items 15,767  (4,256) (7,867)
Income tax (expense) benefit (59) (187) 274 
Employee benefit related items, net of tax 15,708  (4,443) (7,593)
Other comprehensive gain (loss) 3,868  18,801  (1,990)
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) in consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests 5,111  (4,169) 29,788 
Comprehensive income attributable to AB Unitholders $ 1,152,491  $ 884,753  $ 749,905 
See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Partners’ Capital
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
General Partner’s Capital
Balance, beginning of year $ 41,776  $ 41,225  $ 40,240 
Net income 11,486  8,660  7,521 
Cash distributions to General Partner (10,605) (8,376) (7,042)
Long-term incentive compensation plans activity 117  (23) 149 
Issuance of AB Units, net 76  290  357 
Balance, end of year 42,850  41,776  41,225 
Limited Partners' Capital
Balance, beginning of year 4,229,485  4,174,201  4,075,306 
Net income 1,137,137  857,292  744,521 
Cash distributions to Unitholders (1,049,287) (828,503) (696,470)
Long-term incentive compensation plans activity 11,586  (2,147) 14,741 
Issuance of AB Units, net 7,290  28,642  35,259 
Other —  —  844 
Balance, end of year 4,336,211  4,229,485  4,174,201 
Receivables from Affiliates
Balance, beginning of year (8,316) (9,011) (11,430)
Long-term incentive compensation awards expense 941  802  1,125 
Capital contributions from AB Holding (958) (107) 1,294 
Balance, end of year (8,333) (8,316) (9,011)
AB Holding Units held for Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans
Balance, beginning of year (57,219) (76,310) (77,990)
Purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term compensation plans, net (261,825) (148,624) (171,930)
(Issuance) of AB Units, net (7,348) (28,696) (35,736)
Long-term incentive compensation awards expense 215,484  194,840  207,057 
Re-valuation of AB Holding Units held in rabbi trust (9,690) 1,556  (4,403)
Other 1,128  15  6,692 
Balance, end of year (119,470) (57,219) (76,310)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, beginning of year (94,203) (113,004) (110,866)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax (11,840) 23,244  5,455 
Changes in employee benefit related items, net of tax 15,708  (4,443) (7,593)
Balance, end of year (90,335) (94,203) (113,004)
Total Partners' Capital attributable to AB Unitholders 4,160,923  4,111,523  4,017,101 
Non-redeemable Non-controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities      
Balance, beginning of year —  —  949 
Net income —  —  91 
Foreign currency translation adjustment —  —  147 
Purchase of non-controlling interest —  —  (1,187)
Balance, end of year —  —  — 
Total Capital $ 4,160,923  $ 4,111,523  $ 4,017,101 
See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $ 1,153,734  $ 861,783  $ 781,683 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of deferred sales commissions 34,364  27,355  15,029 
Non-cash long-term incentive compensation expense 216,425  195,642  208,182 
Depreciation and other amortization 44,985  61,028  77,021 
Unrealized losses (gains) on investments 4,454  10,405  (13,431)
Unrealized losses (gains) on investments of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds 1,882  (854) (36,150)
Non-cash lease expense 98,773  98,798  103,773 
Other, net 22,580  (2,914) 10,281 
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Decrease (increase) in securities, segregated 249,521  (658,612) 74,688 
(Increase) decrease in receivables (360,789) (182,684) 223,137 
(Increase) decrease in investments (27,000) 7,597  460,347 
(Increase) decrease in investments of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds (312,325) 279,276  (193,158)
(Increase) in deferred sales commissions (45,197) (55,125) (34,177)
(Increase) decrease in other assets (6,578) 69,160  (23,140)
Decrease in other assets and liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds, net 38,161  7,169  11,437 
Increase (decrease) in payables 214,139  861,502  (641,369)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued expenses 35,877  10,666  (56,518)
Increase (decrease) in accrued compensation and benefits 50,545  46,885  (7,486)
Cash payments to relieve operating lease liabilities (114,769) (115,656) (132,669)
Net cash provided by operating activities 1,298,782  1,521,421  827,480 
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of equity method investments —  (4,079) — 
Purchases of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements (61,931) (41,504) (28,303)
Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired (3,793) (13,552) 5,255 
Net cash used in investing activities (65,724) (59,135) (23,048)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from debt, net 80,000  115,000  2,105 
Increase (decrease) in overdrafts payable 16,192  (12,633) (59,924)
Distributions to General Partner and Unitholders (1,059,892) (836,879) (703,512)
Subscriptions (redemptions) of non-controlling interests of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds, net 313,699  (219,033) 150,091 
Capital contributions (to) from affiliates (2,346) (867) 269 
Additional investments by AB Holding with proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units 3,402  147  11,511 
Purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plan awards, net (261,825) (148,624) (171,930)
Other, net (2,186) 306  (3,571)
Net cash used in financing activities (912,956) (1,102,583) (774,961)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (17,982) 23,032  8,376 
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 302,120  382,735  37,847 
Cash and cash equivalents as of beginning of the period 1,073,906  691,171  653,324 
Cash and cash equivalents as of end of the period $ 1,376,026  $ 1,073,906  $ 691,171 
Cash paid:
Interest paid $ 5,263  $ 18,858  $ 66,002 
Income taxes paid 55,656  59,791  52,444 
Non-cash investing activities:
Fair value of assets acquired (excluding cash acquired of $2.8 million, $0.6 million and $11.8 million, for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively) 13,235  18,389  28,966 
Fair value of liabilities assumed 1,642  437  16,837 
Non-cash financing activities:
Payables recorded under contingent payment arrangements 7,800  4,400  17,384 
See Accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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AllianceBernstein L.P. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The words “we” and “our” refer collectively to AllianceBernstein L.P. and its subsidiaries (“AB”), or to their officers and employees. Similarly, the word “company” refers to AB. Cross-references are in italics.
1. Business Description and Organization
We provide diversified investment management, research and related services globally to a broad range of clients. Our principal services include:
•Institutional Services—servicing our institutional clients, including private and public pension plans, foundations and endowments, insurance companies, central banks and governments worldwide, and affiliates such as Equitable Holdings, Inc. ("EQH") and its subsidiaries, by means of separately-managed accounts, sub-advisory relationships, structured products, collective investment trusts, mutual funds, hedge funds and other investment vehicles.
•Retail Services—servicing our retail clients, primarily by means of retail mutual funds sponsored by AB or an affiliated company, sub-advisory relationships with mutual funds sponsored by third parties, separately-managed account programs sponsored by financial intermediaries worldwide and other investment vehicles.
•Private Wealth Management Services—servicing our private clients, including high-net-worth individuals and families, trusts and estates, charitable foundations, partnerships, private and family corporations, and other entities, by means of separately-managed accounts, hedge funds, mutual funds and other investment vehicles.
•Bernstein Research Services—servicing institutional investors, such as pension fund, hedge fund and mutual fund managers, seeking high-quality fundamental research, quantitative services and brokerage-related services in equities and listed options.
We also provide distribution, shareholder servicing, transfer agency services and administrative services to the mutual funds we sponsor.
Our high-quality, in-depth research is the foundation of our business. Our research disciplines include economic, fundamental equity, fixed income and quantitative research. In addition, we have expertise in multi-asset strategies, wealth management, environmental, social and corporate governance ("ESG"), and alternative investments.
We provide a broad range of investment services with expertise in:
•Actively-managed equity strategies, with global and regional portfolios across capitalization ranges, concentration ranges and investment strategies, including value, growth and core equities;
•Actively-managed traditional and unconstrained fixed income strategies, including taxable and tax-exempt strategies;
•Alternative investments, including hedge funds, fund of funds, direct lending, real estate and private equity;
•Multi-asset solutions and services, including dynamic asset allocation, customized target-date funds and target-risk funds; and
•Some passive management, including index and enhanced index strategies.
Organization
As of December 31, 2021, EQH owned approximately 4.0% of the issued and outstanding units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests in AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (“AB Holding Units”). AllianceBernstein Corporation (an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of EQH, “General Partner”) is the general partner of both AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (“AB Holding”) and AB. AllianceBernstein Corporation owns 100,000 general partnership units in AB Holding and a 1% general partnership interest in AB.

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As of December 31, 2021, the ownership structure of AB, including limited partnership units outstanding as well as the general partner's 1% interest, was as follows:
EQH and its subsidiaries 63.0  %
AB Holding 36.2 
Unaffiliated holders 0.8 
100.0  %
Including both the general partnership and limited partnership interests in AB Holding and AB, EQH and its subsidiaries had an approximate 64.5% economic interest in AB as of December 31, 2021.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP"). The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include AB and its majority-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries, and the consolidated entities that are considered to be variable interest entities ("VIEs") and voting interest entities ("VOEs") in which AB has a controlling financial interest. Non-controlling interests on the consolidated statements of financial condition include the portion of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds in which we do not have direct equity ownership. All significant inter-company transactions and balances among the consolidated entities have been eliminated.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Topic 715-20). The amendment modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other post-retirement plans. We adopted this standard prospectively on January 1, 2021. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify US GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending the existing guidance. We adopted this standard prospectively on January 1, 2021. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted in 2021
None.
Revenue Recognition
Investment advisory and services fees
AB provides asset management services by managing customer assets and seeking to deliver investment returns to investors. Each investment management contract between AB and a customer creates a distinct, separately identifiable performance obligation for each day the customer’s assets are managed as the customer can benefit from each day of service. In accordance with ASC 606, a series of distinct goods and services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer are treated as a single performance obligation. Accordingly, we have determined that our investment and advisory services are performed over time and entitle us to variable consideration earned based on the value of the investors’ assets under management (“AUM”).
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We calculate AUM using established market-based valuation methods and fair valuation (non-observable market) methods. Market-based valuation methods include: last sale/settle prices from an exchange for actively-traded listed equities, options and futures; evaluated bid prices from recognized pricing vendors for fixed income, asset-backed or mortgage-backed issues; mid prices from recognized pricing vendors and brokers for credit default swaps; and quoted bids or spreads from pricing vendors and brokers for other derivative products. Fair valuation methods include: discounted cash flow models or any other methodology that is validated and approved by our Valuation Committee (see paragraph immediately below for additional information about our Valuation Committee). Fair valuation methods are used only where AUM cannot be valued using market-based valuation methods, such as in the case of private equity or illiquid securities.
The Valuation Committee, which consists of senior officers and employees, is responsible for overseeing the pricing and valuation of all investments held in client and AB portfolios. The Valuation Committee has adopted a Statement of Pricing Policies describing principles and policies that apply to pricing and valuing investments held in these portfolios. We also have a Pricing Group, which reports to the Valuation Committee and is responsible for overseeing the pricing process for all investments.
We record as revenue investment advisory and services base fees, which we generally calculate as a percentage of AUM. At month-end, all the components of the transaction price (i.e., the base fee calculation) are no longer variable and the value of the consideration is determined. These fees are not subject to claw back and there is minimal probability that a significant reversal of the revenue recorded will occur. 
The transaction price for the asset management performance obligation for certain investment advisory contracts, including those associated with hedge funds or other alternative investments, provide for a performance-based fee (including carried interest), in addition to a base advisory fee, which is calculated as either a percentage of absolute investment results or a percentage of investment results in excess of a stated benchmark over a specified period of time. The performance-based fees are forms of variable consideration and are therefore excluded from the transaction price until it becomes probable that there will not be significant reversal of the cumulative revenue recognized. At each reporting date, we evaluate the constraining factors, discussed below, surrounding the variable consideration to determine the extent to which, if any, revenues associated with the performance-based fee can be recognized.
Constraining factors impacting the amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price include: the contractual claw-back provisions to which the variable consideration is subject, the length of time to which the uncertainty of the consideration is subject, the number and range of possible consideration amounts, the probability of significant fluctuations in the fund’s market value, the level at which the fund’s value exceeds the contractual threshold required to earn such a fee, and the materiality of the amount being evaluated.
Bernstein Research Services
Bernstein Research Services revenue consists principally of commissions received, and to a lesser but increasing extent, direct payments for trade execution services and equity research services provided to institutional clients. Brokerage commissions for trade execution services and related expenses are recorded on a trade-date basis when the performance obligations are satisfied. Generally, the transaction price is agreed upon at the time of each trade and is based upon the number of shares traded or the value of the consideration traded. Research revenues are recognized when the transaction price is quantified, collectability is assured and significant reversal of such revenue is not probable.
Distribution Revenues
Two of our subsidiaries act as distributors and/or placement agents of company-sponsored mutual funds and receive distribution services fees from certain of those funds as full or partial reimbursement of the distribution expenses they incur. The variable consideration can be determined in different ways, as discussed below, as we satisfy the performance obligation depending on the contractual arrangements with the customer and the specific product sold.
Most open-end U.S. funds have adopted a plan under Rule 12b-1 of the Investment Company Act that allows the fund to pay, out of assets of the fund, distribution and service fees for the distribution and sale of its shares (“12b-1 fees”). The open-end U.S. funds have such agreements with us, and we have selling and distribution agreements pursuant to which we pay sales commissions to the financial intermediaries that distribute our open-end U.S. funds. These agreements are terminable by either party upon notice (generally 30 days) and do not obligate the financial intermediary to sell any specific amount of fund shares.
We record 12b-1 fees monthly based upon a percentage of the net asset value (“NAV”) of the funds. At month-end, the variable consideration of the transaction price is no longer constrained as the NAV can be calculated and the value of consideration is determined. These services are separate and distinct from other asset management services as the customer can benefit from these services independently of other services. We accrue the corresponding 12b-1 fees paid to sub-distributors monthly as the expenses are incurred. We are acting in a principal capacity in these transactions; as such, these revenues and expenses are recorded on a gross basis.
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We offer back-end load shares in limited instances and charge the investor a contingent deferred sales charge (“CDSC”) if the investment is redeemed within a certain period. The variable consideration for these contracts is contingent on the timing of the redemption by the investor and the value of the sale proceeds. Due to these constraining factors, we exclude the CDSC fee from the transaction price until the investor redeems the investment. Upon redemption, the cash consideration received for these contractual arrangements are recorded as reductions of unamortized deferred sales commissions.
Our Luxembourg subsidiary, the management company for most of our non-U.S. funds, earns a management fee that is accrued daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate, based on the average daily net assets of the fund. With respect to certain share classes, the management fee may also contain a component that is paid to distributors and other financial intermediaries and service providers to cover shareholder servicing and other administrative expenses (also referred to as an All-in-Fee). As we have concluded that asset management is distinct from distribution, we allocate a portion of the investment and advisory fee to distribution revenues for the servicing component based on standalone selling prices.
Other Revenues
Revenues from contracts with customers include a portion of other revenues, which consists primarily of shareholder servicing fees, as well as mutual fund reimbursements and other brokerage income.
We provide shareholder services, which include transfer agency, administrative and recordkeeping services provided to company-sponsored mutual funds. The consideration for these services is based on a percentage of the NAV of the fund or a fixed-fee based on the number of shareholder accounts being serviced. The revenues are recorded at month-end when the constraining factors involved with determining NAV or the number of shareholders’ accounts are resolved.
Non-Contractual Revenues
Dividend and interest income is accrued as earned. Investment gains and losses on the consolidated statements of income include unrealized gains and losses of trading and private equity investments stated at fair value, equity in earnings of our limited partnership hedge fund investments, and realized gains and losses on investments sold.
Contract Assets and Liabilities
We use the practical expedient for contracts that have an original duration of one year or less. Accordingly, we do not consider the time value of money and, instead, accrue the incremental costs of obtaining the contract when incurred. As of December 31, 2021, the balances of contract assets and contract liabilities are not considered material and, accordingly, no further disclosures are necessary.
Consolidation of company-sponsored investment funds
For legal entities (company-sponsored investment funds) evaluated for consolidation, we first determine whether the fees we receive and the interests we hold qualify as a variable interest in the entity, including an evaluation of fees paid to us as a decision maker or service provider to the entity being evaluated. Fees received by us are not variable interests if (i) the fees are compensation for services provided and are commensurate with the level of effort required to provide those services, (ii) the service arrangement includes only terms, conditions or amounts that are customarily present in arrangements for similar services negotiated at arm’s length, and (iii) our other economic interests in the entity held directly and indirectly through our related parties, as well as economic interests held by related parties under common control, would not absorb more than an insignificant amount of the entity’s losses or receive more than an insignificant amount of the entity’s benefits.
For those entities in which we have a variable interest, we perform an analysis to determine whether the entity is a VIE by considering whether the entity’s equity investment at risk is insufficient, whether the investors lack decision making rights proportional to their ownership percentage of the entity, and whether the investors lack the obligation to absorb an entity’s expected losses or the right to receive an entity’s expected income.
A VIE must be consolidated by its primary beneficiary, which generally is defined as the party that has a controlling financial interest in the VIE. We are deemed to have a controlling financial interest in a VIE if we have (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE's economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive income from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. For purposes of evaluating (ii) above, fees paid to us as a decision maker or service provider are excluded if the amount of fees is commensurate with the level of effort required to be performed and the arrangement includes only customary terms, conditions or amounts present in arrangements for similar services negotiated at arm’s length. The primary beneficiary evaluation generally is performed qualitatively based on all facts and circumstances, as well as quantitatively, as appropriate.
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If we have a variable interest in an entity that is determined not to be a VIE, the entity is then evaluated for consolidation under the VOE model. For limited partnerships and similar entities, we are deemed to have a controlling financial interest in a VOE, and would be required to consolidate the entity, if we own a majority of the entity’s kick-out rights through voting limited partnership interests and limited partners do not hold substantive participating rights (or other rights that would indicate that we do not control the entity). For entities other than limited partnerships, we are deemed to have a controlling financial interest in a VOE if we own a majority voting interest in the entity.
The analysis performed regarding the determination of variable interests held, whether entities are VIEs or VOEs, and whether we have a controlling financial interest in such entities, requires the exercise of judgment. The analysis is updated continuously as circumstances change or new entities are formed.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits, money market accounts, overnight commercial paper and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, the recorded value has been determined to approximate fair value (and considered Level 1 securities in the fair value hierarchy).
Fees Receivable, Net
Fees receivable are shown net of allowances. An allowance for doubtful accounts related to investment advisory and services fees is determined through an analysis of the aging of receivables, assessments of collectability based on historical trends and other qualitative and quantitative factors, including our relationship with the client, the financial health (or ability to pay) of the client, current economic conditions and whether the account is active or closed. The allowance for doubtful accounts is not material to fees receivable.
Brokerage Transactions
Customers’ securities transactions are recorded on a settlement date basis, with related commission income and expenses reported on a trade date basis. Receivables from and payables to clients include amounts due on cash and margin transactions. Securities owned by customers are held as collateral for receivables; such collateral is not reflected in the consolidated financial statements. We have the ability by contract or custom to sell or re-pledge this collateral, and have done so at various times. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had $23.4 million and zero of re-pledged securities, respectively. Principal securities transactions and related expenses are recorded on a trade date basis.
Securities borrowed and securities loaned by our broker-dealer subsidiaries are recorded at the amount of cash collateral advanced or received in connection with the transaction and are included in receivables from and payables to brokers and dealers in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Securities borrowed transactions require us to deposit cash collateral with the lender. With respect to securities loaned, we receive cash collateral from the borrower. See Note 8 for securities borrowed and loaned amounts recorded in our consolidated statements of financial condition as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. The initial collateral advanced or received approximates or is greater than the fair value of securities borrowed or loaned. We monitor the fair value of the securities borrowed and loaned on a daily basis and request additional collateral or return excess collateral, as appropriate. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, there is no allowance provision required for the collateral advanced. Income or expense is recognized over the life of the transaction.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had $114.9 million and $130.0 million, respectively, of cash on deposit with clearing organizations for trade facilitation purposes, which are reported in other assets in our consolidated statements of financial condition. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we held no U.S. Treasury bills pledged as collateral. These clearing organizations have the ability by contract or custom to sell or re-pledge the collateral, if any.
Current Expected Credit Losses- Receivables from Brokerage clients
Receivables from clients primarily consists of margin loan balances. The value of the securities owned by clients and held as collateral for these receivables is not reflected in the consolidated financial statements and the collateral was not repledged or sold as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. We consider these financing receivables to be of good credit quality due to the fact that these receivables are primarily collateralized by the related client investments.
To estimate expected credit losses on margin loans, we applied the collateral maintenance practical expedient by comparing the amortized cost basis of the margin loans with the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date. Margin loans are limited to a percentage of the total value of the securities held in the client's account against those loans. AB requires, in the event of a decline in the market value of the securities in a margin account, the client to deposit additional securities or cash so that, at all times, the value of the securities in the account, at a minimum, cover the loan to the client. As such, AB reasonably expects that the borrower will be able to continually replenish collateral securing the financial asset and does not expect the fair value of collateral to fall below the amortized cost basis of the margin loans and, as a result, we consider the credit risk associated with these receivables to be minimal. In circumstances when a loan becomes undercollateralized and the client fails to deposit additional securities or cash, AB reserves the right to liquidate the account.
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Current Expected Credit Losses - Receivables from Revenue Contracts with Customers
The majority of our revenue receivables are from investment advisory and service fees, and distribution revenues, that are typically paid out of the client accounts or third-party products consisting of cash and securities. Due to the size of the fees in relation to the value of the cash and securities in account or funds, the account value always exceeds the amortized cost basis of the receivables, resulting in a remote risk of loss. These receivables have a short duration, generally due within 30-90 days and there is minimal historical evidence of non-payment or market declines that would cause the fair value of the underlying securities to decline below the amortized cost of the receivables. AB maintains an allowance for credit losses based upon an estimate of the amount of potential credit losses in existing accounts receivable, as determined from a review of aging schedules, past due balances, historical collection experience and other specific account data. Once determined uncollectible, aged balances are written off as credit loss expense. This determination is based on careful analysis of individual receivables and aging schedules, and generally occurs when the receivable becomes over 360 days past due. Our aged receivables and amounts written off related to credit losses in any year are not material.
Furniture, Equipment and Leasehold Improvements, Net
Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of eight years for furniture and three to six years for equipment and software. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of their estimated useful lives or the terms of the related leases.
Goodwill
In 2000, AB acquired SCB Inc., an investment research and management company formerly known as Sanford C. Bernstein Inc. (“Bernstein”). The Bernstein acquisition was accounted for under the purchase method, and the cost of the acquisition was allocated on the basis of the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired, net of liabilities assumed, resulted in the recognition of goodwill of approximately $3.0 billion.
As of December 31, 2021, goodwill of $3.1 billion on the consolidated statement of financial condition included $2.8 billion as a result of the Bernstein acquisition and $291 million in regard to various smaller acquisitions. We have determined that AB has only one reporting segment and reporting unit.
Goodwill is tested annually, as of September 30, for impairment utilizing the market approach where the fair value of the reporting unit is based on its unadjusted market valuation (AB Units outstanding multiplied by AB Holding's Unit price) and adjusted market valuations assuming a control premium (when applicable). The price of a publicly-traded AB Holding Unit serves as a reasonable starting point for valuing an AB Unit because each represents the same fractional interest in our underlying business. Throughout the year, the carrying value of goodwill is also reviewed for impairment if certain events or changes in circumstances occur and trigger whether an interim impairment test may be required. Such changes in circumstances may include, but are not limited to, a sustained decrease in the price of an AB Holding Unit or declines in AB’s market capitalization that would suggest that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying amount; significant and unanticipated declines in AB’s assets under management or revenues; and/or lower than expected earnings per unit. Any of these changes in circumstances could suggest the possibility that goodwill is impaired, but none of these events or circumstances by itself would indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. Instead, they are merely recognized as triggering events for the consideration of impairment and must be viewed in combination with any mitigating or positive factors. A holistic evaluation of all events since the most recent quantitative impairment test must be done to determine whether it is more likely than not that the reporting unit is impaired. As of September 30, 2021, the impairment test indicated that goodwill was not impaired. There were no facts or circumstances occurring in the fourth quarter of 2021 suggesting possible impairment.
Under ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, a goodwill impairment will be the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. Under this guidance, the goodwill impairment test no longer includes a determination by management of whether a decline in fair value is temporary; however, it is important that management's determination of fair value reflect the impact of changing market conditions, including the severity and anticipated duration of any such changes.
Intangible Assets, Net
Intangible assets consist primarily of costs assigned to acquired investment management contracts based on their estimated fair value at the time of acquisition, less accumulated amortization. Intangible assets are recognized at fair value and generally are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life ranging from seven to 20 years.
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As of December 31, 2021, intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, of $41.5 million on the consolidated statement of financial condition consists of $26.3 million of finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization and $15.2 million of indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization. As of December 31, 2020, intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, of $44.5 million on the consolidated statement of financial condition consisted of $29.2 million of finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization and $15.3 million of indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization in regard to other acquisitions. The gross carrying amount of finite-lived intangible assets totaled $53.8 million as of December 31, 2021 and $65.1 million as of December 31, 2020, and accumulated amortization was $27.5 million as of December 31, 2021 and $35.9 million as of December 31, 2020. Amortization expense was $5.7 million for 2021, $21.4 million for 2020 and $28.8 million for 2019. Estimated annual amortization expense for 2022 is approximately $5 million, $5 million in years two and three, $4 million in year four and then approximately $2 million in year five.
We periodically review indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment as events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If the carrying value exceeds fair value, we perform additional impairment tests to measure the amount of the impairment loss, if any. During the fourth quarter of 2021 and 2020, we recorded an impairment of $1.0 million and $1.5 million, respectively, relating to our 2016 acquisition of Ramius Alternative Solutions LLC. Due to the loss of acquired investment management contracts during 2021, the carrying value of the finite-lived intangible assets exceeded the fair value of the contracts. We determined the fair value of the contracts using a discounted cash flow model. The impairment charge was recorded in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income.
Deferred Sales Commissions, Net
We pay commissions to financial intermediaries in connection with the sale of shares of open-end company-sponsored mutual funds sold without a front-end sales charge (“back-end load shares”). These commissions are capitalized as deferred sales commissions and amortized over periods not exceeding one year for U.S. fund shares and four years for Non-U.S. Fund shares, the periods of time during which deferred sales commissions generally are recovered. We recover these commissions from distribution services fees received from those funds and from CDSC received from shareholders of those funds upon the redemption of their shares. CDSC cash recoveries are recorded as reductions of unamortized deferred sales commissions when received. Since January 31, 2009, our U.S. mutual funds have not offered back-end load shares to new investors.
We periodically review the deferred sales commission asset for impairment as events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If these factors indicate impairment in value, we compare the carrying value to the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset over its remaining life. If we determine the deferred sales commission asset is not fully recoverable, the asset will be deemed impaired and a loss will be recorded in the amount by which the recorded amount of the asset exceeds its estimated fair value. There were no impairment charges recorded during 2021 or 2020.
Leases
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Both operating and finance leases are included in the right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities in our consolidated statement of financial condition.
ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We use our consolidated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available as of the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. These options to extend or terminate are assessed on a lease-by-lease basis, and the ROU assets and lease liabilities are adjusted when it is reasonably certain that an option will be exercised.
When calculating the measurement of ROU assets and lease liabilities, we utilize the fixed payments associated with the lease and do not include other variable contractual obligations, such as operating expenses, real estate taxes, cleaning and utilities. These costs are accounted for as period costs and expensed as incurred.
Additionally, we exclude any intangible assets such as software licensing agreements as stated in ASC 842-10-15-1. These arrangements will continue to follow the guidance of ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other.
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Loss Contingencies
With respect to all significant litigation matters, we consider the likelihood of a negative outcome. If we determine the likelihood of a negative outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an estimated loss for the expected outcome of the litigation. If the likelihood of a negative outcome is reasonably possible and we are able to determine an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss in excess of amounts already accrued, if any, we disclose that fact together with the estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. However, it is often difficult to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss because litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, particularly when plaintiffs allege substantial or indeterminate damages. Such is also the case when the litigation is in its early stages or when the litigation is highly complex or broad in scope. In these cases, we disclose that we are unable to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss.
Contingent Payment Arrangements
We periodically enter into contingent payment arrangements in connection with our business combinations. In these arrangements, we agree to pay additional consideration to the sellers to the extent that certain performance targets are achieved. We estimate the fair value of these potential future obligations at the time a business combination is consummated and record a liability on our consolidated statements of financial condition. We then accrete the obligation to its expected payment amount over the measurement period. If our expected payment amount subsequently changes, the obligation is modified in the current period resulting in a gain or loss. Both gains and losses resulting from changes to expected payments and the accretion of these obligations to their expected payment amounts are reflected within contingent payment arrangements in our consolidated statements of income. During the fourth quarters of 2021 and 2020, we recorded an impairment of the contingent consideration payable of $0.6 million and $1.4 million, respectively. This impairment was related to our 2016 acquisition of Ramius Alternative Solutions LLC.
Mutual Fund Underwriting Activities
Purchases and sales of shares of company-sponsored mutual funds in connection with the underwriting activities of our subsidiaries, including related commission income, are recorded on the trade date. Receivables from brokers and dealers for sale of shares of company-sponsored mutual funds generally are realized within three business days from the trade date, in conjunction with the settlement of the related payables to company-sponsored mutual funds for share purchases. Distribution plan and other promotion and servicing payments are recognized as expense when incurred.
Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans
We maintain several unfunded, non-qualified long-term incentive compensation plans, under which we grant annual awards to employees, generally in the fourth quarter, and to members of the Board of Directors of the General Partner, who are not employed by our company or by any of our affiliates ("Eligible Directors").
Awards granted in December 2021, 2020 and 2019 allowed employee participants to allocate their awards between restricted AB Holding Units and deferred cash. Participants (except certain members of senior management) generally could allocate up to 50% of their awards to deferred cash, not to exceed a total of $250,000 per award. Each of our employees based outside of the United States (other than expatriates), who received an award of $100,000 or less, could have allocated 100% of his or her award to deferred cash. Participants allocated their awards prior to the date on which the Compensation and Workplace Practices Committee (the "Compensation Committee") of the Board of Directors (the "Board") approved awards in December 2021, 2020 and 2019. For these awards, the number of AB Holding Units awarded was based on the closing price of an AB Holding Unit on the grant date. For awards granted in 2021, 2020 and 2019:
•We engaged in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units or purchase newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding that are awarded to participants and keep them in a consolidated rabbi trust.
•Quarterly distributions on vested and unvested AB Holding Units were paid currently to participants, regardless of whether or not a long-term deferral election has been made.
•Interest on deferred cash was accrued monthly based on our monthly weighted average cost of funds.
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We recognize compensation expense related to equity compensation grants in the financial statements using the fair value method. Fair value of restricted AB Holding Unit awards is the closing price of an AB Holding Unit on the grant date; fair value of options is determined using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. Under the fair value method, compensatory expense is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award and is recognized over the required service period. For year-end long-term incentive compensation awards, employees who resign or are terminated without cause may retain their awards, subject to compliance with certain agreements and restrictive covenants set forth in the applicable award agreement, including restrictions on competition and employee and client solicitation, and a claw-back for failing to follow existing risk management policies. Because there is no service requirement, we fully expense these awards on the grant date. Most equity replacement, sign-on or similar deferred compensation awards included in separate employment agreements or arrangements include a required service period. Regardless of whether or not the award agreement includes employee service requirements, AB Holding Units typically are delivered to employees ratably over three years to four years, unless the employee has made a long-term deferral election.
Grants of restricted AB Holding Units can be awarded to Eligible Directors. Generally, these restricted AB Holding Units vest ratably over four years. These restricted AB Holding Units are not forfeitable (except if the Eligible Director is terminated for “Cause,” as that term is defined in the applicable award agreement). We fully expense these awards on grant date, as there is no service requirement.
We fund our restricted AB Holding Unit awards either by purchasing AB Holding Units on the open market or purchasing newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, and then keeping these AB Holding Units in a consolidated rabbi trust until delivering them or retiring them. In accordance with the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of AB (“AB Partnership Agreement”), when AB purchases newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, AB Holding is required to use the proceeds it receives from AB to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units, thus increasing its percentage ownership interest in AB. AB Holding Units held in the consolidated rabbi trust are corporate assets in the name of the trust and are available to the general creditors of AB.
Repurchases of AB Holding Units for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 consisted of the following:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in millions)
Total amount of AB Holding Units Purchased(1)
5.6  5.4 
Total Cash Paid for AB Holding Units Purchased(1)
$ 262.3  $ 149.0 
Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units Purchased(2)
2.6  3.1 
Total Cash Paid for Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units(2)
$ 117.9  $ 74.0 
(1)Purchased on a trade date basis.
(2)The remainder related to purchases of AB Holding Units from employees to fulfill statutory tax withholding requirements at the time of delivery of long-term incentive compensation awards.
Each quarter, we consider whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). A plan of this type allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or because it possesses material non-public information. Each broker we select has the authority to repurchase AB Holding Units on our behalf in accordance with the terms and limitations specified in the plan. Repurchases are subject to regulations promulgated by the SEC as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the plan. There was no plan adopted during the fourth quarter of 2021. We may adopt additional plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes.
During 2021, we granted to employees and Eligible Directors 7.0 million restricted AB Holding Units (including 3.4 million granted in December for 2021 year-end awards to employees). During 2020, we granted to employees and Eligible Directors 5.7 million restricted AB Holding Units (including 5.0 million granted in December for 2020 year-end awards to employees). We used AB Holding Units repurchased during the periods and newly-issued AB Holding Units to fund these awards.
During 2021 and 2020, AB Holding issued 0.1 million and 5,182 AB Holding Units, respectively, upon exercise of options to buy AB Holding Units. AB Holding used the proceeds of $3.4 million and $0.1 million, respectively, received from award recipients as payment in cash for the exercise price to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units.
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Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions
Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries are translated from functional currencies into United States dollars (“US$”) at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet dates, and related revenues and expenses are translated into US$ at average exchange rates in effect during each period. Net foreign currency gains and losses resulting from the translation of assets and liabilities of foreign operations into US$ are reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Net foreign currency transaction losses were $8.5 million, $3.3 million and $2.0 million for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and are reported in general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of income.
Cash Distributions
AB is required to distribute all of its Available Cash Flow, as defined in the AB Partnership Agreement, to its Unitholders and to the General Partner. Available Cash Flow can be summarized as the cash flow received by AB from operations minus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be retained by AB for use in its business, or plus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be released from previously retained cash flow.
Typically, Available Cash Flow has been the adjusted diluted net income per unit for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests at the end of the quarter. In future periods, management anticipates that Available Cash Flow will be based on adjusted diluted net income per unit, unless management determines, with the concurrence of the Board, that one or more adjustments that are made for adjusted net income should not be made with respect to the Available Cash Flow calculation.
On February 11, 2022, the General Partner declared a distribution of $1.38 per AB Unit, representing a distribution of Available Cash Flow for the three months ended December 31, 2021. The General Partner, as a result of its 1% general partnership interest, is entitled to receive 1% of each distribution. The distribution is payable on March 17, 2022 to holders of record on February 22, 2022.
Total cash distributions per Unit paid to the General Partner and Unitholders during 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $3.86, $3.08 and $2.60, respectively.
Comprehensive Income
We report all changes in comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Comprehensive income includes net income, as well as foreign currency translation adjustments, actuarial gains (losses) and prior service cost. Deferred taxes were not recognized on foreign currency translation adjustments for foreign subsidiaries which had earnings that were considered permanently invested outside the United States.
Subsequent Events
We have evaluated subsequent events through the date that these financial statements were filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and did not identify any subsequent events that would have required disclosure in these financial statements.
Reclassifications
During 2021, amounts previously presented on the Statement of Cash Flows as (increase) decrease in right-of-use assets and increase (decrease) in lease liabilities are now presented net as "Cash payments to relieve operating lease liabilities". Non-cash lease expense under adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities formerly classified as "Depreciation and other amortization" are now classified separately on the Statement of Cash Flows as "Non-cash lease expense." Prior period amounts previously presented as such have been reclassified to conform to the current period's presentation.
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3. Revenue Recognition
Revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 consisted of the following:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Subject to contracts with customers:
    Investment advisory and services fees
        Base fees $ 2,949,405  $ 2,462,810  $ 2,372,429 
        Performance-based fees 245,119  132,626  99,615 
    Bernstein research services 452,017  459,744  407,911 
    Distribution revenues
        All-in-management fees 350,674  331,268  291,999 
        12b-1 fees 83,920  75,973  80,268 
        Other distribution fees 217,646  122,540  82,776 
    Other revenues
        Shareholder servicing fees 90,225  82,317  77,394 
        Other 16,034  21,240  17,924 
4,405,040  3,688,518  3,430,316 
Not subject to contracts with customers:
    Dividend and interest income, net of interest expense 35,048  35,273  47,216 
    Investment (losses) gains (636) (16,401) 38,659 
    Other revenues 2,150  1,146  2,241 
36,562  20,018  88,116 
Total net revenues $ 4,441,602  $ 3,708,536  $ 3,518,432 
4. Net Income Per Unit
Basic net income per unit is derived by reducing net income for the 1% general partnership interest and dividing the remaining 99% by the basic weighted average number of limited partnership units outstanding for each year. Diluted net income per unit is derived by reducing net income for the 1% general partnership interest and dividing the remaining 99% by the total of the diluted weighted average number of limited partnership units outstanding for each year.
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders $ 1,148,623  $ 865,952  $ 752,042 
Weighted average units outstanding—basic 271,729  269,058  268,075 
Dilutive effect of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units 11  27  44 
Weighted average units outstanding—diluted 271,740  269,085  268,119 
Basic net income per AB Unit $ 4.18  $ 3.19  $ 2.78 
Diluted net income per AB Unit $ 4.18  $ 3.19  $ 2.78 
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
Anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted net income —  29,056  29,056 
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5. Cash and Securities Segregated Under Federal Regulations and Other Requirements
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, $1.5 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively, of U.S. Treasury Bills were segregated in a special reserve bank custody account for the exclusive benefit of our brokerage customers under Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act.
6. Investments
Investments consist of:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Equity securities:
Long-term incentive compensation-related $ 32,237  $ 34,351 
Seed capital 133,992  75,766 
Other 18,243  55,439 
Exchange-traded options 1,893  7,527 
Investments in limited partnership hedge funds:
Long-term incentive compensation-related 31,602  25,762 
Seed capital 19,318  16,646 
Time deposits 21,024  18,602 
Other 15,109  19,282 
Total investments $ 273,418  $ 253,375 
Total investments related to long-term incentive compensation obligations of $63.8 million and $60.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, consist of company-sponsored mutual funds and hedge funds. For long-term incentive compensation awards granted before 2009, we typically made investments in company-sponsored mutual funds and hedge funds that were notionally elected by plan participants and maintained them (and continue to maintain them) in a consolidated rabbi trust or separate custodial account. The rabbi trust and custodial account enable us to hold such investments separate from our other assets for the purpose of settling our obligations to participants. The investments held in the rabbi trust and custodial account remain available to the general creditors of AB.
The underlying investments of hedge funds in which we invest include long and short positions in equity securities, fixed income securities (including various agency and non-agency asset-based securities), currencies, commodities and derivatives (including various swaps and forward contracts). These investments are valued at quoted market prices or, where quoted market prices are not available, are fair valued based on the pricing policies and procedures of the underlying funds.
We allocate seed capital to our investment teams to help develop new products and services for our clients. A portion of our seed capital trading investments are equity and fixed income products, primarily in the form of separately-managed account portfolios, U.S. mutual funds, Luxembourg funds, Japanese investment trust management funds or Delaware business trusts. We also may allocate seed capital to investments in private equity funds. In regard to our seed capital investments, the amounts above reflect those funds in which we are not the primary beneficiary of a VIE or hold a controlling financial interest in a VOE. See Note 15, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for a description of the seed capital investments that we consolidated. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, our total seed capital investments were $379.0 million and $310.3 million, respectively. Seed capital investments in unconsolidated company-sponsored investment funds are valued using published net asset values or non-published net asset values if they are not listed on an active exchange but have net asset values that are comparable to funds with published net asset values and have no redemption restrictions.
In addition, we also have long positions in corporate equities and long exchange-traded options traded through our options desk.
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The portion of unrealized gains (losses) related to equity securities, as defined by ASC 321-10, held as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Net gains recognized during the period $ 19,240  $ 17,927 
Less: net gains recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period 23,697  27,357 
Unrealized losses recognized during the period on equity securities held $ (4,457) $ (9,430)
7. Derivative Instruments
See Note 15, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of derivative instruments held by our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.
We enter into various futures, forwards, options and swaps to economically hedge certain seed capital investments. Also, we have currency forwards that help us to economically hedge certain balance sheet exposures. In addition, our options desk trades long and short exchange-traded equity options. We do not hold any derivatives designated in a formal hedge relationship under ASC 815-10, Derivatives and Hedging.
The notional value, fair value and gains and losses recognized in investment gains (losses) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 for derivative instruments (excluding derivative instruments relating to our options desk trading activities discussed below) not designated as hedging instruments were as follows:
Notional
Value 		Derivative
Assets 		Derivative
Liabilities 		Gains
(Losses)
(in thousands)
December 31, 2021
Exchange-traded futures $ 131,876  $ 392  $ 1,186  $ (5,072)
Currency forwards 66,058  7,344  6,980  1,746 
Interest rate swaps 13,483  497  833  (316)
Credit default swaps 155,757  6,594  6,967  (2,914)
Total return swaps 63,817  595  527  (6,433)
Option swaps 50,000  —  430  (309)
Total derivatives $ 480,991  $ 15,422  $ 16,923  $ (13,298)
December 31, 2020
Exchange-traded futures $ 142,886  $ 118  $ 1,834  $ (15,743)
Currency forwards 63,906  8,576  8,451  (1,779)
Interest rate swaps 60,997  2,043  2,955  (347)
Credit default swaps 167,649  10,910  13,304  (104)
Total return swaps 52,061  94  1,847  (15,242)
Option swaps 2,486  —  2,146  (2,374)
Total derivatives $ 489,985  $ 21,741  $ 30,537  $ (35,589)
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the derivative assets and liabilities are included in both receivables and payables to brokers and dealers on our consolidated statements of financial condition. Gains and losses on derivative instruments are reported in investment gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income.
We may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. We minimize our counterparty exposure through a credit review and approval process. In addition, we have executed various collateral arrangements with counterparties to the over-the-counter derivative transactions that require both pledging and accepting collateral in the form of cash. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we held $2.9 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of cash collateral payable to trade counterparties. This obligation to return cash is reported in payables to brokers and dealers in our consolidated statements of financial condition.
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Although notional amount is the most commonly used measure of volume in the derivatives market, it is not used as a measure of credit risk. Generally, the current credit exposure of our derivative contracts is limited to the net positive estimated fair value of derivative contracts at the reporting date after taking into consideration the existence of netting agreements and any collateral received. A derivative with positive value (a derivative asset) indicates existence of credit risk because the counterparty would owe us if the contract were closed. Alternatively, a derivative contract with negative value (a derivative liability) indicates we would owe money to the counterparty if the contract were closed. Generally, if there is more than one derivative transaction with a single counterparty, a master netting arrangement exists with respect to derivative transactions with that counterparty to provide for aggregate net settlement.
Certain of our standardized contracts for over-the-counter derivative transactions (“ISDA Master Agreements”) contain credit risk related contingent provisions pertaining to each counterparty's credit rating. In some ISDA Master Agreements, if the counterparty’s credit rating, or in some agreements, our AUM, falls below a specified threshold, either a default or a termination event permitting the counterparty to terminate the ISDA Master Agreement would be triggered. In all agreements that provide for collateralization, various levels of collateralization of net liability positions are applicable, depending on the credit rating of the counterparty. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we delivered $5.6 million and $6.4 million, respectively, of cash collateral into brokerage accounts. We report this cash collateral in cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated statements of financial condition.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we held $1.9 million and $7.5 million, respectively, of long exchange-traded equity options, which are included in other investments on our consolidated statements of financial condition. In addition, as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we held $2.8 million and $12.5 million, respectively, of short exchange-traded equity options, which are included in securities sold not yet purchased on our consolidated statements of financial condition. Our options desk provides our clients with equity derivative strategies and execution for exchange-traded options on single stocks, exchange-traded funds and indices. While predominately agency-based, the options desk may commit capital to facilitate a client's transaction. Our options desk hedges the risk associated with this activity by taking offsetting positions in equities. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized zero gains or losses on equity options activity compared to $11.9 million of losses recognized on equity options activity for the year ended December 31, 2020. These losses are recognized in investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of income.
8. Offsetting Assets and Liabilities
See Note 15, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of offsetting assets and liabilities of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.
Offsetting of assets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows:
Gross
Amounts of
Recognized
Assets 		Gross
Amounts
Offset in the
Statement
of Financial
Condition 		Net
Amounts of
Assets
Presented in
the
Statement of
Financial
Condition 		Financial
Instruments Collateral 		Cash Collateral
Received 		Net
Amount
(in thousands)
December 31, 2021
Securities borrowed $ 19,899  $ —  $ 19,899  $ (18,327) $ —  $ 1,572 
Derivatives $ 15,422  $ —  $ 15,422  $ —  $ (2,872) $ 12,550 
Long exchange-traded options $ 1,893  $ —  $ 1,893  $ —  $ —  $ 1,893 
December 31, 2020
Securities borrowed $ 7,808  $ —  $ 7,808  $ (7,344) $ —  $ 464 
Derivatives $ 21,741  $ —  $ 21,741  $ —  $ (380) $ 21,361 
Long exchange-traded options $ 7,527  $ —  $ 7,527  $ —  $ —  $ 7,527 
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Offsetting of liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows:
Gross
Amounts of
Recognized
Liabilities 		Gross
Amounts
Offset in the
Statement
of
Financial
Condition 		Net
Amounts
of Liabilities
Presented in
the
Statement
of Financial
Condition 		Financial
Instruments Collateral 		Cash Collateral
Pledged 		Net
Amount
(in thousands)
December 31, 2021
Securities loaned $ 23,911  $ —  $ 23,911  $ (23,373) $ —  $ 538 
Derivatives $ 16,923  $ —  $ 16,923  $ —  $ (5,572) $ 11,351 
Short exchange-traded options $ 2,774  $ —  $ 2,774  $ —  $ —  $ 2,774 
December 31, 2020
Derivatives $ 30,537  $ —  $ 30,537  $ —  $ (6,374) $ 24,163 
Short exchange-traded options $ 12,486  $ —  $ 12,486  $ —  $ —  $ 12,486 
Cash collateral, whether pledged or received on derivative instruments, is not considered material and, accordingly, is not disclosed by counterparty.
9. Fair Value
See Note 15, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of fair value of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three broad levels of fair value hierarchy are as follows:
•Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets are available for identical assets or liabilities as of the reported date.
•Level 2—Quoted prices in markets that are not active or other pricing inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reported date.
•Level 3—Prices or valuation techniques that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable as of the reported date. These financial instruments do not have two-way markets and are measured using management’s best estimate of fair value, where the inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation.
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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Valuation of our financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows (in thousands):
  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
NAV Expedient(1)
Other Total
December 31, 2021:
Money markets $ 151,156  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 151,156 
Securities segregated (U.S. Treasury Bills) —  1,503,828  —  —  —  1,503,828 
Derivatives 392  15,030  —  —  —  15,422 
Investments:
Equity securities 144,917  39,284  126  145  —  184,472 
Long exchange-traded options 1,893  —  —  —  —  1,893 
Limited partnership hedge funds(2)
—  —  —  —  50,920  50,920 
Time deposits(3)
—  —  —  —  21,024  21,024 
Other investments 9,094  —  —  —  6,015  15,109 
Total investments 155,904  39,284  126  145  77,959  273,418 
Total assets measured at fair value $ 307,452  $ 1,558,142  $ 126  $ 145  $ 77,959  $ 1,943,824 
Securities sold not yet purchased:        
Short equities – corporate $ 1,054  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 1,054 
Short exchange-traded options 2,774  —  —  —  —  2,774 
Derivatives 1,186  15,737  —  —  —  16,923 
Contingent payment arrangements —  —  38,260  —  —  38,260 
Total liabilities measured at fair value $ 5,014  $ 15,737  $ 38,260  $ —  $ —  $ 59,011 
December 31, 2020:
Money markets $ 130,675  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 130,675 
Securities segregated (U.S. Treasury Bills) —  1,752,906  —  —  —  1,752,906 
Derivatives 118  21,623  —  —  —  21,741 
Investments:
Equity securities 147,705  17,565  125  161  —  165,556 
Long exchange-traded options 7,527  —  —  —  —  7,527 
Limited partnership hedge funds(2)
—  —  —  —  42,408  42,408 
Time deposits(3)
—  —  —  —  18,602  18,602 
Other investments 7,011  —  —  —  12,271  19,282 
Total investments 162,243  17,565  125  161  73,281  253,375 
Total assets measured at fair value $ 293,036  $ 1,792,094  $ 125  $ 161  $ 73,281  $ 2,158,697 
Securities sold not yet purchased:        
Short equities – corporate $ 5,305  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ 5,305 
Short exchange-traded options 12,486  —  —  —  —  12,486 
Derivatives 1,834  28,703  —  —  —  30,537 
Contingent payment arrangements —  —  27,750  —  —  27,750 
Total liabilities measured at fair value $ 19,625  $ 28,703  $ 27,750  $ —  $ —  $ 76,078 
(1)Investments measured at fair value using NAV (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient.
(2)Investments in equity method investees that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP.
(3)Investments carried at amortized cost that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP.
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Other investments included in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy include our investment in a mutual fund measured at fair value ($9.1 million and $7.0 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively). Other investments not measured at fair value include (i) an investment in a software publishing company that does not have a readily available fair value (zero and $2.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively), (ii) investments in start-up companies that do not have a readily available fair value (these investments were $0.3 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020), (iii) investments in equity method investees that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP ($2.9 million and $6.5 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively), and (iv) broker dealer exchange memberships that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP ($2.8 million and $3.3 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively).
We provide below a description of the fair value methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy:
•Money markets: We invest excess cash in various money market funds that are valued based on quoted prices in active markets; these are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.
•Treasury Bills: We hold U.S. Treasury Bills, which are primarily segregated in a special reserve bank custody account as required by Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act. These securities are valued based on quoted yields in secondary markets and are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
•Equity securities: Our equity securities consist principally of company-sponsored mutual funds with NAVs and various separately-managed portfolios consisting primarily of equity and fixed income mutual funds with quoted prices in active markets, which are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, some securities are valued based on observable inputs from recognized pricing vendors, which are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
•Derivatives: We hold exchange-traded futures with counterparties that are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, we also hold currency forward contracts, interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, option swaps and total return swaps with counterparties that are valued based on observable inputs from recognized pricing vendors, which are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
•Options: We hold exchange-traded options that are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.
•Securities sold not yet purchased: Securities sold not yet purchased, primarily reflecting short positions in equities and exchange-traded options, are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.
•Contingent payment arrangements: Contingent payment arrangements relate to contingent payment liabilities associated with various acquisitions. At each reporting date, we estimate the fair values of the contingent consideration expected to be paid upon probability-weighted AUM and revenue projections, using unobservable market data inputs, which are included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, there were no transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 securities.
The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as equity securities, is as follows:
December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period $ 125  $ 119 
Purchases —  — 
Sales —  — 
Realized gains (losses), net —  — 
Unrealized gains (losses), net 1  6 
Balance as of end of period $ 126  $ 125 
Realized and unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 financial instruments are recorded in investment gains and losses in the consolidated statements of income.
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As part of acquisitions made by the Company, we may enter into contingent consideration arrangements as part of the purchase price. The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as contingent payment arrangements, is as follows:
December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period $ 27,750  $ 22,911 
Addition 7,800  4,400 
Accretion 3,310  3,105 
Changes in estimates (600) (1,366)
Payments —  (1,300)
Balance as of end of period $ 38,260  $ 27,750 
The liabilities were valued using expected revenue growth rates and discount rates. As of December 31, 2021, the expected revenue growth rates range from 2.0% to 83.9%, with a weighted average of 11.9%, calculated using cumulative revenues and range of revenue growth rates (excluding revenue growth from additional AUM contributed in year of acquisition). The discount rates ranged from 1.9% to 10.4%, with a weighted average of 7.0%, calculated using total contingent liabilities and range of discount rates. As of December 31, 2020, the expected revenue growth rates range from 0.7% to 50.0%, with a weighted average of 4.9%, calculated using cumulative revenues and range of revenue growth rates (excluding revenue growth from additional AUM contributed in year of acquisition). The discount rates ranged from 1.9% to 10.4%, with a weighted average of 8.0%, calculated using total contingent liabilities and range of discount rates.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
We did not have any material assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value for impairment on a nonrecurring basis during the years ended December 31, 2021 or 2020.
10. Furniture, Equipment and Leasehold Improvements, Net
Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net consist of:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Furniture and equipment $ 584,161  $ 556,966 
Leasehold improvements 301,036  284,080 
Total 885,197  841,046 
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization (716,022) (693,172)
Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net $ 169,175  $ 147,874 
Depreciation and amortization expense on furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements were $38.8 million, $39.2 million and $38.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
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11. Deferred Sales Commissions, Net
The components of deferred sales commissions, net for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows (excluding amounts related to fully amortized deferred sales commissions):
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Carrying amount of deferred sales commissions $ 177,233  $ 116,484 
Less: Accumulated amortization (53,976) (30,001)
Cumulative CDSC received (48,358) (22,417)
Deferred sales commissions, net $ 74,899  $ 64,066 
Amortization expense was $34.4 million, $27.4 million and $15.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Estimated future amortization expense related to the December 31, 2021 net asset balance, assuming no additional CDSC is received in future periods, is as follows (in thousands):
2022 $ 35,349 
2023 26,176 
2024 12,676 
2025 698 
Total $ 74,899 
12. Debt
AB has an $800.0 million committed, unsecured senior revolving credit facility (the "Credit Facility") with a group of commercial banks and other lenders, which had an original maturity date of September 27, 2023. The Credit Facility was amended and restated as of October 13, 2021, extending the maturity date to October 13, 2026. There were no other significant changes included in the amendment. The Credit Facility provides for possible increases in the principal amount by up to an aggregate incremental amount of $200.0 million; any such increase is subject to the consent of the affected lenders. The Credit Facility is available for AB and Sanford C. Bernstein & Co., LLC ("SCB LLC") business purposes, including the support of AB’s commercial paper program. Both AB and SCB LLC can draw directly under the Credit Facility and management may draw on the Credit Facility from time to time. AB has agreed to guarantee the obligations of SCB LLC under the Credit Facility.
The Credit Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants, which are customary for facilities of this type, including restrictions on dispositions of assets, restrictions on liens, a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. As of December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with these covenants. The Credit Facility also includes customary events of default (with customary grace periods, as applicable), including provisions under which, upon the occurrence of an event of default, all outstanding loans may be accelerated and/or lender’s commitments may be terminated. Also, under such provisions, upon the occurrence of certain insolvency- or bankruptcy-related events of default, all amounts payable under the Credit Facility would automatically become immediately due and payable, and the lender’s commitments automatically would terminate.
Amounts under the Credit Facility may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed by us from time to time until the maturity of the facility. Voluntary prepayments and commitment reductions requested by us are permitted at any time without a fee (other than customary breakage costs relating to the prepayment of any drawn loans) upon proper notice and subject to a minimum dollar requirement. Borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a rate per annum, which will be, at our option, a rate equal to an applicable margin, which is subject to adjustment based on the credit ratings of AB, plus one of the following indices: London Interbank Offered Rate; a floating base rate; or the Federal Funds rate.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had no amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility. During 2021 and 2020, we did not draw upon the Credit Facility.
AB also has a $900.0 million committed, unsecured senior credit facility (“EQH Facility”) with EQH. The EQH Facility matures on November 4, 2024 and is available for AB's general business purposes. Borrowings under the EQH Facility generally bear interest at a rate per annum based on prevailing overnight commercial paper rates.
The EQH Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants which are substantially similar to those in AB’s committed bank facilities. The EQH Facility also includes customary events of default substantially similar to those in AB’s committed bank facilities, including provisions under which, upon the occurrence of an event of default, all outstanding loans may be accelerated and/or the lender’s commitment may be terminated.
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Amounts under the EQH Facility may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed by us from time to time until the maturity of the facility. AB or EQH may reduce or terminate the commitment at any time without penalty upon proper notice. EQH also may terminate the facility immediately upon a change of control of our general partner.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, AB had $755.0 million and $675.0 million outstanding under the EQH Facility with interest rates of approximately 0.2%. Average daily borrowings on the EQH Facility during 2021 and 2020 were $404.6 million and $470.8 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of approximately 0.2% and 0.5%, respectively.
In addition to the EQH Facility, on September 1, 2020, AB established a $300.0 million uncommitted, unsecured senior credit facility (“EQH Uncommitted Facility”) with EQH. The EQH Uncommitted Facility matures on September 1, 2024 and is available for AB's general business purposes. Borrowings under the EQH Unsecured Facility generally bear interest at a rate per annum based on prevailing overnight commercial paper rates. The EQH Uncommitted Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants which are substantially similar to those in the EQH Facility. As of both December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had no amounts outstanding on the EQH Uncommitted Facility and have not drawn the facility since its inception.
As of both December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had no commercial paper outstanding. The commercial paper is short term in nature, and as such, recorded value is estimated to approximate fair value (and considered a Level 2 security in the fair value hierarchy). Average daily borrowings of commercial paper for 2021 were $157.0 million with a weighted average interest rate of 0.2%. Average daily borrowings of commercial paper for 2020 were $83.2 million with a weighted average interest rate of approximately 0.4%.
AB had a $200.0 million committed, unsecured senior revolving credit facility (the "Revolver") with a leading international bank, which matured on November 16, 2021. The Revolver was available for AB's and SCB LLC's business purposes, including the provision of additional liquidity to meet funding requirements primarily related to SCB LLC's operations. Both AB and SCB LLC were able to draw directly under the Revolver and did so from time to time. AB agreed to guarantee the obligations of SCB LLC under the Revolver. The Revolver contained affirmative, negative and financial covenants that were identical to those of the Credit Facility. Borrowings under the Revolver bear interest at a rate per annum, which could be, at our option, a rate equal to an applicable margin, which was subject to adjustment based on the credit ratings of AB, plus one of the following indices: London Interbank Offered Rate; a floating base rate; or the Federal Funds rate. As of both December 31, 2021 and 2020 we had no amounts outstanding under the Revolver. Average daily borrowings for 2021 and 2020 were $13.3 million and $16.5 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of 1.1% and 1.6%, respectively.
On September 28, 2021, AB established a $100.0 million uncommitted line of credit with a financial institution. On October 11, 2021, AB established a $50.0 million uncommitted line of credit with a financial institution. Both uncommitted lines of credit are available for AB's and SCB LLC's business purposes. Both AB and SCB LLC can draw directly under these lines. AB has agreed to guarantee the obligations of SCB LLC under these lines of credit. As of December 31, 2021 we had no amounts outstanding under these lines of credit and have not drawn on them since their inception.
In addition, SCB LLC currently has three uncommitted lines of credit with three financial institutions. Two of these lines of credit permit us to borrow up to an aggregate of approximately $165.0 million, with AB named as an additional borrower, while the other line has no stated limit. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, SCB LLC had no outstanding balance on these lines of credit. Average daily borrowings on the lines of credit during 2021 and 2020 were $47 thousand and $0.9 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of approximately 0.9% and 1.6%, respectively.
13. Leases
We lease office space, office equipment and technology under various operating and financing leases. Our current leases have remaining lease terms of one year to 15 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to five years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within one year. Since 2010, we have sub-leased over one million square feet of office space.
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Leases included in the consolidated statements of financial condition as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:
Classification December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
(in thousands)
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets Right-of-use assets $ 414,105  $ 416,007 
Operating lease liabilities Lease liabilities 482,781  503,174 
Finance Leases
Property and equipment, gross Right-of-use assets 10,947  5,167 
Amortization of right-of-use assets Right-of-use assets (3,072) (2,719)
Property and equipment, net 7,875  2,448 
Finance lease liabilities Lease liabilities 7,954  2,375 
The components of lease expense included in the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:
Years Ended December 31
Classification 2021 2020
(in thousands)
Operating lease cost General and administrative $ 97,466  $ 90,212 
Financing lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets General and administrative 2,355  1,755 
Interest on lease liabilities Interest expense 107  86 
Total finance lease cost 2,462  1,841 
Variable lease cost (1)
General and administrative 39,827  38,208 
Sublease income General and administrative (37,317) (38,622)
Net lease cost $ 102,438  $ 91,639 
(1)Variable lease expense includes operating expenses, real estate taxes and employee parking.
The sublease income represents all revenues received from sub-tenants. It is primarily fixed base rental payments combined with variable reimbursements such as operating expenses, real estate taxes and employee parking.  The vast majority of sub-tenant income is derived from our New York metro sub-tenant agreements. Sub-tenant income related to base rent is recorded on a straight-line basis.
Maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:
Operating Leases Financing Leases Total
Year ending December 31, (in thousands)
2022 $ 100,604  $ 2,616  $ 103,220 
2023 97,049  2,354  99,403 
2024 99,259  1,510  100,769 
2025 33,060  1,214  34,274 
2026 32,047  478  32,525 
Thereafter 169,074  —  169,074 
Total lease payments 531,093  8,172  $ 539,265 
Less interest (48,312) (218)
Present value of lease liabilities $ 482,781  $ 7,954 
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We have signed a lease that commences in 2024, relating to approximately 166,000 square feet of space in New York City. Our estimated total base rent obligation (excluding taxes, operating expenses and utilities) over the 20-year lease term is approximately $393.0 million.
Lease term and discount rate:
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases 7.57
Finance leases 3.62
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases 2.77  %
Finance leases 1.60  %
Supplemental non-cash activity related to leases are as follows:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations(1):
Operating leases $ 82,379  $ 135,919 
Finance leases 7,782  1,695 
(1)Represents supplemental non-cash information on lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets.
14. Commitments and Contingencies
Leases
As indicated in Note 13, we lease office space, office equipment and technology under various leasing arrangements. The future minimum payments under non-cancelable leases, sublease commitments and related payments we are obligated to make, net of sublease commitments of third party lessees to make payments to us, as of December 31, 2021, are as follows:
Payments Sublease Receipts Net Payments
(in millions)
2022 $ 107.1  $ (31.2) $ 75.9 
2023 99.4  (31.6) $ 67.8 
2024 100.7  (30.7) $ 70.0 
2025 51.6  —  $ 51.6 
2026 49.9  —  $ 49.9 
2027 and thereafter
528.3  —  528.3 
Total future minimum payments $ 937.0  $ (93.5) $ 843.5 
See Note 13 for material lease commitments.
Legal Proceedings
AB may be involved in various matters, including regulatory inquires, administrative proceedings and litigation, some of which may allege significant damages. It is reasonably possible that we could incur losses pertaining to these matters, but we cannot currently estimate any such losses.
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Management, after consultation with legal counsel, currently believes that the outcome of any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. However, any inquiry, proceeding or litigation has an element of uncertainty; management cannot determine whether further developments relating to any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operation, financial condition or liquidity in any future reporting period.
Other
During 2010, as general partner of AllianceBernstein U.S. Real Estate L.P. (“Real Estate Fund”), we committed to invest $25.0 million in the Real Estate Fund. As of December 31, 2021, we had funded $22.4 million of this commitment. During 2014, as general partner of AllianceBernstein U.S. Real Estate II L.P. (“Real Estate Fund II”), we committed to invest $27.3 million, as amended in 2020, in the Real Estate Fund II. As of December 31, 2021, we had funded $21.1 million of this commitment.
15. Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds
We regularly provide seed capital to new company-sponsored investment funds. As such, we may consolidate or de-consolidate a variety of company-sponsored investment funds each quarter. Due to the similarity of risks related to our involvement with each company-sponsored investment fund, disclosures required under the VIE model are aggregated, such as disclosures regarding the carrying amount and classification of assets.
We are not required to provide financial support to company-sponsored investment funds and only the assets of such funds are available to settle each fund's own liabilities. Our exposure to loss in regard to consolidated company-sponsored investment funds is limited to our investment in, and our management fee earned from, such funds. Equity and debt holders of such funds have no recourse to AB’s assets or to the general credit of AB.
The balances of consolidated VIEs and VOEs included in our consolidated statements of financial condition were as follows:
December 31, 2021 December 31, 2020
(in thousands)
VIEs VOEs Total VIEs VOEs Total
Cash and cash equivalents $ 90,326  $ —  $ 90,326  $ 36,370  $ 136  $ 36,506 
Investments 613,025  —  613,025  242,541  60,041  302,582 
Other assets 30,461  —  30,461  4,859  7,385  12,244 
Total assets $ 733,812  $ —  $ 733,812  $ 283,770  $ 67,562  $ 351,332 
Liabilities $ 87,000  $ —  $ 87,000  $ 7,741  $ 22,879  $ 30,620 
Redeemable non-controlling interest 421,169  —  421,169  82,753  19,606  102,359 
Partners' capital attributable to AB Unitholders 225,643  —  225,643  193,276  25,077  218,353 
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest and partners' capital $ 733,812  $ —  $ 733,812  $ 283,770  $ 67,562  $ 351,332 
During 2021, we deconsolidated four funds in which we had seed investments totaling approximately $93.9 million as of December 31, 2020 due to no longer having a controlling financial interest.
Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits, overnight commercial paper and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, the recorded value has been determined to approximate fair value.
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Valuation of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds' financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows (in thousands):
  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
December 31, 2021:
Investments - VIEs $ 165,415  $ 444,253  $ 3,357  $ 613,025 
Investments - VOEs —  —  —  — 
Derivatives - VIEs 622  5,265  —  5,887 
Derivatives - VOEs —  —  —  — 
Total assets measured at fair value $ 166,037  $ 449,518  $ 3,357  $ 618,912 
Derivatives - VIEs $ 16,291  $ 2,051  $ —  $ 18,342 
Derivatives - VOEs —  —  —  — 
Total liabilities measured at fair value $ 16,291  $ 2,051  $ —  $ 18,342 
December 31, 2020:
Investments - VIEs $ 73,909  $ 168,114  $ 518  $ 242,541 
Investments - VOEs —  59,940  101  60,041 
Derivatives - VIEs 442  2,782  —  3,224 
Derivatives - VOEs —  464  —  464 
Total assets measured at fair value $ 74,351  $ 231,300  $ 619  $ 306,270 
Derivatives - VIEs $ 1,649  $ 5,244  $ —  $ 6,893 
Derivatives - VOEs —  664  —  664 
Total liabilities measured at fair value $ 1,649  $ 5,908  $ —  $ 7,557 
See Note 9 for a description of the fair value methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.
The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value within consolidated company-sponsored investment funds was as follows:
  December 31,
  2021 2020
  (in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period $ 619  $ 854 
Deconsolidated funds (717) (135)
Transfers (out) in (205) 552 
Purchases 3,675  259 
Sales (7) (571)
Realized gains (losses), net 3  (99)
Unrealized (losses), net (11) (242)
Accrued discounts —  1 
Balance as of end of period $ 3,357  $ 619 
The Level 3 securities primarily consist of corporate bonds that are vendor priced with no ratings available, bank loans, non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities.
Transfers into and out of all levels of the fair value hierarchy are reflected at end-of-period fair values. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 financial instruments are recorded in investment gains and losses in the consolidated statements of income.
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Derivative Instruments
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the VIEs held $12.5 million and $3.7 million (net), respectively, of futures, forwards, options and swaps within their portfolios. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized $0.7 million and $0.6 million of losses, respectively, on these derivatives. These gains and losses are recognized in investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of income.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the VIEs held $0.9 million and $0.5 million, respectively, of cash collateral payable to trade counterparties. This obligation to return cash is reported in the liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds in our consolidated statements of financial condition.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the VIEs delivered $1.8 million and $4.2 million, respectively, of cash collateral into brokerage accounts. The VIEs report this cash collateral in the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated statements of financial condition.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the VOEs held zero and $0.2 million (net), respectively, of futures, forwards, options and swaps within their portfolios. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized zero and $0.2 million of gains, respectively, on these derivatives. These gains and losses are recognized in the investment gains (losses) in the consolidated statements of income.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the VOEs held no cash collateral payable to trade counterparties. This obligation to return cash is reported in the liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds in our consolidated statements of financial condition.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the VOEs delivered zero and $0.1 million, respectively, of cash collateral into brokerage accounts. The VOEs report this cash collateral in the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated statements of financial condition.
Offsetting Assets and Liabilities
Offsetting of derivative assets of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows:
  Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition Financial
Instruments 		Cash Collateral
Received 		Net
Amount
  (in thousands)
December 31, 2021:
Derivatives - VIEs $ 5,887  $ —  $ 5,887  $ —  $ (904) $ 4,983 
Derivatives - VOEs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
December 31, 2020:
Derivatives - VIEs $ 3,224  $ —  $ 3,224  $ —  $ (513) $ 2,711 
Derivatives - VOEs $ 464  $ —  $ 464  $ —  $ —  $ 464 

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Offsetting of derivative liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows:
  Gross
 Amounts of Recognized Liabilities 		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition Net Amounts
of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition 		Financial
Instruments 		Cash Collateral
Pledged 		Net
Amount
  (in thousands)
December 31, 2021:
Derivatives - VIEs $ 18,342  $ —  $ 18,342  $ —  $ (1,824) $ 16,518 
Derivatives - VOEs $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
December 31, 2020:
Derivatives - VIEs $ 6,893  $ —  $ 6,893  $ —  $ (4,201) $ 2,692 
Derivatives - VOEs $ 664  $ —  $ 664  $ —  $ (138) $ 526 
Cash collateral, whether pledged or received on derivative instruments, is not considered material and, accordingly, is not disclosed by counterparty.
Non-Consolidated VIEs
As of December 31, 2021, the net assets of company-sponsored investment products that are non-consolidated VIEs are approximately $68.9 billion; our maximum risk of loss is our investment of $8.8 million in these VIEs and our advisory fees receivable from these VIEs are $75.7 million. As of December 31, 2020, the net assets of company-sponsored investment products that were non-consolidated VIEs was approximately $73.4 billion; our maximum risk of loss was our investment of $7.1 million in these VIEs and our advisory fees receivable from these VIEs were $77.6 million.
16. Net Capital
SCB LLC is registered as a broker-dealer under the Exchange Act and is subject to the minimum net capital requirements imposed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). SCB LLC computes its net capital under the alternative method permitted by the applicable rule, which requires that minimum net capital, as defined, equals the greater of $1 million or two percent of aggregate debit items arising from customer transactions, as defined. As of December 31, 2021, SCB LLC had net capital of $307.6 million, which was $267.5 million in excess of the minimum net capital requirement of $40.1 million. Advances, dividend payments and other equity withdrawals by SCB LLC are restricted by regulations imposed by the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc., and other securities agencies.
Our U.K.-based broker-dealer is a member of the London Stock Exchange. As of December 31, 2021, it was subject to financial resources requirements of $47.4 million imposed by the Financial Conduct Authority of the United Kingdom and had aggregate regulatory financial resources of $61.1 million, an excess of $13.7 million over the required level.
AllianceBernstein Investments, Inc., another one of our subsidiaries and the distributor and/or underwriter for certain company-sponsored mutual funds, is registered as a broker-dealer under the Exchange Act and is subject to the minimum net capital requirements imposed by the SEC. As of December 31, 2021, it had net capital of $26.5 million, which was $26.2 million in excess of its required net capital of $0.3 million.
Many of our subsidiaries around the world are subject to minimum net capital requirements by the local laws and regulations to which they are subject. As of December 31, 2021, each of our subsidiaries subject to a minimum net capital requirement satisfied the applicable requirement.
17. Counterparty Risk
Customer Activities
In the normal course of business, brokerage activities involve the execution, settlement and financing of various customer securities trades, which may expose our broker-dealer operations to off-balance sheet risk by requiring us to purchase or sell securities at prevailing market prices in the event the customer is unable to fulfill its contractual obligations.
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Our customer securities activities are transacted on either a cash or margin basis. In margin transactions, we extend credit to the customer, subject to various regulatory and internal margin requirements. These transactions are collateralized by cash or securities in the customer’s account. In connection with these activities, we may execute and clear customer transactions involving the sale of securities not yet purchased. We seek to control the risks associated with margin transactions by requiring customers to maintain collateral in compliance with the aforementioned regulatory and internal guidelines. We monitor required margin levels daily and, pursuant to such guidelines, require customers to deposit additional collateral, or reduce positions, when necessary. A majority of our customer margin accounts are managed on a discretionary basis whereby we maintain control over the investment activity in the accounts. For these discretionary accounts, our margin deficiency exposure is minimized by our maintaining a diversified portfolio of securities in the accounts, our discretionary authority and our U.S.-based broker-dealer's role as custodian.
In accordance with industry practice, we record customer transactions on a settlement date basis, which generally is two business days after trade date for our U.K. and U.S. operations. We are exposed to risk of loss on these transactions in the event of the customer’s inability to meet the terms of their contracts, in which case we may have to purchase or sell financial instruments at prevailing market prices. The risks we assume in connection with these transactions are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Other Counterparties
We are engaged in various brokerage activities on behalf of clients, in which counterparties primarily include broker-dealers, banks and other financial institutions. In the event these counterparties do not fulfill their obligations, we may be exposed to loss. The risk of default depends on the creditworthiness of the counterparty or issuer of the instrument. It is our policy to review, as necessary, each counterparty’s creditworthiness.
In connection with security borrowing and lending arrangements, we enter into collateralized agreements, which may result in potential loss in the event the counterparty to a transaction is unable to fulfill its contractual obligations. Security borrowing arrangements require us to deposit cash collateral with the lender. With respect to security lending arrangements, we receive collateral in the form of cash in amounts generally in excess of the market value of the securities loaned. We attempt to mitigate credit risk associated with these activities by establishing credit limits for each broker and monitoring these limits on a daily basis. Additionally, security borrowing and lending collateral is marked to market on a daily basis, and additional collateral is deposited by or returned to us as necessary.
We enter into various futures, forwards, options and swaps primarily to economically hedge certain of our seed money investments. We may be exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties to these derivative financial instruments. See Note 7, Derivative Instruments for further discussion.
18. Qualified Employee Benefit Plans
We maintain a qualified profit sharing plan covering U.S. employees and certain foreign employees. Employer contributions are discretionary and generally limited to the maximum amount deductible for federal income tax purposes. Aggregate contributions were $16.5 million, $15.6 million and $14.4 million for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
We maintain several defined contribution plans for foreign employees working for our subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan and other locations outside the United States. Employer contributions generally are consistent with regulatory requirements and tax limits. Defined contribution expense for foreign entities was $9.8 million, $8.4 million and $7.7 million in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
We maintain a qualified, noncontributory, defined benefit retirement plan (“Retirement Plan”) covering current and former employees who were employed by AB in the United States prior to October 2, 2000. Benefits are based on years of credited service, average final base salary (as defined in the Retirement Plan) and primary Social Security benefits. Service and compensation after December 31, 2008 are not taken into account in determining participants’ retirement benefits.
Our policy is to satisfy our funding obligation for each year in an amount not less than the minimum required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, and not greater than the maximum amount we can deduct for federal income tax purposes. We did not make a contribution to the Retirement Plan during 2021. We do not currently anticipate that we will contribute to the Retirement Plan during 2022. Contribution estimates, which are subject to change, are based on regulatory requirements, future market conditions and assumptions used for actuarial computations of the Retirement Plan’s obligations and assets. Management, at the present time, has not determined the amount, if any, of additional future contributions that may be required.
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The Retirement Plan’s projected benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets and funded status (amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of financial condition) were as follows:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Change in projected benefit obligation:
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year $ 151,124  $ 136,113 
Interest cost 3,794  4,443 
Plan settlements (5,803) — 
Actuarial (gain) loss (4,447) 16,131 
Benefits paid (2,806) (5,563)
Projected benefit obligation at end of year 141,862  151,124 
Change in plan assets:
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of year 125,022  114,080 
Actual return on plan assets 14,526  16,505 
Employer contribution —  — 
Plan settlements (5,803) — 
Benefits paid (2,806) (5,563)
Plan assets at fair value at end of year 130,939  125,022 
Funded status $ (10,923) $ (26,102)
Effective December 31, 2015, the Retirement Plan was amended to change the actuarial basis used for converting a life annuity benefit to optional forms of payment and converting benefits payable at age 65 to earlier commencement dates. This prior service cost will be amortized over future years.
The amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for the Retirement Plan for 2021, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Unrecognized net gain (loss) from experience different from that assumed and effects of changes and assumptions $ 15,858  $ (4,089) $ (7,934)
Prior service cost 24  24  24 
15,882  (4,065) (7,910)
Income tax (expense) benefit (87) (216) 312 
Other comprehensive income (loss) $ 15,795  $ (4,281) $ (7,598)
The gain of $15.8 million recognized in 2021 was primarily due to actual earnings exceeding expected earnings on plan assets ($8.2 million), changes in the discount rate and lump sum interest rates of ($5.6 million), settlement loss recognized of ($2.0 million) and the recognized actuarial loss of ($1.5 million), offset by changes in the census data ($1.0 million) and changes in the mortality assumption ($0.2 million). The loss of $4.3 million recognized in 2020 was primarily due to changes in the discount rate and lump sum interest rates ($16.7 million), offset by actual earnings exceeding expected earnings on plan assets ($10.4 million), changes in the mortality assumption ($1.0 million), the recognized actuarial loss ($1.4 million) and changes in the census data ($0.4 million). The loss of $7.6 million recognized in 2019 was primarily was due to changes in the discount rate and lump sum interest rates ($21.7 million), offset by actual earnings exceeding expected earnings on plan assets ($11.3 million), changes in the mortality assumption ($1.2 million), the recognized actuarial loss ($1.1 million) and changes in census data ($0.1 million).

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Foreign retirement plans and an individual's retirement plan maintained by AB are not material to AB's consolidated financial statements. As such, disclosure for these plans is not necessary. The reconciliation of the 2021 amounts recognized in other comprehensive income for the Retirement Plan as compared to the consolidated statement of comprehensive income ("OCI Statement") is as follows:
Retirement Plan Retired Individual Plan Foreign Retirement Plans OCI
Statement
(in thousands)
Recognized actuarial gain (loss) $ 15,858  $ 16  $ (131) $ 15,743 
Amortization of prior service cost 24  —  —  24 
Changes in employee benefit related items 15,882  16  (131) 15,767 
Income tax (expense) benefit (87) (1) 29  (59)
Employee benefit related items, net of tax $ 15,795  $ 15  $ (102) $ 15,708 
The amounts included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the Retirement Plan as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Unrecognized net loss from experience different from that assumed and effects of changes and assumptions $ (43,768) $ (59,625)
Prior service cost (683) (707)
(44,451) (60,332)
Income tax benefit 210  296 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss $ (44,241) $ (60,036)
The amortization period over which we are amortizing the loss for the Retirement Plan from accumulated other comprehensive income is 28.7 years. The estimated prior service cost and amortization of loss for the Retirement Plan that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income over the next year are $24,000 and $1.5 million, respectively.
The accumulated benefit obligation for the plan was $141.9 million and $151.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The discount rates used to determine benefit obligations as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (measurement dates) were 2.90% and 2.55%, respectively.
Benefit payments are expected to be paid as follows (in thousands):
2022 $ 8,817 
2023 7,630 
2024 7,460 
2025 9,642 
2026 8,787 
2027 - 2031 45,873 

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Net expense under the Retirement Plan consisted of:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Interest cost on projected benefit obligations $ 3,794  $ 4,443  $ 4,944 
Expected return on plan assets (6,351) (6,084) (5,639)
Amortization of prior service cost 24  24  24 
Settlement loss recognized 2 —  — 
Recognized actuarial loss 1,447  1,386  1,146 
Net pension expense $ 938  $ (231) $ 475 
Actuarial computations used to determine net periodic costs were made utilizing the following weighted-average assumptions:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
Discount rate on benefit obligations 2.55  % 3.35  % 4.40  %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets 5.25  % 5.50  % 5.75  %
In developing the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets of 5.25%, management considered the historical returns and future expectations for returns for each asset category, as well as the target asset allocation of the portfolio. The expected long-term rate of return on assets is based on weighted average expected returns for each asset class.
As of December 31, 2021, the mortality projection assumption has been updated to use the generational MP-2021 improvement scale. Previously, mortality was projected generationally using the MP-2020 improvements scale. The base mortality assumption used is the Society of Actuaries Pri-2012 base mortality table for private sector plans, with a white-collar adjustment, using the contingent annuitant table for beneficiaries of deceased participants.
The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) recently updated the mortality tables used to determine lump sums. For fiscal year-end 2021, we reflected the most recently published IRS table for lump sums assumed to be paid in 2022. We projected future mortality for lump sums assumed to be paid after 2022 using the current base mortality tables (RP-2014 backed off to 2006) and projection scale of MP-2021.
The Retirement Plan’s asset allocation percentages consisted of:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
Equity 52  % 55  %
Debt securities 38  36 
Other 10  9 
100  % 100  %
The guidelines regarding allocation of assets are formalized in the Investment Policy Statement adopted by the Investment Committee for the Retirement Plan. The objective of the investment program is to enhance the portfolio of the Retirement Plan through total return (capital appreciation and income), thereby promoting the ongoing ability of the plan to meet future liabilities and obligations, while minimizing the need for additional contributions. The guidelines specify an allocation weighting of 10% to 35% for liability hedging investments (target of 24%), 15% to 40% for return seeking investments (target of 27%), 5% to 35% for risk mitigating investments (target of 10%), 10% to 35% for diversifying investments (target of 21%) and 5% to 35% for dynamic asset allocation (target of 18%). Investments in mutual funds, hedge funds (and other alternative investments), and other commingled investment vehicles are permitted under the guidelines. Investments are permitted in overlay portfolios (regulated mutual funds), which are designed to manage short-term portfolio risk and mitigate the effect of extreme outcomes by varying the asset allocation of a portfolio.
See Note 9, Fair Value for a description of how we measure the fair value of our plan assets.
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The valuation of our Retirement Plan assets by pricing observability levels as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows (in thousands):
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
December 31, 2021
Cash $ 47  $ —  $ —  $ 47 
U.S. Treasury Strips —  32,355  —  32,355 
Fixed income mutual funds 17,477  —  17,477 
Equity mutual funds 43,786  —  43,786 
Equity securities 14,801  —  —  14,801 
Total assets in the fair value hierarchy 76,111  32,355  —  108,466 
Investments measured at net assets value —  —  22,473 
Investments at fair value $ 76,111  $ 32,355  $ —  $ 130,939 
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
December 31, 2020
Cash $ 458  $ —  $ —  $ 458 
U.S. Treasury Strips —  26,599  —  26,599 
Fixed income mutual funds 17,834  —  —  17,834 
Equity mutual funds 44,020  —  —  44,020 
Equity securities 14,376  —  —  14,376 
Total assets in the fair value hierarchy 76,688  26,599  —  103,287 
Investments measured at net assets value —  —  —  21,735 
Investments at fair value $ 76,688  $ 26,599  $ —  $ 125,022 
During 2021 and 2020, the Retirement Plan's investments include the following:
•U.S. Treasury strips, (zero-coupon bonds);
•two fixed income mutual funds, which seek to generate income consistent with preservation of capital. One fund invests in a portfolio of investment-grade securities primarily in the U.S. with additional non-U.S. securities. The second fund invests in inflation-indexed fixed-income securities and similar bonds issued by non-U.S. governments and various commodities;
•six equity mutual funds in 2021 as compared to seven equity mutual funds in 2020; four of which focus on U.S.-based equity securities of various capitalization sizes ranging from small to large capitalizations and diversified portfolios within those capitalization ranges; and in 2021 two funds as compared to three funds in 2020, that focus on non-U.S. based equity securities of various capitalization sizes ranging from small to large capitalizations and diversified portfolios therein across non-U.S. regions; and
•one separate equity income mutual fund, which seeks to moderate the volatility of equity oriented asset allocation over the long term, as part of the overall asset allocation managed by the Plan to deliver a long-term premium to the S&P 500 with greater consistency across a range of market environments.
•a multi-style, multi-cap integrated portfolio adding U.S. equity diversification to its value and growth equity selections, designed to deliver a long-term premium to the S&P 500 with greater consistency across a range of market environments; and
•investments measured at net asset value, including three hedge funds that seek to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns over full market cycles with less volatility than the broad equity markets by allocating all or substantially all of their assets among portfolio managers through portfolio funds that employ a broad range of investment strategies; one private investment trust that invests primarily in equity securities of non-U.S. companies located in emerging market countries; and one collective investment trust that invests in U.S. and non-U.S. equities of various capitalization sizes.
19. Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans
We maintain an unfunded, non-qualified incentive compensation program known as the AllianceBernstein Incentive Compensation Award Program (“Incentive Compensation Program”), under which annual awards may be granted to eligible employees. See Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plans" for a discussion of the award provisions.
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AllianceBernstein
Under the Incentive Compensation Program, we made awards in 2021, 2020 and 2019 aggregating $184.1 million, $177.4 million and $175.5 million, respectively. The amounts charged to employee compensation and benefits for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were $173.4 million, $176.8 million and $177.2 million, respectively.
Effective as of September 30, 2017, we established the AB 2017 Long Term Incentive Plan (“2017 Plan”), which was adopted at a special meeting of AB Holding Unitholders held on September 29, 2017. The following forms of awards may be granted to employees and Eligible Directors under the 2017 Plan: (i) restricted AB Holding Units or phantom restricted AB Holding Units (a “phantom” award is a contractual right to receive AB Holding Units at a later date or upon a specified event); (ii) options to buy AB Holding Units; and (iii) other AB Holding Unit-based awards (including, without limitation, AB Holding Unit appreciation rights and performance awards). The purpose of the 2017 Plan is to promote the interest of AB by: (i) attracting and retaining talented officers, employees and directors, (ii) motivating such officers, employees and directors by means of performance-related incentives to achieve longer-range business and operational goals, (iii) enabling such officers, employees and directors to participate in the long-term growth and financial success of AB, and (iv) aligning the interests of such officers, employees and directors with those of AB Holding Unitholders. The 2017 Plan will expire on September 30, 2027, and no awards under the 2017 Plan will be made after that date. Under the 2017 Plan, the aggregate number of AB Holding Units with respect to which awards may be granted is 60 million, including no more than 30 million newly-issued AB Holding Units.
As of December 31, 2021, no options to buy AB Holding Units had been granted and 28,109,084 AB Holding Units, net of withholding tax requirements, were subject to other AB Holding Unit awards made under the 2017 Plan or the AllianceBernstein 2010 Long Term Incentive Plan, as amended, an equity compensation plan with similar terms that was canceled on September 30, 2017. AB Holding Unit-based awards (including options) in respect of 31,890,916 AB Holding Units were available for grant under the 2017 Plan as of December 31, 2021.
As of December 31, 2020, no options to buy AB Holding Units had been granted and 24,444,406 AB Holding Units, net of withholding tax requirements, were subject to other AB Holding Unit awards made under the 2017 Plan or the AllianceBernstein 2010 Long Term Incentive Plan, as amended, an equity compensation plan with similar terms that was canceled on September 30, 2017. AB Holding Unit-based awards (including options) in respect of 35,555,594 AB Holding Units were available for grant under the 2017 Plan as of December 31, 2020.
Option Awards
We did not grant any options to buy AB Holding Units during 2021, 2020 or 2019. Historically, options granted to employees generally were exercisable at a rate of 20% of the AB Holding Units subject to such options on each of the first five anniversary dates of the date of grant; options granted to Eligible Directors generally were exercisable at a rate of 33.3% of the AB Holding Units subject to such options on each of the first three anniversary dates of the date of grant.
The option-related activity in our equity compensation plans during 2021 is as follows:
Options to Buy
AB Holding
Units 		Weighted
Average
Exercise 
Price
Per Option 		Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years) 		Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2020 148,985  $ 23.61  1.2
Granted —  — 
Exercised (143,211) 23.75 
Forfeited —  — 
Expired —  — 
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021 5,774  $ 20.12  0.33 $ 165.8 
Exercisable as of December 31, 2021 5,774  $ 20.12  0.33 $ 165.8 
Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2021 5,774  $ 20.12  0.33 $ 165.8 
The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2021, 2020 and 2019 was $2.2 million, $32,368 and $3.7 million, respectively.
Under the fair value method, compensation expense is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the options awarded (determined using the Black-Scholes option valuation model) and is recognized over the requisite service period. We recorded no compensation expense related to option grants in 2021, 2020 or 2019 as no options were granted. As of December 31, 2021, there was no compensation expense related to unvested option grants not yet recognized in the consolidated statement of income.
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Restricted AB Holding Unit Awards
In 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Board granted restricted AB Holding Unit awards to Eligible Directors. These AB Holding Units give the Eligible Directors, in most instances, all the rights of other AB Holding Unitholders, subject to such restrictions on transfer as the Board may impose.
We award restricted AB Holding Units that vest ratably over three or four years. We fully expensed these awards on each grant date, as there is no service requirement. Grant details related to these awards is as follows:
2021 2020 2019
Restricted Units Awarded 35,358  50,232  45,420 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value $ 44.29  $ 23.69  $ 29.33 
Compensation Expense (in millions) $ 1.6  $ 1.2  $ 1.3 
On April 28, 2017, Seth P. Bernstein was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") pursuant to an employment agreement, effective May 1, 2017. In connection with the commencement of his employment, Mr. Bernstein was granted restricted AB Holding Units with a grant date fair value of $3.5 million (164,706 AB Holding Units based on the $21.25 grant date AB Holding Unit price on May 16, 2017) and a four-year service requirement. Mr. Bernstein's restricted AB Holding Units vested ratably on each of the first four anniversaries of his commencement date and were delivered to Mr. Bernstein on or about May 1, 2021. These AB Holding Units were subject to accelerated vesting clauses in his employment agreement. Compensation expense related to Mr. Bernstein's restricted AB Holding Unit grant was $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $0.9 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Mr. Bernstein's award granted in connection with his appointment as CEO was fully amortized as of December 31, 2021.
Under the Incentive Compensation Program, we awarded 3.5 million restricted AB Holding Units in 2021 (which included 3.3 million restricted AB Holding Units in December for the 2021 year-end awards as well as 0.2 million additional restricted AB Holding Units granted earlier during the year relating to the 2020 year-end awards), with grant date fair values per restricted AB Holding Unit ranging between $32.10 to $50.94.
We awarded 5.3 million restricted AB Holding Units in 2020 (which included 5.0 million restricted AB Holding Units in December for the 2020 year-end awards as well as 0.3 million additional restricted AB Holding Units granted earlier during the year relating to the 2019 year-end awards), with grant date fair values per restricted AB Holding Unit ranging between $28.75 to $32.10.
We awarded 5.8 million restricted AB Holding Units in 2019 (which included 5.4 million restricted AB Holding Units in December for the 2019 year-end awards as well as 0.4 million additional restricted AB Holding Units granted earlier during the year related to the 2018 year-end awards), with grant date fair values per restricted AB Holding Unit ranging between $26.69 to $30.01.
Restricted AB Holding Units awarded under the Incentive Compensation Program in 2020 and years prior generally vested in 25% increments on December 1st of each of the four years immediately following the year in which the award was granted. Awards granted in 2021 and subsequent years generally will vest in 33.3% increments on December 1st of each of the three years immediately following the year in which the award is granted.
We also award restricted AB Holding Units in connection with certain employment and separation agreements, as well as relocation-related performance awards, with vesting schedules ranging between two and five years. Grant details related to these awards is as follows:
2021 2020 2019
(in millions excluding share prices)
Restricted Units Awarded 3.4  0.4  1.9 
Grant Date Fair Value Range $29.06 - $53.86 $18.80 - $35.42 $27.32 - $30.85
Compensation Expense $ 40.9  $ 32.1  $ 36.7 
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The fair value of the restricted AB Holding Units is amortized over the requisite service period as compensation expense. Changes in unvested restricted AB Holding Units during 2021 are as follows:
AB Holding
Units 		Weighted Average
Grant Date Fair
Value per AB Holding
Unit
Unvested as of December 31, 2020 18,864,574  $ 28.58 
Granted 6,984,456  39.68 
Vested (7,108,465) 27.99 
Forfeited (609,825) 28.99 
Unvested as of December 31, 2021 18,130,740  $ 33.98 
The total grant date fair value of restricted AB Holding Units that vested was $199.0 million, $155.0 million and $201.4 million during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, the 18,130,740 unvested restricted AB Holding Units consist of 11,548,053 restricted AB Holding Units that do not have a service requirement and have been fully expensed on the grant date and 6,582,687 restricted AB Holding Units that have a service requirement and will be expensed over the required service period. As of December 31, 2021, there was $137.2 million of compensation expense related to unvested restricted AB Holding Unit awards granted and not yet recognized in the consolidated statement of income. We expect to recognize the expense over a weighted average period of 6.2 years.
20. Units Outstanding
Changes in AB Units outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 were as follows:
2021 2020
Outstanding as of January 1, 270,509,658  270,380,314 
Options exercised 143,211  5,182 
Units issued 3,917,437  3,363,132 
Units retired(1)
(3,117,263) (3,238,970)
Outstanding as of December 31, 271,453,043  270,509,658 
(1)During 2021 and 2020, we purchased 5,400 and 1,500 AB Units, respectively, in private transactions and retired them.
21. Income Taxes
AB is a private partnership for federal income tax purposes and, accordingly, is not subject to federal or state corporate income taxes. However, AB is subject to a 4.0% New York City unincorporated business tax (“UBT”). Domestic corporate subsidiaries of AB, which are subject to federal, state and local income taxes, generally are included in the filing of a consolidated federal income tax return with separate state and local income tax returns being filed. Foreign corporate subsidiaries are generally subject to taxes in the foreign jurisdictions where they are located.
In order to preserve AB’s status as a private partnership for federal income tax purposes, AB Units must not be considered publicly traded. The AB Partnership Agreement provides that all transfers of AB Units must be approved by EQH and the General Partner; EQH and the General Partner approve only those transfers permitted pursuant to one or more of the safe harbors contained in the relevant Treasury regulations. If AB Units were considered readily tradable, AB’s net income would be subject to federal and state corporate income tax, significantly reducing its quarterly distributions to AB Holding. Furthermore, should AB enter into a substantial new line of business, AB Holding, by virtue of its ownership of AB, would lose its status as a publicly-traded partnership and would become subject to corporate income tax, which would reduce materially AB Holding’s net income and its quarterly distributions to AB Holding Unitholders.
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Earnings before income taxes and income tax expense consist of:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Earnings before income taxes:
United States $ 1,007,847  $ 743,687  $ 697,501 
Foreign 208,615  163,749  125,936 
Total $ 1,216,462  $ 907,436  $ 823,437 
Income tax expense:
Partnership UBT $ 6,951  $ 3,356  $ 9,196 
Corporate subsidiaries:
Federal 750  1,495  (943)
State and local 956  904  975 
Foreign 58,080  44,086  32,290 
Current tax expense 66,737  49,841  41,518 
Deferred tax (4,009) (4,188) 236 
Income tax expense $ 62,728  $ 45,653  $ 41,754 
The principal reasons for the difference between the effective tax rates and the UBT statutory tax rate of 4.0% are as follows:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
UBT statutory rate $ 48,659  4.0  % $ 36,297  4.0  % $ 32,937  4.0  %
Corporate subsidiaries' federal, state, and local 1,322  0.2  2,025  0.2  4,000  0.5 
Foreign subsidiaries taxed at different rates 43,019  3.5  33,969  3.7  26,719  3.3 
FIN 48 reserve (release) —  —  (1,886) (0.2) 2,765  0.3 
UBT business allocation percentage rate change 23  —  8  —  (79) — 
Deferred tax and payable write-offs 1,003  0.1  (887) (0.1) 314  — 
Foreign outside basis difference 1,492  0.1  3  —  155  — 
Amended 2017 return —  —  (221) —  (3,853) (0.5)
Effect of ASC 740 adjustments, miscellaneous taxes, and other 1,799  0.1  2,654  0.3  2,305  0.3 
Income not taxable resulting from use of UBT business apportionment factors and effect of compensation charge (34,589) (2.8) (26,309) (2.9) (23,509) (2.8)
Income tax expense and effective tax rate $ 62,728  5.2  $ 45,653  5.0  $ 41,754  5.1 
We recognize the effects of a tax position in the financial statements only if, as of the reporting date, it is “more likely than not” to be sustained based on its technical merits and their applicability to the facts and circumstances of the tax position. In making this assessment, we assume that the taxing authority will examine the tax position and have full knowledge of all relevant information.
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A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period $ 2,838  $ 5,706  $ 3,893 
Additions for prior year tax positions —  —  1,813 
Reductions for prior year tax positions —  —  — 
Additions for current year tax positions —  —  — 
Reductions for current year tax positions —  —  — 
Reductions related to closed years/settlements with tax authorities —  (2,868) — 
Balance as of end of period $ 2,838  $ 2,838  $ 5,706 
The amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, when recognized, is recorded as a reduction to income tax expense and reduces the company’s effective tax rate.
Interest and penalties, if any, relating to tax positions are recorded in income tax expense on the consolidated statements of income. There was no interest expense recorded in 2021. The total amount of interest expense recorded in income tax expense (credit) during 2020 and 2019 was, $(0.4) million and $0.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, there is no accrued interest recorded on the consolidated statements of financial condition. The total amount of accrued interest recorded as of December 31, 2019 was $1.1 million. There were no penalties as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. There were $0.2 million of penalties accrued as of December 31, 2019.
Generally, the company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state or local income tax examinations by tax authorities for any year prior to 2017.
During the fourth quarter of 2020, the City of New York notified us of an examination of AB's UBT returns for the years 2017 through 2019. The examination is ongoing and no provision with respect to this examination has been recorded.
Currently, there are no income tax examinations at our significant non-U.S. subsidiaries. Years that remain open and may be subject to examination vary under local law and range from one to seven years.
At December 31, 2021, it is not reasonably possible that any of our unrecognized tax benefits will change within the next 12 months due to completion of tax authority exams.
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Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The tax effect of significant items comprising the net deferred tax asset (liability) is as follows:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Deferred tax asset:
Differences between book and tax basis:
Benefits from net operating loss carryforwards $ 7,833  $ 7,112 
Long-term incentive compensation plans 24,468  22,363 
Investment basis differences 5,523  5,256 
Depreciation and amortization 3,942  2,065 
Lease liability 5,327  5,994 
Other, primarily accrued expenses deductible when paid 4,917  4,737 
52,010  47,527 
Less: valuation allowance (3,828) (3,025)
Deferred tax asset 48,182  44,502 
Deferred tax liability:    
Differences between book and tax basis:    
Intangible assets 7,622  7,933 
Investment in foreign subsidiaries 4,084  3,048 
Right-of-use asset 4,490  4,975 
Other 2,075  1,760 
Deferred tax liability 18,271  17,716 
Net deferred tax asset $ 29,911  $ 26,786 
Valuation allowances of $3.8 million and $3.0 million were established as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, primarily due to significant negative evidence that net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards will not be utilized, given the future losses expected to be incurred by the applicable subsidiaries. We had NOL carryforwards at December 31, 2021 and 2020 of approximately $55.1 million and $51.0 million, respectively, in certain foreign locations with an indefinite expiration period.
The deferred tax asset is included in other assets in our consolidated statement of financial condition. Management believes there will be sufficient future taxable income to realize the tax benefits related to the remaining net deferred tax assets recognized that are not subject to valuation allowances.
The company provides income taxes on the unremitted earnings of non-U.S. corporate subsidiaries except to the extent that such earnings are indefinitely reinvested outside the United States. As of December 31, 2021, $29.6 million of undistributed earnings of non-U.S. corporate subsidiaries were indefinitely invested outside the U.S. At existing applicable income tax rates, additional taxes of approximately $6.4 million would need to be paid if such earnings are remitted.
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22. Business Segment Information
Management has assessed the requirements of ASC 280, Segment Reporting, and determined that, because we utilize a consolidated approach to assess performance and allocate resources, we have only one operating segment. Enterprise-wide disclosures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
Services
Net revenues derived from our investment management, research and related services were as follows:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Institutions $ 587,017  $ 512,914  $ 480,144 
Retail 2,223,829  1,811,948  1,619,832 
Private Wealth Management 1,126,142  882,672  904,505 
Bernstein Research Services 452,017  459,744  407,911 
Other 56,283  56,908  163,245 
Total revenues 4,445,288  3,724,186  3,575,637 
Less: Interest expense 3,686  15,650  57,205 
Net revenues $ 4,441,602  $ 3,708,536  $ 3,518,432 
No individual fund accounted for more than 10% of our investment advisory and service fees and our net revenues during 2021, 2020 and 2019.
Geographic Information
Net revenues and long-lived assets, related to our U.S. and international operations, as of and for the years ended December 31, were as follows:
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Net revenues:
United States $ 2,403,870  $ 1,959,528  $ 1,975,105 
International 2,037,732  1,749,008  1,543,327 
Total $ 4,441,602  $ 3,708,536  $ 3,518,432 
Long-lived assets:      
United States $ 3,331,572  $ 3,285,761 
International 45,796  53,453 
Total $ 3,377,368  $ 3,339,214 
Major Customers
Company-sponsored mutual funds are distributed to individual investors through broker-dealers, insurance sales representatives, banks, registered investment advisers, financial planners and other financial intermediaries. HSBC (not affiliated with AB) was responsible for approximately 4%, 6% and 14% of our open-end mutual fund sales in 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. HSBC is not under any obligation to sell a specific amount of AB Fund shares.
EQH and the general and separate accounts of Equitable Financial Life Insurance Company ("Equitable Financial") (including investments by the separate accounts of Equitable Financial in the funding vehicle EQ Advisors Trust) accounted for approximately 3% of our total revenues for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. No single institutional client other than EQH and its subsidiaries accounted for more than 2% of our total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
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23. Related Party Transactions
Mutual Funds
We provide investment management, distribution, shareholder, administrative and brokerage services to individual investors by means of retail mutual funds sponsored by our company, our subsidiaries and our affiliated joint venture companies. We provide substantially all of these services under contracts that specify the services to be provided and the fees to be charged. The contracts are subject to annual review and approval by each mutual fund’s board of directors or trustees and, in certain circumstances, by the mutual fund’s shareholders.
Revenues for services provided or related to the mutual funds are as follows:
Years Ended December 31
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Investment advisory and services fees $ 1,644,757  $ 1,368,484  $ 1,275,677 
Distribution revenues 637,076  516,336  441,437 
Shareholder servicing fees 85,745  79,394  75,122 
Other revenues 8,364  8,314  7,303 
Bernstein Research Services 2  3  2 
$ 2,375,944  $ 1,972,531  $ 1,799,541 
EQH and its Subsidiaries
We provide investment management and certain administration services to EQH and its subsidiaries. In addition, EQH and its subsidiaries distribute company-sponsored mutual funds, for which they receive commissions and distribution payments. Also, we are covered by various insurance policies maintained by EQH and we pay fees for technology and other services provided by EQH and its subsidiaries. Additionally, see Note 12, Debt, for disclosures related to our credit facility with EQH.
Aggregate amounts included in the consolidated financial statements for transactions with EQH and its subsidiaries, as of and for the years ended December 31, are as follows:
EQH
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Revenues:
Investment advisory and services fees $ 133,074  $ 115,901  $ 109,316 
Other revenues 675  1,330  1,013 
$ 133,749  $ 117,231  $ 110,329 
Expenses:      
Commissions and distribution payments to financial intermediaries $ 4,550  $ 3,952  $ 3,956 
General and administrative 2,373  2,281  2,466 
Other 3,953  5,463  3,644 
$ 10,876  $ 11,696  $ 10,066 
Balance Sheet:    
Institutional investment advisory and services fees receivable $ 8,607  $ 8,343 
Prepaid expenses 545  404 
Other due to EQH and its subsidiaries (1,534) (1,280)
EQH Facility (755,000) (675,000)
$ (747,382) $ (667,533)

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Other Related Parties
The consolidated statements of financial condition include a net receivable from AB Holding as a result of cash transactions for fees and expense reimbursements. The net receivable balance included in the consolidated statements of financial condition as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $11.2 million and $10.2 million, respectively.
24. Non-controlling Interests
Non-controlling interest in net income for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 consisted of the following:
2021 2020 2019
(in thousands)
Non-redeemable non-controlling interest $ 100  $ —  $ 92 
Redeemable non-controlling interests:
    Consolidated company-sponsored investment funds 5,011  (4,169) 29,549 
Total non-controlling interest in net income (loss) $ 5,111  $ (4,169) $ 29,641 
Redeemable non-controlling interest as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 consisted of the following:
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Consolidated company-sponsored investment funds $ 421,169  $ 102,359 
Total redeemable non-controlling interest $ 421,169  $ 102,359 
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Neither AB nor AB Holding had any changes in or disagreements with accountants in respect of accounting or financial disclosure.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Each of AB Holding and AB maintains a system of disclosure controls and procedures that is designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and the Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), to permit timely decisions regarding our disclosure.
As of the end of the period covered by this report, management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the CEO and the CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and the CFO concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management acknowledges its responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for each of AB Holding and AB.
Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s CEO and CFO, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and includes those policies and procedures that:
•Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;
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•Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with US GAAP and receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and
•Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those internal control systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the reliability of financial statement preparation and presentation. Because of these inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness of internal control to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management assessed the effectiveness of AB Holding’s and AB’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. In making its assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) (“COSO criteria”).
Based on its assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, each of AB Holding and AB maintained effective internal control over financial reporting based on the COSO criteria.
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PCAOB ID No. 238), the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the 2021 financial statements included in this Form 10-K, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of each of AB Holding’s and AB’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021. The reports pertaining to AB Holding and AB each can be found in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
No changes in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the fourth quarter of 2021 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B. Other Information
Both AB and AB Holding reported all information required to be disclosed on Form 8-K during the fourth quarter of 2021.
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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
We use “Internet Site” in Items 10 and 11 to refer to our company’s public website, www.alliancebernstein.com.
To contact our company’s Corporate Secretary, you may send an email to corporate_secretary@alliancebernstein.com or write to Corporate Secretary, AllianceBernstein L.P., 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10105.
General Partner
The Partnerships’ activities are managed and controlled by the General Partner. The Board of the General Partner acts as the Board of each of the Partnerships. Neither AB Unitholders nor AB Holding Unitholders have any rights to manage or control the Partnerships or to elect directors of the General Partner. The General Partner is a wholly-owned subsidiary of EQH.
The General Partner does not receive any compensation from the Partnerships for services rendered to them as their general partner. The General Partner holds a 1% general partnership interest in AB and 100,000 units of general partnership interest in AB Holding. Each general partnership unit in AB Holding is entitled to receive distributions equal to those received by each AB Holding Unit. Similarly, the 1% general partnership interest in AB is entitled to receive distributions equal to those received by each AB Unit.
The General Partner is entitled to reimbursement by AB for any expenses it incurs in carrying out its activities as general partner of the Partnerships, including compensation paid by the General Partner to its directors and officers (to the extent such persons are not compensated directly by AB).
Board of Directors
Our Board consists of 12 directors, including eight independent directors (including our Chair of the Board), our President and CEO, and three senior executives of EQH. While we do not have a formal, written diversity policy in place, we believe that an effective board consists of a diverse group of individuals who collectively possess a variety of complementary skills, personal experiences and perspectives and who will work together to provide a board with the needed leadership and experience to successfully guide our company. As set forth in its charter, the Corporate Governance Committee of the Board (the “Governance Committee”) assists the Board in identifying and evaluating such candidates, determining Board composition, developing and monitoring a process to assess Board effectiveness, developing and implementing corporate governance guidelines, and reviewing programs relating to matters of corporate responsibility.
As we indicate below, our directors have a combined wealth of leadership experience derived from extensive service leading large, complex organizations in their roles as either senior executives or board members, as well as in government and academia. Each of our directors has the integrity, business judgment, collegiality and commitment that are among the essential characteristics for a member of our Board. Collectively, they have substantive knowledge and skills applicable to our business, including expertise in areas such as regulation; public accounting and financial reporting; finance; risk management; business development; operations; information technology and security; strategic planning; management development, succession planning and compensation; corporate governance; public policy; and international matters.
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Board Committees
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Executive
Committee 		Audit and Risk
Committee 		Corporate Governance
Committee 		Compensation and
Workplace Practices
Committee
Joan Lamm-Tennant
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Seth P. Bernstein M M
Nella Domenici M
Jeffrey Hurd
Daniel G. Kaye M
Nick Lane
Kristi Matus
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Das Narayandas M
Mark Pearson M M M
Bertram L. Scott M
Charles Stonehill
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Todd Walthall M
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Chairperson
M Member
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Board of Directors
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Joan Lamm-Tennant
Chair of the Board, Equitable Holdings
Committees:
Executive (Chair)
Age: 69
Director Since: 2021
Seth P. Bernstein
President and Chief Executive Officer, AllianceBernstein
Committees:
Executive
Governance
Age: 60
Director Since: 2017
Nella L. Domenici
Board member of Change Healthcare
Committees:
Audit
Age: 61
Director Since: 2020
Jeffrey Hurd
Chief Operating Officer, Equitable Holdings
Committees:
None
Age: 55
Director Since: 2019
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Daniel G. Kaye
Director, Equitable Holdings, Equitable Financial Life Insurance Company and Equitable Financial Life Insurance Company of America
Committees:
Compensation
Age: 67
Director Since: 2017
Nick Lane
President, Equitable Financial Life Insurance Company
Committees:
None
Age: 48
Director Since: 2019
Kristi Matus
Corporate Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, Buckle
Committees:
Governance (Chair)
Compensation (Chair)
Age: 54
Director Since: 2019
Das Narayandas
Edsel Bryant Ford Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School
Committees:
Governance
Age: 61
Director Since: 2017
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Mark Pearson
President and Chief Executive Officer, Equitable Holdings
Committees:
Executive
Governance
Compensation
Age: 63
Director Since: 2011
Bertram L. Scott
Director, Equitable America and Equitable Holdings
Committees:
Compensation
Age: 70
Director Since: 2020
Charles Stonehill
Founding Partner, Green & Blue Advisors
Committees:
Audit (Chair)
Age: 63
Director Since: 2019
Todd Walthall
Executive Vice President of Enterprise Growth, UnitedHealth Group
Committees:
Audit
Age: 51
Director Since: 2021
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As of February 11, 2022, our directors are as follows:
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Background
•Ms. Lamm-Tennant was appointed Chair of AB in October 2021.
•She has served as Chair of the Board of EQH, Equitable Financial and Equitable America since October 2021, after having joined these boards in January 2020.
•She also serves on the Executive Committee, the Audit Committee, and the Finance and Risk Committee of EQH.
•Ms. Lamm-Tennant founded Blue Marble Microinsurance and served as its CEO from 2015 to 2020.
•She currently is executive advisor of Brewer Lane Ventures, having joined in 2021; she also serves on the boards of Ambac Financial Group, Hamilton Insurance Group and Element Fleet Financial Corp.
•Previously, Ms. Lamm-Tennant was Adjunct Professor, International Business at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania from 2005 to 2016. Prior to or concurrently with her service at The Wharton School, Ms. Lamm-Tennant held various senior positions in the insurance industry, including with Marsh & McLennan Companies, Guy Carpenter and General Reinsurance Corporation.
Director Qualifications
Ms. Lamm-Tennant brings to the Board significant industry and academic experience, having held global business leadership roles and developed a distinguished career as a professor of finance and economics.
Joan Lamm-Tennant
Committees: Executive (Chair)
Age: 69
Director Since: 2021
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Background
•Mr. Bernstein was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer in April 2017 and began serving in this role on May 1, 2017.
•Serving as Senior Executive Vice President and Head of Investment Management and Research of EQH since April 2018.
•Previously, Mr. Bernstein had a distinguished 32-year career at JPMorgan Chase, most recently as managing director and global head of Managed Solutions and Strategy at J.P. Morgan Asset Management. In this role, Mr. Bernstein was responsible for the management of all discretionary assets within the Private Banking client segment.
•Among other roles, he served as Managing Director and Global Head of Fixed Income and Currency for 10 years, concluding in 2012.
•Mr. Bernstein held the position of Chief Financial Officer at JPMorgan Chase’s Investment Management and Private Banking division.
•Mr. Bernstein is a member of the Management Committee of EQH and the Board of Managers of Haverford College, Pennsylvania.
Director Qualifications
Mr. Bernstein brings to the Board the diverse financial services experience he developed through his extensive service at JPMorgan Chase and more recent career at AB.
Seth P. Bernstein
Committees: Executive, Governance
Age: 60
Director Since: 2017

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Background
•Ms. Domenici was appointed a director of AB in January 2020.
•During 2020 and 2021, she served as Chief Financial Officer and member of the Executive Committee at Dataminr, a leading high-growth AI company that is late-stage venture backed. In her senior executive role, Ms. Domenici was responsible for various strategic, operational and administrative functions.
•From 2015 to 2018, she served as Chief Financial Officer and member of the Operating Committee at Bridgewater Associates, a hedge fund with more than $160 billion in AUM.
•Prior thereto, she held various senior managerial, investment banking and strategic positions with firms including Citadel Investment Group, Credit Suisse and The Monitor Consulting Group. In addition, she is a proven entrepreneur, having founded a successful financial consulting firm that advised many family-owned, private equity, venture-backed and real estate companies.
•Ms. Domenici is a dedicated advocate and champion in the areas of education, healthcare and economic development. She co-founded the Excellent Schools of New Mexico, a leading non-profit organization that supports charter schools in underserved communities, and she serves on the board of Regis High School in New York City.
•She also serves on the advisory board of the International Folk-Art Market, which generates economic opportunities for folk artists worldwide, particularly women in developing countries.
•Ms. Domenici is a former member of the Bipartisan Policy Center Behavioral Health Integration Task Force, where she championed initiatives focused on mental illness, and of the board of One World Surgery, which provides access to quality surgical care globally.
Director Qualifications
Ms. Domenici brings to the Board her seasoned business acumen and her extensive global experience in strategic financial management, corporate strategy and operations.
Nella L. Domenici
Committees: Audit
Age: 61
Director Since: 2020
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Background
•Mr. Hurd was appointed a director of AB in April 2019.
•He has served as Chief Operating Officer of EQH, and as a member of the EQH Management Committee, since 2018.
•In this role, Mr. Hurd has strategic oversight for EQH’s Human Resources, Information Technology and Communications departments.
•He also is responsible for EQH’s Transformation Office, which encompasses key functional areas, including operations, procurement and corporate real estate, as well as EQH's Innovation and Design Office, which contemplates new ways or working.
•Mr. Hurd also has served as Chief Operating Officer of Equitable Financial since 2018.
•Prior to joining Equitable, Mr. Hurd served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer at American International Group, Inc. (“AIG”), where he amassed deep financial services industry experience during his 20-year tenure.
•While at AIG, Mr. Hurd served as Chief Human Resources Officer, Chief Administrative Officer, Deputy General Counsel and Head of Asset Management Restructuring.
Director Qualifications
Mr. Hurd brings to the Board his extensive experience in financial services and strategic insights as a senior executive at EQH and, formerly, at AIG.
Jeffrey J. Hurd
Committees: None
Age: 55
Director Since: 2019

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Background
•Mr. Kaye was appointed a director of AB in April 2017.
•He has been a director of EQH since May 2018 and a director of Equitable Financial and Equitable America since September 2015.
•Also, since May 2019, Mr. Kaye has been a director of CME Group, Inc. (NASDAQ: CME), where he serves as Chair of the Audit Committee.
•From January 2013 to May 2014, Mr. Kaye served as interim Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of HealthEast Care System. He held this post after retiring in 2012 from his career at Ernst & Young LLP (“E&Y”).
•He served for 35 years at E&Y, including 25 years as an audit partner.
•During his tenure at E&Y, Mr. Kaye served as the New England Area Managing Partner and the Midwest Area Managing Partner of Assurance.
•Mr. Kaye is a Certified Public Accountant and a National Association of Corporate Directors Board Leadership Fellow.
Director Qualifications
Mr. Kaye brings to the Board the extensive financial expertise he developed through his career at E&Y and his directorships at CME, EQH and certain of EQH’s subsidiaries.
Daniel G. Kaye
Committees: Compensation
Age: 67
Director Since: 2017
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Background
•Mr. Lane was appointed a director of AB in April 2019.
•He has served as Head of Retirement, Wealth Management & Protection Solutions of EQH, and as a member of the EQH Management Committee, since May 2018.
•Also, since February 2019, Mr. Lane has served as President of Equitable Financial, leading that company’s Retirement, Wealth Management & Protection Solutions businesses and also leading its Marketing and Digital functions.
•Mr. Lane held various leadership roles with AXA and Equitable Financial since joining Equitable Financial (then a subsidiary of AXA) in 2005 as Senior Vice President of the Strategic Initiatives Group.
•He has served as President and CEO of AXA Japan, Senior Executive Director at Equitable Financial with responsibilities across commercial divisions, and Head of AXA Global Strategy overseeing AXA’s five-year strategic plan across 60 countries.
•Prior to joining Equitable Financial, Mr. Lane was a consultant for McKinsey & Company and a Captain in the United States Marine Corps.
Director Qualifications
Mr. Lane brings to the Board the outstanding experience and leadership qualities he has developed in various senior roles at AXA, EQH and various subsidiaries, and as an officer in the United States Marine Corps.
Nick Lane
Committees: None
Age: 48
Director Since: 2019


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Background
•Ms. Matus was appointed a director of AB in July 2019.
•She has been a director and member of various board committees at EQH and Equitable America since March 2019 and at Equitable Financial since September 2015.
•Ms. Matus joined Buckle, a tech-enabled financial services company, as Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer in October 2020 and has served as director and Audit Committee Chair of Cerence, Inc., a leading provider of automotive technology, since October 2019.
•Formerly, Ms. Matus had been Chair of the Compensation Committee at Tru Optik Data Corp., a digital media intelligence company, from September 2016 to October 2020, an executive advisor to Thomas H. Lee Partners L.P., a private equity firm, from October 2017 to October 2020, and a director and the Audit Committee Chair at Nextech Systems, a provider of healthcare technology solutions, from June 2019 to October 2020.
•Ms. Matus served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial & Administrative Officer at athenahealth, Inc. (“athena”) from July 2014 to May 2016.
•Before joining athena, Ms. Matus served as Executive Vice President of Governance Services at Aetna, Inc. from February 2012 to July 2013.
•Previously, she held several leadership roles at United Services Automobile Association.
Director Qualifications
Ms. Matus brings to the Board her extensive experience in finance, risk management, compliance and audit functions, investor relations, human capital, real estate and IT, gained through her numerous leadership roles at technology, healthcare and insurance companies.
Kristi A. Matus
Committees: Governance (Chair), Compensation (Chair)
Age: 54
Director Since: 2019

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Background
•Mr. Narayandas was appointed a director of AB in November 2017.
•He is the Edsel Bryant Ford Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School (“HBS”), where he has been a faculty member since 1994.
•Mr. Narayandas also currently serves as the Senior Associate Dean and Chairman of Harvard Business School Publishing, and as the Senior Associate Dean of HBS External Relations.
•He previously served as the senior associate dean of HBS Executive Education, and as chair of the HBS Executive Education Advanced Management Program and the Program for Leadership Development, as well as course head of the required first-year marketing course in the MBA program.
•Mr. Narayandas has received the award for teaching excellence from the graduating HBS MBA class on several occasions. Other awards he has received include the Robert F. Greenhill Award for Outstanding Service to the HBS Community, the Charles M. Williams Award for Excellence in Teaching and the Apgar Award for Innovation in Teaching.
•His scholarship has focused on market-facing issues in traditional business-to-business marketing and professional service firms, including client management strategies, delivering service excellence, product-line management and channel design.
Director Qualifications
Mr. Narayandas brings to the Board his wealth of experience at the highest level of academia in the U.S.
Das Narayandas
Committees: Governance
Age: 61
Director Since: 2017


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Background
•Mr. Pearson was appointed a director of AB in February 2011.
•He has served as director and as President and CEO of EQH since May 2018.
•Mr. Pearson also serves as a member of EQH’s Management Committee.
•Additionally, Mr. Pearson serves as CEO of Equitable Financial and Equitable America, and he has been a director of both companies since 2011.
•Mr. Pearson joined AXA in 1995 when AXA acquired National Mutual Funds Management Limited (presently AXA Asia Pacific Holdings Limited) and was appointed Regional Chief Executive of AXA Asia Life in 2001.
•From 2008 to 2011, Mr. Pearson was President and Chief Executive Officer of AXA Japan Holding Co., Ltd. (“AXA Japan”).
•Prior to joining AXA, Mr. Pearson spent approximately 20 years in the insurance sector, holding several senior management positions at Hill Samuel, Schroders, National Mutual Holdings and Friends Provident.
•Mr. Pearson is a Fellow of the Chartered Public Association of Certified Public Accountants.
Director Qualifications
Mr. Pearson brings to the Board the diverse financial services experience he has developed through his service as an executive, including as Chief Executive Officer, with EQH, AXA Japan and other AXA affiliates.
Mark Pearson
Committees: Executive, Governance, Compensation
Age: 63
Director Since: 2011

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Background
•Mr. Scott was appointed a director of AB in September 2020.
•He has been a director and member of various board committees of EQH, Equitable America and Equitable Financial since March 2019.
•He had previously served as director of Equitable America and Equitable Financial from May 2012 to May 2018.
•Mr. Scott currently is a member of the Board of the American Heart Association, having served as its chairman from 2019 to 2021.
•Mr. Scott retired in 2019 as Senior Vice President of Population Health Management of Novant Health, Inc. after having served since February 2015.
•From October 2012 to November 2015, Mr. Scott served as President and Chief Executive Officer at Affinity Health Plan.
•Prior to joining Affinity, he served as President, U.S. Commercial of CIGNA Corporation from June 2010 to December 2011.
•Prior to joining CIGNA, Mr. Scott was Executive Vice President and Chief Institutional Development & Sales Officer at TIAA-CREF; he had joined TIAA-CREF in 2000.
•Mr. Scott is a director and Audit Committee Chair at Becton, Dickinson and Company (NYSE: BDX), a director and Audit Committee Chair at Lowe's Companies, Inc. (NYSE: LOW) and, since January 2021, a director of Point32Health.
Director Qualifications
Mr. Scott brings to the Board his audit committee financial expertise and strong strategic and operational experience developed through a variety of executive roles at insurance and financial services companies as well as his service on the boards of other U.S. public companies.
Bertram L. Scott
Committees: Compensation
Age: 70
Director Since: 2020


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Background
•Mr. Stonehill was appointed a director of AB in April 2019.
•He has been a director and member of various board committees at EQH and Equitable America since March 2019, and at Equitable Financial since November 2017.
•Mr. Stonehill has served as a member of the supervisory board of Deutsche Boerse AG, a capital market infrastructure provider, since 2018. In January 2021, Mr. Stonehill joined the board of Constellation Acquisition Corp. I, a blank check company that targets disruptive innovation across various segments of the global economy.
•In addition, Mr. Stonehill is the Founding Partner of Green & Blue Advisors LLC, having started this advisory firm that provides financial advice to clean-tech and other environmentally-minded companies in 2011.
•He formerly was a director of Play Magnus AS, a chess app company, from 2016 to 2021, and non-executive vice chairman of Julius Baer Group Ltd., a global private banking company based in Switzerland, from 2009 to 2021.
•Mr. Stonehill has over 30 years' experience in energy markets, investment banking and capital markets, including leadership positions at Lazard Freres & Co. LLC, Credit Suisse and Morgan Stanley & Co.
•He also served as Chief Financial Officer at Better Place Inc., an electric vehicle start-up, from 2009 to 2011, where he oversaw global financial strategy and capital raising.
Director Qualifications
Mr. Stonehill brings to the Board his extensive expertise and distinguished track record in the financial services industry and over 30 years' experience in energy markets, investment banking and capital markets.
Charles G.T. Stonehill
Committees: Audit (Chair)
Age: 63
Director Since: 2019
Skills:
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Background
•Mr. Walthall was appointed a director of AB in September 2021.
•He serves as Executive President of Enterprise Growth for UnitedHealth Group, a diversified healthcare company.
•Previously, he served as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer at Blue Shield of California.
•Prior to Blue Shield, he served as Vice President and General Manager of Digital Service Integration at American Express. Before joining AMEX, Mr. Walthall held numerous senior roles with USAA Insurance, having contributed to the development of the industry's first mobile check-deposit service.
•He was the recipient of the 2016 Multicultural Leaders of California award from the National Diversity Council, and in 2020 was named one of the Most Influential Black Executives in Corporate America by Savoy Magazine.
Director Qualifications
Mr. Walthall brings over two decades of leadership experience with growth strategy, operations, product development, and customer service and retention programs through his extensive experience in numerous leadership roles throughout his career.
Todd Walthall
Committees: Audit
Age: 51
Director Since: 2021



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Executive Officers (other than Mr. Bernstein)
Kate C. Burke, COO and Head of Private Wealth
Ms. Burke, age 50, was named Head of our firm's Private Wealth channel in February 2021, and she was appointed as our firm's Chief Operating Officer in July 2020 after having been appointed Chief Administrative Officer in May 2019. Previously, she served as Head of Human Capital and Chief Talent Officer from February 2016 to May 2019. Ms. Burke joined our firm in 2004 as an institutional equity salesperson with Bernstein Research Services and has held various managerial roles since that time. Prior to joining AB, Ms. Burke was a consultant at A.T. Kearney, where she focused on strategy, organizational design and change management.
Laurence E. Cranch, Chief Legal Officer
Mr. Cranch, age 75, has been our Chief Legal Officer (formerly known as General Counsel) since he joined our firm in 2004. Prior to joining AB, Mr. Cranch was a Partner of Clifford Chance, an international law firm. Mr. Cranch joined Clifford Chance in 2000 when Rogers & Wells, a New York law firm of which he was Managing Partner, merged with Clifford Chance. Mr. Cranch retired from AB, effective as of December 31, 2021.
Ali Dibadj, CFO and Head of Strategy
Mr. Dibadj, age 46, was appointed Head of Finance (and later CFO-designate) and Head of Strategy in April 2020, and he has served as our firm's CFO since February 2021. He co-led the firm's Strategy Committee in 2019, was designated a portfolio manager focusing on improving operations, ESG and capital allocation of companies in 2017, and served as a senior research analyst with Bernstein Research Services from 2006 to 2020. During Mr. Dibadj's time as a senior research analyst, he was ranked #1 on 12 occasions and was inducted into the Institutional Investor Hall of Fame. Prior to joining AB, Mr. Dibadj spent approximately a decade consulting with McKinsey & Company and Mercer on topics including strategy, M&A, efficiency and governance. He also worked at Skadden Arps, a global law firm.
Karl Sprules, Head of Global Technology & Operations
Mr. Sprules, age 48, was appointed Head of Global Technology & Operations in 2018. He joined AB's technology department in 1998 as a senior systems engineer in the firm's London office. Form 2012 to 2020, Mr. Sprules served as AB's chief technology officer, and since 2018 he has led the relocation of AB's Technology & Operations department to the firm's new Nashville headquarters. In 2012, Mr. Sprules became head of Infrastructure Services for Equities, managing investment operations, operational risk and technology teams. From 2005 to 2012, Mr. Sprules led technology for AB's Private Wealth, Institutional and Client groups. Before joining AB, Mr. Sprules held research analyst positions in cellular and defense product development.
Changes in Directors and Executive Officers
The following changes in our directors and executive officers occurred since we filed our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020:
Directors
•Mr. Walthall joined the Board, effective September 21, 2021.
•Ms. Lamm-Tennant joined the Board, effective October 22, 2021.
•Paul Audet departed the Board, effective September 21, 2021.
•Ramon de Oliveira departed the Board, effective October 22, 2021.
Executive Officers
•Mr. Dibadj was appointed CFO, effective February 12, 2021.
•John C. Weisenseel retired as CFO, effective February 12, 2021, and from AB generally, effective September 30, 2021

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Board Meetings
In 2021, the Board held regular meetings in February, May, September and November. In addition, the Board convened a special joint session with the Governance Committee in October 2021.
The Board has established a calendar consisting of four regular meetings, which are held in February, May, September and November. In addition, the Board holds special meetings or takes action by unanimous written consent as circumstances warrant. The Board has standing Executive, Audit and Risk, Compensation and Workplace Practices, and Governance Committees, each of which is described in further detail below. Each member of the Board attended 75% or more of the aggregate of all Board and committee meetings that he or she was entitled to attend in 2021.
Committees of the Board
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Responsibilities:
•Exercises all of the powers and authority of the Board (with limited exceptions) when the Board is not in session, or when it is impractical to assemble the full Board.
•Typically, determines quarterly unitholder distributions, as applicable.
Executive Committee
Committee Members:
Joan Lamm-Tennant (Chair)
Seth P. Bernstein
Mark Pearson
Meetings in 2021: 4
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Responsibilities:
•Assist the Board in its oversight of:
•the integrity of the financial statements of the Partnerships;
•the effectiveness of the Partnerships' internal control over financial reporting and the Partnerships' risk management framework and risk mitigation processes;
•the Partnerships’ status and system of compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and business conduct;
•the independent registered public accounting firm’s qualification and independence; and
•the performance of the Partnerships’ internal audit function.
•Oversee the appointment, retention, compensation, evaluation and termination of the Partnerships’ independent registered public accounting firm.
•Encourages continuous improvement of, and fosters adherence to, the Partnerships’ policies, procedures and practices at all levels.
•Provides an open avenue of communication among the independent registered public accounting firm, senior management, the Internal Audit Department, the Chief Compliance Officer, the Chief Risk Officer and the Board.

Audit and Risk Committee
Committee Members:
Charles Stonehill (Chair)
Nella Domenici Todd Walthall
Meetings in 2021: 7
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Responsibilities:
•Assists the Board and the sole stockholder of the General Partner in:
•identifying and evaluating qualified individuals to become Board members; and
•determining the composition of the Board and its committees.
•Assists the Board in:
•developing and monitoring a process to assess Board effectiveness;
•developing and implementing our Corporate Governance Guidelines; and
•reviewing our policies and programs that relate to matters of corporate responsibility of the General Partner and the Partnerships.

Governance Committee
Committee Members:
Kristi Matus (Chair)
Seth P. Bernstein
Das Narayandas
Mark Pearson
Meetings in 2021: 1 regular mtg. and 1 special mtg.
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For a discussion of the Compensation Committee's responsibilities, please see “Compensation Discussion and Analysis - Compensation Committee; Process for Determining Executive Compensation” in Item 11.

Compensation and Workplace Practices Committee
Committee Members:
Kristi Matus (Chair)
Daniel G. Kaye
Mark Pearson
Bertram L. Scott
Meetings in 2021: 5 regular mtgs. and 1 special mtg.
The functions of each of the Board committees discussed above are more fully described in each committee’s charter. The charters are available in the "Responsibility - Corporate Governance" section of our Internet Site.
Audit Committee Financial Experts; Financial Literacy
Audit Committee Financial Expertise
In May 2021, the Governance Committee, after reviewing materials prepared by management, recommended that the Board determine that each of Ms. Domenici and Messrs. Audet and Stonehill is an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of Item 407(d) of Regulation S-K. The Board so determined at its regular meeting held in May 2021.
In September 2021, the Governance Committee, after reviewing materials prepared by management, recommended that the Board determine that Mr. Walthall is an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of Item 407(d) of Regulation S-K. The Board so determined at its regular meeting held in September 2021.
Financial Literacy
In May 2021, the Governance Committee, after reviewing materials prepared by management, recommended that the Board determine that Ms. Domenici, Mr. Audet and Mr. Stonehill each is financially literate and possesses accounting or related financial management expertise, as contemplated by Section 303A.07(a) of the NYSE Listed Company Manual (“Financially Literate”). The Board so determined at its regular meeting held in May 2021.
In September 2021, the Governance Committee, after reviewing materials prepared by management, recommended that the Board determine that Mr. Walthall is Financially Literate. The Board so determined at its regular meeting held in September 2021.
In October 2021, the Governance Committee, after reviewing materials prepared by management, recommended that the Board determine that Ms. Lamm-Tennant is Financially Literate. The Board so determined in October 2021.
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Independence of Certain Directors
In May 2021, the Governance Committee, after reviewing materials prepared by management, recommended that the Board determine that each of Mses. Domenici and Matus and Messrs. Audet, de Oliveira, Kaye, Narayandas, Scott and Stonehill is independent. The Board determined, at its May 2021 regular meeting, that each of these directors is independent within the meaning of the relevant rules.
In September 2021, the Governance Committee, after reviewing materials prepared by management, recommended that the Board determine that Mr. Walthall is independent. The Board determined, at its September 2021 regular meeting, that Mr. Walthall is independent within the meaning of the relevant rules.
In October 2021, the Governance Committee, after reviewing materials prepared by management, recommended that the Board determine that Ms. Lamm-Tennant is independent. The Board determined, in October 2021, that Ms. Lamm-Tennant is independent within the meaning of the relevant rules.
Board Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight
Leadership
The Board, together with the Governance Committee, is responsible for reviewing the Board’s leadership structure. In determining the appropriate individuals to serve as our Chair and our CEO, the Board and the Governance Committee consider, among other things, the composition of the Board, our company’s strong corporate governance practices, and the challenges and opportunities specific to AB.
Contacting our Board
Interested parties wishing to communicate directly with our Chair or the other members of our Board may send an e-mail, with “confidential” in the subject line, to our Corporate Secretary or address mail to Ms. Lamm-Tennant in care of our Corporate Secretary. Our Corporate Secretary will promptly forward such e-mail or mail to Ms. Lamm-Tennant. We have posted this information in the “Responsibility - Corporate Governance” section of our Internet Site.
Risk Oversight
Board of Directors
The Board, together with the Audit Committee, has oversight for our company’s risk management framework, which includes investment risk, credit and counterparty risk, and operational risk (includes legal/regulatory risk, cyber security risk and climate risk), and is responsible for helping to ensure that these risks are managed in a sound manner.
q
Audit Committee
The Board has delegated to the Audit Committee, which consists entirely of independent directors, the responsibility to consider our company’s policies and practices with respect to investment, credit and counterparty, and operational risk assessment and risk management, including discussing with management the major financial, operational and reputational risk exposures and the steps taken to monitor and control such exposures.
p
Risk Management Team Chief Risk Officer
Members of the company's risk management team (including our Chief Information Security Officer), who are responsible for identifying, managing and controlling the array of risks inherent in our company’s business and operations, make quarterly reports to the Audit Committee, which address investment, credit and counterparty, and operational risk identification, assessment and monitoring.
u
The Chief Risk Officer makes quarterly presentations to the Audit Committee and has reporting lines to the CEO and the Audit Committee.
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The Board has determined that its leadership and risk oversight are appropriate for our company. Mr. Bernstein’s in-depth knowledge of financial services and extensive executive experience in the investment management industry make him suited to serve as our President and CEO, while Ms. Lamm-Tennant’s in-depth industry and academic experience are invaluable at enhancing the overall functioning of the Board. The Board believes that the combination of a separate Chairman and CEO, the Audit Committee, a specialized risk management team and significant involvement from our largest Unitholder (EQH) provide the appropriate leadership to help ensure effective risk oversight.
Code of Ethics and Related Policies
Our directors, officers and employees are subject to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics. The code is intended to comply with Section 303A.10 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, Rule 204A-1 under the Investment Advisers Act and Rule 17j-1 under the Investment Company Act, as well as with recommendations issued by the Investment Company Institute regarding, among other things, practices and standards with respect to securities transactions of investment professionals. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics establishes certain guiding principles for all of our employees, including sensitivity to our fiduciary obligations and ensuring that we meet those obligations. In addition, the Code, together with our firm's insider trading policy, restricts employees from trading when in possession of material non-public information of any kind, which can include the existence of a significant cybersecurity incident at our firm. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics may be found in the “Responsibility - Corporate Governance” section of our Internet Site.
We have adopted a Code of Ethics for the CEO and Senior Financial Officers, which is intended to comply with Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Item 406 Code”). The Item 406 Code may be found in the “Responsibility - Corporate Governance” section of our Internet Site. We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding certain amendments to, or waivers from, provisions of the Item 406 Code that apply to the CEO, the CFO and the Chief Accounting Officer by posting such information on our Internet Site. To date, there have been no such amendments or waivers.
NYSE Governance Matters
Section 303A.00 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual exempts limited partnerships from compliance with the following sections of the Manual, some of which we comply with voluntarily: Section 303A.01 (board must have a majority of independent directors), 303A.04 (corporate governance committee must have only independent directors as its members and must have a charter that addresses, among other things, the committee’s purpose and responsibilities), and 303A.05 (compensation committee must have only independent directors as its members and must have a charter that addresses, among other things, the committee’s purpose and responsibilities).
AB Holding is a limited partnership (as is AB). In addition, because the General Partner is a subsidiary of EQH, and the General Partner controls AB Holding (and AB), we believe we also would qualify for the “controlled company” exemption. However, we comply voluntarily with the charter requirements set forth in Sections 303A.04 and 303A.05.
Our Corporate Governance Guidelines (“Guidelines”) promote the effective functioning of the Board and its committees, promote the interests of the Partnerships’ respective Unitholders (with appropriate regard to the Board’s duties to the sole stockholder of the General Partner), and set forth a common set of expectations as to how the Board, its various committees, individual directors and management should perform their functions. The Guidelines may be found in the “Responsibility - Corporate Governance” section of our Internet Site.
The Governance Committee is responsible for considering any request for a waiver under the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, the Item 406 Code and the EQH Policy Statement on Ethics from any director or executive officer of the General Partner. No such waiver has been granted to date and, if a waiver is granted in the future, such waiver would be described in the “Responsibility - Corporate Governance” section of our Internet Site.
We include in the “Responsibility - Corporate Governance,” section of our Internet site an e-mail address for any interested party, including Unitholders, to communicate with the Board. Our Corporate Secretary reviews e-mails sent to that address and has some discretion in determining how or whether to respond, and in determining to whom such e-mails should be forwarded. In our experience, substantially all of the e-mails received are ordinary client requests for administrative assistance that are best addressed by management, or solicitations of various kinds.
Certifications by our CEO and CFO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 have been furnished as exhibits to this Form 10-K.
AB Holding Unitholders and AB Unitholders may request a copy of any committee charter, the Guidelines, the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and the Item 406 Code by contacting our Corporate Secretary. The charters and memberships of the Executive, Audit, Governance and Compensation Committees may be found in the “Responsibility - Corporate Governance” section of our Internet Site.
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Fiduciary Culture
We maintain a robust fiduciary culture and, as a fiduciary, we place the interests of our clients first and foremost. We are committed to the fair and equitable treatment of all our clients, and to compliance with all applicable rules and regulations and internal policies to which our business is subject. We pursue these goals through education of our employees to promote awareness of our fiduciary obligations, incentives that align employees’ interests with those of our clients, and a range of measures, including active monitoring, to ensure regulatory compliance. Our compliance framework includes:
•the Code of Ethics Oversight Committee (“Ethics Committee”) and the Internal Compliance Controls Committee (“Compliance Committee”), each of which consists of our executive officers and other senior executives;
•an ombudsman office, where employees and others can voice concerns on a confidential basis;
•firm-wide compliance and ethics training programs; and
•a Conflicts Officer and a Conflicts Committee, which help to identify and mitigate conflicts of interest.
The Ethics Committee oversees all matters relating to issues arising under our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and meets on a quarterly basis and at such other times as circumstances warrant. The Ethics Committee and its subcommittee, the Personal Trading Subcommittee, have oversight of personal trading by our employees.
The Compliance Committee reviews compliance issues throughout our firm, endeavors to develop solutions to those issues as they may arise from time to time and oversees implementation of those solutions. The Compliance Committee meets on a quarterly basis and at such other times as circumstances warrant.
Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance
Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires directors of the General Partner and executive officers of the Partnerships, and persons who own more than 10% of the AB Holding Units or AB Units, to file with the SEC initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of AB Holding Units or AB Units. To the best of our knowledge, during 2021, we complied with all Section 16(a) filing requirements. Our Section 16 filings can be found under “Investor & Media Relations - Reports & SEC Filings” on our Internet Site.
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Item 11. Executive Compensation
Compensation Discussion and Analysis (“CD&A”)
In this CD&A, we provide an overview and analysis of our executive compensation philosophy, address the principal elements used to compensate our executive officers and explain how our executive compensation program aligns with AB’s strategic objectives. Additionally, we discuss 2021 incentive compensation recommendations and decisions made by our Compensation Committee for our named executive officers (“NEOs”). This CD&A should be read together with the compensation tables that follow this section. Our NEOs for 2021 are:
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Seth P. Bernstein
President and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO“)
Kate C. Burke
Chief Operating
Officer (“COO“) and Head of Private Wealth
Laurence E. Cranch
Chief Legal Officer
Karl Sprules
Head of Global Technology & Operations
Ali Dibadj
CFO and Head of Strategy
Compensation Philosophy and Goals
The intellectual capital of our employees is collectively the most important asset of our firm. We invest in people – we hire qualified people, train them, encourage them to give their best thinking to the firm and our clients, and compensate them in a manner designed to motivate, reward and retain them while aligning their interests with the interests of our Unitholders and clients.
Furthermore, our compensation practices are structured to help the firm realize its long-term growth strategy to Deliver, Diversify and Expand, Responsibly, with Equitable (“Growth Strategy”), which includes firm-wide initiatives to:
•Deliver superior investment solutions to our clients;
•Develop high-quality differentiated services; and
•Maintain strong incremental margins.
We also are focused on ensuring that our compensation practices are competitive with industry peers and provide sufficient potential for wealth creation for our NEOs and our employees generally, which we believe will enable us to meet the following key compensation goals:
•attract, motivate and retain highly-qualified executive talent;
•reward prior-year performance;
•incentivize future performance;
•recognize and support outstanding individual performance and behaviors that demonstrate and foster our firm’s primary objective of helping our clients reach their financial goals; and
•align our executives’ long-term interests with those of our Unitholders and clients.
Progress in Advancing our Growth Strategy in 2021
In 2021, the firm’s results demonstrated meaningful progress in executing on our Growth Strategy. Below are key metrics related to the three pillars of the Growth Strategy:
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Deliver superior investment solutions to our clients:
Investment Performance
The firm’s investment teams continue to focus on consistently delivering differentiated return streams to our clients. We believe that, over time, the ability to produce idiosyncratic returns that cannot be easily replicated will be central to sustaining our competitive advantage. In 2021, performance strengthened in both active fixed income and active equities. In fixed income, 89% of assets were in outperforming services for the one-year period ended December 31, 2021, 72% for the three-year period and 70% for the five-year period. In active equities, 73% of assets were in outperforming services for the one-year period, 48% for the three-year period and 75% for the five-year period ended December 31, 2021. (This performance data reflects the percentage of active fixed income and equity assets in institutional services that outperformed their benchmark, gross of fees, and of active fixed income and equity assets in retail advisor and I share class funds ranked in the top half of their Morningstar category; if no advisor class exists, we used A share class). Additionally, at year-end 2021, 76% of U.S. Fund assets and 59% of Non-U.S. Fund assets were rated 4- or 5-stars by Morningstar.
Several of our retail fixed income and equity mutual funds with AUM greater than $1 billion placed in the top quartile of performance for the three-year period ended December 31, 2021:
AB U.S. retail fixed income mutual funds that placed in the top quartile (3-yrs):
•AB Intermediate Diversified Muni
•AB High Income Municipal
•AB Intermediate New York Municipal
•AB Intermediate California Municipal
•AB Municipal Bond Inflation Strategies
•AB Municipal Income National
•AB Municipal Income California Strategies
AB Non‑U.S. fixed income funds that placed in the top quartile (3-yrs):
•AB European Income

AB U.S. retail equity mutual funds that placed in the top quartile (3-yrs):
•AB Large Cap Growth
•AB Discovery Growth
•AB Small Cap Growth
•AB Sustainable Global Thematic
AB Non‑U.S. equity funds that placed in the top quartile (3-yrs):
•AB International Healthcare
•AB International Technology
•AB Sustainable Global Thematic

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Net Flows
Scaling our proven investment services remains a key focus of our firm. In 2021, we accelerated our organic growth, generating an active organic growth rate of 4.3%, primarily driven by 10.1% organic growth in active equities. In our Retail channel, record gross sales reached $100 billion, increasing by 27% year-over-year, reflecting strong growth in the U.S. and Japan. This growth primarily resulted from active equities, which experienced gross sales of $59 billion, an increase of $23 billion, or 63%, compared to 2020. The retail redemption rate declined to 30% in 2021 from 34% in 2020. As a result, our Retail active equity products grew organically for a fifth consecutive year, generating $21.6 billion in net inflows, or a 20% organic growth rate. Retail municipal net inflows increased $5.3 billion in 2021, representing a 23% organic growth rate, helping to offset $8.9 billion of taxable fixed income outflows primarily associated with our offshore global high-income funds. In our Institutional channel, gross sales were $31.7 billion, increasing 3% compared to 2020. The firm generated institutional active equity flows of $2.4 billion in 2021, or a 4% organic growth rate, for a fourth consecutive year of active equity organic growth. Our pipeline of $21.5 billion in AUM increased by 76% as compared with $12.2 billion a year ago. Active Equities and Alternatives represented over 85% of the pipeline fee base at year-end. In Private Wealth, gross sales in 2021 of $18.3 billion increased 28% year-over-year. And, we continued to expand our use of innovative product offerings, including a diverse set of Alternatives, ESG-related offerings and tax-sensitive vehicles, such as our proprietary SMA Tax Loss Harvesting Portfolio.
Develop high-quality differentiated services:
Growing the diversity of our offerings to meet the needs of an evolving, complex global client base remains a key focus. In 2021, our Sustainable Investing platform experienced strong growth, with $31.5 billion of AUM at year-end, up 91% year-over-year. New fund launches across our global platform included: Sustainable Climate Solutions, Global Disruptors, Global Low Carbon, Concentrated Asia Growth, Global Equity Income, Short Duration Income, Sustainable Income, Sustainable U.S. Thematic, Asia High Yield, Sustainable Emerging Markets Debt and Multi-Asset Income.
Additionally, we continued to successfully develop and raise capital for new Alternatives offerings, which we are offering across our buy-side distribution channels. Launches in 2021 included a U.S. Commercial Real Estate Private Debt fund. We also completed a distribution agreement with LSV Advisors to offer expanded, special situations, secondary investing to our private wealth clients, and we on-boarded 1.5 Degrees, an investment team specializing in climate-focused long/short equity.
We remain focused on expanding opportunistically, both inside and outside the U.S., to support long-term growth. We have efforts underway to expand our range of services and capabilities in China, other Asian nations and select European markets.
Lastly, in Bernstein Research our investments in Hong Kong and India yielded significant revenue growth in Asia in 2021 as compared with the prior year.
Maintain strong incremental margins:
We remain focused on managing costs to help ensure that we generate targeted incremental operating margins in the range of 45-50%, over time. In 2021, we made substantial progress on a key pillar of this strategy, which we initially announced in 2018: the relocation of our corporate headquarters from New York, NY, to Nashville, TN. In 2021, we occupied our newly constructed Nashville headquarters building, which will house approximately 1,250 employees, over time. We continue to seek efficiencies and manage various operating expenses to help ensure that we drive operating leverage on incremental revenues.
Our incremental adjusted operating margin in 2021 was 53%, above our targeted range. Our adjusted operating margin increased to 33.6% in 2021, up 350 basis points as compared to 30.1% in 2020. The increase resulted from an 18% increase in adjusted revenues, driven by higher base fees and higher performance-based fees, and a reduction in our adjusted compensation ratio. In 2021, total adjusted compensation and benefits expense was 46.5% of adjusted revenues, down from 47.9% in 2020. We provide additional information regarding our adjusted compensation ratio below in this CD&A, and we provide additional information about our adjusted operating margin in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations above in Item 7.
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Our compensation practices are structured to help the firm realize its Growth Strategy
Deliver superior investment solutions to clients
Develop, commercialize
and scale our suite
of services
Launched
9 Products in Private Wealth Channel, including: US Commercial Real Estate Private Debt Fund, Real Estate Equity Plus, Global Disruptors, Relative Value, Sustainable Intermediate Duration and Sustainable US Thematic Strategies

$21.5 billion
Institutional pipeline, with >$60M in annualized fee base

$31.5 billion
ESG Portfolios with Purpose +91% year-over-year

$10 billion
Committed by Equitable Financial to expand AB’s Private Alternative and Private Placement Platforms
  Fixed Income and Equity Performance
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Maintain strong incremental margins(1)
AB Adjusted Operating Margin
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Total Unitholder Return
(2017-2021; includes dividend reinvestment)
Portfolios with Purpose:
New Sustainable launches:
Sustainable Income, Sustainable US Thematic Credit, Sustainable Climate Solutions, Global Low Carbon, Sustainable EM Debt
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Overview
Gross Sales Active Equity Organic Growth Beneficial Pipeline Mix
AB’s Retail channel achieved a record of Active Equity organic growth Net Flows scaled, generated an active organic growth rate of Active Equities and Alternatives represented over
$100B 10.1% 4.3% 85%
in gross sales in 2021, +27% year-over-year in 2021 in 2021 of institutional pipeline fee base at year-end
(1)AB generated incremental adjusted operating margin of 53% in 2021, above the long-term targeted range of 45-50%.
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Overview of 2021 Incentive Compensation Program
When reflecting on 2021 performance and pay, each of our NEOs received a portion of his or her year-end incentive compensation in the form of an annual cash bonus and a portion in the form of long-term incentive compensation awards. The split between annual cash bonus and long-term incentive compensation varied depending on the NEO's total compensation, with lower-paid executives receiving a greater percentage of their incentive compensation as cash bonuses than more highly-paid executives. (For additional information about these compensatory elements, see “Compensation Elements for NEOs” below.)
In 2021, we instituted performance scorecards for senior leaders of the firm, including our NEOs, to shift our executives' priorities from a primarily revenue-based model to a broader leadership mindset. Priorities included in this broader mindset, such as accelerating ESG initiatives, are aligned with firm-wide goals of creating long-term value for all of our stakeholders. The scorecard for each NEO, including Mr. Bernstein, reflected our Growth Strategy and included actual results relative to target metrics across the following measures:
•Financial, including peer results, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net revenue growth and operating efficiency targets (see our discussion of “Management Operating Metrics” in Item 7 for a reconciliation between our results pursuant to US GAAP and our adjusted results);
•Strategic, aligned with our strategy of delivering core investment solutions, while developing high-quality differentiated services, in faster-growing geographies, responsibly, in partnership with Equitable;
•Organizational, including organizational effectiveness and efficiency, leadership impact, succession planning, developing talent, innovating and automating, and real estate utilization; and
•Cultural, including employee engagement, diversity, retention and purpose.
The scorecards support management and the Compensation Committee in assessing each executive's performance relative to business, operational and cultural goals established at the beginning of the year and reviewed in the context of the current-year financial performance of the firm. The amount of incentive compensation paid to our NEOs continues to be determined on a discretionary basis by the Compensation Committee. (For additional information, please see "Compensation Committee; Process for Determining Executive Compensation" below in this CD&A.)
Mr. Bernstein and Ms. Burke, with the approval of the Compensation Committee, confirmed that the appropriate metric to consider in determining the amount of incentive compensation paid to all employees, including our NEOs, in respect of 2021 performance is the ratio of adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense to adjusted net revenues, which terms are described immediately below:
•Adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense is our total employee compensation and benefits expense minus other employment costs such as recruitment, training, temporary help and meals, and excludes the impact of mark-to-market vesting expense, as well as dividends and interest expense, associated with employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments.
•Adjusted net revenues (see our discussion of “Management Operating Metrics” in Item 7 for a reconciliation between our results pursuant to US GAAP and our adjusted results) exclude investment gains and losses and dividends and interest on employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments. In addition, adjusted net revenues offset distribution-related payments to third parties as well as amortization of deferred sales commissions against distribution revenues. We also exclude additional pass-through expenses we incur (primarily through our transfer agent) that are reimbursed and recorded as fees in revenues. Additionally, we adjust for the revenue impact of consolidating company-sponsored investment funds by eliminating the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds’ revenues and including AB’s fees from such funds, and AB’s investment gains and losses on its investment in such funds, that were eliminated in consolidation.
In addition, Mr. Bernstein and Ms. Burke, with the approval of the Compensation Committee, determined that the firm’s adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense generally should not exceed 50.0% of our adjusted net revenues, except in unexpected or unusual circumstances. As the table below indicates, in 2021, adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense amounted to approximately 46.5% of our adjusted net revenues (in thousands):
Net Revenues $ 4,441,602 
Adjustments (see above)
(832,066)
Adjusted Net Revenues $ 3,609,536 
Employee Compensation & Benefits Expense $ 1,716,013 
Adjustments (see above)
(39,011)
Adjusted Employee Compensation & Benefits Expense $ 1,677,002 
Adjusted Compensation Ratio 46.5  %
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Our 2021 adjusted compensation ratio of approximately 46.5%% reflects a balancing of the need to keep compensation levels competitive with industry peers in order to attract, motivate and retain highly-qualified talent with the need to maintain strong operating leverage in our business. The Compensation Committee works with management to help ensure both needs are sufficiently addressed.
We have described below each NEO’s individual achievements in 2021 given each officer’s role, the contents of their respective performance scorecards and the firm's business and operational goals:
Seth P. Bernstein
President and Chief Executive Officer
Summary of Achievements: As President and CEO, Mr. Bernstein led the firm to achieve strong financial results, highlighted by the firm's record 33.6% adjusted operating margin, which increased by 350 basis points. Investment performance improved under his leadership, and he focused the firm on making progress on strategic priorities, including the growth of our private alternatives business, the advancement of our responsibility goals, and strengthening the partnership with Equitable. Mr. Bernstein navigated the firm through another challenging environment in 2021 with a focus on our employees, bolstering culture, and prioritizing diversity and inclusion initiatives. The culmination of these efforts delivered value for unitholders.
Individual Achievements
Financial and Investment Performance:
•Led the firm’s efforts in achieving an approximate 18% year-over-year increase in adjusted net revenues, reflecting firm-wide client net inflows of $26.1 billion, or an active organic growth rate of 4.3%. Each of the firm’s three distribution channels grew organically in 2021. Higher revenues coupled with expense management led to an increase in adjusted operating margin of 350 basis points to a record 33.6%. This represented an incremental operating margin of 53%, above the firm’s targeted long-term range of 45-50%.
•Earnings per unit (“EPU”) of $3.89 in 2021 grew 34% over 2020.
•Led focus on improved investment results; one-year performance improved significantly for both the firm’s active equity and fixed income services in 2021, with long-term performance remaining strong. As of year-end, equity services, as a percentage of assets outperforming applicable benchmarks for the one-, three- and five-year periods achieved 73%, 48% and 75%, respectively, while fixed income services achieved 89%, 72% and 70%, respectively.
Strategic Initiatives
•Diversified future active product offerings across major asset classes through the launch of new strategies, including Growth Equity, Sustainability, Asia, Income and Emerging Markets.
•Drove progress on key strategic growth initiatives to build out our private alternatives franchise, including deployment of capital in our new European Commercial Real Estate Debt strategy and agreement with Equitable Financial to provide up to $10 billion of capital into AB’s higher quality illiquid strategies.
•Continued to strengthen overall partnership with Equitable, including working jointly to improve yield on their General Account while seeding new private alternatives strategies.
•Advanced responsibility goals by enhancing our own corporate practices, such as establishing a Board oversight framework, integrating ESG metrics into scorecards and increasing the transparency of diversity data.
Organizational Strength
•Successfully managed through another challenging year, navigating the impacts of the global pandemic. Increased focus on employee well-being and the development of management skills necessary to thrive in a hybrid work environment.
•Advanced our headquarters transition to Nashville, hiring and onboarding new staff and completed our state-of-the-art new corporate headquarters.
Culture
•Maintained strong engagement metrics in AB’s employee survey and supported the firm’s diversity and inclusion (D&I) initiatives, including launching an asset management industry D&I working group, implementing anti-racism training globally and adding two diverse Board members.
•Completed a robust process to develop AB's Purpose and refreshed values, which will guide how we act, make decisions and measure ourselves in the eyes of all of our stakeholders.
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Kate C. Burke
Chief Operating Officer and Head of Private Wealth
Summary of Achievements: As COO, Ms. Burke implemented performance scorecards, oversaw our return to office worldwide, and drove momentum with a critical set of tasks essential to completing the transition to Nashville and opening our new headquarters. As the Head of Private Wealth ("PW"), Ms. Burke established a leadership team, determined a client segmentation approach and product management structure, and developed a strategy for accelerating organic growth and the investments needed to accomplish this objective.
Individual Achievements
Financial
•Led the firm’s compensation process. The process resulted in the firm’s compensation ratio declining 140 basis points year-over-year to 46.5%, helping the firm reach its adjusted operating margin of 33.6%.
•Accelerated PW's organic growth to 3%, generating net inflows in each quarter of 2021 and five of the last six quarters overall.
Strategic
•Advanced AB's operating model by increasing transparency and accountability around critical business and financial metrics through implementation of scorecards for business unit heads, quarterly business reviews and the strategic initiative process. These management tools and processes enabled our senior leadership to manage the overall business more holistically and effectively. Under Ms. Burke’s leadership, scorecards for business unit heads were utilized for the first time across AllianceBernstein, enhancing collaboration among senior leaders to support enterprise initiatives around expanding product, distribution, and infrastructure capabilities and advancing AB's talent and cultural initiatives.
•Oversaw the evolution of PW’s investment platform with a focus on expanding the lineup of differentiated core strategies, alternatives offerings, and “purpose-driven” (ESG) strategies. Complemented our high-quality active management strategies by introducing a passive tax-loss-harvesting separately managed account and ran the most aggressive product roll-out in PW history: 10 product launches across core and alternative strategies. PW's alternatives AUM grew to $11 billion, up 18% Y/Y. PW's ESG AUM grew to $6.9 billion, up 55.5% Y/Y in 2021.
Organizational
•Continued to hire, onboard, and train 259 new employees in Nashville, despite ongoing challenges from the pandemic, which resulted in 974 employees in Nashville at year-end, and enabled the firm to maintain its pace to achieve 1,250 employees there by 2024.
•Oversaw AB's response to the pandemic and our firm's return-to-office approach, which included marshaling resources across the firm to execute a coordinated global response, enabling the firm to seamlessly meet fiduciary obligations and provide exceptional client service and investment advice, while also prioritizing the health and well-being of AB's 4,085 employees.
Culture
•Led efforts to reimagine the workplace and ensure the firm’s culture remained intact while evolving into a hybrid work environment.
•Fostered stronger AB employee engagement while also delivering concrete actions that resulted in a more diverse workforce, including enhancing AB's diverse talent development and retention efforts.

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Ali Dibadj
CFO and Head of Strategy
Summary of Achievements: As CFO, Mr. Dibadj oversaw the delivery of balanced financial targets, communicated our progress internally and externally, and ensured engagement and continuous improvement of a strong Finance function. As Head of Strategy, Mr. Dibadj identified and catalyzed important developments and improvements at AB, led our growth-focused M&A / partnership /seeding advancements, and helped drive our culture firm-wide.
Individual Achievements
Financial
•Balanced the firm's revenues, expenses and cash through a disciplined process to advance AB's adjusted margin to 33.6% for the year, beat its incremental margin target and increase unitholder distributions by +34% year-over-year.
•Led the revamp of our investor and analyst relations with broader outreach, more effective communication, and improved messaging, which contributed to AB's strong total unitholder return.
•Improved AB’s financial processes through enhanced accounting, tax, treasury, and financial planning & analysis procedures.
Strategic
•Executed on commercial synergies with Equitable, leading over a dozen teams across both organizations, including the delivery of an important $10B seed capital commitment from Equitable Financial to AB.
•Supported the acceleration of our seed investment program, alongside our firm's Client Group.
•Collaborated with business units to deliver on acquisition and partnership goals in responsible investing and alternatives.
•Activated change throughout the organization, including catalyzing client segmentation, designing new product development processes and jumpstarting M&A/partnership procedures.
Organizational
•Revamped the firm's quarterly business review procedures, co-developed with Ms. Burke our performance scorecards, improved our compensation analysis systems and developed our strategic initiatives prioritization process.
•Digitized financial information delivery, analysis and dashboards for AB and Strategic Business Units.
•Deepened relationships with key external partners, including clients, consultants, investors, analysts and the media, among others.
Culture
•Sponsored AB’s important efforts on Purpose, Mission and Values (as discussed above in Item 1), alongside our responsibility team.
•Engaged in firm-wide Town Halls, small group meetings, and mentorship within each of our business units to communicate our culture, articulate our strategy, champion diversity & inclusion, and support our employees during a challenging pandemic.



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Karl Sprules
Head of Global Technology & Operations
Summary of Achievements: As Global Head of Technology & Operations (GTO), Mr. Sprules led the opening of our Nashville office and chaired our Pandemic Response Team. He rigorously managed Technology and Operations expenses and delivered on a broad portfolio of strategic firm initiatives.
Individual Achievements
Financial
•Managed the Technology & Operations expenses down to less than 11% of revenue.
Strategic
•Led AB’s Technology, Operations, Security, and Real Estate teams globally and managed the infrastructure expense ratio down to its lowest level in 10 years while supporting business development and growth. Mr. Sprules completed the reorganization and consolidation of the GTO leadership team and advised the Board, other NEOs, and the Operating Committee on the use of technology to gain competitive business advantage.
•Continued to increase our operational efficiency by creating programs that drove down error rates, reduced onboarding risk, automated operational work and increased service levels.
•Advised other NEOs and the Operating Committee on the technical and operational feasibility of our strategic growth initiatives, and provided staffing, infrastructure and oversight for new initiatives throughout the year.
•Pivoted the focus of our security infrastructure from defense to defense and response, providing thought leadership on security infrastructure architecture, developing maturity models for business unit assessment of response preparedness and reporting to the Board and other NEOs on our security posture.
Organizational
•Led the team responsible for opening our new corporate headquarters in Nashville. This brought together multidisciplinary teams of thought leaders in design, construction, redundance, security, technology and collaboration to create a state-of-the-art work environment.
•Chaired the AB COVID-19 Pandemic Repose Team. This cross-functional leadership team focused on maintaining firm-wide operating efficiency while keeping our employees safe. Mr. Sprules led the response to virus variant surges and advised business unit heads on the impact of extended work from home.
Culture
•Produced the Nashville Beat, a recurring Town Hall program designed to engage new and tenured Nashville staff as we transitioned to a hybrid work environment.
•Co-lead H-Labs, a joint venture between AB and Equitable focused on accelerating innovation and collaboration.



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Laurence E. Cranch
Chief Legal Officer
Summary of Achievements: As CLO, Mr. Cranch was responsible for managing the legal and compliance department, overseeing all legal affairs for the firm. Mr. Cranch successfully planned and implemented the transition of the leadership of this department to the firm’s General Counsel, Mark Manley, as a result of his retirement at the end of 2021.
Individual Achievements
Financial
•Continued to successfully control outside counsel expenses with respect to ongoing and routine legal matters.
Strategic
•Successfully completed the transition of leadership of the Legal and Compliance Department.
•Ensured no regulatory examination resulted in a material adverse finding or enforcement proceeding.
•Received favorable feedback from AB business leaders relating to the quality of service of the Legal and Compliance department.
•Ensured the firm remained free of material litigation, reflecting our pragmatic and aggressive program to avoid situations that are likely to produce disputes and, where disputes do arise, resolve them on favorable terms.
Organizational
•Completed the relocation of nearly all of the New York Legal and Compliance department to Nashville, including the retention of the employees who relocated, and the recruitment of qualified individuals to fill remaining senior positions in Nashville.
•Implemented compliance solutions in response to new compliance requirements that became effective in 2021.
Culture
•Stressed the importance of our fiduciary culture through compliance and workplace practices training.

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The compensation of each of these NEOs reflected the Compensation Committee’s judgment (and Mr. Bernstein’s judgment, with respect to each executive other than himself) in assessing the importance of the executive's achievements in the context of our firm’s adjusted financial results and progress in advancing our Growth Strategy.
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Compensation Committee; Process for Determining Executive Compensation
The Compensation Committee consists of Ms. Matus (Chair) and Messrs. Kaye, Pearson and Scott. The Compensation Committee held five regular meetings and one special meeting in 2021.
As discussed in “NYSE Governance Matters” in Item 10, AB Holding, as a limited partnership, is exempt from NYSE rules that require public companies to have a compensation committee consisting solely of independent directors. EQH owns, directly and through various subsidiaries, an approximate 64.5% economic interest in AB (as of December 31, 2021), and compensation expense is a significant component of our financial results. For these reasons, Mr. Pearson, director and President and CEO of EQH, is a member of the Compensation Committee, and any action taken by the Compensation Committee requires his affirmative vote or consent. Given this structure, the Compensation Committee has established a sub-committee consisting entirely of non-management directors (i.e., Ms. Matus and Messrs. Kaye and Scott). This “Section 16 Sub-Committee” approves awards of restricted AB Holding Units to NEOs to ensure we can utilize the short-swing trading exemption set forth in Section 16b-3 under the Exchange Act. Under this exemption, equity grants to our firm's executive officers are exempt from short-swing trading rules if each such grant is approved by the full Board or a committee of the Board consisting entirely of “non-employee” directors (generally, directors who are not officers of the company or an affiliate).
The Compensation Committee has general oversight of compensation and compensation-related matters, including:
•determining cash bonuses;
•determining contributions and awards under incentive plans or other compensation arrangements (whether qualified or non-qualified) for employees of AB and its subsidiaries, and amending or terminating such plans or arrangements or any welfare benefit plan or arrangement or making recommendations to the Board with respect to adopting any new incentive compensation plan, including equity-based plans;
•reviewing and approving the compensation of our CEO, evaluating his performance, and determining and approving his compensation level based on this evaluation; and
•reviewing and discussing the CD&A and recommending to the Board its inclusion in each of AB’s and AB Holding’s Form 10-K and, when applicable, proxy statements.
The Compensation Committee has developed a comprehensive process for:
•reviewing our executive compensation program to ensure it is aligned with our firm’s philosophy and strategic objectives;
•evaluating performance by our NEOs against goals and objectives established at the beginning of the year; and
•setting compensation for the NEOs and other senior executives.
The Compensation Committee’s year-end process generally focuses on the cash bonuses and long-term incentive compensation awards granted to NEOs and other senior executives. Mr. Bernstein, working with Ms. Burke and other senior executives, provides recommendations for individual executive awards to the Compensation Committee for its consideration. As part of this process, Ms. Burke provides the Committee with compensation benchmarking data from one or more compensation consultants. For 2021, we paid $95,250 to McLagan Partners (“McLagan”) for executive compensation benchmarking data and trend forecasting.
Management periodically reviews with the Compensation Committee the firm’s expected adjusted financial and operating results, the firm’s actual results and management’s year-end compensation expectations, as they evolve throughout the year. Management accomplished these reviews during regular meetings of the Compensation Committee held in February, May, September, October and November 2021. The Committee also held a special meeting in November 2021. The Compensation Committee approved the firm's final year-end compensation recommendations during its special meeting held in November 2021 and affirmed its approval in December 2021.
The Compensation Committee did not retain its own consultants in 2021.
Additional information regarding the Compensation Committee’s functions can be found in the Committee's charter, which is available online in the “Responsibility - Corporate Governance” section of our Internet Site.
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Benchmarking Data
In 2021, we engaged McLagan to provide compensation benchmarking data for our NEOs (“2021 Benchmarking Data”). The 2021 Benchmarking Data summarized 2020 compensation levels and 2021 salaries at selected asset management companies comparable to ours in terms of size and business mix (“Comparable Companies”), to assist us in determining the appropriate level of compensation for our NEOs.
The 2021 Benchmarking Data provided ranges of compensation levels at the Comparable Companies for executive positions like those held by our NEOs, including base salary and total compensation.
The Comparable Companies, which management selected with input from McLagan, included:
Eaton Vance Corp. Franklin Templeton Investments Goldman Sachs Asset Management
Invesco Ltd. JP Morgan Asset Management MFS Investment Management
Morgan Stanley Invest. Manage. Neuberger Berman Group Nuveen Investments / TIAA
PIMCO LLC Prudential Investments T. Rowe Price, Inc.
The Vanguard Group, Inc.
The 2021 Benchmarking Data indicated that the total compensation paid to each of our NEOs in 2021 fell within the ranges of total compensation paid to executives at the Comparable Companies.
The Compensation Committee considered this information in concluding that the compensation levels paid in 2021 to our NEOs were appropriate and reasonable.
Compensation Elements for NEOs
We utilize a variety of compensation elements to achieve the goals described above, consisting of base salary, annual short-term incentive compensation awards (cash bonuses), a long-term incentive compensation award program, a defined contribution plan and certain other benefits, each of which we discuss in detail below:
Base Salaries
Base salaries comprise a relatively small portion of our NEOs’ total compensation. We consider individual experience, responsibilities and tenure with the firm when determining the narrow range of base salaries paid to our NEOs (please refer to “Overview of Mr. Bernstein's Employment Agreement” below for information relating to Mr. Bernstein’s base salary and other compensation elements).
Annual Short-Term Incentive Compensation Awards (Cash Bonuses)
We provide our NEOs with annual short-term incentive compensation awards in the form of cash bonuses.
We believe that annual cash bonuses, which generally reflect individual performance and the firm’s current year financial performance, provide a short-term retention mechanism for our NEOs because such bonuses typically are paid during the last week of the year.
Annual cash bonuses in respect of 2021 performance for each NEO were determined and paid in December 2021. These bonuses, and the 2021 long-term incentive compensation awards described immediately below, were based on management’s evaluation, subject to the Compensation Committee’s review and approval, of each NEO’s performance during the year, the firm's progress in advancing its Growth Strategy during the year, the performance of the NEO’s business unit or function compared to business and operational goals established at the beginning of the year and the firm’s current-year financial performance.
In respect of 2021, Mr. Bernstein received a cash bonus of $5,575,000 in accordance with the terms of the employment agreement into which he entered with the General Partner, AB and AB Holding as of May 1, 2017 (“CEO Employment Agreement”) and after review of Mr. Bernstein's performance during 2021 by the Compensation Committee. Please refer to “Overview of Mr. Bernstein's Employment Agreement” below for additional information relating to Mr. Bernstein’s cash bonus and other compensation elements.
Long-Term Incentive Compensation Awards
Long-term incentive compensation awards generally are denominated in restricted AB Holding Units. We utilize this structure to align our NEOs’ long-term interests directly with the interests of our Unitholders and indirectly with the interests of our clients, as strong performance for our clients generally contributes directly to increases in AUM and improved financial performance for the firm.
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We believe that annual long-term incentive compensation awards provide a long-term retention mechanism for our NEOs because such awards generally vest ratably over time; awards granted in 2021 generally vest in equal portions over three years, while awards granted in prior years generally vest over four years. We reduced the vesting period for awards in 2021 to help ensure our compensation framework remains highly competitive.
For 2021 performance, awards were granted in December 2021 to each of Ms. Burke and Messrs. Bernstein, Dibadj, Sprules and Cranch pursuant to the AB 2021 Incentive Compensation Award Program ("ICAP"), an unfunded, non-qualified incentive compensation plan, and the AB 2017 Long Term Incentive Plan, our equity compensation plan (“2017 Plan”).
Prior to the date on which an award vests, the AB Holding Units underlying an award are restricted and are not permitted to be transferred. Upon vesting, the AB Holding Units underlying an award generally are delivered, unless the award recipient has, in advance, voluntarily elected to defer receipt to future periods or the award is structured with a delayed delivery date. Quarterly cash distributions on vested and unvested restricted AB Holding Units are delivered to award recipients when cash distributions are paid generally to Unitholders.
An award recipient who resigns or is terminated without cause prior to the vesting date is eligible to continue to vest in his or her long-term incentive compensation award subject to compliance with the restrictive covenants set forth in the applicable award agreement, including restrictions on competition, and restrictions on employee and client solicitation. Additionally, the award agreement provides for continued vesting in the event of an award recipient's retirement, subject to applicable restrictive covenants. To be eligible for retirement, an award recipient must provide notice of retirement, enter into a retirement agreement and satisfy a "Rule of 70," whereby the sum of the recipient's age and years of service must equal at least 70.
Clawbacks
The award agreement permits AB to claw-back the unvested portion of an award if the recipient fails to adhere to our risk management policies. As such, for accounting purposes, there is no employee service requirement and awards are fully expensed when granted. As used in this Item 11, “vest” refers to the time at which the awards are no longer subject to forfeiture for breach of these restrictions or risk management policies, which we discuss further below in “Consideration of Risk Matters in Determining Compensation.”
Relocation-related Performance Awards
In April 2018, Ms. Burke, Mr. Sprules, Mr. Cranch and Mr. Weisenseel each was granted a special restricted AB Holding Unit award with a grant date fair value of $4,000,000. Each award vests on December 1, 2022, and the underlying AB Holding Units are delivered promptly thereafter provided each executive continues to be employed by AB and each executive moves to and establishes his or her principal residence in Nashville, TN. Vesting of each executive’s AB Holding Units also is contingent on an assessment by the Compensation Committee, with appropriate input from Mr. Bernstein, as to whether, and the extent to which:
•our firm’s headquarters relocation initiative is executed without significant disruption or reputational damage to AB;
•AB’s targets for cost savings and implementation costs for the relocation have been achieved; and
•the level of workplace talent and diversity in Nashville is satisfactory.
With respect to the above-referenced criteria, the Compensation Committee, with appropriate input from Mr. Bernstein, assesses achievement of the criteria both within the executive's business unit and with respect to our firm overall. In December 2021, 2020 and 2019, Mr. Bernstein, on behalf of the Compensation Committee, advised each executive employed in December that his or her performance generally was progressing well with respect to each of the above-referenced criteria. A similar process is expected to be followed in December 2022. The awards to Messrs. Cranch and Weisenseel vested on a pro-rata basis in connection with their respective retirements in 2021.
Chief Legal Officer Retirement Agreement
As announced in a Form 8-K we filed on May 4, 2021, Mr. Cranch retired from AB, effective December 31, 2021 (the "LC Retirement Date"). He has transitioned his responsibilities to Mark Manley, who as of January 1, 2022, is leading our firm's Legal and Compliance Department as Global Head of Compliance and General Counsel.
The compensatory benefits under the retirement agreement to which Mr. Cranch is entitled include:
•the vesting on the LC Retirement Date and, per Mr. Cranch's election, delivery on December 31, 2027, of 121,569 AB Holding Units, which represents a pro rata vesting through the LC Retirement Date of the restricted AB Holding Units described immediately above in "Relocation-related Performance Awards;" and
•for a period of 26 weeks after the LC Retirement Date, his base salary shall continue to be paid, through regular payroll on regular payroll dates, at the rate of $400,000 (less applicable tax withholding and other payroll deductions).

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Former CFO Retirement Agreement
As announced in a Form 8-K we filed on August 26, 2020, John C. Weisenseel retired from AB, effective September 30, 2021 (the "JW Retirement Date"). He transitioned his Finance responsibilities to Mr. Dibadj, who assumed the role of CFO, effective as of February 12, 2021. Mr. Weisenseel served in a senior advisory role from February 12, 2021 until the JW Retirement Date.
The compensatory benefits under the retirement agreement to which Mr. Weisenseel is entitled include:
•a lump sum cash payment of $250,000 (less applicable tax withholding and other payroll deductions), which was made in the first pay period immediately after the JW Retirement Date;
•the vesting on the JW Retirement Date and, per Mr. Weisenseel's election, delivery on March 31, 2027, of 113,266 AB Holding Units, which represents a pro rata vesting through the JW Retirement Date of the restricted AB Holding Units described immediately above in "Relocation-related Performance Awards;" and
•until the JW Retirement Date and continuing for a period of 26 weeks thereafter, his base salary shall continue to be paid, through regular payroll on regular payroll dates, at the rate of $375,000 (less applicable tax withholding and other payroll deductions.
Defined Contribution Plan
U.S. employees of AB, including each of our NEOs, are eligible to participate in the Profit Sharing Plan for Employees of AB (as amended and restated as of January 1, 2015, as further amended as of January 1, 2017 and as further amended as of April 1, 2018, the “Profit Sharing Plan”), a tax-qualified retirement plan. The Compensation Committee determines the amount of company contributions (both the level of annual matching by the firm of an employee’s pre-tax salary deferral contributions and the annual company profit sharing contribution, if any).
With respect to 2021, the Compensation Committee determined in November 2021 that employee deferral contributions would be matched on a dollar-for-dollar basis up to 5% of eligible compensation and that there would be no profit sharing contribution.
Other Benefits
Change in Control Plan
In December 2020, the Compensation Committee approved the AllianceBernstein Change in Control Plan for Executive Officers (the "CIC Plan"). The purpose of the CiC Plan is to provide certain benefits for each individual designated by our CEO as an executive officer (an "Executive Officer") in the event of a change in control ("CIC") of AB. The CIC Plan contains a change in control provision substantially similar to the change in control provision included in Mr. Bernstein's employment agreement (as described below in "Overview of Mr. Bernstein's Employment Agreement"). The provisions under the CIC Plan also are described in a compensatory table below entitled, “Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control.”
The CIC Plan provides that, in the event of a CIC, unless prior to the CIC, any unvested restricted unit awards (including ICAP awards) then held by an Executive Officer are honored or assumed, or new rights are substituted therefore, so that the Executive Officer's rights and entitlements after the CIC are substantially equivalent to or better than the Executives Officer's rights and entitlements under the award, each award will, prior to the CIC, immediately and fully vest and no longer be subject to forfeiture.
In addition, (i) if the Executive Officer's employment is terminated by AB, other than for cause, (ii) the Executive Officer resigns with good reason (as defined in the CIC Plan), or (iii) the Executive Officer dies or becomes disabled, within 12 months following a CIC, the Executive Officer will be entitled to receive the sum of (a) the Executives Officer's annual base salary at the time of his or her termination, and (b) the Executive Officer's most recent annual cash incentive compensation award, multiplied by two.
The CIC Plan defines CIC to include any transaction as a result of which EQH ceases to control AB, or a successor entity that conducts the business of AB. However, there would not be a CIC unless, as a result of the transaction, an entity other than EQH controls AB (or a successor to its business).
Life Insurance
Our firm pays the premiums associated with life insurance policies purchased on behalf of our NEOs.
Consideration of Risk Matters in Determining Compensation
In 2021, we considered whether our compensation practices for employees, including our NEOs, encourage unnecessary or excessive risk-taking and whether any risks arising from our compensation practices are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our firm. For the reasons set forth below, we have determined that our current compensation practices do not create risks that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our firm.
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As described above in “Compensation Elements for NEOs – Long-Term Incentive Compensation Awards,” long-term incentive compensation awards generally are denominated in AB Holding Units that are not distributed until subsequent years, so the ultimate value that the employee derives from the award depends on the long-term performance of the firm. Denominating the award in restricted AB Holding Units and deferring their delivery is intended to sensitize employees to risk outcomes and discourage them from taking excessive risks, whether relating to investments, operations, regulatory compliance and/or cyber security, that could lead to a decrease in the value of the AB Holding Units and/or an adverse effect on the firm's long-term prospects. Furthermore, and as noted above in “Compensation Elements for NEOs – Long-Term Incentive Compensation Awards,” generally all outstanding long-term incentive compensation awards include a provision permitting us to “claw-back” the unvested portion of an employee’s long-term incentive compensation award if the Compensation Committee determines that (i) the employee failed to adhere to existing risk management policies and (ii) as a result of the employee’s failure, there has been or reasonably could be expected to be a material adverse impact on our firm or the employee’s business unit.
Overview of Mr. Bernstein's Employment Agreement
Pursuant to the CEO Employment Agreement, Mr. Bernstein served as our President and CEO for an initial term that commenced on May 1, 2017 and ended on May 1, 2020. The initial term automatically was extended for one additional year on May 1, 2020 and automatically extends each May thereafter, beginning May 1, 2021, unless the CEO Employment Agreement is terminated in accordance with its terms (“Employment Term”).
The terms of the CEO Employment Agreement were the result of arm’s length negotiations between Mr. Bernstein and senior executives at AXA and EQH. The Board then approved the CEO Employment Agreement after having considered, among other things, the compensation package provided to Mr. Bernstein’s predecessor, the 2016 compensation and 2017 expected compensation of AB’s other executive officers and Mr. Bernstein’s compensation at his former employer.
The Compensation Committee, during its regular meeting held on December 11, 2018, amended the CEO Employment Agreement such that any annual equity award granted to Mr. Bernstein in 2018 and subsequent years during the Employment Term will be granted in all respects in accordance with AB's compensation practices and policies generally applicable to AB's executive officers as in effect from time to time ("SPB First Amendment").
Additionally, the Compensation Committee, during its regular meeting held on December 10, 2019, further amended the CEO Employment Agreement by:
•increasing Mr. Bernstein’s severance payments if his employment is terminated involuntarily, without cause, from one year’s base salary and bonus to one and a half year’s base salary and bonus;
•excluding from the definition of change in control AB Holding ceasing to be publicly traded;
•removing from the circumstances that give rise to Mr. Bernstein’s ability to terminate the agreement for “good reason” his ceasing to be the CEO of a publicly traded entity; and
•eliminating Mr. Bernstein’s entitlement to a gross-up for any excise tax on his parachute payments, which would have been pertinent only if Mr. Bernstein had been terminated involuntarily prior to December 31, 2019.
Elements of Mr. Bernstein’s Compensation
Base Salary
Mr. Bernstein’s annual base salary under the CEO Employment Agreement has been, and continues to be, $500,000. This amount is consistent with our firm’s policy to keep base salaries of executives and other highly-compensated employees low in relation to total compensation. Any future increase to Mr. Bernstein's base salary is entirely at the discretion of the Compensation Committee.
Cash Bonus
Under the CEO Employment Agreement, Mr. Bernstein was entitled to be paid a cash bonus at a target level of $3,000,000 in 2021, subject to review and increase from time to time by the Compensation Committee, in its sole discretion. As a result of a review of Mr. Bernstein's performance during 2021 by the Compensation Committee, Mr. Bernstein was paid a cash bonus of $5,575,000. In determining Mr. Bernstein's cash bonus, the Compensation Committee considered the significant progress AB made in advancing its Growth Strategy, Mr. Bernstein's performance in light of the target metrics included in his performance scorecard and Mr. Bernstein's individual achievements during 2021, as described above.
Restricted AB Holding Units
Commencing in 2018 and during the remainder of the Employment Term, Mr. Bernstein is eligible to receive annual equity awards with a grant date fair value equal to $3,500,000, subject to review and increase by the Compensation Committee, in its sole discretion, in accordance with AB’s compensation practices and policies generally applicable to the firm’s executive officers as in effect from time to time. The Compensation Committee approved an equity award to Mr. Bernstein with a grant
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date fair value equal to $5,225,000 during November 2021. The Compensation Committee determined Mr. Bernstein's equity award based on the review process described immediately above. As a result of the SPB First Amendment, the equity award granted to Mr. Bernstein in December 2021 is subject to the same ICAP-related terms and conditions as awards granted to other executive officers at that time, which terms and conditions are described above in "Compensation Elements for NEOs - Long-Term Incentive Compensation Awards."
Perquisites and Benefits
Under the CEO Employment Agreement, Mr. Bernstein is eligible to participate in all benefit plans available to executive officers and, for his safety and accessibility, a company car and driver for business and personal use.
Severance and Change in Control Benefits
The CEO Employment Agreement includes severance and change-in-control provisions, which are highlighted below. These provisions also are described in a compensatory table below entitled, “Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control.” We believe that these severance and change-in-control provisions assist in retaining our CEO and, in the event of a change in control, provide protection to Mr. Bernstein so he is not distracted by personal or financial situations at a time when AB needs him to remain focused on his responsibilities.
If Mr. Bernstein is terminated without “cause” or resigns for “good reason” (as such terms are defined in the CEO Employment Agreement), and he signs and does not revoke a waiver and release of claims, he will receive the following:
•A cash payment equal to (a) the sum of his current base salary and his bonus opportunity amount, multiplied by one (1), if Mr. Bernstein resigns for "good reason," or (b) the sum of his current base salary and his bonus opportunity amount, multiplied by one and a half (1.5), if Mr. Bernstein's employment is terminated other than for "cause," or because of his death or disability;
•had Mr. Bernstein's employment terminated as specified above prior to May 1, 2021, immediate vesting of the outstanding portion of the equity award he was granted in May 2017;
•has Mr. Bernstein's employment terminated as specified above prior to May 1, 2021, delivery of AB Holding Units in respect of the equity award he was granted in May 2017 (subject to any withholding requirements);
•a pro rata bonus based on actual performance for the fiscal year in which the termination occurs;
•monthly payments equal to the cost of COBRA coverage for the COBRA coverage period; and
•following the COBRA coverage period, access to participation in AB’s medical plans as in effect from time to time at Mr. Bernstein’s (or his spouse’s) sole expense.
If, during the 12 months following a change in control, Mr. Bernstein is terminated without cause or resigns for good reason, he will receive the amounts described above, except that he will receive a cash payment equal to two (2) times the sum of his current base salary and his bonus opportunity amount.
Had a change in control occurred or had Mr. Bernstein's employment been terminated because the CEO Employment Agreement had not been renewed (other than for cause) prior to May 1, 2021, the equity award he was granted in May 2017 would have immediately vested and AB Holding Units in respect of such award would have been delivered by AB to him (subject to any withholding obligations).
In the event any payments constitute “golden parachute payments” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code and would be subject to an excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, such payments will be reduced to the maximum amount that does not result in the imposition of such excise tax, but only if such reduction results in Mr. Bernstein receiving a higher net-after tax amount than he would receive absent such reduction.
Mr. Bernstein is subject to a confidentiality provision, in addition to covenants with respect to non-competition during his employment and six months thereafter and non-solicitation of customers and employees for 12 months following his termination of employment.
A change in control is defined as, among other things, EQH and its majority-owned subsidiaries ceasing to control the election of a majority of the Board.
Mr. Bernstein negotiated the severance and change-in-control provisions described immediately above to have the security and flexibility to focus on the business and preserve the value of his long-term incentive compensation. The Board, AXA and EQH determined that these provisions were reasonable and appropriate because they were necessary to recruit and retain Mr. Bernstein and provided Mr. Bernstein with effective incentives for future performance.

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The Board, AXA and EQH also concluded that the change-in-control and termination provisions in the CEO Employment Agreement fit within AB’s overall compensation objectives because these provisions, which align with AB’s goal of providing its executives with effective incentives for future performance, also:
•permitted AB to recruit and retain a highly-qualified CEO;
•aligned Mr. Bernstein’s long-term interests with those of AB’s Unitholders and clients;
•were consistent with AXA’s, EQH's and the Board’s expectations with respect to the manner in which AB and AB Holding would be operated during Mr. Bernstein’s tenure; and
•were consistent with the Board’s expectations that Mr. Bernstein would not be terminated without cause and that no steps would be taken that would provide him with the ability to terminate the agreement for good reason.
Compensation awarded by EQH to Mr. Bernstein, Ms. Burke and Mr. Dibadj
In February 2021, EQH granted to Mr. Bernstein, in connection with his membership on the EQH Management Committee:
•a restricted stock unit award (for EQH common stock) with a grant date fair value of $340,000; and
•a performance share award (for EQH common stock) with a grant date fair value of $510,000, which can be earned subject to EQH’s total shareholder return relative to its peer group.
Additionally, in February 2021, EQH granted to each of Ms. Burke and Mr. Dibadj, in connection with their membership on the EQH Management Committee:
•a restricted stock unit award (for EQH common stock) with a grant date fair value of $40,000; and
•a performance share award (for EQH common stock) with a grant date fair value of $60,000, which can be earned subject to EQH’s total shareholder return relative to its peer group.
Mr. Bernstein, Ms. Burke and Mr. Dibadj may receive additional equity or cash compensation from EQH in the future related to their service on the EQH Management Committee.
CEO Pay Ratio
In 2021, the compensation of Mr. Bernstein, our President and CEO, was approximately 79 times the median pay of our employees, resulting in a 79:1 CEO Pay Ratio.
We identified our median employee by examining 2021 total compensation for all individuals, excluding Mr. Bernstein, who were employed by our firm as of December 31, 2021, the last day of our payroll year. We included all of our employees in this process, whether employed on a full-time or part-time basis. We did not make any assumptions or estimates with respect to total compensation, but we did adjust compensation paid to our non-U.S. employees during our 2021 fiscal year based on the average monthly exchange rates for the 12-month period ending September 30, 2021 (data compiled in fourth quarter) between the local currencies in which such employees are paid and U.S. dollars. We define “total compensation” as the aggregate of base salary (plus overtime, as applicable), commissions (as applicable), cash bonus and the grant date fair value of long-term incentive compensation awards.
After identifying the median employee based on total compensation, we calculated total compensation in 2021 for such employee using the same methodology we use for our NEOs as set forth below in the Summary Compensation Table for 2021.
As illustrated in the table below, our 2021 CEO Pay Ratio is 79:1:
Seth Bernstein Median Employee
Base salary ($) 500,000  125,000 
Cash bonus ($) 5,575,000  30,000 
Stock awards ($)(1)
6,075,000  — 
All other compensation ($)(2)
142,813  1,550 
Total ($) 12,292,813  156,550 
2021 CEO Pay Ratio
79:1
(1)Includes (i) an award granted by AB of restricted AB Holding Units with a grant date fair value of $5,225,000 and (ii) awards granted by EQH with an aggregate grant date fair value of $850,000, as more fully described above in “Compensation awarded by EQH to Mr. Bernstein.” For additional information, please refer to the compensatory tables below in this Item 11.
(2)For a description of Mr. Bernstein’s other compensation, please refer to the Summary Compensation Table for 2021 below. The median employee's other compensation consists of a $1,550 profit sharing plan contribution.
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Other Compensation-Related Matters
AB and AB Holding are, respectively, private and public limited partnerships. They are subject to taxes other than federal and state corporate income tax (see “Structure-related Risks” in Item 1A and Note 21 to AB’s consolidated financial statements in Item 8). Accordingly, Section 162(m) of the Code, which limits tax deductions relating to executive compensation otherwise available to an entity taxed as a corporation, is not applicable to either AB or AB Holding for 2021.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
Mr. Pearson is a director and the President and CEO of EQH, the parent company of the General Partner.
No executive officer of AB serves as (i) a member of a compensation committee or (ii) a director of another entity, an executive officer of which serves as a member of AB’s Compensation Committee.
Compensation Committee Report
The members of the Compensation Committee reviewed and discussed with management the Compensation Discussion and Analysis set forth above and, based on such review and discussion, recommended to the Board its inclusion in this Form 10-K.
Kristi Matus (Chair) Daniel Kaye
Mark Pearson Bertram Scott
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Summary Compensation Table for 2021
Total compensation of our NEOs for 2021, 2020 and 2019, as applicable, is as follows:
Name and Principal Position Year Salary
($) 		Bonus
($)
Stock Awards(1)(2)
($)
Option Awards(3) ($)
All Other
Compensation
($) 		Total
($)
Seth P. Bernstein(4)(5)
2021 500,000  5,575,000  6,075,000  —  142,813  12,292,813 
President and CEO 2020 500,000  4,015,000  4,585,051  250,003  52,509  9,402,563 
2019 500,000  3,850,000  4,750,026  250,004  94,859  9,444,889 
Kate C. Burke(6)
2021 400,000  2,275,000  1,925,000  —  15,455  4,615,455 
Chief Operating Officer and 2020 300,000  1,665,000  1,285,000  —  19,517  3,269,517 
Head of Private Wealth 2019 300,000  1,415,000  1,035,000  —  60,716  2,810,716 
Ali Dibadj(6)(7)
2021 400,000  2,025,000  1,675,000  —  15,130  4,115,130 
CFO & Head of Strategy 2020 400,000  945,000  665,000  14,880  2,024,880 
Karl Sprules(8)
2021 400,000  1,725,000  1,275,000  —  42,040  3,442,040 
Head of Global Technology and Operations
Laurence E. Cranch(9)
2021 400,000  1,025,000  575,000  —  18,208  2,018,208 
Chief Legal Officer 2020 400,000  940,000  660,000  —  17,958  2,017,958 
2019 400,000  940,000  660,000  —  17,708  2,017,708 
John C. Weisenseel(10)
2021 288,462  —  —  —  338,719  627,181 
Former CFO 2020 375,000  1,147,500  842,500  —  16,824  2,381,824 
2019 375,000  1,147,500  842,500  —  15,677  2,380,677 
(1)The figures in the “Stock Awards” column provide the aggregate grant date fair value of the awards calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For the assumptions made in determining the AB Holding Unit award values, see Note 19 to AB’s consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
(2)See “Grants of Plan-Based Awards in 2021” below.
(3)The figures in the "Option Awards" column provides the grant date fair values of Mr. Bernstein's awards (which were issued by EQH) calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The fair value of EQH stock options is calculated by EQH using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The expected EQH dividend rate is based on market consensus. EQH share price volatility is estimated on the basis of implied volatility, which is checked by EQH against an analysis of historical volatility to ensure consistency. The effect of expected early exercise is accounted for through the use of an expected life assumption based on historical data.
(4)See "Overview of Mr. Bernstein's Employment Agreement" and "Compensation Awarded by EQH to Mr. Bernstein, Ms. Burke and Mr. Dibadj" above in CD&A for a description of Mr. Bernstein's compensatory elements. Mr. Bernstein's compensation also is disclosed by EQH.
(5)The "Stock Awards" column for 2021 includes the grant date fair value of the restricted stock unit award (grant date fair value of $340,000) and the performance share award (grant date fair value of $510,000) Mr. Bernstein received from EQH in February 2021. The "Stock Awards" column for 2020 includes the grant date fair value of the restricted stock unit award (grant date fair value of $250,019) and the performance share award (grant date fair value of $500,031) Mr. Bernstein received from EQH in February 2020. The "Stock Awards" column for 2019 includes the grant date fair value of the restricted stock unit award (grant date fair value of $250,010) and the performance share award (grant date fair value of $500,016) Mr. Bernstein received from EQH in February 2019.
(6)The "Stock Awards" column for 2021 includes the grant date fair value of the restricted stock unit award (grant date fair value of $40,000) and the performance share award (grant date fair value of $60,000) Ms. Burke and Mr. Dibadj each received from EQH in February 2021.
(7)We have not provided 2019 compensation for Mr. Dibadj as he was not deemed to be a named executive officer in that year.
(8)We have not provided 2020 or 2019 compensation for Mr. Sprules as he was not deemed to be a named executive officer in those years.
(9)Mr. Cranch retired as our firm's Chief Legal Officer on December 31, 2021.
(10)Mr. Weisenseel retired as our CFO in February 2021 and from our firm generally on September 30, 2021.
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The “All Other Compensation” column includes the aggregate incremental cost to our company of certain other expenses and perquisites. For 2021, this column includes the following:
Name Personal
Use of Car
and Driver
($) 		Contributions
to Profit
Sharing Plan
($) 		Life
Insurance
Premiums
($)
Financial
Planning
Assistance
($)
Other(2)
($)
Seth P. Bernstein 124,725 
(1)
14,500  3,564  —  24 
Kate C. Burke —  14,500  955  —  — 
Ali Dibadj —  14,500  630  —  — 
Karl Sprules —  14,500  2,610  24,930 
Laurence E. Cranch —  14,500  3,708  —  — 
John C. Weisenseel —  —  1,881  —  336,838 
(1)The amount reflects the incremental cost to us attributable to commuting and other non-business use. We made available to Mr. Bernstein a car and driver for security and business purposes. Car and driver services were contracted through a third party. The cost of providing a car is determined annually and includes, as applicable, driver compensation, annual car lease, insurance cost and various miscellaneous expenses such as fuel and car maintenance.
(2)The amount set forth in the table for Mr. Weisenseel includes severance of $336,538 and a phone stipend of $300; the amount for Mr. Bernstein represents a phone stipend.
Grants of Plan-Based Awards in 2021
Grants of awards under the 2017 Plan, our equity compensation plan, during 2021 made to our NEO are as follows (we also discuss awards issued by EQH to Mr. Bernstein, Ms. Burke and Mr. Dibadj):
Name Grant Date All Other
Stock Awards:
Number of Shares
of Stock
or Units
(#)
Grant Date
Fair Value
of Stock
Awards(1)
($)
Seth P. Bernstein(2)(3)
12/10/2021 102,572  5,225,000 
2/17/2021 12,200  340,000 
2/17/2021 16,357  510,000 
Kate C. Burke(2)(3)
12/10/2021 35,827  1,825,000 
2/17/2021 1,436  40,000 
2/17/2021 1,925  60,000 
Ali Dibadj(2)(3)
12/10/2021 30,919  1,575,000 
2/17/2021 1,436  40,000 
2/17/2021 1,925  60,000 
Karl Sprules(2)
12/10/2021 25,030  1,275,000 
Laurence E. Cranch(2)
12/10/2021 11,288  575,000 
John C. Weisenseel(2)
—  —  — 
(1)This column provides the aggregate grant date fair value of the awards calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For the assumptions made in determining the AB Holding Unit values, see Note 19 to AB's consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
(2)As discussed above in “Overview of 2021 Incentive Compensation Program” and “Compensation Elements for NEOs—Long-Term Incentive Compensation Awards,” long-term incentive compensation awards granted in 2021 to our NEOs were denominated in restricted AB Holding Units. These awards are shown in the “All Other Stock Awards” column of this table, the “Stock Awards” column of the Summary Compensation Table for 2021 and the “AB Holding Unit Awards” columns of the Outstanding Equity Awards at 2021 Fiscal Year-End Table.
(3)In February 2021, EQH granted to each of Mr. Bernstein, Ms. Burke and Mr. Dibadj (i) a restricted stock unit award with a grant date fair value of $340,000, $40,000, and $40,000, respectively, and (ii) a performance share award with a grant date fair value of $510,000, $60,000, and $60,000, respectively, which can be earned subject to EQH's total shareholder return relative to its peer group.
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In 2021, the number of restricted AB Holding Units comprising long-term incentive compensation awards granted to each NEO was determined based on the closing price of an AB Holding Unit as reported for NYSE composite transactions on December 10, 2021, the date as of which the Compensation Committee approved the awards. At the time of these awards, the Compensation Committee consisted of Ms. Matus (Chair) and Messrs. Kaye, Pearson and Scott; the Section 16 Subcommittee, which approved awards to our NEOs, consisted of Ms. Matus (Chair) and Messrs. Kaye and Scott. For further information regarding the material terms of such awards, including the vesting terms and the formulas or criteria to be applied in determining the amounts payable, please refer to "Overview of 2021 Incentive Compensation Program" and "Compensation Elements for NEOs" above.
Outstanding Equity Awards at 2021 Fiscal Year-End
Outstanding equity awards held by our NEOs as of December 31, 2021 are as follows:
  Option Awards AB Holding Unit and/or EQH Awards
Name Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options
Exercisable
(#) 		Number of
Securities
Underlying
Unexercised
Options
Unexercisable
(#) 		Option
Exercise
Price
($) 		Option
Expiration
Date 		Number of
 Shares
or Units of
Stock That
Have Not
 Vested
 (#)
Market 
Value of
 Shares or
Units of
Stock That
 Have Not
Vested(11)
($)
Seth P. Bernstein(1)(2)(3)(5)
43,630  21,816  $ 18.74  2/14/2029 299,207  14,613,265 
19,069  38,140  23.18  2/26/2030 12,200  400,038 
16,357  536,346 
Kate C. Burke(4)(5)(6)
—  —  —  —  239,774  11,710,573 
1,436  47,086 
1,925  63,121 
Ali Dibadj(4)(5)(7)
—  —  —  —  46,456  2,268,916 
1,436  47,086 
1,925  63,121 
Karl Sprules(8)
—  —  —  —  228,117  11,141,251 
Laurence E. Cranch(9)
—  —  —  —  44,369  2,166,967 
John C. Weisenseel(10)
—  —  —  —  42,228  2,062,429 
(1)Mr. Bernstein was awarded: (i) 102,572 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2021, which are scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022, 2023 and 2024; (ii) 119,471 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2020, of which 25% vested on December 1, 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022, 2023 and 2024; (iii) 139,131 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2019, of which 25% vested on each of December 1, 2020 and 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022 and 2023; and (iii) 149,868 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2018, of which 25% vested on each of December 1, 2019, 2020 and 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest on December 1, 2022. For further information, see “Overview of Mr. Bernstein's Employment Agreement” above.
(2)EQH restricted stock unit awards, which are described for Mr. Bernstein in the second line of data in the above table, will vest ratably over their three-year vesting period subject to continued employment during the vesting period. EQH performance share awards, which are described in the third line of data in the above table, cliff vest on the third anniversary of grant date subject to meeting the applicable performance criteria. In February 2021, 2020 and 2019, EQH granted to Mr. Bernstein (i) a restricted stock unit award with a grant date fair value of $340,000, $250,019 and $250,010, respectively, and (ii) a performance share award with a grant date fair value of $510,000, $500,031 and $500,016. The performance share award granted in 2021 can be earned subject to EQH's total shareholder return relative to its peer group. Approximately half of the performance share awards granted in each of 2020 and 2019 can be earned subject to EQH's performance against specified non-GAAP financial targets (specifically, non-GAAP return-on-equity targets), while the other half can be earned subject to EQH's total shareholder return relative to its peer group.
(3)The option awards described in the table were issued by EQH and calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The fair value of EQH stock options is calculated by EQH using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The expected EQH dividend rate is based on market consensus. EQH share price volatility is estimated on the basis of implied volatility, which is checked by EQH against an analysis of historical volatility to ensure consistency. The effect of expected early exercise is accounted for through the use of an expected life assumption based on historical data.
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(4)EQH restricted stock unit awards, which are described for each of Ms. Burke and Mr. Dibadj in the second line of data in the above table, will vest ratably over their three-year vesting period subject to continued employment during the vesting period. EQH performance share awards, which are described in the third line of data in the above table, cliff vest on the third anniversary of grant date subject to meeting the applicable performance criteria. In February 2021, EQH granted to each of Ms. Burke and Mr. Dibadj (i) a restricted stock unit award with a grant date fair value of $40,000 and (ii) a performance share award with a grant date fair value of $60,000, which can be earned subject to EQH's total shareholder return relative to its peer group.
(5)For further information regarding the equity awards granted to Mr. Bernstein, Ms. Burke and/or Mr. Dibadj by EQH, please see "Compensation awarded by EQH to Mr. Bernstein, Ms. Burke and Mr. Dibadj" above in CD&A.
(6)Ms. Burke was awarded: (i) 35,827 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2021, which are scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022, 2023 and 2024; (ii) 40,032 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2020, of which 25% vested on December 1, 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022, 2023 and 2024; (iii) 36,000 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2019, of which 25% vested on each of December 1, 2020 and 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022 and 2023; (iv) 16,486 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2018, of which 25% vested on each of December 1, 2019, 2020 and 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest on December 1, 2022; and (v) 151,803 restricted AB Holding Units in April 2018, which are scheduled to cliff vest on December 1, 2022. For additional information regarding Ms. Burke's award granted in April 2018, please see "Relocation-related Performance Awards" above in CD&A.
(7)Mr. Dibadj was awarded (i) 30,919 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2021, which are scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022, 2023 and 2024; and (ii) 20,717 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2020, 25% of which vested on December 1, 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022, 2023 and 2024.
(8)Mr. Sprules was awarded 25,030 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2021, which are scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022, 2023 and 2024; and 151,803 restricted AB Holding Units in April 2018, which are scheduled to cliff vest on December 1, 2022. For additional information regarding Mr. Sprules's award granted in April 2018, please see "Relocation-related Performance Awards" above in CD&A.
(9)Mr. Cranch was awarded: (i) 11,288 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2021, which are scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022, 2023 and 2024; (ii) 20,561 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2020, of which 25% vested on December 1, 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022, 2023 and 2024; (iii) 22,957 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2019, of which 25% vested on each of December 1, 2020 and 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022 and 2023; and (iv) 24,728 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2018, of which 25% vested on each of December 1, 2019, 2020 and 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest on December 1, 2022.
(10)Mr. Weisenseel was awarded: (i) 26,247 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2020, of which 25% vested on December 1, 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022, 2023 and 2024; (ii) 29,305 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2019, of which 25% vested on each of December 1, 2020 and 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest in equal increments on each of December 1, 2022 and 2023; and (iii) 31,566 restricted AB Holding Units in December 2018, of which 25% vested on each of December 1, 2019, 2020 and 2021, and the remainder of which is scheduled to vest on December 1, 2022.
(11)The market values of restricted AB Holding Units set forth in this column were calculated assuming a price per AB Holding Unit of $48.84, which was the closing price on the NYSE of an AB Holding Unit on December 31, 2021, the last trading day of AB's last completed fiscal year.
Option Exercises and AB Holding Units Vested in 2021
AB Holding Units held by our NEOs that vested during 2021 are as follows (amounts for Mr. Cranch (121,569 AB Holding Units) and Mr. Weisenseel (113,266 AB Holding Units) include AB Holding Units awarded in April 2018 that vested in 2021 pursuant to their respective retirement agreements; please see "Chief Legal Officer Retirement Agreement" and "Former CFO Retirement Agreement" above in CD&A for additional information):
  AB Holding Option Awards AB Holding Unit Awards
Name Number of AB Holding Units Acquired on Exercise
(#) 		Value Realized
on Exercise
($) 		Number of AB
Holding Units
Acquired on
Vesting
(#) 		Value Realized
on Vesting
 ($)
Seth P. Bernstein —  —  143,294  6,875,884 
Kate C. Burke —  —  27,237  1,360,508 
Ali Dibadj —  —  5,179  258,697 
Karl Sprules —  —  30,078  1,502,400 
Laurence E. Cranch —  —  145,244  7,119,978 
John C. Weisenseel —  —  142,911  7,096,490 
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Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control
Estimated payments and benefits to which our NEOs would have been entitled upon a change in control of AB or the specified qualifying events of termination of employment as of December 31, 2021 are as follows:
Name and Trigger Event
Cash
Payments(1)
($)
Acceleration of
Restricted
AB Holding Unit
Awards(2)
($)
Other
Benefits(3)
($)
Seth P. Bernstein
Change in control —  14,613,265  — 
Termination by Mr. Bernstein for good reason(4)
3,500,000  14,613,265  18,404 
Termination of Mr. Bernstein's employment by AB other than for Cause or due to Death or Disability (including 2017 Award)(4)(5)(6)
5,250,000  14,613,265  18,404 
Change in control + termination by Mr. Bernstein for good reason or termination of Mr. Bernstein's employment without cause(4)
7,000,000  14,613,265  18,404 
Resignation (complies with applicable agreements and restrictive covenants) under ICAP(2)
—  14,613,265  — 
Death or disability(7)
—  14,613,265  18,404 
Kate C. Burke
Change in control —  11,710,573  — 
Change in control + employment terminated by AB other than for cause, termination by Ms. Burke for good reason, or termination due to death or disability 5,350,000  11,710,573  — 
Resignation, retirement or termination by AB without cause (complies with applicable agreements and restrictive covenants) under ICAP; death or disability under ICAP; excludes 2018 RSU award)(2)
—  4,296,514  — 
Termination by AB without cause; death or disability (2018 RSU award)(8)
—  3,203,337  — 
Ali Dibadj
Change in control —  2,268,916  — 
Change in control + employment terminated by AB other than for cause, termination by Mr. Dibadj for good reason, or termination due to death or disability 4,850,000  2,268,916  — 
Resignation, retirement or termination by AB without cause (complies with applicable agreements and restrictive covenants) under ICAP; death or disability under ICAP(2)
—  2,268,916  — 
Karl Sprules
Change in control —  11,141,251  — 
Change in control + employment terminated by AB other than for cause, termination by Mr. Sprules for good reason, or termination due to death or disability 4,250,000  11,141,251  — 
Resignation, retirement or termination by AB without cause (complies with applicable agreements and restrictive covenants) under ICAP; death or disability under ICAP(2)
—  3,727,192  — 
Termination by AB without cause; death or disability (2018 RSU award)(8)
—  3,203,337  — 
Laurence E. Cranch(9)
Retirement 200,000  5,937,430  — 
John C. Weisenseel(9)
Retirement 93,750  5,531,911  — 
(1)It is possible that each NEO could receive a cash severance payment on the termination of his or her employment that is not contemplated in the CIC Plan. The amounts of any such cash severance payments would be determined at the time of such termination (other than for Mr. Bernstein), so we are unable to estimate such amounts. The amounts shown for Mr. Bernstein are described in the CEO Employment
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Agreement. The amounts shown for Ms. Burke, Mr. Dibadj and Mr. Sprules in the event of a change in control coupled with termination of employment are described in the CIC Plan. The amount shown for Mr. Cranch is taken from his retirement agreement, into which he entered in May 2021 and with respect to which his actual retirement date was December 31, 2021. The amount shown for Mr. Weisenseel is taken from his retirement agreement, into which he entered in August 2020 and with respect to which his actual retirement date was September 30, 2021.
(2)See Notes 2 and 19 in AB’s consolidated financial statements in Item 8 and “Compensation Elements for NEOs – Long-Term Incentive Compensation Awards” above for a discussion of the terms set forth in long-term incentive compensation award agreements relating to termination of employment.
(3)Reflects the value of group medical coverage to which Mr. Bernstein would be entitled.
(4)See "Overview of Mr. Bernstein's Employment Agreement" above for a discussion of the terms set forth in the CEO Employment Agreement relating to termination of employment.
(5)The CEO Employment Agreement defines “Disability” as a good faith determination by AB that Mr. Bernstein is physically or mentally incapacitated and has been unable for a period of 180 days in the aggregate during any 12-month period to perform substantially all of the duties for which he is responsible immediately before the commencement of the incapacity.
(6)Under the CEO Employment Agreement, upon termination of Mr. Bernstein’s employment due to death or disability, and after the COBRA period, AB will provide Mr. Bernstein and his spouse with access to participation in AB’s medical plans at Mr. Bernstein’s (or his spouse’s) sole expense based on a reasonably determined fair market value premium rate.
(7)“Disability” is defined in the ICAP award agreements of each NEO as the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment that can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months, as determined by the carrier of the long-term disability insurance program maintained by AB or its affiliate that covers the NEO.
(8)For additional information relating to the restricted AB Holding Unit award issued to each of Ms. Burke, Mr. Sprules, Mr. Cranch and Mr. Weisenseel in April 2018, please refer to "Relocation-related Performance Awards" above.
(9)For information relating to Mr. Cranch's compensatory benefits under his retirement agreement, please refer to, "Chief Legal Officer Retirement Agreement" above in CD&A. For information relating to Mr. Weisenseel's compensatory benefits under his retirement agreement, please refer to "Former CFO Retirement Agreement" above in CD&A.
Additionally, estimated payments and benefits to which Mr. Bernstein, Ms. Burke or Mr. Dibadj would have been entitled upon a change in control of EQH or the specified qualifying events of termination of employment as of December 31, 2021 are as follows (these amounts would be payable by EQH):
Reason for Employment Termination Acceleration of EQH Option
and Share Awards
($)
Seth P. Bernstein
Death(1)
7,030,083 
Disability(1)
7,030,083 
Involuntary termination (no change in control)(2)
1,322,245 
Change in control (without termination of employment)(3)
7,222,006 
Involuntary termination of employment or termination by
Mr. Bernstein for good reason (no change in control)(3)
7,222,006 
Kate C. Burke
Death(1)
112,388 
Disability(1)
112,388 
Involuntary termination (no change in control) — 
Change in control (without termination of employment)(3)
48,022 
Involuntary termination of employment or termination by
Ms. Burke for good reason (no change in control)(3)
— 
Ali Dibadj
Death(1)
112,388 
Disability(1)
112,388 
Involuntary termination (no change in control) — 
Change in control (without termination of employment)(3)
48,022 
Involuntary termination of employment or termination by
Mr. Dibadj for good reason (no change in control)(3)
— 
(1)Reflects the combined value, as of December 31, 2021, associated with awards granted by EQH to Mr. Bernstein (since 2018), Ms. Burke (beginning in 2021) and Mr. Dibadj (beginning in 2021), including a transaction incentive award in 2018 (Mr. Bernstein only); option awards
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(Mr. Bernstein only); restricted stock unit awards; and performance share awards. For additional information regarding these awards, please see the Summary Compensation Table in 2021, the Grant of Plan-based Awards table in 2021 and the Outstanding Equity at 2021 Fiscal Year End table above in this Item 11.
(2)Reflects the value, as of December 31, 2021, associated with Mr. Bernstein's transaction incentive award in 2018.
(3)Reflects, as of December 31, 2021, (i) the full value associated with Mr. Bernstein's option awards in 2019 and 2020, (ii) a pro-rated portion of Mr. Bernstein's transaction incentive award in 2018 and (iii) restricted stock unit awards and performance share awards granted to Mr. Bernstein (in 2021, 2020 and 2019) and to Ms. Burke and Mr. Dibadj (in 2021) based on the terms and conditions of these awards.
Director Compensation in 2021
During 2021, we compensated our directors, who satisfied applicable NYSE and SEC standards relating to independence (“Independent Directors”), as follows:
Name Fees Earned or Paid in Cash
($)
Stock
Awards(1)(2)
($)
Total
($)
Joan Lamm-Tennant(3)
27,011  99,200  126,211 
Nella Domenici 100,000  170,000  270,000 
Daniel Kaye 95,000  170,000  265,000 
Kristi Matus 122,750  170,000  292,750 
Das Narayandas 92,000  170,000  262,000 
Bertram Scott 95,000  170,000  265,000 
Charles Stonehill 125,000  170,000  295,000 
Todd Walthall(4)
28,444  112,200  140,644 
Ramon de Oliveira(5)
110,750  170,000  280,750 
Paul Audet(6)
74,557  170,000  244,557 
(1)The aggregate number of restricted AB Holding Units underlying awards outstanding but not yet distributed at December 31, 2021, was: for Ms. Lamm-Tennant, 1,806 AB Holding Units; for Ms. Domenici, 13,438 AB Holding Units; for Ms. Matus, 15,844 AB Holding Units; for Mr. Kaye, 30,283 AB Holding Units; for Mr. Narayandas, 26,249 AB Holding Units; for Mr. Scott, 8,060 AB Holding Units; for Mr. Stonehill, 16,904 AB Holding Units; and for Mr. Walthall, 2,208 AB Holding Units.
(2)Reflects the aggregate grant date fair value of the awards calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For the assumptions made in determining these values, see Note 19 to AB’s consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
(3)AB Holding Unit award value prorated based on the date as of which Ms. Lamm-Tennant joined the Board.
(4)AB Holding Unit award value prorated based on the date as of which Mr. Walthall joined the Board.
(5)Mr. de Oliveira resigned from the Board in October 2021. As described below in "Independent Director Compensation," previously unvested AB Holding Units awarded to Mr. de Oliveira were delivered as soon as administratively feasible following Mr. de Oliveira's resignation from the Board.
(6)Mr. Audet retired the Board in September 2021. As described below in "Independent Director Compensation," previously unvested AB Holding Units awarded to Mr. Audet were delivered as soon as administratively feasible following Mr. Audet's retirement from the Board.

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Independent Director Compensation Elements
The Board approved the compensation elements described immediately below for Independent Directors during its regular meeting held in May 2021 and has agreed to re-consider such compensation elements bi-annually:
•an annual retainer of $90,000 (paid quarterly after any quarter during which an Independent Director serves on the Board; annual retainers relating to Committee service, as described below, are paid quarterly in arrears as well);
•an annual retainer of $50,000 for acting as Independent Chair of the Board;
•an annual retainer of $37,500 for acting as Chair of the Audit Committee;
•an annual retainer of $20,000 for acting as Chair of the Compensation Committee;
•an annual retainer of $13,500 for acting as Chair of the Governance Committee;
•an annual retainer of $12,500 for serving as a member of the Audit Committee;
•an annual retainer of $9,000 for serving as a member of the Compensation Committee;
•an annual retainer of $3,000 for serving as a member of the Governance Committee; and
•an annual equity-based grant under an equity compensation plan consisting of restricted AB Holding Units with a grant date fair value of $170,000.
The Board also granted to each Independent Director then serving (which included Mses. Domenici and Matus and Messrs. Audet, de Oliveira, Kaye, Narayandas, Scott and Stonehill) 3,918 restricted AB Holding Units. The number of AB Holding Units granted was determined by dividing the $170,000 grant date fair value noted above by the closing price of an AB Holding Unit on the date of the May 2021 Board Meeting, or $43.40 per unit. These awards vest ratably on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date.
Additionally, the Board granted to Ms. Lamm-Tennant, who joined the Board as of October 22, 2021, 1,806 restricted AB Holding Units. The number of AB Holding Units granted was determined by dividing the grant date fair value (a pro-rated portion of the $170,000 typically awarded based on the date as of which Ms. Lamm-Tennant joined the Board) by the closing price of an AB Holding Unit on October 22, 2021, or $54.94 per unit. This award vests ratably on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date.
Also, at the regular meeting of the Board held in September 2021, the Board granted to Mr. Walthall, who joined the Board as of September 21, 2021, 2,208 restricted AB Holding Units. The number of AB Holding Units granted was determined by dividing the grant date fair value (a pro-rated portion of the $170,000 typically awarded based on the date as of which Mr. Walthall joined the Board) by the closing price of an AB Holding Unit on September 22, 2021, or $50.82 per unit. This award also vests ratably on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date.
Further, in order to avoid any perception that our directors’ exercise of their fiduciary duties might be impaired, restricted AB Holding Unit grants to Independent Directors are not forfeitable, except if the director is terminated for “Cause,” as that term is defined in the 2017 Plan or the applicable award agreement. Accordingly, restricted AB Holding Units generally are delivered as soon as administratively feasible following an Independent Director’s resignation from the Board.
Equity grants to Independent Directors generally are made at the May meeting of the Board. The date of the May meeting is set by the Board at least a year in advance.
The General Partner may reimburse any director for reasonable expenses incurred in connection with attendance at Board meetings as well as additional Board responsibilities. AB Holding and AB, in turn, reimburse the General Partner for expenses incurred by the General Partner on their behalf, including amounts in respect of directors’ fees and expenses. These reimbursements are subject to any relevant provisions of the AB Holding Partnership Agreement and the AB Partnership Agreement.
Independent Director AB Holding Unit Ownership Guidelines
Each Independent Director, by the later of five years from the initial implementation date of these guidelines (February 2018) and the date as of which the director's tenure on the Board begins, shall accumulate, either through accumulating AB Holding Units awarded by the Board or purchasing Units on the open market, AB Holding Units with a market value equal to five (5) times the director's annual retainer. Each Independent Director must maintain this ownership level for the duration of the director's tenure on the Board.
As of December 31, 2021, each Independent Director then serving either complied with this policy or was on track to do so within the allotted time.
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Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
AB Holding Units to be issued pursuant to our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2021 are as follows:
Equity Compensation Plan Information
Plan Category Number of
securities to
be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding
options, warrants
and rights 		Weighted average
exercise price
of outstanding
options, warrants
and rights
Number of
securities
remaining
available
for future
issuance(1)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 5,774  $ 20.12  31,890,916 
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders —  —  — 
Total 5,774  $ 20.12  31,890,916 
(1)All AB Holding Units remaining available for future issuance will be issued pursuant to the 2017 Plan, which was approved during a Special Meeting of AB Holding Unitholders held on September 29, 2017.
There are no AB Units to be issued pursuant to an equity compensation plan.
For information about our equity compensation plans, see Note 19 to AB’s consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
Principal Security Holders
As of December 31, 2021, we had no information that any person beneficially owned more than 5% of the outstanding AB Units, except as reported by EQH and certain of its subsidiaries on Schedule 13D/A with the SEC on May 14, 2021, pursuant to the Exchange Act. We have prepared the following table, and the note that follows, in reliance on such filing:
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner Amount and Nature of
Beneficial Ownership
Reported on Schedule 		Percent of
Class
Equitable Holdings(1)
1290 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10104
170,121,745 
(1)
62.4 
(1)
(1)By reason of their relationships, EQH and its subsidiaries that hold AB Units may be deemed to share the power to vote or to direct the vote and to dispose or direct the disposition of all or a portion of the 170,121,745 issued and outstanding AB Units. The 62.4% includes the 1% general partnership interest held by EQH.
As of December 31, 2021, AB Holding was the record owner of 99,271,727, or 36.6%, of the issued and outstanding AB Units (or 36.2% including the 1% general partnership interest held by EQH).
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Management
As of December 31, 2021, the beneficial ownership of AB Holding Units by each director and NEO of the General Partner and by all directors and executive officers as a group is as follows:
Name of Beneficial Owner Number of AB
Holding Units and
Nature of Beneficial
Ownership 		Percent of Class
Joan Lamm-Tennant(1)
1,806  *
Seth P. Bernstein(1)(2)
568,491  *
Nella L. Domenici 13,438  *
Jeffrey J. Hurd(1)
—  *
Daniel G. Kaye(1)
30,283  *
Nick Lane(1)
—  *
Kristi A. Matus(1)
15,844  *
Das Narayandas 26,249  *
Mark Pearson(1)
—  *
Bertram L. Scott(1)
8,060  *
Charles G.T. Stonehill(1)
16,904  *
Todd Walthall 2,208  *
Kate C. Burke(1)(3)
270,142  *
Ali Dibadj(1)(4)
151,848  *
Karl Sprules(1)(5)
263,027  *
Laurence E. Cranch(1)(6)
203,403  *
All directors and executive officers as a group (16 persons)(7)
1,571,703  1.6%
*    Number of AB Holding Units listed represents less than 1% of the Units outstanding.
(1)Excludes AB Holding Units beneficially owned by EQH and its subsidiaries. Mses. Lamm-Tennant and Matus, and Messrs. Bernstein, Hurd, Kaye, Lane, Pearson, Scott and Stonehill, each is a director and/or officer of EQH, Equitable Financial and/or Equitable America. Ms. Burke and Messrs. Bernstein, Dibadj, Sprules and Cranch each is a director and/or officer of the General Partner.
(2)Includes 441,476 restricted AB Holding Units that have not yet vested or with respect to which Mr. Bernstein has deferred delivery. See “Overview of Mr. Bernstein's Employment Agreement – Compensation Elements – Restricted AB Holding Units,” “Grants of Plan-based Awards in 2021” and “Outstanding Equity Awards at 2021 Fiscal Year-End” in Item 11 for additional information.
(3)Includes 239,774 restricted AB Holding Units that have not yet vested. For information regarding Ms. Burke's long-term incentive compensation awards, see “Relocation-related Performance Awards,” “Grants of Plan-based Awards in 2021” and “Outstanding Equity Awards at 2021 Fiscal Year-End” in Item 11.
(4)Includes 46,456 restricted AB Holding Units awarded to Mr. Dibadj that have not yet vested. For information regarding Mr. Dibadj's long-term incentive compensation awards, see "Grants of Plan-based Awards in 2021” and “Outstanding Equity Awards at 2021 Fiscal Year-End” in Item 11.
(5)Includes 228,117 restricted AB Holding Units that have not yet vested. For information regarding Mr. Sprules's long-term incentive compensation awards, see “Relocation-related Performance Awards,” “Grants of Plan-based Awards in 2021” and “Outstanding Equity Awards at 2021 Fiscal Year-End” in Item 11.
(6)Includes 195,962 restricted AB Holding Units that have not yet vested or with respect to which Mr. Cranch has deferred delivery. For information regarding Mr. Cranch's long-term incentive compensation awards, see “Relocation-related Performance Awards,” “Grants of Plan-based Awards in 2021” and “Outstanding Equity Awards at 2021 Fiscal Year-End” in Item 11.
(7)Includes 1,151,785 restricted AB Holding Units awarded to the executive officers as a group as long-term incentive compensation that have not yet vested and/or with respect to which the executive officer has deferred delivery.
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As of December 31, 2021, our directors and executive officers did not beneficially own any AB Units.
As of December 31, 2021, the beneficial ownership of the common stock of EQH by each director and named executive officer of the General Partner and by all directors and executive officers as a group is as follows:
EQH Common Stock
Name of Beneficial Owner Number of Shares and
Nature of Beneficial
Ownership 		Percent of Class
Joan Lamm-Tennant 15,679  *
Seth P. Bernstein(1)
173,639  *
Nella L. Domenici —  *
Jeffrey J. Hurd(2)
308,322  *
Daniel G. Kaye 46,359  *
Nick Lane(3)
311,090  *
Kristi A. Matus 13,527  *
Das Narayandas 2,000  *
Mark Pearson(4)
1,359,187  *
Bertram L. Scott 22,959  *
Charles G.T. Stonehill 22,515  *
Todd Walthall —  *
Kate C. Burke(5)
489  *
Ali Dibadj(5)
489  *
Karl Sprules —  *
Laurence E. Cranch —  *
All directors and executive officers as a group (16 persons)(6)
2,276,255  0.6%
*Number of shares listed represents less than 1% of the outstanding EQH common stock.
(1)Includes (i) 103,586 options Mr. Bernstein has the right to exercise within 60 days, (ii) 12,791 restricted stock units that will vest within 60 days and settle in EQH shares and (iii) 28,292 EQH performance shares that are earned and will be paid out within 60 days.
(2)Includes (i) 201,694 options Mr. Hurd has the right to exercise within 60 days, (ii) 26,084 restricted stock units that will vest within 60 days and settle in EQH shares and (iii) 50,925 EQH performance shares that are earned and will be paid out within 60 days.
(3)Includes (i) 200,624 options Mr. Lane has the right to exercise within 60 days, (ii) 27,056 restricted stock units that will vest within 60 days and settle in EQH shares and (iii) 53,754 EQH performance shares that are earned and will be paid out within 60 days.
(4)Includes (i) 873,845 options Mr. Pearson has the right to exercise within 60 days, (ii) 96,124 restricted stock units that will vest within 60 days and settle in EQH shares and (iii) 155,604 EQH performance shares that are earned and will be paid out within 60 days.
(5)Represents 489 restricted stock units that will vest within 60 days and settle in EQH shares.
(6)Includes 1,379,749 options that may be exercised, 163,033 restricted stock units that will vest within 60 days and 288,575 EQH performance shares that will be paid out within 60 days for the directors and executive officers as a group.

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Partnership Matters
The General Partner makes all decisions relating to the management of AB and AB Holding. The General Partner has agreed that it will conduct no business other than managing AB and AB Holding, although it may make certain investments for its own account. Conflicts of interest, however, could arise between AB and AB Holding, the General Partner and the Unitholders of both Partnerships.
Section 17-403(b) of the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (“Delaware Act”) states in substance that, except as provided in the Delaware Act or the applicable partnership agreement, a general partner of a limited partnership has the liabilities of a general partner in a general partnership governed by the Delaware Uniform Partnership Law (as in effect on July 11, 1999) to the partnership and to the other partners. In addition, as discussed below, Sections 17-1101(d) and 17-1101(f) of the Delaware Act generally provide that a partnership agreement may limit or eliminate fiduciary duties a partner may be deemed to owe to the limited partnership or to another partner, and any related liability, provided that the partnership agreement may not limit or eliminate the implied contractual covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Accordingly, while under Delaware law a general partner of a limited partnership is liable as a fiduciary to the other partners, those fiduciary obligations may be altered by the terms of the applicable partnership agreement. Each of the AB Partnership Agreement and AB Holding Partnership Agreement (each, a “Partnership Agreement” and, together, the “Partnership Agreements”) sets forth limitations on the duties and liabilities of the General Partner. Each Partnership Agreement provides that the General Partner is not liable for monetary damages for errors in judgment or for breach of fiduciary duty (including breach of any duty of care or loyalty), unless it is established (the person asserting such liability having the burden of proof) that the General Partner’s action or failure to act involved an act or omission undertaken with deliberate intent to cause injury, with reckless disregard for the best interests of the Partnerships or with actual bad faith on the part of the General Partner, or constituted actual fraud. Whenever the Partnership Agreements provide that the General Partner is permitted or required to make a decision (i) in its “discretion” or under a grant of similar authority or latitude, the General Partner is entitled to consider only such interests and factors as it desires and has no duty or obligation to consider any interest of or other factors affecting the Partnerships or any Unitholder of AB or AB Holding or (ii) in its “good faith” or under another express standard, the General Partner will act under that express standard and will not be subject to any other or different standard imposed by either Partnership Agreement or applicable law or in equity or otherwise. Each Partnership Agreement further provides that to the extent that, at law or in equity, the General Partner has duties (including fiduciary duties) and liabilities relating thereto to either Partnership or any partner, the General Partner acting under either Partnership Agreement, as applicable, will not be liable to the Partnerships or any partner for its good faith reliance on the provisions of the Partnership Agreement.
In addition, each Partnership Agreement grants broad rights of indemnification to the General Partner and its directors, officers and affiliates and authorizes AB and AB Holding to enter into indemnification agreements with the directors, officers, partners, employees and agents of AB and its affiliates and AB Holding and its affiliates. The Partnerships have granted broad rights of indemnification to officers and employees of AB and AB Holding. The foregoing indemnification provisions are not exclusive, and the Partnerships are authorized to enter into additional indemnification arrangements. AB and AB Holding have obtained directors and officers/errors and omissions liability insurance.
Each Partnership Agreement also allows transactions between AB and AB Holding and the General Partner or its affiliates, as we describe in “Policies and Procedures Regarding Transactions with Related Persons” in Item 13, so long as such transactions are on an arms-length basis. The Delaware courts have held that provisions in partnership or limited liability company agreements that permit affiliate transactions so long as they are on an arms-length basis operate to establish a contractually-agreed-to fiduciary duty standard of entire fairness on the part of the general partner or manager in connection with the approval of affiliate transactions. Also, each Partnership Agreement expressly permits all affiliates of the General Partner to compete, directly or indirectly, with AB and AB Holding, as we discuss in “Competition” in Item 1. The Partnership Agreements further provide that, except to the extent that a decision or action by the General Partner is taken with the specific intent of providing an improper benefit to an affiliate of the General Partner to the detriment of AB or AB Holding, there is no liability or obligation with respect to, and no challenge of, decisions or actions of the General Partner that would otherwise be subject to claims or other challenges as improperly benefiting affiliates of the General Partner to the detriment of the Partnerships or otherwise involving any conflict of interest or breach of a duty of loyalty or similar fiduciary obligation.

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Section 17-1101(c) of the Delaware Act provides that it is the policy of the Delaware Act to give maximum effect to the principle of freedom of contract and to the enforceability of partnership agreements. Further, Section 17-1101(d) of the Delaware Act provides in part that to the extent that, at law or in equity, a partner has duties (including fiduciary duties) to a limited partnership or to another partner, those duties may be expanded, restricted, or eliminated by provisions in a partnership agreement (provided that a partnership agreement may not eliminate the implied contractual covenant of good faith and fair dealing). In addition, Section 17-1101(f) of the Delaware Act provides that a partnership agreement may limit or eliminate any or all liability of a partner to a limited partnership or another partner for breach of contract or breach of duties (including fiduciary duties); provided, however, that a partnership agreement may not limit or eliminate liability for any act or omission that constitutes a bad faith violation of the implied contractual covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Decisions of the Delaware courts have recognized the right of parties, under the above provisions of the Delaware Act, to alter by the terms of a partnership agreement otherwise applicable fiduciary duties and liability for breach of duties. However, the Delaware courts have required that a partnership agreement make clear the intent of the parties to displace otherwise applicable fiduciary duties (the otherwise applicable fiduciary duties often being referred to as “default” fiduciary duties). Judicial inquiry into whether a partnership agreement is sufficiently clear to displace default fiduciary duties is necessarily fact driven and is made on a case by case basis. Accordingly, the effectiveness of displacing default fiduciary obligations and liabilities of general partners continues to be a developing area of the law and it is not certain to what extent the foregoing provisions of the Partnership Agreements are enforceable under Delaware law.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Policies and Procedures Regarding Transactions with Related Persons
Each Partnership Agreement expressly permits EQH and its subsidiaries (collectively, “EQH Affiliates”), to provide services to AB and AB Holding if the terms of the transaction are approved by the General Partner in good faith as being comparable to (or more favorable to each such Partnership than) those that would prevail in a transaction with an unaffiliated party. This requirement is conclusively presumed to be satisfied as to any transaction or arrangement that (i) in the reasonable and good faith judgment of the General Partner meets that unaffiliated party standard, or (ii) has been approved by a majority of those directors of the General Partner who are not also directors, officers or employees of an affiliate of the General Partner.
In practice, our management pricing committees review investment advisory agreements with EQH Affiliates, which is the manner in which the General Partner reaches a judgment regarding the appropriateness of the fees. Other transactions with EQH Affiliates are submitted to the Audit Committee for their review and approval. (See “Committees of the Board” in Item 10 for details regarding the Audit Committee.) We are not aware of any transaction during 2021 between our company and any related person with respect to which these procedures were not followed.
Our relationships with EQH Affiliates also are subject to applicable provisions of the insurance laws and regulations of New York and other states. Under such laws and regulations, the terms of certain investment advisory and other agreements we enter into with EQH Affiliates are required to be fair and equitable and charges or fees for services performed must be reasonable. Also, in some cases, the agreements are subject to regulatory approval.
We have written policies regarding the employment of immediate family members of any of our related persons. Compensation and benefits for all of our employees is established in accordance with our human resources practices, taking into consideration the defined qualifications, responsibilities and nature of the role.
Financial Arrangements with EQH Affiliates
The General Partner has, in its reasonable and good faith judgment (based on its knowledge of, and inquiry with respect to, comparable arrangements with or between unaffiliated parties), approved the following arrangements with EQH Affiliates as being comparable to, or more favorable to AB than, those that would prevail in a transaction with an unaffiliated party.

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AllianceBernstein
See Note 12 to AB’s consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for disclosures related to our credit facility with EQH. Significant transactions between AB and related persons during 2021 are as follows (the first table summarizes services we provide to related persons and the second table summarizes services our related persons provide to us):
Parties(1)
General Description of Relationship(2)
Amounts Received or
Accrued for in 2021
Equitable Financial We provide investment management services and ancillary accounting, valuation, reporting, treasury and other services to the general and separate accounts of Equitable Financial and its insurance company subsidiaries. $ 101,312,000 
EQAT and Equitable Premier VIP Trust We serve as sub-adviser to these open-end mutual funds, each of which is sponsored by a subsidiary of Equitable Holdings. 28,079,000 
Equitable America 2,609,000 
Equitable Holdings 1,686,000 
Parties(1)
General Description of Relationship Amounts Paid or
Accrued for in 2021
Equitable Holdings Distributes certain of our Retail Products; provides Private Wealth Management referrals; sells shares of our mutual funds under Distribution Service and Educational Support agreements; includes us as insured under various insurance policies. $ 10,876,000 
(1)AB or one of its subsidiaries is a party to each transaction.
(2)We provide investment management services unless otherwise indicated.
Arrangements with Immediate Family Members of Related Persons
During 2021, we did not have arrangements with immediate family members of our directors and executive officers.
Director Independence
See “Independence of Certain Directors” in Item 10.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
Fees for professional audit services rendered by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP ("PwC") for the audit of AB’s and AB Holding’s annual financial statements for 2021 and 2020, respectively, and fees for other services rendered by PwC are as follows:
2021 2020
(in thousands)
Audit fees(1)
$ 6,956  $ 6,616 
Audit-related fees(2)
3,580  3,188 
Tax fees(3)
2,221  1,222 
All other fees(4)
6  6 
Total $ 12,763  $ 11,032 
(1)Includes $63,222 and $61,982 paid for audit services to AB Holding in 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(2)Audit-related fees consist principally of fees for audits of financial statements of certain employee benefit plans, internal control reviews and accounting consultation.
(3)Tax fees consist of fees for tax consultation and tax compliance services.
(4)All other fees in 2021 and 2020 consisted of miscellaneous non-audit services.
The Audit Committee has a policy to pre-approve audit and non-audit service engagements with the independent registered public accounting firm. The independent registered public accounting firm must provide annually a comprehensive and detailed schedule of each proposed audit and non-audit service to be performed. The Audit Committee then affirmatively indicates its approval of the listed engagements. Engagements that are not listed but that are of similar scope and size to those listed and approved may be deemed to be approved, if the fee for such service is less than $100,000. In addition, the Audit Committee has delegated to its chairman the ability to approve any permissible non-audit engagement where the fees are expected to be less than $100,000.
2021 Annual Report
169
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a)There is no document filed as part of this Form 10-K.
Financial Statement Schedule.
Attached to this Form 10-K is a schedule describing Valuation and Qualifying Account-Allowance for Doubtful Accounts for the three years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.
(b)Exhibits.
The following exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are filed herewith or incorporated by reference herein, as indicated:
Exhibit Description
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
4.01
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
10.06
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AllianceBernstein
Exhibit Description
10.07
10.08 Amended and Restated Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of October 13, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Ex. 99.01 to Form 8-K, as filed October 19, 2021)
10.09
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.21
10.22
10.23
10.24
10.25
2021 Annual Report
171
Exhibit Description
10.26
10.27
10.28
10.29
21.01
23.01
31.01
31.02
32.01
32.02
101.INS XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
104 The cover page from the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101).
* Denotes a compensatory plan or arrangement
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.
Date: February 11, 2022 By: /s/ Seth P. Bernstein
Seth P. Bernstein
Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Date: February 11, 2022 /s/ Ali Dibadj
  Ali Dibadj
  Chief Financial Officer & Head of Strategy
 
Date: February 11, 2022 /s/ William R. Siemers
  William R. Siemers
  Controller & Chief Accounting Officer
2021 Annual Report
173
Directors
/s/ Seth P. Bernstein /s/ Joan Lamm-Tennant
Seth P. Bernstein Joan Lamm-Tennant
President and Chief Executive Officer Chair of the Board
   
/s/ Nella L. Domenici /s/ Jeffrey J. Hurd
Nella L. Domenici Jeffrey J. Hurd
Director Director
/s/ Daniel G. Kaye /s/ Nick Lane
Daniel G. Kaye Nick Lane
Director Director
 
/s/ Kristi A. Matus /s/ Das Narayandas
Kristi A. Matus Das Narayandas
Director Director
 
/s/ Mark Pearson /s/ Bertram L. Scott
Mark Pearson Bertram L. Scott
Director Director
 
/s/ Charles G.T. Stonehill /s/ Todd Walthall
Charles G. T. Stonehill Todd Walthall
Director Director
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AllianceBernstein
SCHEDULE II
AllianceBernstein L.P.
Valuation and Qualifying Account - Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
For the Three Years Ending December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
Description Balance at
Beginning
of Period 		Credited to
Costs and
Expenses 		Deductions Balance at
End
of Period
  (in thousands)
For the year ended December 31, 2021 $ 311  $ —  $ (17)
(a)
$ 328 
For the year ended December 31, 2020 $ 309  $ 100  $ 98 
(b)
$ 311 
For the year ended December 31, 2019 $ 395  $ 132  $ 218 
(c)
$ 309 
(a)Includes a net addition to the allowance balance of $28 and accounts written-off as uncollectible of $11.
(b)Includes accounts written-off as uncollectible of $98.
(c)Includes accounts written-off as uncollectible of $218.
2021 Annual Report
175
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